2021年考研英语二真题及参考答案解析
2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题及答案
2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)It's not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, 1 to understand their negative consequences.Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. 2 one and the others become distorted.Travel on a London bus and you'll 3 see how this works with drivers.Watch people get on and show their tickets.Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to 4 that people have paid?Possibly, but very few.And people who run for the bus? They are5.How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.Why? Because the target is 6.People complained that buses were late and infrequent. 7 the number of buses and bus lanes were increased,and drivers were 8 or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit these targets.But they 9 hit cyclists.If the target was changed to 10,you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing.If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more 11 drivers who obeyed traffic laws.But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.There is another 12:people became immensely inventive n hinting targets.Have you 13 that you can leave on a flight an hour late but stile arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a 14 is meant to take.A one-hour light is now ballad as a two-hour flight.The 15 of the story is simple. Most jobs are muti dimensional, with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others.Everything Can be done faster and made cheaper,but there is a 17. Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.This is not an argument against target-setting. But it is an argument for exploring consequences first.All good targets should have multiple criteria 18 critical factors such as time,money.quality and customer feedback.The trick is not only to 19 just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people better 20 the objective.1.[A] therefore [B]however [C] again [D] moreover2.[A] Emphasize [B]Identify [C] Assess [D] Explain3.[A] nearly [B]curio [C] eagerly [D] quickly4.[A] claim [B] prove [C] check [D] recall5.[A] threatened [B] ignored [C] mocked [D] blamed6.[A] punctuality [B] hospitality [C] competition [D] innovation7.[A] Yes [B] So [C] Besides [D] Slit8.[A] hired [B] trained [C] rewarded [D] grouped9.[A] only [B] rather [C] once [D] also10.[A]comfort [B] revenue [C]efficiency [D]security11.[A] fried [B] quiet [C] cautious [D] diligent12. [A] purpose [B] problem [C] prejudice [D] policy13.[A] report [B] revealed [C] admitted [D] noticed14.[A] break [B] trip [C] departure [D] transfer15.[A] moral [B] background [C] style [D] form16.[A] interpret [B] criticize [C] sacrifice [D] tolerate17.[A] task [B] secret [C] product [D] cast18.[A] leading to [B] calling for [C] relating to [D] accounting for19.[A] specify [B]predict [C] restore [D]create20.[A] modify [B] review [C] present [D] achieveSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the foll owing four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1(40 points)Text 1"Deskilling" is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a requirement if we plan to have a future in which a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind. We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly, as will the requirements of the jobs that remain. Research by the World Economic Forum finds that on average 42 percent of the "core skills" within job roles will change by 2022. That is a very short timeline.The question of who should pay for res killing is a thorny one. For individual companies, the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer in demand and replace them with those whose skills are. That does not always happen. AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company that decided to do massive res killing program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy. Other companies had also pledged to create their own plans. When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy, though, the focus usually turns to government to handle. Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best, and have given us a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers, even at times and in regions where unemployment is high.With the pandemic, unemployment is very high indeed. In February, at 3.5 United States were at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere. As of May, those rates had spiked up to13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent, and although many worker shortages had disappeared, not all had done so. In the medical field, to take an obvious example, the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages of doctors, nurses and other medical personnel.Of course, it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be a doctor in a few weeks. But even if you cannot close that gap, may be you can close others, and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned. That seems to be the case in Sweden: When forced to furlough 90 per cent of their cabin staff, Scandinavian Airlines decided to start up a short retraining program that reskilled the laid-off workers to support hospital staff. The effort was a collective one and involved other companies as well as a Swedish university.21.Research by the World Economic forum suggests_________.A.an urgent demand for new job skillsB.an increase in full-time employmentC.a steady growth of job opportunitiesD.a controversy about the " core skills"22.AT&T is cited to show _________.A.the characteristics of res killing programsB.the importance of staff appraisal standardsC.an immediate need for government supportD.an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategy23.Efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in CanadaA. have driven up labour costsB. have proved to be inconsistentC. have met with fierce oppositionD. have appeared to be insufficient24. We can learn from Paragraph 3 that there wasA. a call for policy adjustment.B. a change in hiring practices.C.a lack of medical workersD.a sign of economic recovery.25. Scandinavian Airlines decided to_A. Great job vacancies for the unemployed.B.Prepare their laid-off workers for other jobs.C.Retrain their cabin staff for better servicesD.finance their staff′s college educationText 2With the global population predicted to hit close to 10 blini by 2050,and forecasts that agricultural production in some regions will bed to nearly double to keep pace,food security is increasingly making headlines. In the UK, it has become a big talking point recently too,for a rather particular reason: Br exit.Br exit is sen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the UK importing food.The country produces only about 60 per cent of the food it eats,down form almost the-quarters in the late 1980s.A move back to sufficient,the argument goes, would bots the farming industry.political sovereignty and even the nation's health. Sounds great — but how feasible is this vision?According to are port on UK food production from the University of Leeds,UK,85 per cent of the country's total land area disassociated with meat and dairy production. That supplies 80 per cent of what is consumed,so even covering the whole country in livestock farms wouldn't allow us to cover all our meat and dairy needs.There are many caveats to those figures, but they are still grave. To become much more self sufficient, the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of animal foods,and probably also farm more intensively —meaning fewer green fields and more factory-style production.But switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldn't help. There is a good reason why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry: most of its terrain doesn't have the right soil or climate to grow crops on commercial basis.Just 25 per cent of the country's land is suitable for crop-growing, most of which is already occupied by arable fields. Even if we converted all the suitable land to fields of fruit and veg — which would involve taking out all he nature reserves and removing thousands of people from their homes — we would achieve only a 30 per centboost in crop production.Just 23 per cent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK are currently home-grown,so even with the most extreme measures we could meet only 30 per cent of our fresh produce needs. That is before we look for the space to grow the grains,sugars, seeds and oils that provide us with the vast bulk of our current calorie intake.26.Some people argue that food self sufficiency in the UK would[A] be hindered by its population growth[B] contribute to the nations well-being[C] become a priority of the government[D] post a challenge to its farming industry27.The report by the University of Leeds showed that in the UK[A] farmland has been inefficient[B] factory style production needs reforming[C]most land is used for meat and dairy production[D] more cornfields will be converted for farming28.Crop-growing in the UK is restricted due to_—[A] its farming technology[B] its dietary tradition[C] its natural conditions[D] its commercial interests29.It can bel eared from the last paragraph that British people__[A] rely largely on imports for fresh produce[B]enjoy a steady rise in fruit consumption[C] are seeking effective ways to cut calorie intake[D] are trying to grow new varieties of grains30.The author's attitude to food self-efficiency in the UK is____[A] defensive[B] doubtfu1[C] tolerant[D] optimisticText 3Big Tech's 'buy and kill' tactics come under scrutiny When Microsoft bought task management app W under list an c mobile calendar Sunrise in 2015, it picked up two newcomers that were attracting considerable buzz in Silicon Valley. Microsoft′s owe Office dominates the market for "productivity" software, but the start-ups represented a new wave of technology designed from the ground up for the smart phone world.Both apps, however, were later scrapped, after Microsoft said it has used their best features in its own products. Their teams of engineers stayed on, making them two of the many "Acquit-hires" that the biggest companies have used to feed their insatiable hunger for tech talent.To Microsoft's critics, the fates of W under list and Sunrise are examples of a remorseless drive by Big Tech to chew up any innovative companies that lie in their path. "They bought the seedlings and closed them down," complained Paul Arnold, a partner at San Francisco-based Switch Ventures, putting paid to businesses that might one day turn into competitors. Microsoft declined tc comment.Like other start-up investors,Mr Harold's own business often depends on selling start-ups to larger tech companies, though he admits to mixed feelings about the result: "I think these things are good for me, if I put my selfish hat on. But are they good for the American economy? I don' t know."The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answer to that question. This week, it asked the five most valuable US tech companies for information about their many small acquisitions oven the past decade. Although only a research project at this stage, there quest has raised the prospect ofregulators wading into early-stage tech markets that until now have been beyond their reach.Given their combined market value of more than $5.5tn, rifling ugh such small deals — many of them much less prominent Thar Wanderlust and Sunrise — might seem beside the point. Between them, the five companies(Apple,Microsoft, Google,Amazon an ace book) have spent an average of only $3.4bn a year on sub-$1br intuitions over the past five years — a drop in the ocean compared with their massive financial reserves, and the more than$130bn of venture capital that was invested in the US last year.However,critics say that the big companies use such deals to buy their most threatening potential competitors before their businesses have a chance to gain momentum, in some cases as part of a "buy and kill" tactic to simply close them down.31.What is true about Wanderlust and Sunrise after their acquisitions?A. Their engineers were retained.B. Their market values declined.C.Their tech features improved.D. Their products were re-priced.32.Microsoft's critics believe that the big tech companies tend to_A. exaggerate their product qualityB.eliminate their potential competitorsC.treat new tech talent unfairlyD.ignore public opinions33.Paula mold is concerned that small acquisitions might_A. weaken big tech companiesB. worsen market competitionC. harm the national economyD. discourage start-up investors34.The US Federal Trade Commission intends to_A. limit Big Tech's expansionB. encourage research collaborationC. examine small acquisitionsD.supervise start-operatives35.For the five biggest tech companies,their small acquisitions haveA. brought tilt financial pressureB.raised few management challengesC.set an example for future dealsD. generated considerable profitsText4We're fairly good a judging people based on frat impressions thin slices of experience ranging from a grim photographs to a five-minute interaction.and deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrusive l none study of the ability she dubbed"thin slicing."the late psychologist Na line Lambada asked participants to watch silentI0-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructor' coverall effectiveness. Their ratings correlated strongly with students' end-of-semester ratings. Another set of participants had to count backward from 1(00) by nines as they watched the clips. occupying their conscious working memory. Their ratings were just as accurate,demonstrating the intuitive nature of the social processing.Critically,another group was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons for their judgment. before giving the rating. Accuracy dropped dramatically. Lambada suspected that deliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues,such as certain gestures or utterances,rather than letting the complex interplay of sublet signals form a holistic impression.She found similarinterference where participants watched 15-second clips of pairs of people and judged whether they were strangers, friends, or dating partners.Other research shows we' re better at detecting deception and sexual orientation from thin slices when we rely on intuition instead of reflection."It's as if you re driving a stick shift,"says Judith Hall,a psychologist a No rhea stem University,"and if you start thinking about it too much,you can't remember what you're doing.But if you go on automatic pilot, you're fine.Much of our social life is like that."Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferences College studentships of strawberry jams and college courses aligned better with expressionists when the students weren't t asked to analyze their rationale, And people made car-buying decisions that were both objectively better and more personally satisfying when asked to focus on their feigns rather than on details but only if the decision was complex-when they had a lot of information to process — Intuition's special powers are unleashed only in certain circumstances.In one study, particle completed a battery of eight tasks.including four that tapped reflective thinking (discerning rules. Comprehending vocabulary)and four that tapped intuition and creativity(generating new products or figures of speech)Then they rated the degree to which they had used intuition"gut feelings," hunches,"my heart"),Us of their gut hurt their performance on the fist four tasks,as expected, and helped them on the rest Sometimes the heart is smarter than the head.36.Catalina Milady's study deals with[A] the power of people's memory[B] the reliability of first impressions[C] instructor- student interaction[D] people's ability to influence others37.In Milady's study, rating accuracy dropped when participants_[A] focused on specific details[B] gave the rating in limited time[C] watched shorter video clips[D] discussed with one another38.Judith Hall mentions driving to show that ____.[A] reflection can be distracting[B] memory may be selective[C] social skills must be cultivated[D] deception is difficult to detect39.When you are making complex decisions,it is advisable to_[A] collect enough data[B] list your preferences[C] seek expert advice[D] follow your feelings40.What can agleam form the last paragraph?[A] Generating new products takes time[B] Intuition may affect reflective tasks[C] Vocabulary comprehension needs creativity CATION GROUP[D] Objective thinking may boost intuitivenessPart BDirections:Read the flowing text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do Ned to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)A. Stay calm.B. Stay humble.C. Decide whether to waitD. Be realistic about the risks.E. Don't make judgement.F. Identify a shared goal.G. Ask permission to disagree.How to disagree with someone more powerful than you Your boss proposes a new initiative you think won't work.Your senior colleague outlines a project timeline you believe is unrealistic. What do you see when you disagree with someone who has more power than you do? How do you decide whether it's worth speaking up? And if you do, what exactly should you say? Here's how to disagree with someone more powerful than you.41. CYou may decide it's best to hold off on voicing your opinion.Maybe you haven't finished thinking the problem through, or you want to get a clearer sense of what the group thinks.If you think other people are going to disagree too,you might want to gather your army first.People can contribute experience or information to your thinking — all the things that would make the disagreement stronger or more valid.It's also a good idea to delay the conversation if you are in a meeting or other public space.Discussing the issue in private will make the powerful person feel less threatened.42. FBefore you share your thoughts, think about what the powerful person cares about — it may be the credibility of their team or getting a project done on time.You're more likely to be heard if you can connect your disagreement to a higher purpose. State it overtly, contextualizing your statements so that you're seen not as a disagreeable subordinate but as a colleague who's trying to advance a common objective. The discussion will then become more like a chess game than a boxing match.43. GThis step may sound overly deferential but it's a smart way to give the powerful person psychological safety and control.You can see something like,"I know we sen to be moving toward a is t quarter commitment here.I have reasons to think that won't work. I'd like to layout my reasoning. Would that be OK?"This gives the person a choice,allowing him to verbally opt in. And,assuming he says yes,it will make you fell more confident about voicing your disagreement.44. AYou might feel your heart racing or your face tuning red,but do whatever you can to remain natural in both your words and actions. When your body language communicates reluctance or anxiety, it undercuts the ms sage. It sends a mixed message,and your counterpart gets to choose what signals to read.Deep breaths can help,as can speaking more slowly and deliberately. When we fell panicky,we tend to talk louder and faster.Simply slowing the pace and talking in an even tone helps the other person cool down and does the same for you. It also makes you seem confident, even if you aren't.45. BEmphasize that you're only offering your opinion,not gospel truth.It may be a well-informed, well-researched opinion,but it's till an opinion, so talk tentatively and slightly understate your confidence.Instead of saying,"If we set an end-of-quarter deadline,we will never make it,"say,"This is just my opinion,but I don't see how we will make that deadline."Having asserted your opinion(as a position,not as a fact),demonstrate equal curiosity about other views. Remind the person that this is your point of view,and then invite critique. Be open to hearing other opinions.Section III Translation46. Directions;Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)We tend to think that friends and family members are our biggest sources of connection. laughter,and warmth. While that may well be-true,researchers have also recently found that interacting with strangers actually brings a boost in mood and feelings of belonging that we didn't expect.In one series of studies,researchers instructed Chicago-area commuters using public transportation to strike up a conversation with some one near them.On average,participants who followed this instruction felt better than those who had been told to stand or sit in silence.The researchers also argued that when we shy away from casual interactions with strangest, it's fen due to a misplaced anxiety that they might not want to talk to us. Much of thetime,however, this be lief is false.As it tuns out,many people are actually perfectly willing to talk—and may even be flattered to receive your attention.【参考范文】我们通常认为朋友和家庭成员是我们交流，快乐和温暖的最大源泉。
2021考研英语二真题答案
2021年全真试题答案
SectionⅠUse of English
1.B
2.A
3.D
4.C
5.B
6.A
7.B
8.C
9.D10.B
11.C12.B13.D14.B15.A16.C17.D18.C19.A20.D
SectionⅡReading of English
Part A
Text121.B22.A23.D24.C25.B
Text226.B27.C28.C29.A30.B
Text331.A32.B33.C34.C35.A
Text436.B37.A38.A39.D40.B
Part B
41.C42.F43.G44.A45.B
SectionⅢTranslation
46.我们往往认为，朋友和家人是我们获得情感归属、欢乐和温暖的最主要来源。
虽然这很有可能正确，但是，研究人员最近也发现，与陌生人交流实际上会给我们带来意想不到的好心情以及归属感。
在一系列的研究中，研究人员让芝加哥地区乘坐公共交通的通勤者与身旁的人搭讪。
平均而言，遵照这一指示的参与者比那些被要求安静地站着或坐着的参与者感觉更好。
研究人员还认为，我们之所以避而不与陌生人闲聊，通常是由不必要的忧虑，担心他们可能不想和我们说话。
但是，在大多数时候，这种想法是错误的。
正如研究结果所示，许多人其实非常愿意交谈——甚至可能会因为受到你的关注而格外高兴。
SectionⅣWriting（略）。
2021年考研英语二真题及答案
2021年考研英语二真题及答案Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A, B, Cor D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It's not difficult to set targets for staff . It is much harder, 1 ,to understand their negativeconsequences. Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. 2 one and the othersbecome distorted. Travel on a London bus and you'll 3 see how this works with drivers. Watch people get on and show their tickets. Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get on without paying? Of course ! Are there inspectors to 4 that people have paid? Possibly, but very few. And people who run for the bus? They are5 . How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists. Why? Because the target is6 . People complained that buses were late and infrequent.7 , the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were 8 or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit these targets. But they 9 hit cyclists. If the target was changed to 10 , you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If thecriterion changed to safety, you would get more 11 drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the expense of time. There is another 12 : people became immensely inventive in hitting targets. Have you 13 that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a 14 is meant to take. A one-hour fight is now ballad as a two-hour flight. The 15 of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others. Everything Can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a 17 .Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negativeconsequences. This is not an argument against target-setting. But it is an argument for exploring consequences first. All good targets should havemultiple criteria 18 critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The trick is not only to 19 just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people better 20 the objective.1. [A] therefore[B] however[C] again[D] moreover2 .[A] Emphasizes[B] Identify[C] Asses[D] Explain3. [A] nearly[B] curiously[C] eagerly[D] quickly4. [A] claim[B] prove[C] check[D] recall5. [A] threatened[B] ignored[C] mocked[D] blamed6. [A] punctuality[B] hospitality[C] competition[D] innovation7. [A] Yes[B] So[C] Besides[D] Still8. [A] hired[C] rewarded[D] grouped9. [A] only[B] rather[C] once[D] also10. [A] comfort[B]revenue[C] efficiency[D] security11. [A] friendly[B] quiet[C] cautious[D] diligent12. [A] purpose[B] problem[C] prejudice[D] policy13. [A] reported[B] revealed[C] admitted[D] noticed14. [A] break[B] trip[D] transfer15. [A] moral[B] background[C] style[D] form16. [A] interpret[B] criticize[C] sacrifice[D] tolerate17. [A] task[B]secret[C] product[D] cast18. [A] leading to[B] calling for[C] relating to[D] accounting for19. [A] specify[B] predict[C] restore[D] create20. [A] modify[B]review[C] present[D]achieve参考答案：1.[B] however2.[A] Emphasize3. [D] quickly4. [C] check5. [B] ignored6. [A] punctuality7. [B]So8. [C] rewarded9. [D] also10.[B] revenue11.[C] cautious12.[B] problem13.[D] noticed14. [B] trip15.[B] background16.[C] sacrifice17.[D] cost18. [C] relating to19.[A]specify20. [D] achieveSection II Reading Comprehension Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1‘Reskilling’ is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a requirement if we plan to have a future where a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind.We know we are moving into a period where the jobsin demand will change rapidly, as willthe requirements of the jobs that remain Research by the WEF detailed in the Harvard BusinessReview, finds that on average 42 percent of the “core skills " within job roles will change by 2022.That is a very short timeline, so we can only imagine what the changes will be further in the future.The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one. For individual companies, thetemptation is always to let go of workers whoseskills are no longer in demand and replace them with those whose skills are. That does not always happen. AT&T is often given as the goldstandard of a company who decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go with afire-and-hire strategy. Other companies had also pledged to create their own plans. When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy. Though, the focus usually tums to government to handle.Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best. And have given us a situationwhere we frequently hear of employers begging for workers. Even at times and in regions whereunemployment is high.With the pandemic, unemployment is very high indeed. In February at 3.5 per cent and 5.5P.C. respectively, unemployment rates in Canada and the United States were at generational lowsand worker shortages were everywhere. As of May, those rates had spiked up to 13.3 per centand 13.7 per cent, and although many worker shortages had disappeared, not all had done so. In the medical field, to take an obvious example, the pandemic meant that there were still cleanshortages of doctors, nurses and other medical personnel.Of course, it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be a doctor in afew weeks, no matter who pays for it. But even if you cannot close the gap, maybe you can closeothers and doing so would be to the benefit of all concern. That seems to be the case in Sweden:when forced to furlough 90 PC. of their cabin staff. Scandinavian Airline decided to start up ashort retaining program that reskilled the laid-off workers to support hospital staff. The effort wasa collective one and involved other companies aswell as a Swedish university.21. Research by the World Economic Forum suggests.[A] an increase in full time employment[B]an urgent demand for new job sills[C]a steady growth of job opportunities[D]a controversy re about the“ core skills”22. AT&T is cited to show .