考博英语-448_真题-无答案
考博英语-269_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
考博英语-269(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ VocabularyDirections:There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section: For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that **pletes the sentence and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.1.The newcomers found it impossible to ______ themselves to the climate sufficiently to make permanent homes in the new country.SSS_SINGLE_SELA suitB adaptC regulateD coordinate分值: 0.5答案:B[解析] “adapt oneself to”构成固定词组，意为“使某人适应(新的环境、气候、国土等)”。
2.______ their differences the couple were developing an obvious and genuine affection for each other.SSS_SINGLE_SELA But forB For allC Above allD Except for分值: 0.5答案:B[解析] A项But for意为“倘若没有，要不是”；B项For all意为“尽管”，意同de- spites C项Above all意为“首要，最重要的是”；D项Except for意为“除……以外，除了”。
3.He hoped the firm would ______ him to the Paris branch.SSS_SINGLE_SELA exchangeB transmitC transferD remove分值: 0.5答案:C[解析] A项exchange意为“交换”；B项transmit意为“传递(信息)，发射，传导，遗传”；C项transfer意为“转移，传递，调动，转变”；D项remove意为“移动，去掉，撒去”。
考博医学英语-386.doc
考博医学英语-386(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、PartⅠ Listening Comp(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section A(总题数：3，分数：15.00)（分数：5.00）A.It depends on the wife.B.It depends on the husband.C.It is uncertain.D.She does not want to give voice to her opinion.A.Positive.B.Cautious.C.Supportive.D.Negative.A.Harry acquired the diamond ring from a relative.B.Harry spent all his money on the diamond ring.C.The diamond ring is very expensive.D.Harry"s girlfriend is fortunate in having the diamond ring.A.A Customs officer.B.An Immigration and Naturalization Department officer.C.An Army officer.D.A visa officer.A.She has to receive training first.B.That"s her choice to do what she wants.C.She should do so aider consulting her husband.D.She becomes an extreme feminist.（分数：5.00）A.She agrees to work with him.B.She offers to do the assignment for him.C.She thinks it"s too late to help him.D.The assignment can be completed without joint effort.A.6.5.B.5.85.C.5.D.19.A.A section of the motorway has been open to traffic.B.No person has been reported to be dead.C.A coach collided with a lawyer.D.There has been a serious car accident on the road.A.Mr Green is the least famous.B.John is the least famous.C.Austen is the least famous.D.None of the three are famous.A.The solar system is a bit smaller than the Great Bear.B.The solar system is bigger than the Great Bear.C.The solar system is much smaller than the Great Bear.D.The solar system is as big as the Great Bear.（分数：5.00）A.The room is neat and tidy.B.The weather is under bad condition.C.He was in low spirit.D.He is not quite himself.A.He believes the cost is too much.B.He thinks the headmaster has no enough money to run the school.C.He thinks the tuition is reasonable.D.He thinks the tuition is beyond his limit.A.She didn"t believe the man"s story.B.She was deeply moved by the man"s accident.C.The man was nearly knocked down.D.The accident could almost be avoided.A.He agreed that before his recovery, he shouldn"t drink much.B.A large glass of brandy may cure him.C.He asked the woman to repeat what she said.D.He can drink wine but not brandy.A.He wants to listen to classical music.B.The music is not particularly loud.C.They would turn down the music a little.D.They would deaf to her pleas.三、Section B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：5.00)（分数：5.00）A.To be a fitness instructor.B.To join a sports team.C.To watch a basketball match.D.To organize a company basketball team.A.Heart attack.B.Heart burn.C.Varicose.D.Cramp.A.He likes fresh fruits and vegetables.B.She loves to go to a fitness center.C.He stopped playing basketball five years ago.D.He is always trying to build up cardiovascular system.A.Having a physical examination.B.Watching his diet.C.Having periodical check-ups.D.Strengthening muscles.A.He has put on much weight now.B.He is a vegetarian.C.He intends to set up a company of his own.D.He used to be the star player in university.五、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：5.00)（分数：5.00）A.Why certain people are aging sooner than others.B.How to make people live longer.C.The size of certain people"s brains.D.Which people are most intelligent.A.A survey of farmers in northern Japan.B.Tests performed on a thousand old people.C.The study of brain volumes of different people.D.The latest development of computer technology.A.Our brains shrink as we grow older.B.Sixty-year-olds have better brains than thirty-year-olds.C.The front section of the brain does not shrink.D.Some people"s brains have contracted more than other people"s.A.Thinking can prevent the brain from shrinking.B.Blood circulation can prevent the brain from shrinking.C.Conversation can prevent the brain from shrinking.D.The fresh oxygen can prevent the brain from shrinking.wyers.B.Clerks.C.Farmers.D.Shop assistants.六、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：5.00)（分数：5.00）A.To stay in a very warm room with a lot of people.B.To expose oneself to severe weather.C.To play outdoors long when it is snowing.D.To wait for a bus on a cold and windy day.A.You"ll catch a cold sooner or later.B.You"ve already come down with a cold.C.There are viruses hidden in your body.D.The room is not warm enough for your health.A.It is generally believed that colds are caused by exposure to cold weather.B.Most colds are "caught" by hand contact.C.Cold virus will keep alive for several hours once it leaves human body.D.Cold virus can spread around only through the air.A.Wash our hands frequently.B.Never rub our nose or eyes.C.Throw away tissues immediately after use.D.Shake hands with our friends instead of kissing them.A.A cold-sufferer is staying with him in the same room.B.The viruses have been exposed to the air for over 3 hours.C.He dropped in a warm room.D.He shakes hands with a cold-sufferer.七、PartⅡ Vocabulary(总题数：0，分数：0.00)八、Section A(总题数：10，分数：5.00)1.His ideas are invariably condemned as ______ by his colleagues.（分数：0.50）A.imaginativeB.ingeniousC.impracticalD.theoretical2.The majority of nurses are women, but in the higher ranks of the medical profession women are in a ______.（分数：0.50）A.minorityB.scarcityC.rarityD.minimum3.Professor Johnson"s retirement ______. from next January.（分数：0.50）A.carries into effectB.takes effectC.has effectD.puts into effect4.Mr. Brown"s condition looks very serious and it is doubtful if he will ______.（分数：0.50）A.pull backB.pull upC.pull throughD.pull out5.Since the early nineties, the trend in most businesses has been toward on-demand,always-available products and services that suit the customer"s ______ rather than the company"s.（分数：0.50）A.benefitB.availabilityC.suitabilityD.convenience6.This spacious room is ______ furnished with just a few articles in it.（分数：0.50）A.lightlyB.sparselyC.hardlyD.rarely7.Since she suffered brain damage in the accident, she"s just been a ______.（分数：0.50）A.vegetableB.vegetarianC.encephalopathyD.autistic8.Urgent measures should be taken to control the ______ of the disease.（分数：0.50）A.distributionB.disseminationC.dispersionD.dissipation9.Overdose of sleeping pills can be ______ so the prescription of them is limited.（分数：0.50）A.deadlyB.fatalC.lethalD.hazard10.Major health systems act as specialized hospitals ______ patients are referred for sophisticated therapy.（分数：0.50）A.to whichB.in whichC.at whichD.in that九、Section B(总题数：10，分数：5.00)11.Let"s meet halfway and each pay half the damage.（分数：0.50）A.meet on the roadB.quarrelC.go Dutchpromise12.The leopard is stronger than any other of the great predators .（分数：0.50）A.animals that live on landB.animals that eat other animalsC.animals that eat grassD.wild animals13.The hunters use wooden ducks as decoys to attract the flock.（分数：0.50）A.toysB.luresC.targetsD.induce14.Diligent police work should help clear crime.（分数：0.50）A.erectB.establishC.removeD.eradicate15.Her generosity is one of her most pleasing traits .（分数：0.50）A.meritsB.shortcomingsC.characteristicsD.measure16.Many of these writers used to study in writing clinics .（分数：0.50）A.hospitalsB.circlesC.workshopsD.firm17.My brain may be old, but it is not addled .（分数：0.50）A.confusedB.rottenC.stupidD.disorder18.I try to be broadminded but do feel antipathy toward people who are dirty and untidy.（分数：0.50）A.sympathyB.dislikeC.antiquityD.regard19.It was his firm conviction that every effort should be made to preserve world peace.（分数：0.50）A.doubtB.beliefC.persuasionD.enthusiasm20.The boy showed cleverness in making toys out of scraps of discarded wood.（分数：0.50）A.ingenuityB.generosityC.franknessD.skillful十、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Chronic insomnia is a major public health problem. And too many people are using 1 therapies, even while there are a few treatments that do work. Millions of Americans lie awake at night counting sheep or have a stiff drink or 2 a pill, hoping it will make them sleepy. But experts agree all that self-medicating is a bad idea, and the causes of chronic insomnia remain 3 . Almost a third of adults have trouble sleeping, and about 10 percent have symptoms of daytime 4 that signal true insomnia. But 5 the complaints, scientists know surprisingly little about what causes chronic insomnia, its health consequences and how best to treat it, a panel of specialists brought together by the National Institutes of Health concluded Wednesday. The panel called for a broad range of research into insomnia, 6 that if scientists understood its 7 causes, they could develop better treatments.Most, but not all, insomnia is thought to accompany other health problems, from arthritis and depression to cardiovascular disease. The question often is whether the insomnia came first or was a result of the other diseases and how trouble sleeping 8 complicates those other problems. Other diseases aside, the risk of insomnia seems to increase with age and to be more common among women, especially after their 50s. Smoking, caffeine and numerous 9 drugs also affect sleep. The NIH is spending about $200 million this year on sleep-related research, some 10 to specific disorders and others examining the underlying scientific laws that control the nervous system of sleep. The agency was awaiting the panel"s review before deciding what additional work should be directed at insomnia.（分数：10.00）A.unknownB.improperC.unprovenD.uncertainA.prescribeB.popC.abuseD.experimentA.anonymousB.mysteriousC.unexpectedD.peculiarA.deficiencyB.inefficiencyC.malignancyD.impairmentA.for allB.due toC.in addition toD.in thatA.notingB.notifyingC.nominatingD.denotingA.undertakingB.underliningC.underminingD.underlyingA.in shortB.in essenceC.in turnD.in caseA.subscriptionB.ascriptionC.conscriptionD.prescriptionA.targetedB.designatedC.aimedD.designed十一、PartⅣ Reading Compre(总题数：0，分数：0.00)十二、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Some problems can be readily identified simply by looking around. These problems concern the pollution of our environment by technology as a result of sudden upsets in the physical, economic and social balance. The most obvious of these are the general pollution of our physical environment and the destruction of irreplaceable natural resources. Not so obvious as these, but just as painfully significant to some, are the disappearing and changing of jobs which overnight often create large groups of jobless citizens.Can technology be used to undo what it has done, replace what it has destroyed or substitute for what it has caused to disappear? No one knows. Many wonder whether or not all of the sources of pollution have yet been identified, whether or not they are being arrested and whether or not they will be prevented from recurring.Another set of problems relates to what technological advancement has done to the quality of life. An improved social life has not been unfortunately, either the goal or the chief beneficiary of technological change. Rather, any improvements that have occurred have been more accidental than intended. Too much has happened too fast. The changes demanded of marriage and family relationships remain largely unexamined. It is often a matter of "put up or shut up", and a person has to adapt his life-style to ever-changing conditions with little time for choice. The"no-move-no-advancement" type is an example of one such problem. Many people are coming to think that the reward is simply not worthy the struggle, and they are taking jobs with less responsibility and lower pay.（分数：5.00）(1).In the First paragraph the author is mainly talking about ______.（分数：1.00）A.environmental protectionB.environment and technologyC.technology producing obvious and insidious problemsD.the advantages and disadvantages of technology(2).According to the passage, no one knows whether or not technology ______.（分数：1.00）A.will solve the problems it has createdB.will continue to produce conveniencesC.will stop advancingD.will undo itself(3).The author would say that technological advancement ______.（分数：1.00）A.has done noting to the quality of lifeB.has improved the quality of lifeC.has harmed the quality of lifeD.has redefined the quality of life(4).What do you learn from the phrase "put up or shut up" in the third paragraph?（分数：1.00）A.Technology has put a great deal of stress on people"s lives.B.People can"t live with the stresses caused by technology.C.People are quite active in dealing with the stresses caused by technology.D.People are quite passive in dealing with the stresses caused by technology.(5).It can be concluded from the third paragraph that technological advancement has resulted in quick living pace which ______.