[A] an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategy[B] an immediate need for government support[C] the importance of staff appraisal standards[D]the characteristics of res- killing programs23. Eflor1s to resolve the skills mismatch in Canada[A] have driven up labour costs[B] have proved to be inconsistent[C] have met with fierce opposition[D] have appeared to be insufficient24. We can learn from Paragraph 3 that there was[A] a call for policy adjustment[B] a change in hiring practices[C] a lack of medical workers[D]a sign of economic recovery25. Scandinavian Airlines decided to .[A] create job vacancies for the unemployed[B] prepare their laid of workers for other jobs[C] retrain their cabin staff for better services[D] finance their staff" s college education参考答案：21、[B] an urgent demand for new job skills22、[A]an alternative to the fire and hire strategy23、[D ]have appeared to be insufficient24、[C]a lack of medical workers25、[B] prepare their laid-off workers for other jobsText2With the global population predicted to hit close to 10 billion by 2050, and forecasts thatagricultural production in some regions will need to nearly double to keep pace, food security isincreasingly making headlines. In the UK, it has become a big talking point recently too, for arather particular reason: Brexit.Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the UK importingfood. The country produces only about 60 per cent of the food it eats, down from almostthree-quarters in the late 1980s. A move back toself-sufficiency, the argument goes, would boost the farming industry, political sovereignty and even the nation's health. Sounds great 一 but howfeasible is this vision?According to a report on UK food production from the University of Leeds, UK, 85 per centof the country's total land area is associated with meat and dairy production. That supplies 80 per cent of what is consumed, so even covering the whole country in livestock farms wouldn't allowus to cover all our meat and dairy needs.There are many caveats to those figures, but they are still grave. To become much moreself-sufficient, the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of animal foods, andprobably also farm more intensively 一 meaning fewer green fields, and more factory-styleproduction.But switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldn't help. There is a good reason why the UKis dominated by animal husbandry: most of itsterrain doesn't have the right soil or climate to grow crops on a commercial basis. Just 25 per cent of the country's land is suitable for crop-growing,most of which is already occupied by arable fields. Even if we converted all the suitable land tofields of fruit and veg - which would involve taking out all the nature reserves and removingthousands of people from their homes - we would achieve only a 30 per cent boost in cropproduction.Just 23 per cent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK are currently home-grown, so even with the most extreme measures we could meet only 30 per cent of our fresh produce needs.That is before we look for the space to grow the grains, sugars, seeds and oils that provide us with the vast bulk of our current calorie intake.26. Some people argue that food self-sufficiency in the UK would_______.A. be hindered by its population growthB. contribute to the nation's well-beingC. become a priority of the governmentD. pose a challenge to its farming industry27. The report by the University of Leeds shows that in the UK_______.A. farmland has been inefficiently utilizedB. factory-style production needs reformingC. most land is used for meat and dairy productionD. more green fields will be converted for farming28. Crop-growing in the UK is restricted dueto_______.A. its farming technologyB. its dietary traditionC. its natural conditionsD. its commercial interests29. It can be learned from the last paragraph that British people_______.A. rely largely on imports for fresh produceB. enjoy a steady rise in fruit consumptionC. are seeking effective ways to cut calorie intakeD. are trying to grow new varieties of grains30. The author's attitude to food self-sufficiencyin the UK is_______.A. defensiveB. doubtfulC. tolerantD. Optimistic参考答案26.[B] contribute to the nation's well. being27.[C] most land is used for meat and dairy production28. [C] its natural conditions29. [A] rely largely on imports for fresh produce30. [B] doubtfulText 3When Microsoft bought task management app Wunderlist and mobile calendar Sunrise in2015, it picked two newcomers that were attracting considerable buzz in Silicon Valley.Microsoft's own Office dominates the market for "productivity” software, but the start-upsrepresented a new wave of technology designed fromthe ground up for the smartphone world.Both apps, however, were later scrapped after Microsoft said it had used their best features in its own products. Their teams of engineers stayed on, making them two of the many“acqui-hires"that the biggest companies have used to feed their great hunger for tech talentTo Microsoft's critics, the fates of Wunderlist and Sunrise are examples of a remorselessdrive by Big Tech to chew up any innovative companies that lie in their path. "They bought theseedlings and closed them down," complained Paul Arnold, a partner at San Francisco-basedSwitch Ventures, putting an end to businesses that might one day turn into competitors. Microsoftdeclined to comment.Like other start-up investors, Mr Arnold's own business often depends on selling start: ups to larger tech companies, though he admits to mixed feelings about the result:“I think these things are good for me, if I put my selfish hat on. But are they good for the American economy? I don'tknow."The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants tofind the answer to that question. Thisweek, it asked the five most valuable US tech companies for information about their many small acquisitions over the past decade. Although only a rescarch project at this stage, the request has raised the prospect of regulators wading into early-stage tech markets that until now have beenbeyond their reach.Given their combined market value of more than ＄5.5 trillion, rifling through such smallDeals - many of them much less prominent than Wunderlist and Sunrise- might seem besidethe point. Between them, the five biggest tech companies have spent an average of only ＄3.4billion a year on sub-$1 billion acquisitions over the past five years- a drop in the oceancompared with their massive financial reserves, and the more than ＄ 130 billion of venturecapital that was invested in the Us last year.However, critics say the big companies use such deals to buy their most threatening potentialcompetitors before their businesses have a chance to gain momentum, in some cases as part of a"buy and kill tactic to simply close them down.31. What is true about Wunderlist and Sunrise after their acquisitions?A. Their engineers were retained.B. Their market values declined.C. Their tech features improved.D. Their products were re priced.32. Microsoft's critics believe that the big tech companies tend to_A exaggerate their product qualityB. eliminate their potential competitorsC. treat new tech talent unfairlyD. ignore public opinions33. Paul Arnold is concerned that small acquisitions might.A. weaken big tech companiesB. worsen market competitionC. harm the national economyD. discourage start-up investors34. The US Federal Trade Commission intends to_.A. limit Big Tech's expansionB. encourage research collaborationC. examine small acquisitionsD. supervise start-ups operations35. For the five biggest tech companies, their small acquisitions have.A. brought little financial pressureB. raised few management challengesC. set a example for future dealsD. generated considerable profits参考答案：31. [A] Their engineers were retained.32.[B] eliminate their potential competitors33.[C] harm the national economy34.[C] examine small acquisitions35.[A]brought little financial pressureText 4We're fairly good at judging people based on first impressions, thin slices of experienceranging from a glimpse of a photo to a five minute interaction, and deliberation can be not onlyextraneous but intrusive. In one study of theability she called“thin slicing." the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watch silent 10-second video clips of professors and to ratethe instructor's overall effectiveness. Theirratings correlated strongly. with students'end-of-semester ratings. Another set of participants had to count backward from 1,000 by nines asthey watched the clips, occupying their conscious working memory. Their ratings were just asaccurate, demonstrating the intuitive nature of the social processing .Critically, another group was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons for theirjudgment, before giving the rating. Accuracy, dropped dramatically. Ambady suspected thatdeliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues, such as certain gestures or utterances,rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signals form a holistic impression. She foundsimilar interference when participants watched 15- second clips of pairs of people and judgedwhether they were strangers, friends, or dating partners.Other research shows we 're better at detecting deception from thin slices when we rely onintuition instead of reflection. "It's as if you're driving a stick shit," says Judith Hall, apsychologist at Northeastern University, “and if you start thinking about it too much, you can't remember what you' re doing. But if you go on automatic pilot, you' re fine. Much of our social life is like that."Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferences. College students' ratings ofstrawberry jams and college courses aligned better with experts' opinions when the studentsweren't asked to analyze their rationale. And people made car-buying decisions that were bothobjectively better and more personally satisfying when asked to focus on their feelings rather than on details, but only if the decision was complex- -when they had a lot of information to process.Intuition's special powers are unleashed only in certain circumstances. In one study,participants completed a battery of eight tasks, including four that tapped relctive thinking(discerning nules, comprehending vocabulary) andfour that tapped intuition and creativity(generating new products or figures of speech). Then they rated the degree to which they had usedintuition (" gut feelings." "hunches,"“my heart"). Use of their gut hurt their performance on thefirst four tasks, as expected, and helped them on the rest. Sometimes the heart is smarter than the head.36. Nalini Ambady's study deals with[A] the power of people S memory[B] the reliability of first impressions[C] instructor- student interaction[D] people' s ability to influence others37. In Ambady's study, rating accuracy dropped when participants.[A] focused on specific details[B] gave the rating in limited time[C] watched shorter video clips[D] discussed with one another38. Judith Hall mentions driving to show that[A] reflection can be distracting[B] memory may be selective[C] social skills must be cultivated[D] deception is difficult to detect39. When you are making complex decisions, it is advisable to_[A] collect enough data[B] list your preferences[C] seek expert advice[D] follow your feelings40. What can we learn from the last paragraph?[A] Generating new products takes time[B] Intuition may affect reflective tasks[C] Vocabulary comprehension needs creativity[D]Objective thinking may boost intuitiveness.参考答案36. [B] the reliability of first impression37.[A] focused on specific details38. [A] reflection cam be distracting39.[D] follow your feelings40. [B] intuition may affect reflective tasksPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are requiredto reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G andfilling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Markyour answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A.Stay calm.B. Stay humble.C. Decide whether to wait.D. Be realistic about the risks.E. Don't make judgements.F. Identify a shared goal.G. Ask permission to disagreeHow to disagree with someone more powerful than you Your boss proposes a new initiative you think won't work. Your senior colleague outlines aproject timeline you believe is unrealistic. What do you see when you disagree with someone whohas more power than you do? How do you decide whether it's worth speaking up? And if you do,what exactly should you say? Here's how to disagree with someone more powerful than you.41._______________________You may decide it's best to hold off on voicing your opinion. Maybe you haven't finishedthinking the problem through, or you want to get a clearer sense of what the group thinks. If youthink other people are going to disagree, too, you might want to gather your army first. People can contribute experience or information to yourthinking 一 all the things that would make thedisagreement stronger or more valid. It's also a good idea to delay the conversation if you are in a meeting or other public space. Discussing the issue in private will make the powerful person feelless threatened.42._________________________Before you share your thoughts, think about what the powerful person cares about 一 it maybe the credibility of their team or getting aproject done on time. You're more likely to be heard if you can connect your disagreement to a higher purpose. State it overtly, contextualizing your statements so that you' re seen not as a disagreeable subordinate but as a colleague who's trying toadvance a common objective. The discussion will then become more like a chess game than aboxing match.43._______________________This step may sound overly deferential, but it's a smart way to give the powerful personpsychological safety and control. You can see something like, “I know we seem to be movingtoward a first quarter commitment here. I have reasons to think that won't work. I'd like to layout my reasoning- Would that be OK?" This gives the person a choice, allowing him to verbally optin.And, assuming he says yes, it will make you feel more confident about voicing yourdisagreement.44._________________________You might feel your heart racing or your face turning red, but do whatever you can to remain natural in both your words and actions. When your body language communicates reluctance oranxiety, it undercuts the message. It sends a mixed message, and your counterpart gels to choosewhat signals to read. Deep breaths can help, a can speaking more slowly and deliberately. Whenwe feel panicky, we tend to talk louder and faster. Simply slowing the pace and talking in an even tone helps the other person cool down and does the same for you. It also makes you seemconfident, even if you aren't.45.