（分数：1.00）A.is harmful to societyB.is socially rewardingC.leads to further improvementsD.characterizes modem society十三、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：5.00)The great question that this paper will, but feebly, attempt to answer is, what is the creative process?Though much theory has accumulated, little is really known about the power that lies at the bottom of poetic creation. It is true that great poets and artists produce beauty by employing all the powers of personality and by fusing emotions, reason, and intuitions. But what is the magical synthesis that joins and arranges these complex parts into poetic unity?John L. Lowes, in his justly famous "The Road to Xanadu", developed one of the earliest and still generally acceptable answers to this tantalizing question. Imaginative creation, he concludes, is a complex process in which the conscious and unconscious minds jointly operate. "There is... the Deep Well with its chaos of fortuitously blending images; but there is likewise the Vision which sees shining in and through the chaos of the potential lines of Form, and with the Vision, the controlling Will, which gives to that potential beauty actuality." The Deep Well is the unconscious mind that is peopled with the facts, ideas, and feelings of the conscious activity. The imaginative vision, an unconscious activity, shines through the land of chaos, of lights and shadows, silently seeking pattern and form. Finally, the conscious mind again, through Will, captures and embodies the idea in the final work of art. In this way is unity born out of chaos. Though there can be no absolute certainty, there is general agreement that the periods in the development of a creative work parallel, to some extent, Lowes" theory of Well, Vision, Form, and Will. There are at least three stages in the creative process: preparation, inspiration, work. In a sense, the period of preparation is all of the writer"s life. It is the Deep Well. It is especially a period of concentration which gives the unconscious mind an opportunity to communicate with the conscious mind. When remembrances of things past reach the conscious level of the writer"s mind, he is ready to go on with the process. Part of this preparation involves learning a medium—learning a language, learning how to write, learning literary forms. It is important to mot here that form cannot be imposed upon the idea. Evidence, though sparse, shows that the idea gives birth to the form that can best convey it. It is the Vision, according to Lowes, which sees shining in and through the chaws of the potential lines of Form..."（分数：5.00）(1).When remembrances of things past reach the conscious level, the post has reached the stage called ______.（分数：1.00）A.WellB.VisionC.FormD.Will(2).Which of the following statements is TRUE?（分数：1.00）A.The form determines the subject matter.B.The idea determines the form.C.Vision makes beauty an actuality.D.A writer is unconscious when he prepares his work.(3).The word "fortuitously" in the third paragraph means ______.（分数：1.00）A.accidentallyB.luckilyC.thoroughlyD.potentially(4).The remembrance of things past is carried on in the ______.（分数：1.00）A.Deep WellB.VisionC.chaotic lights and shadowsD.conscious mind(5).What is the relationship between idea and form?（分数：1.00）A.There is no clear relationship between them.B.Form should be strongly controlled by idea.C.Idea generates form and form reflects idea.D.None of the above.十四、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Some futurologists have assumed that the vast upsurge of women in the workforce may portend a rejection of marriage. Many women, according to this hypothesis, would rather work than marry. The converse of this concern is that the prospects of becoming a multi-paycheck household could encourage marriage. In the past, only the earnings and financial prospects of the man counted in the marriage decision. Now, however, the earning ability of a woman can make her more attractive as a marriage partner. Data show that economic downturns tend to postpone marriage because the parties cannot afford to establish a family or are concerned about rainy days ahead. As the economy rebounds, the number of marriages also rises.Coincident with the increase in women working outside the home is the increase in divorce rates. Yet, it may be wrong to jump to any simple cause-and-effect conclusions. The impact of a wife"s work on divorce is no less cloudy than its impact on marriage decisions. The realization that she can be a good provider may increase the chances that a working wife will choose divorce over an unsatisfactory marriage. But the reverse is equally plausible. Tensions grounded in financial problems often play a key role in ending a marriage. Given high unemployment, inflationary problems, and slow growth in real earnings, a working wife can increase household income and relieve some of these pressing financial burdens. By raising a family"s standard of living, a working wife may strengthen her family"s financial and emotional stability.Psychological factors also should be considered. For example, a wife blocked from a career outside the home may feel caged in the house. She may view her only choice as seeking a divorce. On the other hand, if she can find fulfillment through work outside the home, work and marriage can go together to create a stronger and more stable union.Also, a major part of women"s inequality in marriage has been due to the fact that, in most cases, men have remained the main breadwinners. With higher earning capacity and status occupations outside of the home comes the capacity to exercise power within the family. A working wife may rob a husband of being the master of the house. Depending upon how the couple reacts to these new conditions, it could create a stronger equal partnership or it could create new insecurities.（分数：5.00）(1).The word "portend" (Line 2, Para. 1) is closest in meaning to "______".（分数：1.00）A.defyB.signalC.suffer fromD.result from(2).It is said in the passage that when the economy slides, ______.（分数：1.00）A.men would choose working women as their marriage partnersB.more women would get married to seek financial securityC.even working women would worry about their marriagesD.more people would prefer to remain single for the time being(3).If women find fulfillment through work outside the home, ______.（分数：1.00）A.they are more likely to dominate their marriage partnersB.their husbands are expected to do more houseworkC.their marriage ties can be strengthenedD.they tend to put their career before marriage(4).One reason why women with no career may seek a divorce is that ______.（分数：1.00）A.they feel that they have been robbed of their freedomB.they are afraid of being bossed around by their husbandsC.they feel that their partners fail to live up to their expectationsD.they tend to suspect their husbands loyalty to their marriage(5).Which of the following statements can best summarize the author"s view in the passage?（分数：1.00）A.The stability of marriage and the divorce rate may reflect the economic situation of the country.B.Even when economically independent, most women have to straggle for real equality in marriage.C.In order to secure their marriage women should work outside the home and remain independent.D.The impact of the growing female workforce on marriage varies from case to case.十五、Passage Four(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asked the crowd to gather in the auction room to bid for various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called "knocking down" the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a raised platform.The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction and the English word comes from the Latin "autic", meaning "increase". The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war, these sales were called "sub hasta", meaning "under the spear", a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold "by the candle"; a short candle was lit by the auctioneer and bids could be made while it was burning.Practically all goods can be sold by auction. Among these are coffee, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, fruit, vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and works of art. The auction rooms at Chritie"s and Sotheby"s in London and New York are world famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by the buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a "lot", is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with lot one and continue the numerical order; he may wait until he notices the fact that certain buyers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer"s services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding.（分数：5.00）(1).Auctioned goods are sold ______.（分数：1.00）A.for the highest price offeredB.at fixed pricesC.at prices lower than their true valueD.at prices offered by the auctioneer(2).The end of bidding is called "knocking down" because ______.（分数：1.00）A.the auctioneer knocks on the tableB.the auctioneers names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goodsC.the goods are knocked down onto the tableD.the auctioneer bangs the table with a hammer(3).In the sentence "The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war," the word "spoils" most probably means ______.（分数：1.00）eless goodsB.spearsC.various kinds of foodD.property taken from the enemy(4).In England a candle used to burn at auction sales ______.（分数：1.00）A.because the auction sales took place at nightB.as a signal for the crowd to gatherC.to keep the auction room warmD.to limit the time when offers of prices could be made(5).An auction catalogue gives buyers ______.（分数：1.00）A.the current market values of the goodsB.details of the goods to be soldC.the order in which goods are to be soldD.free admission to the auction sale十六、Passage Five(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conflict breeds apathy (冷漠) and stagnation (呆滞). Too much conflict leads to divisiveness (分裂) and hostility. Moderate levels of conflict, however, can spark creativity and motivate people in a healthy and competitive way.Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations. He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives. Some of the executives worked forprofit-seeking organizations and others for not-for-profit organizations.Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specifically, managers in not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision making than might be achieved in the absence of conflict.Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that conflict generally was damaging and usually led to poor-quality decision making in their organizations. Schwenk interpreted these results in terms of the criteria for effective decision making suggested by the executives. In the profit-seeking organizations, decision-making effectiveness was most often assessed in financial terms. The executives believed that consensus rather than conflict enhanced financial indicators.In the not-for-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined from the perspective of satisfying constituents. Given the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions.（分数：5.00）(1).In the eyes of the author, conventional opinion on conflict is ______.（分数：1.00）A.wrongB.oversimplifiedC.misleadingD.unclear(2).Professor Charles R. Schwenk"s research shows ______.（分数：1.00）A.the advantages and disadvantages of conflictB.the real value of conflictC.the difficulty in determining the optimal level of conflictD.the complexity of defining the roles of conflict(3).We can learn from Schwenk"s research that ______.（分数：1.00）A.a personls view of conflict is influenced by the purpose of his organizationB.conflict is necessary for managers of for-profit organizationsC.different people resolve conflicts in different waysD.it is impossible for people to avoid conflict(4).The passage suggests that in for-profit organizations ______.（分数：1.00）A.there is no end of conflictB.expression of different opinions is encouragedC.decisions must be justifiableD.success lies in general agreement(5).People working in a not-for-profit organization ______.（分数：1.00）A.seem to be difficult to satisfyB.are free to express diverse opinionsC.are less effective in making decisionsD.find it easier to reach agreement十七、Passage Six(总题数：1，分数：5.00)In the villages of the English countryside there are still people who remember the good old days when no one bothered to lock their doors. There simply wasn"t any crime to worry about. Amazingly, these happy times appear still to be with us in the world"s biggest community. A new study by Dan Farmer, a gifted programmer, using an automated investigative program of his own called SATAN, shows that the owners of well over half of all World Wide Web sites have set up homes without fitting locks to their doors.SATAN can try out a variety of well-known hacking tricks on an Internet site without actually breaking in. Farmer has made the program publicly available, amid much criticism. A person with evil intent could use it to hunt down sites that are easy to burgle.But Farmer is very concerned about the need to alert the public to poor security and, so far, events have proved him right. SATAN has done more to alert people to the risks than cause new disorder.So is the Net becoming more secure? Far from it. In the early days, when you visited a Web site your browser simply looked at the content. Now the Web is full of tiny programs that automatically download when you look at a Web page, and run on your own machine. These programs could, if their authors wished, do all kinds of nasty things to your computer.At the same time, the Net is increasingly populated with spiders, worms, agents and other types of automated beasts designed to penetrate the sites and seek out and classify information. All these make wonderful tools for antisocial people who want to invade weak sites and cause damage. But let"s look on the bright side. Given the lack of locks, the Internet is surely the world"s biggest (almost) crime-flee society. Maybe that is because hackers are fundamentally honest. Or that there currently isn"t much to steal. Or because vandalism isn"t much fun unless you have a peculiar dislike for someone.。