__________________________Emphasize that you're only offering your opinion, not gospel truth. It may be a well-informed,well-researched opinion, but it's still an opinion, so talk tentatively and slightly understate your confidence. Instead of saying,“If we set an end of quarter deadline, we will never make it" say,"This is just my opinion, but I don't see how we will make that deadline." Having asserted your opinion (as a position, not as a fact), demonstrate equal curiosity about other views. Remind theperson that this is your point of view, and then invite critique. Be open to hearingother opinions.参考答案：41. [C]Decide whether to wait42.[F] Identify a shared goal43.[G]Ask permission to disagree44.[A] Stay calm45.[B] Stay humblePart C46. Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSIWERSHIEET.(15 points)We tend to think that friends and family members are our biggest sources of connection,laughter, and warmth. While that may well be true, researchers have also recently found thatinteracting with strangers actually brings a boostin mood and feelings of belonging that we didn't expect.In one series of studies, researchers instructed Chicago -area commuters using publictransportation to strike up a conversation with someone near them. On average, participants who followed this instruction felt better than those who had been told to stand or sit in silence. Theresearchers also argued that when we shy away from casual interactions with strangers, it is often due to a misplaced anxiety that they might not want to talk to us. Much of the time, however, thisbelief is false. As it tums out, many people are actually perfectly willing to talk and may even be flattered to receive your attention.参考译文：我们倾向于认为朋友和家人是我们关系、欢乐和温暖的最大来源。
2021考研真题(英语二)
绝密★启用前2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题（科目代码:202）☆考生注意事项女1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。
不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。
3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。
超出答题区域书写的答案无效：在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚：涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）:考生编号考生姓名Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) fbr each numbered blank and mark A. B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Ifs not difficult to set targets fbr staff. It is much harder, 1 . to understand their negative consequences. Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. 2 one and the others become distorted.Travel on a London bus and you'll 3 see how this works with drivers. Watch people get on and show their tickets. Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to 4 that people have paid? Possibly, but very few. And people who run fbr the bus? They arc 5 . How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.Why? Because the target is 6 . People complained that buses were late and infrequent. 7 , the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were 8 or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit these targets. But they 9 hit cyclists. If the target was changed to 10 , you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more 11 drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.There is another 12 : people became immensely inventive in hitting targets. Have you B that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on lime? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a 14 is meant to take. A one-hour flight is now billed as a two-hour flight.The 15 of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others. Evctything can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a 17 Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.This is not an argument against target-setting. But it is an argument for exploring consequences first. All good targets should have multiple criteria 18 critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The trick is not only to 19 just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people better 20 the objective.英语（二）试题.I .（共14页）1. [ A ] therefore [B ] however [C] again [D] moreover2. [A] Emphasize [B] Identify [C] Assess [D] Explain3. [ A] nearly [B] curiously [C] eagerly [D ] quickly4. [A] claim [B] prove [C] check [D] recall5. [A] threatened [B ] ignored [C] mocked [D ] blamed6. | Aj punctuality [B ] hospitality [C] competition [D] innovation7. [A] Yet [B] So [C] Besides [D] Still8. [A] hired [B ] trained [C] rewarded [D ] grouped9. [A] only [B ] rather [C] once [D ] also10. [A] comfort B ] revenue [C] efficiency [D] security11. [A] friendly [B] quiet [C] cautious [D] diligent12. [A purpose [B ] problem [C] prejudice [D] policy13. [A] reported [B ] revealed [C] admitted [D] noticed14. [A] break [B] trip [C] departure [D] transfer15. [A] moral [B ] background [C] style [D] form16. [A] interpret [B ] criticize [C] sacrifice [D ] tolerate17. [A] task [B] secret [C] product [D] cost18. [A] leading to [B] calling fbr [C] relating to [D ] accounting fbr19. [A] specify [B] predict [C] restore [D] create20. [A] modify [B ] review [C] present [D] achieveSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1英语（二）试题.2.（共14页）“ Rcskilling" is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a requirement if we plan to have a future where a lot of would-bc workers do not get left behind. Wc know wc arc moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly, as will the requirements of the jobs that remain. Research by the World Economic Forum finds that on average 42 per cent of the ** core skills'* within job roles will change by 2022. That is a very short timeline.The question of who should pay fbr reskilling is a thomy one. For individual companies, the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer in demand and replace them with those whose skills arc. That does not always happen. AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company who decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hirc strategy. Other companies including Amazon and Disney had also pledged to create their own plans. When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy though, the fbcus usually turns to government to handle. Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best, and have given us a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging fbr workers, even at times and in regions where unemployment is high.With the pandemic, unemployment is very high indeed. In February, at 3.5 per cent and 5.5 per cent respectively, unemployment rates in Canada and the United States were at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere. As of May. those rates had spiked up to 13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent, and although many worker shortages had disappeared, not all had done so. In the medical field, to take an obvious example, the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages of doctors, nurses and other medical personnel.Of course, it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be a doctor in a few weeks, no matter who pays fbr it. But even if you cannot close that gap. maybe you can close olhers, and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned. That seems to be the case in Sweden: When forced to furlough 90 per cent of their cabin staff, Scandinavian Airlines decided to start up a short retraining program that reskillcd the laid-off workers to support hospital staff. The effort was a collective one and involved other companies as well as a Swedish university.21.Research by the World Economic Forum suggests[A an increase in full-time employment[B]an urgent demand for new job skills[C] a steady growth of job opportunities[D] a controversy about the ''core skills"英语（二）试题.3.（共14页）22.AT&T is cited to show .[A]an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategy[B]an immediate need for government support[C]the importance of staff appraisal standards[D]the characteristics of rcskilling programs23.Efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in Canada[A have driven up labour costs[B ] have proved to be inconsistent[C ] have met with fierce oppositionI D have appeared to be insufficient24.Wc can Icam from Paragraph 3 that there was[A] a call fbr policy adjustmentI B I a change in hiring practices[C] a lack of medical workers[D] a sign of economic recovery25.Scandinavian Airlines decided to .[A j create job vacancies fbr the unemployed[B ] prepare their laid-ofT workers fbr other jobs[C ] retrain their cabin staff fbr better services[D] finance their staff's college educationText 2With the global population predicted to hit close to 10 billion by 2050, and forecasts that agricultural production in some regions will need to nearly double to keep pace, food security is increasingly making headlines. In the UK, it has become a big talking point recently too. for a rather particular reason: Brexit.Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the UK importing food. The country produces only about 60 per cent of the food it eats, down from almost three-quarters in the late 1980s. A move back to self-sufficiency, the argument goes, would boost the farming industry, political sovereignty and even the nation's health. Sounds great—but how feasible is this vision?英语（二）试题.4 .（共14页）According to a report on UK food production from the University of Leeds, UK, 85 per cent of the country's total land area is associated with meat and dairy production. That supplies 80 per cent of what is consumed, so even covering the whole country in livestock farms wouldn't allow us to cover all our meat and dairy needs.There are many caveats to those figures, but they are still grave. To become much more self-sufficient, the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of animal foods, and probably also farm more intensively—meaning fewer green fields and more factory-style production.But switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldn't help. There is a good reason why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry: most of its terrain docsn,t have the right soil or climate to grow crops on a commercial basis. Just 25 per cent of the country's land is suitable for crop-growing, most of which is already occupied by arable fields. Even if wc converted all the suitable land to fields of fruit and veg—which would involve taking out all the nature reserves and removing thousands of people from their homes—we would achieve only a 30 per cent boost in crop production.Just 23 per cent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK are currently home-grown, so even with the most extreme measures we could meet only 30 per cent of our fresh produce needs. That is before we look fbr the space to grow the grains, sugars, seeds and oils that provide us with the vast bulk of our current caloric intake.26.Some people argue that food self-sufficiency in the UK would[A]be hindered by its population growthB] contribute to the nation's well-being[C ] become a priority of the governmentD] pose a challenge to its farming industry27.The report by the University of Leeds shows that in the UK[A] farmland has been ineftkiently utilizedB] factory-style production needs reforming[C]most land is used for meat and dairy production[D]more green fields will be converted fbr fanning28.Crop-growing in the UK is restricted due to[A] its farming technology英语（二）试题.5 .（共14页）B] its dietary tradition[C]its natural conditions[D]its commercial interests29.It can be learned from the last paragraph that British people[A]rely largely on imports fbr fresh produce[B]enjoy a steady rise in fruit consumption[C]are seeking effective ways to cut calorie intake[D]arc trying to grow new varieties of grains30.The authors attitude to food self-sufficiency in the UK is[A]defensive[B]doubtful[C]tolerant[D]optimisticText 3When Microsoft bought task management app Wunderlist and mobile calendar Sunrise in 2015, it picked two newcomers that were attracting considerable buzz in Silicon Valley. Microsoft's own Office dominates the market fbr “ productivity ” software, but the start-ups represented a new wave of technology designed from the ground up fbr the smartphone world.Both apps, however, were later scrapped, after Microsoft said it had used their best features in its own products. Their teams of engineers stayed on, making them two of the many acqui-hires" that the biggest companies have used to feed their great hunger fbr tech talent.To Microsoft's critics, the fates of Wunderlist and Sunrise are examples of a remorseless drive by Big Tech to chew up any innovative companies that lie in their path. **They bought the seedlings and closed them down," complained Paul Arnold, a partner at San Francisco-based Switch Ventures, putting an end to businesses that might one day tum into competitors. Microsoft declined to comment.Like other start-up investors, Mr. Arnold's own business often depends on selling start-ups to larger tech companies, though he admits to mixed feelings about the result: **I think these things are good fbr me, if I put my selfish hat on. But arc they good fbr the American economy? I don't know."The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answer to that question. This英语（二）试题.6 .（共14页）week, it asked the five most valuable US tech companies fbr information about their many small acquisitions over the past decade. Although only a research project at this stage, the request has raised the prospect of regulators wading into early- stage tech markets that until now have been beyond their reach.Given their combined market value of more than $5.5 trillion, rifling through such small deals—many of them much less prominent than Wunderlist and Sunrise—might seem beside the point. Between them, the five biggest tech companies have spent an average of only $3.4 billion a year on sub- $ 1 billion acquisitions over the past five years—a drop in the ocean compared with their massive financial reserves, and the more than $ 130 billion of venture capital that was invested in the US last year.However, critics say the big companies use such deals to buy their most threatening potential competitors before their businesses have a chance to gain momentum, in some cases as part of a ,* buy and kill" tactic to simply close them down.31.What is true about Wunderlist and Sunrise after their acquisitions?[A]Their engineers were retained.'B] Their market values declined."C] Their tech features improved.D] Their products were re-priced.32.Microsoft's critics believe that the big tech companies tend to[A]exaggerate their product qualityI B] eliminate their potential competitors[C]treat new tech talent unfairly[D]ignore public opinions33.Paul Arnold is concerned that small acquisitions might .[A ] weaken big tech companiesI B ] worsen market competition[C ] harm the national economyD] discourage start-up investors34.The US Federal Trade Commission intends to .A] limit Big Tech's expansionB ] encourage research collaboration[C] examine small acquisitions英语（二）试题.7 .（共14页）D] supervise start-ups* operation35.For the five biggest tech companies, their small acquisitions have:A ] brought little financial pressureB ] raised few management challenges[C] set an example fbr future deals[D ] generated considerable profitsText 4WeYe fairly good at judging people based on first impressions, thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to five-minute interaction, and deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrusive. In one study of the ability she called ** thin slicing," the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watch silent 10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructors overall effectiveness. Their ratings correlated strongly with students* cnd-of^scmcstcr ratings. Another set of participants had to count backward from 1.000 by nines as they watched the clips, occupying their conscious working memory. Their ratings were just as accurate, demonstrating the intuitive nature of the social processing.Critically, another group was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons for their judgment, before giving the rating. Accuracy dropped dramatically. Ambady suspected that deliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues, such as certain gestures or utterances, rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signals form a holistic impression. She found similar interference when participants watched 15-sccond clips of pairs of people and judged whether they were strangers, friends, or dating partners.Other research shows we're belter at detecting deception from thin slices when wc rely on intuition instead of reflection. ** Ifs as if you're driving a stick shift/* says Judith Hall, a psychologist at Northeastern University, ** and if you start thinking about it too much, you can't remember what you're doing. But if you go on automatic pilot, you're fine. Much of our social life is like that."Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferences. College students' ratings of strawberry jams and college courses aligned better with experts' opinions when the students weren't asked to analyze their rationale. And people made car-buying decisions that were both objectively better and more personally satisfying when asked to focus on their feelings rather than on details, but only if the decision was complex— when they had a lot of information to process.Intuition's special powers arc unleashed only in certain circumstances. In one study, participants completed a battery of eight tasks, including four that tapped reflective thinking英语（二）试题.8.（共14页）(discerning rules, comprehending vocabulary) and four that tapped intuition and creativity (generating new products or figures of speech). Then they rated the degree to which they had used intuition ("gut feelings." **hunches/* **my heart M). Use of their gut hurt their performance on the first four tasks, as expected, and helped them on the rest. Sometimes the heart is smarter than the head.36 Nalini Ambady's study deals with .[A]the power of people's memory[B]the reliability of first impressions[C]instructor-student interaction[D]people's ability to influence others37.In Ambady's study, rating accuracy dropped when participants[A]focused on specific details[B]gave the rating in limited time[C]watched shorter video clips[D ] discussed with one another38.Judith Hall mentions driving to show that .[A ] reflection can be distracting[B]memory may be selective[C]social skills must be cultivated[D]deception is difficult to detect39.When you are making complex decisions, it is advisable to[A ] collect enough data[B]list your preferences[C]seek expert advice[D]follow your feelings40.What can we Icam from the last paragraph?[A ] Generating new products takes time.[B ] Intuition may affect reflective tasks.[C] Vocabulary comprehension needs creativity.[D ] Objective thinking may boost intuitiveness.英语（二）试题.9.（共14页）Part BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph （41 一45）. There arc two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. （10 points）[A] Stay calm.[B ] Stay humble.[C]Decide whether to wait.[D]Be realistic about the risks.[E]Don't make judgements.[F j Identify a shared goal.[G] Ask permission to disagree.How to disagree with someone more powerful than you Your boss proposes a new initiative you think won't work. Your senior colleague outlines a project timeline you believe is unrealistic. What do you say when you disagree with someone who has more power than you do? How do you decide whether it's worth speaking up? And if you do, what exactly should you say? Here's how to disagree with someone more powerful than you.41.You may decide it's best to hold off on voicing your opinion. Maybe you haven't finished thinking the problem through, or you want to get a clearer sense of what the group thinks. If you think other people arc going to disagree, too, you might want to gather your army first. People can contribute experience or information to your thinking—all the things that would make the disagreement stronger or more valid. It's also a good idea to delay the conversation if you are in a meeting or other public space. Discussing the issue in private will make the powerful person feel less threatened.42.Before you share your thoughts, think about what the powerful person cares about—it may be the credibility of their team or getting a project done on time. You're more likely to be heard if you can connect your disagreement to a higher purpose. When you do speak up, don't assume the link will be clear. You'll want to state it overtly, contextualizing your statements so that you're seen not as a disagreeable subordinate but 英语（二）试题,11.（共14页）as a colleague who's trying to advance a common objective. The discussion will then become more like a chess game than a boxing match.This step may sound overly deferential, but ifs a smart way to give the powerful person psychological safety and control. You can say something like, **I know wc seem to be moving toward a first-quarter commitment here. I have reasons to think that won't work. I'd like to lay out my reasoning. Would that be OK?" This gives the person a choice, allowing him to verbally opt in. And, assuming he says yes, it will make you feel more confident about voicing your disagreement.You might feel your heart racing or your face turning red, but do whatever you can to remain neutral in both your words and actions. When your body language communicates reluctance or anxiety, it undercuts the message. It sends a mixed message, and your counterpart gets to choose what signals to read. Deep breaths can help, as can speaking more slowly and deliberately. When we feel panicky, we tend to talk louder and faster. Simply slowing the pace and talking in an even tone helps the other person cool down and docs the same fbr you. It also makes you seem confident, even if you aren't.Emphasize that you're only offering your opinion, not gospel truth. It may be a well-informed, wcll-rcscarched opinion, but it's still an opinion, so talk tentatively and slightly understate your confidence. Instead of saying: ** If we set an end-of-quarter deadline, we will never make it," say, “ This is just my opinion, but I don't see how we will make that deadline." Having asserted your opinion (as a position, not as a fact), demonstrate equal curiosity about other views. Remind the person that this is your point of view, and then invite critique. Be open to hearing other opinions.英语（二）试题,12.（共14页）Section ID Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)We tend to think that friends and family members arc our biggest sources of connection, laughter, and warmth. While that may well be true, researchers have also recently found that interacting with strangers actually brings a boost in mood and feelings of belonging that we didn't expect.In one series of studies, researchers instructed Chicago-area commuters using public transportation to strike up a conversation with someone near them. On average, participants who followed this instruction felt better than those who had been told to stand or sit in silence. The researchers also argued that when we shy away from casual interactions with strangers, it is often due to a misplaced anxiety that they might not warn to talk to us. Much of the time, however, this belief is false. As it turns out, many people arc actually perfectly willing to talk—and may even be flattered to receive your attention.英语（二）试题,13.（共14页）Section IV WritingPart A47.Directions：Suppose you are organizing an online meeting. Write an email to Jack, an international student, to1)invite him to participate, and2)tell him the details.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. (10 points)Part B48.Directions：Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should1)intetpret the chart, and2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points) 某市居民锻炼方式调査60.0%英语（二）试题,14.（共14页）英语（二）试题参苦答案（2021年）Section I Use of English1. B2. A3. D4. C5. B6. A7. B8. C9. D 10. B11.C 12. B 13. D 14. B 15. A16. C 17. D 18. C 19. A 20. DSection Il Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121. B 22. A 23. D 24. C 25. BText 226. B 27. C 28. C 29. A 30. BText 331. A 32. B 33. C 34. C 35. AText 436. B 37. A 38. A 39. D 40. BPart B41.C 42. F 43. G 44. A 45. BSection 111 Translation46.我们往往认为，朋友和家人是我们获得情感归间、欢乐和温暖的蜷主要来源。
2021年考研英语二全文翻译答案超详解析
2021年考研英语二全文翻译答案超详解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have __1___ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually ___2___. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___ of good health.Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11 .For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.Today we have a(an) _14 _ to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes_15_in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.Negative attitudes toward obesity, _18_in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity _19_.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinksfrom its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign _20_ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.1. [A] denied [B] conduced [C] doubled [D] ensured 、【答案】B concluded【解析】题干中，一系列的研究已经_____，事实上，正常体重的人的患病风险要高于超重的人。
2021考研英语(二)真题解析：读题text 1
2021考研英语(二)真题解析：读题text 12021考研英语(二)真题解析：读题text1，供广大网友参考！作为2021年英语(二)阅读理解的第一篇文章，文都高端的英语老师认为题目的难度保持适中，题型分布均匀，对细节题、态度题、例证题、推理题、主旨题均有考查，按照平时总结的各题型解题思路足以应对。
21. According to Dumn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase? 细节题。
在D和N看来，下列哪项最值得购买?选项分别为：A big house，豪宅;A special tour，特别的旅行;A stylish car，名车;A rich meal，大餐。
根据Dumn 和Norton两个人名定位到第二段，It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dumn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable... 对比选项不难得出“A special tour，特别的旅行”正是原文“interesting trips”的替换，作为最佳答案。
这二者的接近程度要好于“A rich meal”与“unique meals ”的替换。
22. The author’s attitude towards Americans’ watching TV is . 作者态度题。
选项分别为：critical 批评的;supportive 支持的;sympathetic 赞同的;ambiguous 模糊不清的;引起歧义的。
根据Americans’ watching TV 可定位到第三段第二句：It seems most people would be better off if they could ... and less of it watching television. 作者正是对美国人看电视持批评态度。
2021年考研《英语二》真题及答案解析_2