考博英语-14_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
考博英语-14(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Vocabulary1.Any business needs insurance ______ ordinary risks such as fire, flood and breakage.• A. in• B. against• C. on• D. ofSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D分值: 2.5答案:B[解析] in...在……之内(上)，在……期间；against防备，防御，逆着；on...在……之上，依附于；of由……制成的，关于。
答案是B。
2.As he was a thoroughly professional journalist, he already knew the media ______.• A. to and fro• B. upside and down• C. inside and out• D. now and thenSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D分值: 2.5答案:C[解析] to and fro来回地，往复地；upside and down颠倒地；inside and out彻底地；now and then偶尔；有时。
答案是C。
3.There was little, if any, evidence to substantiate the gossip and, ______, there was little to disprove it.• A. by the same token• B. under the same condition• C. at the same stage• D. for the same purposeSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D分值: 2.5答案:A[解析] by the same token出于同样原因；under the same condition在同样的条件下；at the same stage在同一个阶段；for the same purpose出于同样的目的。
考博英语词汇历年真题试卷汇编16_真题-无答案
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编16(总分50,考试时间90分钟)1. Structure and Vocabulary1. It is important in scientific experiments that the chemicals should be kept at a(n)______temperature of 40 degrees.A. constantB. equalC. sameD. definite2. Peasants______ over 80 percent of the Chinese populationA. makeB. consistC. constituteD. account3. According to the recent census, under-18s ______ nearly 95% of the single children in Chinese families.(2004年厦门大学考博试题)A. composeB. instituteC. prescribeD. constitute4. Only men with strong______should climb in the Himalayas.A. willB. constitutionsC. musclesD. limbs5. You can______different kinds of people, dictionaries or maps, to find out what you wish to know.A. contactB. consultC. referD. request6. There I came into______ with some of the finest craftsmen I have ever met.A. awarenessB. knowledgeC. operationD. contact7. The suggestion was______in a memorandum published here today.A. composedB. mergedC. containedD. absorbed8. The ______ of his speech was good, but the form was not.A. contentB. essenceC. pointD. subject9. The two countries were fighting severely to______every inch of the land. (2009年北京航空航天大学考博试题)A. interveneB. contestC. imperilD. inhabit10. In some ______ "mad" means "foolish", in some "angry", and in others "insane".A. conditionsB. contextsC. circumstancesD. environment11. Our journey was very slow because the train stopped ______ at different villages.A. continuallyB. continuouslyC. graduallyD. unceasingly12. A______ steelmaking process is now being developed.A. continualB. continuousC. successiveD. consecutive13. In sharp ______ to John, who is frank, Henry is too sophisticated.A. contrastB. conflictC. comparisonD. contradiction14. The Chinese Red Cross______ a generous sum to the relief fund for the physically disabled.A. assignedB. endowedC. allocatedD. contributed15. That he failed to make any appreciable ______ to the cause at the time was due to his youth.A. effortB. attemptC. contributionD. propagation16. Abortion(堕胎)in Britain is a highly______ matter: some are strongly for it, some are bitterly against it.A. differentB. preferableC. controversialD. troublesome17. A tierce ______ was under way over the question of self-government for this small Pacific island.A. struggleB. controversyC. discussionD. difference18. After several nuclear disasters, a ______has raged over the safety of nuclear energy.(2005年电子科技大学考博试题)A. quarrelB. suspicionC. verdictD. controversy19. Shopping bags are provided for the customers'______.A. facilityB. dutyC. convenienceD. comfort20. Our new house is very______ for me as I can get to the school in five minutes.A. convenientB. comfortableC. availableD. practical21. White is the______ color of a wedding gown.A. normalB. ordinaryC. commonD. conventional22. The______ of electrical energy into thermal energy is a process that is easily carried out at 100% efficiency.(2006年中国矿业大学考博试题)A. conversionB. conventionC. conversationD. version23. A good teacher must know how to ______his ideas.A. conveyB. displayC. conceiveD. disclose24. These pollutants can be ______ hundreds and eve thousands of kilometers by large air masses.(2003年中国科学院考博试题)A. containedB. conveyedC. contaminatedD. conserved25. It's very difficult to______the exact meaning of an idiom in a foreign language. (2013年10月中国科学院考博试题)A. exchangeB. transferC. convertD. convey。
考博英语-30_真题无答案
考博英语-30(总分83, 做题时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ Vocabulary1.This style of writing, incidentally, is suggestive of what is called the "newsreel technique" of John dos Passos.SSS_SINGLE_SELA reminiscentB collectiveC forgettableD advisable2.We are totally unable, after decades of experiment, to replicate ancient glazed pottery.SSS_SINGLE_SELA produceB manufactureC dramatizeD duplicate3.The guest turned upside down his glass as a signal that he would drink no more.SSS_SINGLE_SELA conversedB inversedC traversedD reversed4.Great works are performed not by strength but by persistence.SSS_SINGLE_SELA permanenceB proliferationC perseveranceD predominance5.It is reported that the worst pedestrian jam in this city occurs around this crossroads.SSS_SINGLE_SELA confessionB congestionC digesfonD exhaustion6.The plan would require two, or possibly more, class periods for its fulfillment.SSS_SINGLE_SELA executionB excursionC expansionD extinction7.In the country we are excluded from the worries of life in a big town.SSS_SINGLE_SELA envelopedB protectedC insulatedD subtracted8.In the deserted factory several huge machines were left to rust and decay.SSS_SINGLE_SELA inaugurateB disintegrateC accelerateD disseminate9.His major task is to integrate the work of Various bureaus under the ministry.SSS_SINGLE_SELA organizeB correspondC coordinateD respond10.A shift from native bronze to iron artifacts took place under the influence of cultural borrowings.SSS_SINGLE_SELA transitionB transmissionC transactionD transference11.In view of obstruction and disappointment, the prime minister decided to make parliamentary alliance.SSS_SINGLE_SELA frustrationB illustrationC capitulationD clarification12.It is said that science has become **plex to acknowledge the existence of universal truths.SSS_SINGLE_SELA addressB declareC affirmD perceive13.The employer tried to bully his employees from staging strikes by threatening to close down the entire plant.SSS_SINGLE_SELA intimidateB integrateC ridiculeD humiliate14.It is a contradiction that in such a rich country there should be so many poor people.SSS_SINGLE_SELA pageantB patronageC paradoxD pendulum15.What he expressed as a mere supposition was taken by others as a positive statement.SSS_SINGLE_SELA suspectB surmiseC suspicionD surrender16.This program will take kids who have a manifest history of violent acts.SSS_SINGLE_SELA determinedB demonstratedC administratedD distinguished17.In 1986 the country initiated restrictions on the use of pesticides.SSS_SINGLE_SELA institutedB constitutedC prosecutedD distributed18.Mr. Johnson was a passionate person filled with an incredible dynamism.SSS_SINGLE_SELA energyB enduranceC effortD endeavor19.At first I guessed it was an airplane, but I soon changed my mind because it remained static instead of moving like a plane.SSS_SINGLE_SELA stationaryB statutoryC stationeryD statuesque20.In the 1998's flood in China a large number of victims suffered the loss of their homes.SSS_SINGLE_SELA expenseB sacrificeC damageD incentive21.They suggested that an agency be created to carry out the recommendation of **mittee.SSS_SINGLE_SELA implementB complimentC supplementD complement22.The principal duty of the United Nations is to safeguard the pace of the world.SSS_SINGLE_SELA primaryB primeC privilegedD precedent23.Through the discussion they gained an extraordinary insight into**plexity of women's emotions.SSS_SINGLE_SELA cleverness ofB knowledge ofC prediction ofD perception of24.His inability to learn foreign languages was a(n) obstacle to his career.SSS_SINGLE_SELA barrierB excessC carderD impulse25.Crew chiefs supervised engines, switches and lights that told them how each item of equipment was functioning.SSS_SINGLE_SELA observedB preservedC monitoredD nurtured26.In this monumental work the entire storehouse of the world's art is surveyed.SSS_SINGLE_SELA impressiveB expressiveC progressiveD possessive27.To their great surprise, they found the floodwater had damaged the building's foundation.SSS_SINGLE_SELA underlainB underlinedC undertakenD undermined28.They demand to set up an organization flexible enough to cope with any emergency.SSS_SINGLE_SELA portableB valiantC trivialD mobile29.Peter was seen crying when he came out of the office. We can deduce that he must have been punished.SSS_SINGLE_SELA conferB referC preferD infer30.One of the real services of the historical novel is not that it can be a substitute for history, but that it can be a(n) extension.SSS_SINGLE_SELA complimentB supplementC instrumentD replacementPart Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPassage 1For reasons yet to be fully understood, one out of ten human beings in the world is left-handed, and from one generation to the next, this ratio is roughly preserved. As we know, left-handedness cuts across socioeconomic, ethnic, and gender lines. Yet throughout history prominent figures in science—to say nothing of religion—have identified in left-handedness signs of viciousness or worse. In 1903, Italian physician Cesare Lombroso identified left-handedness as one of the degeneracy signs of the born criminals. Three years later, Dr. Wilhelm Fliess suggested that left-handedness was a reliable identification of homosexuality. And in 1937 British psychologist Cyril Burt declared left-handedness to be a mark of an ill-organized nervous system.As demonstrated by all the "therapeutic" coercion that left-handed children were subjected to during the first half of the 20th century, these biases had more than just a theoretical impact. Yet even when this gauche predilection was being discouraged, handism was certainly never taken as seriously as racism or sexism now is. Perhaps it's the arbitrary nature of the trait that has militated against meaningful discrimination. After all, even when both parents are right-handed, there is still a 10 percent chance that they will bring a left-handed baby into the world. Moreover, a white baby born in Scaresdale is just as likely to be left-handed as a black baby in Harlem. Hence when the left-handed George Bush became President of the United States, it was hardly interpreted as a blow againstprejudice. Nor was much attention paid to the fact that Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford were also southpaws.31.Judging from the context, Scarsdale is a place inhabited by ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA white peopleB black peopleC mixed racesD rich people32.The word "handism" in Line 3 Paragraph 2 most probably means ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA being skillful with one's handsB quality of being convenientC discrimination against left-handed peopleD encouragement to use both hands instead of one33.The word "southpaws" at the end of the passage means ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA a boxer from the southB a politician from a southern stateC a person with extraordinarily large handsD a left-handed person34.According to the passage, left-handedness ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA is discouraged but not discriminated againstB has caused discrimination as serious as sexism and racismC is a subject that has drawn more and more attentionD is an advantage in running for public office35.Left-handedness is ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA a thing that is cultivatedB a thing that occurs by pure chanceC a thing of genetic inheritanceD a thing that occurs more in prominent figuresPassage 2One in three Americans said that money was a crucial factor in their decision to work for pay (or have a spouse work) rather than stay home to raise the children, with Baby Boomer women most likely to have made that choice. Forty-five percent of Baby Boomer **pared with just 32 percent of those 55 and over—said they went to work. "Baby Boomer women, especially the older ones, grew up expecting to replicate the pattern of their mothers' lives," suggests Hochschild. "But then the bills **ing in and more job opportunities opened up, and these women moved into a life they hadn't anticipated."Money played a great role in marriage—even an unhappy one. Approximately 18 percent of all those interviewed said they stayed married because they lacked money to get a divorce, while less than 8 percent said that financial strain in their marriage has caused