2021年考研《英语二》真题及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations. ______(1), when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it _____(2).As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing ______(3)on the scale. That was bad to my overall fitness goals. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of ______(4)the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That convicted with how I needed to train to ______(5)my goals.I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate ______(6)of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice anysignificant changes in your weight ______(7)altering your training program. The most ______(8)changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lostFor these ______(9), I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule ______(10). Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to______(11)my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and ______(12)any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to ______(13)my training program.I use my bimonthly weigh-in ______(14)to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensity remains the same, but I'm constantly ______(15)and dropping weight, this is a ______(16)that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.The ______(17)to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-being. I'm experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a ______(18)morning weigh-in. I've also experienced greater success in achieving my specific fitness goals, ______(19)I'm training according to those goals, not the numbers on a scale.Rather than ______(20)over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel how your clothes fit and your overall energy level.1.【题干】_____【选项】A.BesidesB.ThereforeC.OtherwiseD.However【答案】D【解析】此处考察逻辑关系。
2021年考研英语二阅读理解考试真题答案精选全文
精选全文完整版（可编辑修改）2021年考研英语二阅读理解考试真题答案Section II Reading Comprehension Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Reskilling is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a requirement if we plan to have a future where a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind.We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly, as will the requirements of the jobs that remain. Research by the WEF detailed in the Harvard Business Review, finds that on average 42 per cent of the "core skill" within job roles will change by 2022. That is a very short timeline, so we can only imagine what the changes will be further in the future.The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one. For individual companies, the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer demand and replace themwith those whose skills are. That does not always happen. AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company who decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy ultimately retraining 18,000 employees. Prepandemic, other companies including Amazon and Disney had also pledged to create their own plans. When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy though, the focus usually turns to government to handle. Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best, and have given us a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers even at times and in regions where unemployment is high.With the pandemic, unemployment is very high indeed. In February, at 3.5 per cent and 5.5 per cent respectively, unemployment rates in Canada and the United States were at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere. As of May, those rates had spiked up to 13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent, and although many worker shortages had disappeared, not all had done so. In the medical field, to take an obvious example the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages of doctors, nurses and other medical personnel.Of course, it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be doctor in few weeks, no matter who pays forit. But even if you cannot close that gap, maybe you can close others, and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned. That seems to be the case in Sweden, where the pandemic kick-started a retraining program where business as well as government had a role.Reskilling in this way would be challenging in a North American context. You can easily imagine chorus of "can't do that" because teachers or nurses or whoever have special skills, and using any support who has been quickly trained is bound to end in disaster, Maybe. Or maybe it is something that can work well in Sweden, with its history of co-operation between businesses, labor and government, but not in North America where our history is very different. Then again, maybe it is akin to wartime, when extraordinary things take place but it is business as usual after the fact. And yet, as in war the pandemic is teaching us that many things, including rapid reskilling, can be done if there is a will to do them. In any case. Sweden's work force is now more skilled, in more things, and more flexible than it was before.Of course, reskilling programs, whether for pandemic needs or the post pandemic world, are expensive and at a time when everyone's budgets are lean this may not be the time toimplement them. Then again, extending income support programs to get us through the next months is expensive, too, to say nothing of the cost of having a swath of long-term unemployed in the POST-COVID years given that, perhaps we should think hard about whether the pandemic can jump-start us to a place where reskilling becomes much more than a buzzword.21.【题干】Research by the World Economic Forum suggests_____【选项】A.an increase in full-time employmentB.an urgent demand for new job skillsC.a steady growth of job opportunitiesD.a controversy about the "core skills"【答案】B22.【题干】AT&T is cited to show_____【选项】A.an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategyB.an immediate need for government supportC.the importance of staff appraisal standardsD.the characteristics of reskilling program【答案】A23.【题干】Efforts to resolve the skills mismatch inCanada_____【选项】A.have driven up labor costsB.have proved to be inconsistentC.have met with fierce oppositionD.have appeared to be insufficient【答案】D24.【题干】We can learn from Paragraph 3 that there was_____.【选项】A.a call for policy adjustment.B.a change in hiring practices.C.a lack of medical workers.D.a sign of economic recovery.【答案】C25.【题干】Scandinavian Airlines decided to_____.【选项】A.Great job vacancies for the unemployed.B.Prepare their laid-off workers for other jobs.C.Retrain their cabin staff for better services.D.finance their staff's college education.【答案】BWith the global population predicted to hit close to 10billion by 2050, and forecasts that agricultural production in one regions will need to nearly double to keep pace, food security is increasingly making headlines In the UK, it has become a big talking point recently too, for a rather particular reason: Brexit.Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the UK importing food. The country produces only about 60 per cent of the food it eats, down from almost three-quarters in the late 1980s. A move back to self-sufficiency, the argument goes, would boost the farming industry, political sovereignty and even the nations health, Sounds great but how feasible is this vision?According to a report on UK food production from the University of Leeds, UK, 85 percent of the country's total land area is associated with meat and dairy production. That supplies 80 percent of what is consumed, so even covering the whole country in livestock farms wouldn't allow us to cover all our meat and dairy needs.There are many caveats to those figures, but they are still grave. To become much more self-sufficient. The UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of animal foods, and probably also farm more intensively meaning fewer green fieldsand more factory style production.But switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldn't help. There is a good reason why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry, most of its terrain doesn't have the right soil or climate to grow crops on commercial basis. Just 25 per cent of the country's land is suitable for crop-growing, most of which is already occupied by arable fields. Even if we converted all the suitable land to fields of fruit and vegetable which would involve taking out all the nature reserves and removing thousands of people from their homes-we would achieve only a 30 percent boost in crop production.Just 23 per cent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK are currently home-grown, so even with the most extreme measures we could meet only 30 per cent of our fresh produce needs. That is before we look for the space to grow the grains, sugars, seeds and oils that provide us with the vast bulk of our current calorie intake.26.【题干】Some people argue that food self-sufficiency in the UK would_____.【选项】A.a be hindered by its population growthB.contribute to the nations well-beingC.become a priority of the governmentD.post a challenge to its farming industry【答案】D27.【题干】The report by the University of Leeds showed that in the UK_____.【选项】A.farmland has been inefficiently utilisedB.factory style production needs reformingC.most land is used for meat and dairy productionD.more green fields will be converted for farming【答案】C28.【题干】Crop-growing in the UK is restricted due to_____.【选项】A.its farming technologyB.its dietary traditionC.its natural conditionsD.its commercial interests【答案】C29.【题干】It can be learned from the last paragraph that British people_____.【选项】A.rely largely on imports for fresh produceB.enjoy a steady rise in fruit consumptionC.are seeking effective ways to cut calorie intakeD.are trying to grow new varieties of grains【答案】A30.【题干】The author's attitude to food self-efficiency in the UK is_____.【选项】A.defensiveB.doubtfulC.tolerantD.optimistic【答案】BWhen Microsoft bought task management app. Wunerlist and mobile calendar Sunrise in 2021, it picked up two newcomers that were attracting considerable buzz in Silicon Valley. Microsoft' own Office dominates the market for "productivity" software, but the start-ups represented a new wave of technology designed from the ground up for the smartphone world.Both apps, however, were later scrapped, after Microsoft said it had used their best features in its own products. Their teams of engineers stayed on, making them two of the many "acqui-hires" that the biggest companies have used to feedtheir insatiable hunger for tech talent.To Microsoft's critics, the fates of Wunderlist and Sunrise are examples of a remorseless drive by Big Tech to chew up any innovative companies that lie in their path. "They bought the seedlings and closed them down," complained Paul Amold, a partner at San Francisco-based Switch Ventures, putting paid to businesses that might one day tum into competitors. Microsoft declined to comment.Like other start-up investors, Mr Amold's own business often depends on selling start-ups to larger tech companies, though he admits to mixed feelings about the result: "I think these things are good for me, if I put my selfish hat on. But are they good for the American economy? I don't know."The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answer to that question. This week, it asked the five most valuable US tech companies for information about their many small acquisitions over the past decade. Although only a research project at this stage, the request has raised the prospect of regulators wading into early-stage tech markets that until now have been beyond their reach.Given their combined market value of more than$5.5tm, rifling through such small deals-many of them much lessprominent than Wunderlist and Sunrise-might seem beside the point. Between them, the five companies (Apple, Microsoft, Google, Amazon and Facebook) have spent an average of only $3.4 billion a year on sub-$1 billion acquisitions over the past five years-a drop in the ocean compared with their massive financial reserves, and the more than $130 billion of venture capital that was invested in the US last year.However, critics say the big companies use such deals to buy their most threatening potential competitors before their businesses have a chance to gain momentum, in some cases as part of a “buy and kill” tactic to simply close them down.31.【题干】What is true about Wunderlist and Sunrise after their acquisitions?【选项】A.Their engineers were retained.B.Their market values declined.C.Their tech features improved.D.Their products were re-priced.【答案】A32.【题干】Microsoft's critics believe that the big tech companies tend to_____.【选项】A.exaggerate their product qualityB.eliminate their potential competitorsC.treat new tech talent unfairlyD.ignore public opinions【答案】B33.【题干】Paul Arnold is concerned that small acquisitions might_____.【选项】A.weaken big tech companiesB.worsen market competitionC.harm the national economyD.discourage start-up investors【答案】C34.【题干】The US Federal Trade Commission intend to____.【选项】A.examine small acquisitionsB.limit Big Tech's expansionC.supervise start-ups operationsD.encourage research collaboration【答案】A35.【题干】For the five biggest tech companies, their small acquisition have____.【选项】A.brought little financial pressureB.raised few management challengesC.set an example for future dealsD.generate considerable profits【答案】AWe're fairly good at judging people based on first impression, thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to five-minute interaction, and deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrusive. In one study of the ability she dubbed "thin slicing," the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watch silent 10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructor's overall effectiveness. Their ratings correlated strongly with students' end-of-semester ratings. Another set of participants had count backward from 1, 000 by nines as they watched the clips, occupying their conscious working memory. Their ratings were just as accurate, demonstrating the intuitive nature of the social processing.Critically, another group was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons for their judgment, before giving the rating. Accuracy dropped dramatically. Ambady suspected thatdeliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues, such as certain gestures or utterances, rather than letting the complex interplay of subtlesignals form a holistic impression. She found similar interference when participants watched 15-second clips of pairs of people and judged whether they were strangers, friends, or dating partners. Other research shows we're better at detecting deception an sexual orientation from thin slices when we rely on intuition instead of reflection. "It's as if you're driving a stick shift," says Judith Hall, a psychologist at Northeastern University. "and if you start thinking about it too much, you can't remember what you're doing. But if you go on automatic pilot, you're fine. Much of our social life is like that."Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferences. College students' ratings of strawberry jams and college course aligned better with experts' opinions when the students weren't asked to analyze their rationale. And people made car-buying decisions that were both objectively better and more personally satisfying when asked to focus on their feelings rather than on details, but only if the decision was complex-when they had a lot of information to process.Intuition's special powers are unleashed only in certain circumstances. In one study participants completed a battery of eight tasks, including four that tapped reflective thinking (discerning rule comprehending vocabulary) and four that tapped intuition an creativity (generating new products or figures of speech). Then the rated the degree to which they had used intuition ("gut feelings," "hunches," "my heart").Use of their gut hurt their performance on the first four tasks, as expected, and helped them on the rest. Sometimes the heart is smarter than the head.36.【题干】Nalini Ambaby's study deals with_____【选项】A.instructor student interactionB.the power of people' s memoryC.the reliability of first impressionsD.People's ability to influence others【答案】C37.【题干】In Ambaby's study, rating accuracy dropped when participants_____【选项】A.gave the rating in limited timeB.focused on specific detailsC.watched shorter video clipsD.discussed with on another【答案】BSection II Reading Comprehension Part BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45).There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) How to Disagree with Someone More Powerful than YouYour boss proposes a new initiative you think won't work. Your senior colleague outlines a project timeline you think is unrealistic. What do you say when you disagree with someone who has more power than you do? How do you decide whether it's worth speaking up? And if you do, what exactly should you say? Here's how to disagree with someone more powerful than you._____(41)You may decide it's best to hold off on voicing your opinion. Maybe you haven t finished thinking the problem through, the whole discussion was a surprise to you, or you want to get a clearer sense of what the group thinks. If you think other people are going to disagree too, you might want to gather yourarmy first. People can contribute experience or information to your think—all the things that would make the disagreement stronger or more valid. It's also a good idea to delay the conversation if you're in a meeting or other public space. Discussing the issue in private will make the powerful person feel less threatened._____(42)Before you share your thoughts, think about what the powerful person cares about— it may be "the credibility of their team on getting a project done on time," says Grenny. You're more likely to be heard if you can connect your disagreement to a "higher purpose". When you do speak up, don't assume the link will be clear. You 'll want to state it overtly, contextualizing your statements so that you're seen not as a disagreeable underling but as a colleague who's trying to advance a shared goal. The discussion will then become more like a chess game than a boxing match._____(43)This step may sound overly deferential, but it's a smart way to give the powerful person psychological safety and control. You can say something like, "I know we seem to be moving toward a first-quarter commitment here. I have reasons to thinkthat won't work. I'd like to lay out my reasoning. Would that be OK?" This gives the person a choice, allowing them to verbally opt in. And, assuming they say yes, it will make you feel more confident about voicing your disagreement._____(44)You might feel your heart racing or your face turning red, but do whatever you can to remain neutral in both your words and actions. When your body language communicates reluctance or anxiety, it undercuts the message. It sends a mixed message, and your counterpart gets to choose what to read. Deep breaths can help, as can speaking more slowly and deliberately. When we feel panicky we tend to talk louder and faster. Simply slowing the pace and talking in an even tone helps the other person calm down and does the same for you. It also makes you seem confident, even if you aren't._____(45)Emphasize that you're offering your opinion, not gospel truth. It may be a well-informed, well-researched opinion, but it's still an opinion, my talk tentatively and slightly understate your confidence. Instead of saying something like "If we set an end-of-quarter deadline, we will never make it," say, "This is just my opinion, but I don't see how we will makethat deadline." Having asserted your perfectly willing to talk-and may even be flattered to receive your attention.41.【题干】41._____.【选项】A.Stay calmB.Stay humbleC.Don't make judgmentsD.Be realistic about the risksE.Decide whether to waitF.Ask permission to disagreeG.Identify a shared goal【答案】E42.【题干】42._____.【选项】A.Stay calmB.Stay humbleC.Don't make judgmentsD.Be realistic about the risksE.Decide whether to waitF.Ask permission to disagreeG.Identify a shared goal【答案】G43.【题干】43._____.【选项】A.Stay calmB.Stay humbleC.Don't make judgmentsD.Be realistic about the risksE.Decide whether to waitF.Ask permission to disagreeG.Identify a shared goal【答案】F44.【题干】44._____.【选项】A.Stay calmB.Stay humbleC.Don't make judgmentsD.Be realistic about the risksE.Decide whether to waitF.Ask permission to disagreeG.Identify a shared goal【答案】A45.【题干】45._____.【选项】A.Stay calmB.Stay humbleC.Don't make judgmentsD.Be realistic about the risksE.Decide whether to waitF.Ask permission to disagreeG.Identify a shared goal【答案】B第21 页共21 页。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2021年考研英语二真题及参考答案解析Section I Use of English（江南博哥）Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It's not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, _____(1), to understand their negative consequences. Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. _____(2)one and the others become distorted.Travel on a London bus and you'll _____(3)see how this works with drivers. Watch people get on and show their tickets. Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to _____(4)that people have paid? Possibly, but very few. And people who run for the bus? They are_____(5). How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.Why? Because the target is _____(6).People complained that buses were late and infrequent. _____(7), the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were _____(8)or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit these targets. But they _____(9)hit cyclists. If the target was changed to _____(10),you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion changed to safety, you would get more _____(11)drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.There is another _____(12)people became immensely inventive in hitting targets. Have you _____(13)that you can leave on a flight but still arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a _____(14)is meant to take. A one-hour flight is now ballad as a two-hour flight.The _____(15)of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well _____(16)others. Everything Can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a _____(17). Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.This is not an argument against target-setting. But it is an argument for exploring consequences first. All good targets shouldhave multiple criteria _____(18)critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The trick is not only to _____(19)just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people better _____(20)the objective.1.【题干】1._____.【选项】A.thereforeB.howeverC.againD.moreover【答案】B2.【题干】2._____.【选项】A.EmphasizeB.IdentifyC.AssessD.Explain【答案】A3.【题干】3._____.【选项】A.nearlyB.curiouslyC.eagerlyD.quickly【答案】D4.【题干】4._____.【选项】A.claimB.proveC.cheekD.recall【答案】C5.【题干】5._____.【选项】A.threatenedB.ignoredC.mockedD.blamed【答案】B2021年考研英语二真题及参考答案解析6.【题干】6._____.【选项】A.punctualityB.hospitalitypetitionD.innovation【答案】A7.【题干】7._____.【选项】A.YetB.SoC.BesidesD.Still【答案】B8.【题干】8._____. 【选项】A.hiredB.trainedC.rewardedD.grouped【答案】C9.【题干】9._____. 【选项】A.onlyB.ratherC.onceD.also【答案】D10.【题干】10._____. 【选项】fortB.revenueC.efficiencyD.security【答案】B11.【题干】11._____. 【选项】A.friendlyB.quietC.cautiousD.diligent【答案】C12.【题干】12._____. 【选项】A.purposeB.problemC.prejudiceD.policy【答案】B13.【题干】13._____. 【选项】A.interestingB.revealedC.admittedD.noticed【答案】D2021年考研英语二真题及参考答案解析14.【题干】14._____.【选项】A.breakB.tripC.departureD.transfer【答案】B15.【题干】15._____.【选项】A.moralB.backgroundC.styleD.form【答案】A16.【题干】16._____.【选项】A.interpretB.criticizeC.sacrificeD.tolerate【答案】C17.【题干】17._____.【选项】A.taskB.secretC.productD.cost【答案】D18.【题干】18._____. 【选项】A.leading toB.calling forC.relating toD.accounting for 【答案】C19.【题干】19._____. 【选项】A.specifyB.predictC.restoreD.create【答案】A20.【题干】20._____. 【选项】A.modifyB.reviewC.presentD.achieve【答案】D2021年考研英语二真题及参考答案解析Section II Reading Comprehension Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Reskilling is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a requirement if we plan to have a future where a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind.We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly, as will the requirements of the jobs that remain. Research by the WEF detailed in the Harvard Business Review, finds that on average 42 per cent of the "core skill" within job roles will change by 2022. That is a very short timeline, so we can only imagine what the changes will be further in the future.The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one. For individual companies, the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer demand and replace them with those whose skills are. That does not always happen. AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company who decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy ultimately retraining 18,000 employees. Prepandemic, other companies including Amazon and Disney had also pledged to create their own plans. When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy though, the focus usually turns to government to handle. Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best, and have given us a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers even at times and in regions where unemployment is high.With the pandemic, unemployment is very high indeed. In February, at 3.5 per cent and 5.5 per cent respectively, unemployment rates in Canada and the United States were at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere. As of May, those rates had spiked up to 13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent, and although many worker shortages had disappeared, not all had done so. In the medical field, to takean obvious example the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages of doctors, nurses and other medical personnel.Of course, it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be doctor in few weeks, no matter who pays for it. But even if you cannot close that gap, maybe you can close others, and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned. That seems to be the case in Sweden, where the pandemic kick-started a retraining program where business as well as government had a role.Reskilling in this way would be challenging in a North American context. You can easily imagine chorus of "can't do that" because teachers or nurses or whoever have special skills, and using any support who has been quickly trained is bound to end in disaster, Maybe. Or maybe it is something that can work well in Sweden, withits history of co-operation between businesses, labor and government, but not in North America where our history is very different. Then again, maybe it is akin to wartime, when extraordinary things take place but it is business as usual after the fact. And yet, as in war the pandemic is teaching us that many things, including rapid reskilling, can be done if there is a will to do them. In any case. Sweden's work force is now more skilled, in more things, and more flexible than it was before.Of course, reskilling programs, whether for pandemic needs or the post pandemic world, are expensive and at a time when everyone's budgets are lean this may not be the time to implement them. Then again, extending income support programs to get us through the next months is expensive, too, to say nothing of the cost of having a swath of long-term unemployed in the POST-COVID years given that, perhaps we should think hard about whether the pandemic can jump-start us to a place where reskilling becomes much more than a buzzword.21.