them to divorce.Lack of money also influenced education choices. Nearly one in four Americans has postponed or decided not to attend college because of financial pressures. Even with the sustained prosperity of the past eight years, Gen-Xers were most likely to have altered their college plans. A 39-year-old Hispanic billing clerk in New York spoke about how the need for money limited her teenager son's ability to take part in extracurricular activities that could increase his chances of getting into college. "Since age 14, myson's been working, and I think he is a superb person. Not having a lot of money has made him realize what work is all about. On the other hand, he was elected to go to a youth leadership conference in Washington, and I can't send him because I don't have the money. Lack of money takes away opportunities he otherwise could have had."On the question of what money can and can't buy, a large majority of Americans said that money could buy "freedom to live as you choose", "excitement in life", and "less stress". In a number of follow-up interviews, many **mented that having extra money would immediately alleviate one source of profound stress——the need to work overtime. Those with college and graduate degrees were far more likely to believe that money can buy freedom, perhaps becausebetter-educated people already have a wider array of choices. College-educated professionals, for instance, were much more likely to consider wealth a way of financing travel, starting a business of their own, or funding charitable works in **munities.A 55-year-old Hispanic woman in Los Angeles with a graduate degree and an income of more than＄90,000 described a midlife career switch. After resigning from a high-level, high paying——but extremely stressful—civil service job, she became a florist. "After I Started tearing my hair out," she said, "I decided to go intobusiness for myself—flowers don't talk back."Can money buy peace of mind? Fifty-two percent of Americanssaid no. "It all depends on what 'peace' means to you," observed a businesswoman in California who is nearing 60 and would like toretire at 62 and go back to college. "For my husband, peace of mind means working as long as he can and collecting the biggest possible pension. For me, it means knowing I've worked long enough so that I can afford to go after an old dream, I guess you should say that my peace of mind is his worry."36.From the last paragraph we can see that ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA both the husband and wife have peace of mindB only the husband has peace of mindC only the wife has peace of mindD neither of them has peace of mind37.According to this passage, money plays a more important role in______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA keeping people in a marriageB causing a divorceC raising the childrenD limiting one's ability38.According to the writer, older Baby Boomer women went to work chiefly because ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA there were more job opportunitiesB they were bored staying at homeC they don't have enough money to buy their own houseD life was costly39.The reason why the 55-year-old Hispanic woman became a florist isthat ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA she no longer had hairB she hated to meet very rude peopleC she did not like civil service jobsD midlife career switch was a widespread practice40.From paragraph 3 we can learn that ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA the 14-year-old son did not enjoy his workB without money you never make education choicesC most Gen-Xers wanted to change their college plansD most Gen-Xers did not change their college plansPassage 3Computer Monitoring is most often intended to improveefficiency and effectiveness in the workplace, but with good **es the opportunity for abuse by employers and employees alike. "Computer Monitoring in the 21st Century" written by a futurist is an exceptional observation as to what the future may hold for those people choosing to enter the technological field such as industry, commerce, medicine and science.As Computer Monitoring increases, **es a concern for the types of effects it may have in the workplace. The article says: "By the end of the decade, as many as 30 million people may constantly be monitored in their jobs." As computer systems become so sophisticated, this number will drastically increase. As we enter this new age of technology, we must remember that with more **es more responsibility by employers and employees alike. Knowledge can be used as a weapon or as a tool. For instance, monitoring abuse can be found in the situation of airline agents. The agents discovered that by keeping customers on hold while finishing their work they could gain an extra 5-minute break. In the future, employees who are accustomed to evading the monitoring system may no longer be able to tolerate it. These types of employees may find they can no longer survive the added pressure of not being able to evade the system.While monitoring can add pressure to some employees, it can also be a relief to others. It is a relief to the employee, because it provides information readily at hand. With the use of prompts, acting as reminders to workers, the information needed is passed on efficiently allowing employees to do a better job. However, if prompts are used to tell an employee how much time has been wasted or how bad an employee is doing his job, it could cause the opposite effect. Monitoring can have a positive effect on workers by letting the employees access their own information. In a study, early information about job performance given by a computer is accepted better than a performance rating given by a boss. At this time, monitoring is based on the output of an employee's performance. In the future, there will be more freedom for employees to use theirown ideas, therefore making monitoring more effective. One example of monitoring as a weapon is seen when a woman who took an extra minute in the bathroom was threatened with loosing her job. Withthis added stress she suffered a nervous breakdown. **pany insisted that they were not "spying" but were only trying to improve their business. If monitoring is not used correctly, businesses willsuffer with increases in operating costs because of increased turnover, absenteeism, medical costs and worker's compensation. Employers who use positive reinforcement with monitoring will guarantee better motivation.Legislation has the potential to help employees with issues of better treatment and the right to privacy. In the New Century, companies that succeeded will be the ones who learn from the past and from the "me boss and you employee" mentality. A good blacksmith can take a hammer and forge a weapon into a tool that can benefit the whole village. Employers are the blacksmiths; employees are the hammers. Monitoring is the tool. It takes both to make a tool to benefit the future.41.From Paragraph 1, we can learn that ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA computer monitoring is basically used by people with bad intentionsB computer monitoring is basically used by people with good intentionsC computer monitoring is basically used by people with good and bad intentionsD good intentions will give rise to abuse42.According to the last paragraph, **panies in the future will ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA give up the use of computer monitoringB introduce new legislationC increase operating costsD try hard to make employees feel better about themselves and their jobs43.The writer means to tell us **puter monitoring ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA is used for spyingB can definitely improve efficiency and effectivenessC can be very useful in the hands of the right peopleD is hated by all the employees44.From Paragraph 2, we can learn that ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA the airline agents are generally under pressure of workB the airline agents are lazy peopleC the airline agents must be forced to work hardD all the employees will not find it unbearable to be monitored by computer45.What will NOT happen if the employer puts too much pressure on the employees by using the monitoring system?SSS_SINGLE_SELA The employees will have more freedom.B The employees will accept the performance rating better than**puter monitoring.C Many employees will frequently stay away from their work.D More employees will leave **pany.Passage 4Cloning shakes us all to our very souls. For humans to consider the cloning of one another forces them all to question the very concepts of right and wrong that make them all human. The cloning of any species, whether they be human or non-human, is wrong.Scientists and ethicists alike have debated the implications of human or non-human cloning extensively since 1997 when scientists at Roslin Institute in Scotland produced Dolly. No direct conclusions have been drawn, **pelling arguments state that cloning of both human and non-human species results in harmful physical and psychological effects on both groups.The possible physical damage that could be done if human cloning became a reality is obvious when one looks at the sheer loss of life that occurred before the birth of Dolly. Less than ten percent of the initial transfers survive to be healthy creatures. There were 277 trial implants of nuclei. Nineteen of those 277 were deemed healthy while the others were discarded. Five of those nineteen survived, but four of them died within ten days of birth of severe abnormalities. Dolly was the only one to survive. Even lan Wilmut, one of the scientists accredited with the cloning phenomenon at the Roslin Institute agrees, "the more you interfere with reproduction, the more danger there is of things going wrong." The psychological effects of cloning are less obvious, but nonetheless,very plausible. In addition to physical harms, there are worries about the psychological harms to cloned human children. One of those harms is that cloning creates serious issues of identity and individuality.Human cloning is obviously damaging to both the family and the cloned child. It is harder to convince that non-human cloning is wrong and unethical, but it is just the same. Western culture and tradition has long held the belief that the treatment of animals should be guided by different ethical standards than the treatment of humans. Animals have been seen as non-feeling and savage beasts since time began. Humans in general have no problem with seeing animals as objects to be used whenever it becomes necessary. But what would happen if humans started to use animals as body for growing human organs? What if we were to learn how to clone functioning brains and have them grow inside of chimps? Would non-human primates, such as a chimpanzee, who carried one or more human genes via transgenic technology, be defined as still a chimp, a human, a subhuman, or something else? If defined as human, would we have to give it rights of citizenship? And if humans were to carry non-hum, an transgenic genes, would that alter our definitions and treatment of them? Also, if the technology were to be so that scientists could transfer human genes into animals and vice versa,it could create a worldwide catastrophe that no one would be able to stop.46.Which of the following statements is NOT true?SSS_SINGLE_SELA Cloning may lead to the loss of identity.B The cloned human children may have some psychological problems.C The psychological effects of cloning may be overlooked.D Genetic Uniqueness is important.47.How many of those trial implants fail to survive?SSS_SINGLE_SELA 277B 276C 19D 448.What is the major problem with using animals as body for growing human organs?SSS_SINGLE_SELA Animals will no longer be savage.B Humans will be as savage as animals.C A clear line will be missing between humans and animals.D Animals will have to be given fights of citizenship.49.The arguments that cloning will have harmful effects ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA are very convincingB have forced people to stop cloningC have forced people to question the concept of cloningD **pelled people to debate the implications of cloning50.The writer thinks that cloning is wrong ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA ethicallyB morallyC psychologicallyD ethically and morally.Passage 5Tests conducted at the university of Pennsylvania's Psychological Laboratory showed that anger is one of the mostdifficult emotion to detect from facial expression. Professor Dallas E. Buzby confronted 716 students with pictures of extremely angry persons and asked them to identify the emotion from facial expression. Only 2 percent made correct judgments. Anger was most frequently judged as "pleased." And a typical reaction of a student with the picture of a man who was hopping mad was to classify his expression as either "bewildered", "quizzical", or simply "amazed". Other students showed that it is extremely difficult to tell whether a man is angry or not just by looking at his face. The investigators found further that women are better at detecting anger from facial expression than men are. Paradoxically, they found that psychological training does not sharpen one's ability to judge a man's emotions by his expressions but appears actually to hinder it. For in the university tests, the more courses the subjects had taken in psychology, the poorer judgment scores he turned in.51.To achieve the greatest success in detecting anger from facial expression, it would be best to ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA use adults rather than students as judgesB ask women in fields other than psychology to judgeC ask women rather than men to judgeD ask psychologists to judge52.The main thought of this passage is that anger ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA is difficult to detect by looking at a person's faceB is frequently confused with other emotionsC is detected by women better than by menD cannot be detected by a psychologically trained person53.SSS_SINGLE_SEL54.Students with psychological training who were tested ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA marked less than 2 percent of their possible choices correctionB were less able to judge correctly than the average studentsC did better than the average students in the groupD did as well as the women students55.The author used the word "Paradoxically" in his sentence about psychological training to imply that ______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA we can expect such training to have the effect statedB we should expect such training to result in better scoresC such information is offered as an afterthoughtD such information is an sidelight of the findingsPart Ⅲ ClozeImprovements in labor productivity 56 increase wages and salaries. Wages and salaries 57 about 75 percent of all income in the United States. 58 , labor productivity is themajor 59 of this (and all other) nations' living standards. If labor productivity improves because of an advance in technology, the 60 of output increases 61 the need for additional labor. The dollar value of all goods increases 62 , which implies that consumers ultimately receive more income.Entrepreneurs have a profit 63 to increase laborproductivity. They do so by providing their workers with better equipment and creating more efficient ways for their workers to use that equipment. Entrepreneurs also have an incentive to discover new products that are more highly valued 64 to their cost of production.Some of the largest increases in productivityoccur 65 major technological advancements. The steam engine and the **bustion engine are two examples. The advances in **puter industry have been 66 phenomenal. Advances in technology depend 67 on businesses making 68 investment in new technology and new products. A major issue in today's economyis 69 businesses are doing this and what incentives are being provided by the government to companies to encourage investment. Another issue is whether labor productivity in the United Stateshas 70 other countries.There have also been 71 increases in productivity in our agricultural 72 . Because of the increased use of chemicals,the 73 per acre are many times greater than they were 100 years ago, and consequently, 74 Americans now 75 farming, yet agricultural output is the highest it has, ever been.56.SSS_SINGLE_SELA productionB produceC yieldsD efficiency57.SSS_SINGLE_SELA as wellB as a resultC as a matter of factD as usual58.SSS_SINGLE_SELA intentionB motiveC incentiveD advance59.SSS_SINGLE_SELA departmentB fractionC sectorD portion60.SSS_SINGLE_SELA much moreB quite a fewC many fewerD many more61.SSS_SINGLE_SELA frequentB dramaticC relativeD drastic62.SSS_SINGLE_SELA in addition toB withoutC as regardsD except for63.SSS_SINGLE_SELA constituteB consistC accountD compile64.SSS_SINGLE_SELA rateB ratioC velocityD ration65.SSS_SINGLE_SELA nothing short ofB nothing butC anything butD no more than66.SSS_SINGLE_SELA whetherB howC thatD what67.SSS_SINGLE_SELA supportedB persistedC sustainedD retained68.SSS_SINGLE_SELA relatedB relationC relateD relative69.SSS_SINGLE_SELA unavoidablyB highlyC ultimatelyD actually70.SSS_SINGLE_SELA depart fromB engage inC return toD depend on71.SSS_SINGLE_SELA whollyB in partC in factD hardly72.SSS_SINGLE_SELA factorB determinantC measurementD standard73.SSS_SINGLE_SELA fallen behindB fallen backC gone aheadD gone before74.SSS_SINGLE_SELA according toB in view ofC in terms ofD because of75.SSS_SINGLE_SELA ConsequentlyB NeverthelessC FurthermoreD BesidesPart Ⅳ TranslationDirection: Translate the following passage into Chinese. You should write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.1.Research reports are considered formal **munication. As such, there is little emphasis on a lively style, although, of course, there is no objection to writing that is pleasing and interesting. The primary goals of **munication are accuracy, clarity, **pleteness. The rough draft of any research report should be edited to ensure that all data is correctly presented, that all equipment is listed, that allresults are properly detailed. As all aid to the reader, headings indicating at least the major sections of the report should be used, and all data should be presented under proper headings. In addition。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编48(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编48(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．He appeared in the court and supplied the facts______ to the case.A．subjectB．attachedC．relevantD．corresponding正确答案：C解析：relevant(to)a．有关的，切题的；有重大关系的，有意义的；适宜的(如：The evidence was not relevant to the case. His remarks are relevant to the discussion．)。
subject(to)a.易遭……的，受……支配的。
attached(to)a.附属……的，依恋……的。
corresponding a．(一般作定语)相应的，相当的；符合的，一致的。
2．The good news______us, for we had been very anxious.A．freedB．enlightenedC．releasedD．relieved正确答案：D解析：relieve vt.减轻，解除(病痛或紧张气氛)；使松一口气；援救，救济(难民等)。
free vt.使自由，解放。
enlighten(on)vt.开导，启发。
release vt．解放，释放；放开，松开。
3．The fund is for ______ distress among the flood victims in the southern city.(2004年西南财经大学考博试题)A．releasingB．detractingC．relievingD．devolving正确答案：C解析：本题空格处是说这笔基金用于减轻洪灾中灾民们的危难。
C项“relieve 救助，救援，减轻”符合题意，如：This will relieve pressure on the wains to some extent．(这将会在一定程度上减轻对火车的压力。
考博英语真题
浙江理工大学2013年博士研究生招生入学考试试题考试科目：英语代码：1001〔请考生在答题纸或答题卡上答题，在试题纸上答题无效〕Part I Vocabulary (20 marks, 1 mark each)Section ADirections:In this section there are 10 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.1. If you never do any work, you will only have yourself ____ if you fail your examination.A.to faultB. to reproveC. to mistakeD. to blame2. I’d like to study under your guidance, because I know you are a(n) ____ scientist in physics.A.prominentB. requisiteC. desperateD. impatient3. Before their skins were used, their feet were ____, leading to the misconception that the birds never had feet.A.cut downB. cut intoC. cut overD. cut off4. With the constant change of the conditions, the outcome is not always _____.A. favorableB. reasonableC. dependableD. predictable5. The television station is supported by ______ from foundations and other sources.A. pensionsB. accountsC. donationsD. advertisements6. We’ll all take a vacation in the mountains as soon as I finish w orking _____ my project.A. withB. onC. inD. about7. Her husband is interested in designing electronic _________.A. safetyB. managementC. routineD. devices8. Gestures are an important means to _______ message.A. studyB. conveyC. keepD. exploit9. ________ preparations were being made for the Prime Minister's official visit to the four foreign countries.A. ElaborateB. WiseC. NeutralD. Optional10. ____ adults, young children find little difficulty in imitating sounds in foreign languages.A.Not likeB. UnlikeC. Being notD. Not asSection BDirections: In this section there are 10 sentences, each with one word or phrases underlined. Choose the one from the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.11. The financial pressure will bring about enormous psychological discomfort.A. denseB. distinctC. doubtfulD. great12. It is the unique satisfaction they can derive from the work they accomplished.A. inheritB. obtainC. ignoreD. accompany13. The managers are working hard to transform their entire organizations.A. foundB. rankC. reformD. destroy14. The most terrible disputes are those about matters as to which there is no goodevidence.A. agreementsB. discussionsC. conversationsD. arguments15. You should be cautious about what you are going to say.A. politeB. prevailingC. internalD. careful16. They consulted their tutor about this difficult issue and got what they needed.A. asked advice ofB. got benefit fromC. kept an eye onD. made up of17. It is necessary to contrast China’s education system with in USA.A. overcomeB. compareC. admitD. celebrate18. He mentioned that kind of happiness which most people have lived through.A. concealedB. proposedC. complainedD. experienced19. It must be clear that these problems must be tackled before Friday.A. existedB. solvedC. rememberedD. assumed20. My friend unexpectedly dropped in, and I had no time to entertain them.A. visitedB. stepped inC. dropped offD. metPart II Cloze Test (20 marks, 1 mark each)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the one that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.During the early years of this century, wheat was seen as the very lifeblood of Western Canada. 21 the crops were good, the 22 was good; when the crops failed, there was 23 . People on city streets 24 the yields and the price of wheat with almost as much 25 as if they were growers. The 26 of wheat became an increasingly 27 topic of conversation.War set the stage for the most 28 events in marketing the western crop. For years farmers 29 speculative (投机的) grain selling as carried on through the Winnipeg grain Exchange. Wheat 30 were generally low in the autumn, 31 farmers could not wait for markets to improve. It had happened too often 32 they sold their wheat soon after harvest when farm 33 were coming due only to see prices rising and speculators 34 rich. On various 35 , producer groups asked for firmer controls, but governments had no wish to become involved, at least 36 wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild.Anxious to check inflation and rising living cost, the federal government appointed a 37 of grain supervisors to handle deliveries from the crops of 1917 and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was 38 , and farmers sold at prices 39 by the board. To handle the crop of 1919, the government 40 the first Canadian Wheat Board, with full authority to buy, sell, and set prices.21. A If B. Since C. When D. But22. A. economist B. economical C. economics D. economy23. A. depression B. deprivation C. description D. depletion24. A. looked B. watched C. saw D. noticed25. A. thought B. feeling C. idea D. mind26. A. growing B. purchasing C. keeping D. marketing27. A. favourable B. favourite C. favour D. frequent28. A. dramatic B. amusing C. dreadful D. interesting29. A. misunderstood B. mistook C. mistrusted D. misjudged30. A. values B. worth C. prices D. sales31. A. so B. because C. and D. but32. A. which B. what C. that D. because33. A. debts B. savings C. taxes D. duties34. A. being B. getting C. became D. grew35. A. conditions B. situations C. occasions D. positions36. A. when B. because C. if D. not until37. A. board B. group C. committee D. organization38. A. suspended B. sustained C. suspected D. delayed39. A. setting B. fixed C. deciding D. determining40. A. disappointed B. assigned C. entrusted D. appointedPart III Reading Comprehension (25 marks, 1 mark each)Directions:There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.Passage 1There are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force; the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second. It is, therefore, necessary for a prince to know how to use both the beast and the man. This was covertly taught to the rules by ancient writers, who relate how Achilles and many others of those ancient princes were given Chiron the centaur to be brought up and educated under his discipline. The parable of this semi-animal, semi-human teacher is meant to indicate that a prince must know how to use both natures, and that the one without the other is not durable.A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps, and the fox can not defend himself from wolves. Those that wish to be only lions do not understand this. Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his interest, and the reasons which made him bind himself no longer exist. If men were all good, this precept would not be a good one; but as they are bad, and would not observe their faith with you, so you are not bound to keep faith with them. Nor have legitimate grounds ever failed a prince who wished to show colorable excuse for the nonfulfilment of his promise. Of this one could furnish an infinite number of examples, and show how many times peace has been broken, and how many promises rendered worthless, by the faithlessness of princes, and those that have best been able to imitate the fox have succeeded best. But itis necessary to be able to disguise this character well, and to be a great feigner and dissembler, and men are so simple and so ready to obey present necessities, that the one who deceives will always find those who allow themselves to be deceived.41. The writer does not believe that _________.a. the truth makes men freeb. people can protect themselvesc. princes are humand. leaders have to be consistent42. “Prince〞in the passage designates __________.a. anyone in powerb. elected officialsc. aristocratsd. sons of kings43. The lion represents those who are __________.a. too trustingb. reliant on forcec. strong and powerfuld. lacking in intelligence44. The fox, in the passage, is ____________.a. admired for his trickeryb. no match for the lionc. pitied for his wilesd. considered worthless45. The writer suggests that a successful leader must _______.a. be prudent and faithfulb. cheat and liec. have principle to guide his actionsd. follow the truthPassage 2The ballad and the folk song have long been recognized as important keys to the thoughts and feelings of a people, but the dime novel, though sought by the collector and referred to in a general way by the social historian, is dismissed with a smile amusement by almost everyone else. Neither folk songs nor dime novels were actually created by the plain people of America. But in their devotion to these models of expression, the people made them their own. The dime novel, intended as it was for the great masses and designed to fill the pockets of both author and publisher, quite naturally sought the lowest common denominator: themes that were found to be popular and attitudes that met with the most general approval became stereotyped. Moreover, the dime novel, reflecting a much wider range of attitudes and ideas than the ballad and the folk song, is the nearest thing we have had in this country to a true “proletarian〞literature, that is, a literature written for the great masses of people and actually read by them.Although a study of our dime novels alone cannot enable anyone to determine what are the essential characteristics of the American tradition, it can contribute materially to that end. Sooner or later, the industrious researchers who have mined so many obscure lodes of American literary expression will almost certainly turn their attention to these novels and all their kind. Let no one think, however, that the salmon-covered paperbacks once so eagerly devoured by soldiers, lumberjacks, trainmen, hired girls, and adolescent boys now make exciting or agreeable reading even for the historian, much as the social and historical implications may interest him. As for the crowds today who get their sensational thrills from the movies and the tabloids, I fear that they would find these hair-raisers of an earlier age deadly dull.46. The principal intention of the author of a dime novel was to __________.a. explore a segment of American society.b. promote the American political philosophy.c. raise the level of intelligence of the great masses of people.d. make money.47. The “lowest common denominator〞refers to _________.a. the poorer classes.b. themes and attitudes that would be accepted by the greatest number of people.c. attitudes accepted by the American intellectuals.d. the character of the authors of the dime novel.48. “Proletarian〞literature is _________.a. written for and read by the great masses of people.b. distinguished by its devotion to pornography.c. distinguished by its elegant style.d. written for, but not actually read by, most people.49. The author believes that a study of our dime novels __________.a. is a waste of time.b. would be sufficient in itself to determine the essential characteristics of theAmerican tradition.c. would be a valuable contribution in determining the essential characteristics of theAmerican tradition.d. would be amusing but unimportant.50. Which of the following is implied in the passage?a. The attitudes of the masses of people are best expressed by sociology texts.b. The nearest thing we have had to a proletarian literature is the dime novel.c. The study of the formal literature alone will not enable the historian to understandthe attitudes and interests of the common people.d. Because the themes in the dime novels were not good, they could no longer belegally distributed.Passage 3When we say somebody touches us emotionally, it means he or she has gone to the core of our being. Physical touch, too, is more than skin-deep. Skin is the human body’s largest organ, containing millions of receptors --- about 8,000 in a single fingertip --- that send messages through nerve fibers to the spinal cord and then to the brain. A simple touch --- a hand on a shoulder, an arm around a waist --- can reduce the heart rates and lower blood pressure. Even people in deep comas may show changes in their heart rates when their hands are held. Positive, nurturing touch appears to stimulate the release of endorphi ns, the body’s natural pain suppressors. That may explain why a mother’s hug can literally “make it better〞when a child skins his knee.According to TRI research, message boosts immune function --- even in HIV positive patients --- and lower levels of stress hormones cortical and nor epinephrine.Also, massaged preemies were discharged from the hospital six days sooner on average. With hundreds of thousands of premature births each year, one might think hospital nurseries would be falling all over themselves to establish massage programs. Yet they are still not widespread.Perhaps one reason is cultural. Some countries are more tactile than others. When psychologist Sidney Jourard observed rates of causal touch among couples in cafes around the world, he reported the highest rate in Puerto Rico (180 times per hours). Field found that French adolescents demonstrate significantly more casual touching --- learning on afriend, putting an arm around another’s shoulder. “American teenagers were more like ly to fiddle with their rings, crack their knuckles or engage in other forms of self-stimulation. French parents and teachers are more physically affectionate, and the kids are less aggressive,〞says Field.First and last: touch is the first sense to develop in humans, and it may be the last to fade. TRI set up a study in which volunteers over age 60 were given three weeks of massage and then were trained to massage toddlers at the preschool. Giving massage proved even more beneficial than getting them: The elders exhibited less depression and loneliness and lower levels of stress hormones. They had fewer doctor visits, drank less coffee and made more social phone calls.51.When we say somebody touches us emotionally, it means ____________A.he or she has known what we are thinking aboutB.we have got in touch with him or herC.he or she has moved usD.he or she can understand us52. A positive touch may ________A. make a patient recoverB. relieve the painC. make a child skin his kneeD. stimulate a patient53. Preemies were discharged from hospital _________A. six days sooner on averageB. when they were in good healthC. after they had stayed in hospital for six days on averageD. sooner than the others if they had been massaged54. Why are French children less aggressive than their American counterparts?A. Because French parents and children touch each other more frequently.B. Because American kids are more likely to fiddle with their rings.C. Because French kids are less aggressive by nature.D. Because American kids like self-stimulation.55. The study with volunteers over 60 proved that physical touch ________A. may do good to both who touches the others and who are touchedB. may be more beneficial to the one who are touchedC. may be more beneficial to elders.D. may be more beneficial to babiesPassage FourA few years ago a young mother watched her husband diaper their firstborn son. “You do not have to be unhappy about it,〞she protested. “You can talk to him and smile a little.〞The father, who happened to be a psychologist, answered firmly, “He has nothing to say to me, and I have nothing to say to him.〞Psychologist now know how wrong that father was. From the moment of birth, a baby has a great deal to say to his parent and they to him. But a decade or so ago, these experts were describing the newborn as a primitive creature who reacted only by reflex, a helpless victim of its environment without capacity to influence it. And mothers accepted the truth. Most thought (and some still do) that a new infant could see only blurry shadows, that his other senses were undeveloped, and that all he required was nourishment, clean diapers, and a warm bassinet.Today university laboratories across the country are studying newborns in their first month of life. As a result, psychologists now describe the new baby as perceptive, with remarkable learning abilities and an even more remarkable capacity to shape his or her environment including the attitudes and actions of his parents. Some researchers believe that the neonatal period may even be the most significant four weeks in an entire lifetime.Far from being helpless, the newborn knows what he likes and rejects what he doesn’t. He shut out unpleasant sensations by closing his eyes or averting his face. He is a glutton for novelty. He prefers animate things over inanimate and likes people more than anything.When a more nine minutes out, an infant prefers a human face to a head-shaped outline. He makes the choice despite the fact that, with delivery room attendants masked and gowned, he has never seen a human face before. By the time he’s twelve hours old, his entire body moves in precise synchrony to the sound of a human voice, as if he were dancing. A non-human sound, such as a tapping noise, brings no such response.56. The author points out that the father diapering his first-born son was wrong because _______.A. he thought the baby was not capable of any responseB. he thought the baby didn’t have the power of speechC. he was a psychologist unworthy of his professionD. he believed the baby was not able to hear him57. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?A. A new infant can see only blurry shadows.B. A new infant is actually able to influence his or her environment.C. All a new infant requires is nourishment, clean diapers, and a warm bassinet.D. A new infant’s senses are undeveloped.58. What does the sentence “He is a glutton for novelty〞probably mean?A. The newborn is greedy for new food.B. The newborn tends to overeat.C. The newborn always loves things that are new to him.D. The newborn’s appetite is a constant topic in novels.59. According to the passage, it’s groundless to think that newborns prefer ________.A. a human face to a head-shaped outlineB. animate things to inanimate onesC. human voice to non-human soundsD. nourishment to a warm bassinet60. What is the passage mainly discussing about?A. Why the first month of life is the most significant four weeks in a lifetime.B. How wrong parents are when they handle their babies.C. How much newborns have progressed in about a decade’s time.D. What people know about newborns.Passage FiveThe interview is an important event in the job-hunting process, because the 20 or 30 minutes you spend with the interviewer may determine whether or not you get the particular job you want. Therefore ,it is important to remember that your objective during the interview may differ from the objective of the potential employer. You want to makeyourself stand out as a whole person who has personal strengths, is well qualified, and should be considered the right person for the job. It is encouraging to know that the interview’s task is not to embarrass you or to trip you up, but t o hire the right person for the job.Remember, job hunting is very competitive. Anything you can do to enhance your interview techniques will be to your advantage. The following suggestions may help you land the most important job.Your goal in this interview is to make sure your good points get across. The interviewer won’t know them unless you point them out, so try to do this in a factual and sincere manner.Do not make slighting references to former employers or professors. If you have been fired from a job and the interviewer asks about it, be frank in your answer.Show the interviewer that you are interested in the company by asking relevant questions. Ask about responsibilities, working conditions, promotion opportunities and fringe benefits of the job you are interviewing for.If at some point you decide the interview is not going well, do not let your discouragement show. You have nothing to lose by continuing a show of confidence, and you may have much to gain. It may be real, or it may be a test to see how you react to adverse conditions.Some interviewers may bring up salary early in the interview. At this time, you may indicate that you are more interested in a job where you can prove yourself than a specific salary. This politely passes the question back to the interviewer. If possible, you should negotiate for salary after you have been offered a job and when you are ready to complete the paperwork.61. To get the job you want, during the interview you should ________.A. avoid the interviewer’s questions that are designed to trip you upB. remember that you are the best qualified candidateC. keep in mind that it determines whether or not you get the particular job you wantD. make yourself stand out as the right person for the job62. If you did not get along with your former employer, you _______.A. should tell the interviewer franklyB. should refer to him in a factual mannerC. should not speak ill of himD. should never mention it63. When you find the interview is not going well you should ________.A. bring it to an end as soon as possibleB. keep up your confidenceC. tell you interviewer how you react to adverse conditionsD. tell yourself you have much to gain and nothing to lose64. The best time to discuss your salary is________.A. when the interviewer brings this matter upB. at the end of the interviewC. after you have completed the paperworkD. keep up your confidence65. The most important thing to do during an interview is________.A. to make your strengths understoodB. to show your intense interest in the job you are applying forC. to be frank and sincereD. to be natural and confidentPart IV Translation (35 marks)Section A Directions: Translate the following into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on Answer Sheet II.(15 marks)66. The 18th Party Congress opened a new chapter in China's reform and opening-up drive that will have wide-ranging effects and a global impact. China's development will be scientific, democratic, civilized, harmonious and peaceful. First of all, the congress informed the world that the China engine will continue to move forward at a steady and relatively fast speed, generating even more investment and development opportunities to fuel the growth of other economies. Second, the congress affirmed China will maintain its development strategy of mutual benefit. It will never resort to trade protectionism against other countries, and it will join hands with other countries to promote vigorous, sustainable and balanced development of the global economy. Third, the congress also sent the message that China will adhere to the path of peaceful development, will pursue an independent foreign policy of peace, and seek to safeguard world peace and development. For all its exposure to the international climate, China has neither wavered from its principled stand of resolutely safeguarding its national sovereignty, security and development interests, nor given up its basic belief that peace and development are the dominant themes of the time. China has vowed to play a bigger role in international affairs as a responsible major power, and to join hands with rest of the world to meet global challenges.Section BDirections: Translate the following into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet II. (20 marks)67. 在教育改革初期，教委就中小学课时、作业、考试、比赛、补课和课外阅读等发布了专门规定，以减轻学生负担。
清华大学考博英语-4.doc
清华大学考博英语-4(总分：134.50，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary(总题数：10，分数：7.50)1.The child should always ______ the same basic procedure: seeing the whole word-hearing and pronouncing-writing from memory.（分数：1.00）A.go throughB.take overC.respond toD.carry off2.The government decided to take a______action to strengthen the market management.（分数：0.50）A.diverseB.durableC.epidemicD.drastic3.They need to move to new and large apartments. Do you know of any______ones in this area?（分数：0.50）A.evacuatedB.emptyC.vacantD.vacate4.He told a story about his sister who was in a sad ______ when she was ill and had no money.（分数：1.00）A.plightB.polarizationC.plagueD.pigment5.Her talk at the seminar clearly______from the topic the supervisor expected in the field of sociology.（分数：0.50）A.alternatedB.amplifiedC.designatedD.diverged6.In the new shark repellent method, an insulated cable is buried on the bottom of the sea arounda beach from which people swim.（分数：1.00）A.frighteningB.resistingC.protectiveD.raising7.Nobody knew how he came up with this ______ idea about the trip.（分数：1.00）A.wearyB.twilightC.unanimousD.weird8.Some people seem to______on the pressure of working under a deadline.（分数：0.50）A.renderB.evolveC.prevailD.thrive9.The industry has pumped______amounts of money into political campaigns, making it less and less likely that politicians will deal with the issue sensibly.（分数：0.50）A.potentialB.substantialC.massiveD.traditional10.These melodious folk songs are generally ______ to Smith, a very important musician of the century.（分数：1.00）A.devotedB.contributedposedD.ascribed二、Part Ⅱ Reading Compr(总题数：5，分数：88.00)There are over 6,000 different computer and online games in the world now. A segment of them are considered to be both educational and harmlessly entertaining. One such game teaches geography and another trains pilots. Others train the player in logical thinking and literate, which is more important in this technology-driven era.But the dark side of the computer games has become more and more obvious. "A segment of games features anti-social themes of violence, sex and crude language," says David Walsh, president of the National Institute on Media and Family. "Unfortunately. It"s a segment that seems particularly popular with kids aged from eight to fifteen."One study showed that almost 90 percent of the computer and online games young people preferred contained violence. The investigators said, "There are not just games anymore. These are learning machines. We"re teaching kids in the most incredible manner what it"s like to pull the trigger. What they are not learning are the real-life consequences.They also said, "The new and more sophisticated games are even worse, because they have better graphics and allow the player to participate in even more realistic violent acts." In the game Carmageddon, for example, the player will have driven over and killed up to 33,000 people by the time all levels are compelled. A description of the outcome of the game says: "Your victims not only squish under your tires and splatter blood on the windshield, they also get on their knees and beg for mercy, or commit suicide. If you like, you can also dismember them."Is all this simulated violence harmful? Approximately 3,000 different studies have been conducted on this subject. Many have suggested that there is a connection between violence in games and increased aggressiveness in the players.Some specialists downplay the influence of the games, saying that other factors must be taken into consideration, such as the possibility that kids who already have violent tendencies are choosing such games. But could it be that violent games still play a contributing role? It seems unrealistic to insist that people are not influenced by what they see. If that were true, why would the commercial world spend billions of dollars annually for television advertising?（分数：8.00）(1).Which of the following computer games are NOT mentioned as educational and harmlessly entertaining?（分数：2.00）A.Those that teach how to fly an airplane.B.Those that teach the features of the earth.C.Those that help people use computer language.D.Those that teach computer technology.(2).According to the investigators,______（分数：2.00）A.the new and more sophisticated games allow the players to take parting real violent actsB.the new and more sophisticated games teach the players how to kill other peopleC.most computer and online games male the players forget the real life resultsD.most computer and online games may cultivate young people with bad manners(3).It can be inferred from the passage that______（分数：2.00）A.more and more young people enjoy cruel computer gamesB.it is hard to find evidence of a link between violence and computer gamesC.there are now more incidents of violence because of computer gamesD.simulated violence in computer games is different from real violence(4).The author uses" television advertising" as an example to show that______（分数：2.00）A.the commercial world is contributing to the increased violence in real lifeputer and online games are not the only cause of increased violence in real lifeC.there is little link between computer games and increased violence in real lifeD.other factors must be considered as possible causes of violence in real lifeWhere one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible, for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics.The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them.Every parent watches eagerly the child"s acquisition of each new skill--the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples.Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child"s own happiness and well-being.（分数：10.00）(1).The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children ______.（分数：2.00）A.is to send them to clinicsB.offers recapture of earlier experiencesC.is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD.is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced(2).The child in the nursery ______.（分数：2.00）A.quickly learns to wait for foodB.doesn"t initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC.always accepts the rhythm of the world around himD.always feels the word around him is warm and friendly(3).The encouragement of children to achieve new skills ______.（分数：2.00）A.can never be taken too farB.should be left to school teachersC.will always assist their developmentD.should be balanced between two extremes(4).Jigsaw puzzles are ______.（分数：2.00）A.too difficult for childrenB.a kind of building-block toyC.not very entertaining for adultsD.suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation(5).Parental controls and discipline ______.（分数：2.00）A.serve a dual purposeB.should be avoided as much as possibleC.reflect the values of the communityD.are designed to promote the child"s happinessI have had just about enough of being treated like a second-class citizen, simply because I happen to be that put-upon member of society--a customer. The more I go into shops and hotels, banks and post offices, railway stations, airports and the like, the more I am convinced the things are being run solely to suit the firm, the system, or the union. There seems to be a deceptive new motto for so-called "service" organizations--Staff Before Service.How often, for example, have you queued for what seems like hours at the Post office or the supermarket because there were not enough staff on duty to man all the service grilles or checkout counters? Sure? in these days of high unemployment it must be possible to hire cashiers and counter staff. Yet supermarkets, hinting darkly at higher prices, claim that uncovering all their cash registers at any one time would increase overheads. And the Post office says we cannot expect all their service grilles to be occupied "at times when demand is low".It is the same with hotels. Because waiters and kitchen staff must finish when it suits them, dining rooms close earlier or menu choice is cut short. As for us guests, we just have to put up with it. There is also the nonsense of so many friendly hotel night porters having been thrown out of their jobs in the interests of "efficiency" (i. e. profits) and replaced by coin--eating machines which offer everything from lager to laxatives. Not to mention the creeping threat of the tea-making kit in your room: a kettle with a mixed collection of tea bags, plastic milk cartons and lump sugar. Who wants to wake up to a raw teabag? I do not, especially when I am paying for "service".Can it be stopped, this worsening of service, this growing attitude that the customer is always a nuisance? I angrily hope so because it is happening, sadly, in all walks of life.Our only hope is to hammer home our anger whenever and wherever we can and, if all else fails, bring back into practice that other, older slogan--Take Our Custom Elsewhere.（分数：50.00）(1).The writer feels that nowadays a customer ______（分数：10.00）A.deserves the lowest status in society.B.is unworthy of proper consideration.C.receives unexpected quality service.D.is the victim of some public services.(2).The writer argues that the quality of service is changing because ______（分数：10.00）A.customers" demands have radically changed.B.services provided never become consistent.C.the staff receive more consideration than customers.D.the staff are less considerate than their employers.(3).According to the writer, long queues at counters are caused by ______（分数：10.00）A.difficulties in hiring employees.B.deliberate understaffing.ck of cooperation between staff members.D.employers" irresponsibility.(4).Service organizations contend that keeping all checkout counters operated can result in ______（分数：10.00）A.demands by cashiers for a pay raise.B.insignificant benefits for the customers.C.a rise in the coat for providing service.D.needs to purchase expensive equipment.(5).The writer suggests that a customer ______（分数：10.00）A.put up with the rode manners of the staff.B.be patient when queuing before checkout counters.C.try to control his temper when ill-treated.D.go to other places where good service is available.Rubidium, potassium and carbon are three common elements used to date the history of Earth. The rates of radioactive decay of these elements are absolutely regular when averaged out over a period of time; nothing is known to change them. To be useful as clocks, the elements have to be fairly common in natural minerals, unstable but decay slowly over millions of years to form recognizable "daughter" products which are preserved minerals.For example, an atom of radioactive rubidium decays to form an atom of strontium (another element) by converting a neutron in its nucleus to a proton and releasing an electron, generating energy in the process. The radiogenic daughter products of the decay-in this case strontiumatoms--diffuse away and are lost above a certain very high temperature. So by measuring the exact proportions of rubidium and strontium atoms that are present in a mineral, researchers can work out how long it has been since the mineral cooled below that critical "blocking" temperature. The main problems with this dating method are the difficulty in finding minerals containing rubidium, the accuracy with which the proportions of rubidium and strontium are measured, and the fact that the method gives only the date when the mineral last cooled below the blocking temperature. Because the blocking temperature is very high, the method is used, mainly for recrystallized (igneous or metamorphic) rocks, not for sediments--rubidium-bearing minerals in sediments simply record the age of cooling of the rocks which were eroded to form the sediments, not the age of deposition of the sediments themselves.Potassium decays to form (a gas) which is sometimes lost from its host mineral by escaping through pores. Although potassium-argon dating is therefore rather unreliable, it can sometimes be useful in dating sedimentary rocks because potassium is common in some minerals which form in sediments at low temperatures. Assuming no argon has escaped, the potassium-argon date records the age of the sediments themselves.Carbon dating is mainly used in archaeology. Most carbon atoms (carbon-12) are stable and do not change over time. However, cosmic radiation bombarding the upper atmospheres constantly interacting with nitrogen in the atmosphere to create an unstable form of carbon, carbon-14.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the common feature of rubidium, potassium and carbon?（分数：2.00）A.They can be made into clocks.B.They are rich in content.C.Their decay is slow but regular.D.The products of their decay are the same.(2).What aspect of rubidium decay is useful for dating?（分数：2.00）A.The atom produced by the decay is above a certain point of temperature.B.The atom produced by the decay is easy to be detected at a cool temperature.C.The decay produced a. neutron and an electron.D.The decay is sensitive to the changes in temperature.(3).What is the limitation of the rubidium method?（分数：2.00）A.Rubidium is everywhere in the rock.B.Strontium atoms are hard to detect at the normal temperature.C.It cannot date sediments.D.It is time-consuming.(4).Which of the following is the major factor that affects the accuracy of potassium dating?（分数：2.00）A.the number of the mineral poresB.the number of missing argon atomsC.external temperatureD.mineral temperature(5).The underlined word "cosmic" in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ______.（分数：2.00）A.radioactiveanicC.terrestrialD.universalToday"s college students are more narcissistic (自恋的) and self-centered than their predecessors, according to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry that the trend could be harmful to personal relationships and American society."We need to stop endlessly repeating "You"re special" and having children repeat that back," said the study"s lead author, Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State University. "Kids areself-centered enough already. Unfortunately, narcissism can also have very negative consequences for society, including the breakdown of close relationships with others," he said. The study asserts that narcissists "are more likely to have romantic relationships that are short-lived, at risk for infidelity, lack emotional warmth, and to exhibit game-playing, dishonesty, and over-controlling and violent behaviors". Twenge, the author of "Generation Me: Why Today"s Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled- and More Miserable Than Ever Before", said narcissists tend to lack empathy, react aggressively to criticism and favor self-promotion over helping others.Some analysts have commended today"s young people for increased commitment to volunteer work. But Twenge viewed even this phenomenon skeptically, noting that many high schools require community service and many youths feel pressure to list such endeavors on college applications. Campbell said the narcissism upsurge seemed so pronounced(非常明显的)that he was unsure if there were obvious remedies. "Permissiveness seems to be a component," he said. "A potential antidote would be more authoritative parenting. Less indulgence might be called for."Yet students, while acknowledging some legitimacy to such findings, don"t necessarily accept negative generalizations about their generation.Hanady Kader, a University of Washington senior, said she worked unpaid last summer helping resettle refugees and considers many of her peers to be civic-minded. But she is dismayed (气馁；灰心) by the competitiveness of some students who seem prematurely focused on career status. "We"re encouraged a lot to be individuals and go out there and do what you want, and nobody shouldstand in your way," Kader said. "I can see goals and ambitions getting in the way of other things like relationships."Kari Dalane, a University of Vermont sophomore, says most of her contemporaries are politically active and not overly self-centered. "People are worried about themselves--but in the sense of where are they"re going to find a place in the world," she said. "People want to look their best, have a good time, but it doesn"t mean they"re not concerned about the rest of the world." Besides, some of the responses on the narcissism test might not be worrisome, Dalane said. "It would be more depressing if people answered, "No, you are not special.""（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, a narcissistic person may______（分数：2.00）A.hate criticismB.be dishonest to his / her partnerC.be unwilling to help othersD.all the above(2).The italicized word "commended"(Line 1, Para.3) means______（分数：2.00）A.praisedB.criticizedC.recommendedD.disfavored(3).Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Narcissism may result in bad consequences.B.College students are active to participate in volunteer work.C.Some people doubt whether there are remedies to counter the narmssism upsurge.D.Some college students are overly engaged in self-promotion.(4).It is implied that______（分数：2.00）A.both the researchers and college students are worried about the trend of narcissismB.the researchers and college students disagree on the findings of the studyC.the researchers and college students disagree on some of the findings of the studyD.college students are pessimistic about their future(5).It is proper to be______when you hear someone say "you are special".（分数：2.00）A.objectiveB.pessimisticC.optimisticD.worried三、Part Ⅲ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)For the people who have never traveled across the Atlantic the voyage is a fantasy. But for the people who cross it frequently one crossing of the Atlantic is very much like another, and they do not make the voyage for the 1 of its interest. Most of us are quite happy when we feel 2 to go to bed and pleased when the journey 3 . On the first night this time I felt especially lazy and went to bed 4 earlier than Usual. When I 5 my cabin, I was surprised 6 that I was to have a companion during my trip, which made me feel a little unhappy. I had expected 7 but there was a suitcase 8 mine in the opposite corner. I wondered who he could be and what he would be like. Soon afterwards he came in. He was the sort of man you might meet 9 , except that he was wearing 10 good clothes that I made up my mind that we would not 11 whoever he was and did not say 12 . As I had expected, he did not talk to me either but went to bed immediately.I suppose I slept for several hours because when I woke up it was already the middle of the night.I felt cold but covered 13 as well as I could and tried to go back to sleep. Then I realized thata 14 was coming from somewhere. I thought perhaps I had forgotten 15 the door, so I got up 16 the door but found it already locked from the inside. The cold air was coming from the window opposite. I crossed the room and 17 , the moon shone through it on to the other bed. 18 there.It took me a minute or two to 19 the door myself. I realized that my companion 20 through the window into the sea.（分数：20.00）A.reasonB.motiveC.causeD.sakeA.tired enoughB.enough tiredC.enough tiringD.enough tiringA.is achievedB.finishC.is overD.is in the endA.quiteB.ratherC.fairlyD.somehowA.arrived inB.reached toC.arrived toD.reached atA.for seeingB.that I sawC.at seeingD.to seeA.being lonelyB.to be lonelyC.being aloneD.to be aloneA.likeB.asC.similar thanD.the same thatA.in each placeB.for all partsC.somewhereD.anywhereA.a soB.soC.such aD.suchA.treat together wellB.pass together wellC.get on well togetherD.go by well togetherA.him a single wordB.him not one wordC.a single word to himD.not one word to himA.up meB.up myselfC.up to myselfD.myself upA.draftB.voiceC.airD.soundA.to closeB.closingC.to have to closeD.for closingA.to shutB.for shuttingC.in shuttingD.but shutA.while doing like thatB.as I did like thatC.as I did soD.at doing soA.It was no oneB.There was no oneC.It was anyoneD.There was anyoneA.remind to lockB.remember to lockC.remind lockingD.remember lockingA.had to jumpB.was to have jumpedC.must have jumpedD.could be jumped四、Part Ⅳ Translation(总题数：1，分数：-1.00)11.The hardest hit of all that week were Wall Street"s specialist firms, the traders who were charged with maintaining orderly markets. That task required them to purchase stocks when there were no other buyers and to make sales when other sellers disappeared. Until the end of that week, a total 52 specialist lb-ms had worked on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange: each had handled the shares of 20 to 30 specified Big Board companies. on Black Monday, the specialists grimly fulfilled their responsibilities, buying millions of shares as prices plunged all around them. Their losses could amount to as much as $ 50 million. Securities firms outside Wall Street also felt mortal pain. The 4,500 accounts of the New York Stock Exchange member were taken over by Rodman & Renshaw, a Chicago firm.（分数：-1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________五、Part Ⅴ Writing(总题数：1，分数：20.00)12.1．优秀的科研工作者需要具备什么素质?2．举例说明这些素质的重要性。
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考博英语-448 (总分76,考试时间90分钟)
SectionⅠVocabulary There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that **pletes the sentence and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
1. Her ease has attracted an enormous______of public sympathy.
A. sum B. deal C. amount D. number 2. The poor mother lacked her husband's capacity for discipline, and found herself ______her headstrong son.
A. against the will of B. in the way of C. at the mercy of D. in terms of 3. American women were______the right to vote until 1920 after many years of hard struggle.
A. ignored B. denied C. refused D. neglected 4. This **mittee was established for well-integrated members of the society and not for______individuals.
A. marginal B. minor C. eccentric D. distinctive 5. Powell calls for drawdown from Iraq by mid-2007. **ments break his long public silence on the issue and place him______with the administration.
A. at will B. at ease C. at times D. at odds 6. ______couples generally share the same values and have similar lifestyles and goals. A. Consistent B. Amiable C. Sympathetic D. Compatible 7. What an outrageous suggestion, young man—I'm a______married woman!
A. respecting B. respected C. respectful D. respective 8. It's easier to dismiss reports of low employee morale than face the facts and act
A. consequently B. accordingly C. successfully D. excessively 9. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this______produces artificial cold surrounding it.
A. absorption B. dissemination C. assimilation D. interaction 10. We cannot be______the choices that our children are going to make, even though we have contributed to those choices.
A. subject to B. susceptible to C. accountable for D. crazy about 11. I cannot thank you______much for your kindness, for I owe my success to you.
A. so B. very C. too D. as 12. Written primarily for a specialized but diverse body of scholars, this book______ the attention of those interested in seventeenth-century English literature.
A. warrants B. proposes C. acclaims D. distills 13. The students on the school bus were______for half an hour in the traffic so all of them were late for class that morning.
A. held up B. kept off C. taken back D. put off 14. In the past, competition for jobs caused different______groups to be hostile toward each other. A. sexist B. ethnic C. gracious D. classic 15. The stream overflowed and the flood______all of the farmland in the are
A. A. submergedB. sankC. soakedD. stripped 16. She took a(n)______to the house as soon as she saw it.
A. preference B. affection C. attention D. fancy 17. The most significant measure we should take to stop terrorists is to______them of material and moral support from within the country.
A. squeeze B. eliminate C. prevent D. deprive 18. I want to know if I need to complete a FAFSA form in order to be______for any type of financial aid.
A. eligible B. competent C. proper D. legitimate 19. The old musician decided to move to her country home______her advanced age and poor health.
A. with regard to B. by virtue of C. on account of D. at the verge of 20. He always included something above the understanding of his hearers in order to prevent them from becoming______and to stimulate their desire to learn more.
A. pessimistic B. complacent C. perplexed D. complicated
Section Ⅱ Cloze Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are font choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency ( **mitted by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories (21) on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (22) they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through (23) with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that **mit crimes in (24) to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, (25) as a rejection of middle-class values. Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, (26) the fact that children from wealthy homes **mit crimes. The latter **mit crimes (27) lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are (28) to criticism. Changes in the social structure may indirectly (29) juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that (30) to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment (31) make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in (32) lead more youths into criminal behavior. Families have also (33) changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; (34) , children are likely to have less supervision at home (35) **mon in the traditional family structure.