【题干】Research by the World Economic Forum suggests_____【选项】A.an increase in full-time employmentB.an urgent demand for new job skillsC.a steady growth of job opportunitiesD.a controversy about the "core skills"【答案】B2021年考研英语二真题及参考答案解析22.【题干】AT&T is cited to show_____【选项】A.an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategyB.an immediate need for government supportC.the importance of staff appraisal standardsD.the characteristics of reskilling program【答案】A23.【题干】Efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in Canada_____【选项】A.have driven up labor costsB.have proved to be inconsistentC.have met with fierce oppositionD.have appeared to be insufficient【答案】D24.【题干】We can learn from Paragraph 3 that there was_____.【选项】A.a call for policy adjustment.B.a change in hiring practices.C.a lack of medical workers.D.a sign of economic recovery.【答案】C25.【题干】Scandinavian Airlines decided to_____.【选项】A.Great job vacancies for the unemployed.B.Prepare their laid-off workers for other jobs.C.Retrain their cabin staff for better services.D.finance their staff's college education.【答案】BWith the global population predicted to hit close to 10 billionby 2050, and forecasts that agricultural production in one regionswill need to nearly double to keep pace, food security isincreasingly making headlines In the UK, it has become a big talking point recently too, for a rather particular reason: Brexit.Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recenttrend towards the UK importing food. The country produces only about 60 per cent of the food it eats, down from almost three-quarters in the late 1980s. A move back to self-sufficiency, the argument goes, would boost the farming industry, political sovereignty and even the nations health, Sounds great but how feasible is this vision?According to a report on UK food production from the Universityof Leeds, UK, 85 percent of the country's total land area is associated with meat and dairy production. That supplies 80 percentof what is consumed, so even covering the whole country in livestock farms wouldn't allow us to cover all our meat and dairy needs.There are many caveats to those figures, but they are still grave. To become much more self-sufficient. The UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of animal foods, and probably also farm more intensively meaning fewer green fields and more factory style production.2021年考研英语二真题及参考答案解析But switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldn't help. Thereis a good reason why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry, most of its terrain doesn't have the right soil or climate to grow crops on commercial basis. Just 25 per cent of the country's land is suitable for crop-growing, most of which is already occupied by arable fields. Even if we converted all the suitable land to fields of fruit and vegetable which would involve taking out all the nature reserves andremoving thousands of people from their homes-we would achieve only a 30 percent boost in crop production.Just 23 per cent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK are currently home-grown, so even with the most extreme measures we could meet only 30 per cent of our fresh produce needs. That isbefore we look for the space to grow the grains, sugars, seeds andoils that provide us with the vast bulk of our current calorie intake.26.【题干】Some people argue that food self-sufficiency in the UK would_____.【选项】A.a be hindered by its population growthB.contribute to the nations well-beingC.become a priority of the governmentD.post a challenge to its farming industry【答案】D27.【题干】The report by the University of Leeds showed that in the UK_____.【选项】A.farmland has been inefficiently utilisedB.factory style production needs reformingC.most land is used for meat and dairy productionD.more green fields will be converted for farming【答案】C28.【题干】Crop-growing in the UK is restricted due to_____.【选项】A.its farming technologyB.its dietary traditionC.its natural conditionsD.its commercial interests【答案】C29.【题干】It can be learned from the last paragraph that British people_____.【选项】A.rely largely on imports for fresh produceB.enjoy a steady rise in fruit consumptionC.are seeking effective ways to cut calorie intakeD.are trying to grow new varieties of grains【答案】A30.【题干】The author's attitude to food self-efficiency in the UK is_____.【选项】A.defensiveB.doubtfulC.tolerantD.optimistic【答案】B2021年考研英语二真题及参考答案解析When Microsoft bought task management app. Wunerlist and mobile calendar Sunrise in 2015, it picked up two newcomers that were attracting considerable buzz in Silicon Valley. Microsoft' own Office dominates the market for "productivity" software, but the start-ups represented a new wave of technology designed from the ground up for the smartphone world.Both apps, however, were later scrapped, after Microsoft said it had used their best features in its own products. Their teams ofengineers stayed on, making them two of the many "acqui-hires" that the biggest companies have used to feed their insatiable hunger for tech talent.To Microsoft's critics, the fates of Wunderlist and Sunrise are examples of a remorseless drive by Big Tech to chew up any innovative companies that lie in their path. "They bought the seedlings and closed them down," complained Paul Amold, a partner at San Francisco-based Switch Ventures, putting paid to businesses that might one day tum into competitors. Microsoft declined to comment.Like other start-up investors, Mr Amold's own business often depends on selling start-ups to larger tech companies, though he admits to mixed feelings about the result: "I think these things are good for me, if I put my selfish hat on. But are they good for the American economy? I don't know."The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answer to that question. This week, it asked the five most valuable US tech companies for information about their many small acquisitions over the past decade. Although only a research project at this stage, the request has raised the prospect of regulators wading into early-stage tech markets that until now have been beyond their reach.Given their combined market value of more than$5.5tm, rifling through such small deals-many of them much less prominent than Wunderlist and Sunrise-might seem beside the point. Between them, the five companies (Apple, Microsoft, Google, Amazon and Facebook) have spent an average of only $3.4 billion a year on sub-$1 billion acquisitions over the past five years-a drop in the ocean compared with their massive financial reserves, and the more than $130 billion of venture capital that was invested in the US last year.However, critics say the big companies use such deals to buytheir most threatening potential competitors before their businesses have a chance to gain momentum, in some cases as part of a “buy and kill” tactic to simply close them down.31.【题干】What is true about Wunderlist and Sunrise after their acquisitions?【选项】A.Their engineers were retained.B.Their market values declined.C.Their tech features improved.D.Their products were re-priced.【答案】A32.【题干】Microsoft's critics believe that the big tech companies tend to_____.【选项】A.exaggerate their product qualityB.eliminate their potential competitorsC.treat new tech talent unfairlyD.ignore public opinions【答案】B33.【题干】Paul Arnold is concerned that small acquisitions might_____.【选项】A.weaken big tech companiesB.worsen market competitionC.harm the national economyD.discourage start-up investors【答案】C34.【题干】The US Federal Trade Commission intend to____.【选项】A.examine small acquisitionsB.limit Big Tech's expansionC.supervise start-ups operationsD.encourage research collaboration【答案】A35.【题干】For the five biggest tech companies, their small acquisition have____.【选项】A.brought little financial pressureB.raised few management challengesC.set an example for future dealsD.generate considerable profits【答案】A2021年考研英语二真题及参考答案解析We're fairly good at judging people based on first impression,thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to five-minute interaction, and deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrusive. In one study of the ability she dubbed "thin slicing," the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watch silent10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructor's overall effectiveness. Their ratings correlated strongly withstudents' end-of-semester ratings. Another set of participants had count backward from 1, 000 by nines as they watched the clips, occupying their conscious working memory. Their ratings were just as accurate, demonstrating the intuitive nature of the social processing.Critically, another group was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons for their judgment, before giving the rating. Accuracy dropped dramatically. Ambady suspected that deliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues, such as certain gestures or utterances, rather than letting the complex interplay of subtlesignals form a holistic impression. She found similarinterference when participants watched 15-second clips of pairs of people and judged whether they were strangers, friends, or dating partners. Other research shows we're better at detecting deception an sexual orientation from thin slices when we rely on intuition instead of reflection. "It's as if you're driving a stick shift," says Judith Hall, a psychologist at Northeastern University. "and if you startthinking about it too much, you can't remember what you're doing. But if you go on automatic pilot, you're fine. Much of our social life is like that."Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferences. College students' ratings of strawberry jams and college course aligned better with experts' opinions when the students weren't asked to analyze their rationale. And people made car-buying decisions that were both objectively better and more personally satisfying when asked to focus on their feelings rather than on details, but only if the decision was complex-when they had a lot of information to process.Intuition's special powers are unleashed only in certain circumstances. In one study participants completed a battery of eight tasks, including four that tapped reflective thinking (discerningrule comprehending vocabulary) and four that tapped intuition an creativity (generating new products or figures of speech). Then the rated the degree to which they had used intuition ("gut feelings," "hunches," "my heart").Use of their gut hurt their performance on the first four tasks, as expected, and helped them on the rest. Sometimes the heart is smarter than the head.36.【题干】Nalini Ambaby's study deals with_____【选项】A.instructor student interactionB.the power of people' s memoryC.the reliability of first impressionsD.People's ability to influence others【答案】C37.【题干】In Ambaby's study, rating accuracy dropped when participants_____【选项】A.gave the rating in limited timeB.focused on specific detailsC.watched shorter video clipsD.discussed with on another【答案】B2021年考研英语二真题及参考答案解析Section II Reading Comprehension Part BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45).There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How to Disagree with Someone More Powerful than YouYour boss proposes a new initiative you think won't work. Your senior colleague outlines a project timeline you think is unrealistic. What do you say when you disagree with someone who has more powerthan you do? How do you decide whether it's worth speaking up? And if you do, what exactly should you say? Here's how to disagree with someone more powerful than you._____(41)You may decide it's best to hold off on voicing your opinion. Maybe you haven t finished thinking the problem through, the whole discussion was a surprise to you, or you want to get a clearer senseof what the group thinks. If you think other people are going to disagree too, you might want to gather your army first. People can contribute experience or information to your think—all the thingsthat would make the disagreement stronger or more valid. It's also a good idea to delay the conversation if you're in a meeting or other public space. Discussing the issue in private will make the powerful person feel less threatened._____(42)Before you share your thoughts, think about what the powerful person cares about— it may be "the credibility of their team on getting a project done on time," says Grenny. You're more likely tobe heard if you can connect your disagreement to a "higher purpose". When you do speak up, don't assume the link will be clear. You 'llwant to state it overtly, contextualizing your statements so thatyou're seen not as a disagreeable underling but as a colleague who's trying to advance a shared goal. The discussion will then become more like a chess game than a boxing match._____(43)This step may sound overly deferential, but it's a smart way to give the powerful person psychological safety and control. You can say something like, "I know we seem to be moving toward a first-quarter commitment here. I have reasons to think that won't work. I'd like to lay out my reasoning. Would that be OK?" This gives the person a choice, allowing them to verbally opt in. And, assuming they say yes, it will make you feel more confident about voicing your disagreement._____(44)You might feel your heart racing or your face turning red, but do whatever you can to remain neutral in both your words and actions. When your body language communicates reluctance or anxiety, it undercuts the message. It sends a mixed message, and your counterpart gets to choose what to read. Deep breaths can help, as can speaking more slowly and deliberately. When we feel panicky we tend to talk louder and faster. Simply slowing the pace and talking in an even tone helps the other person calm down and does the same for you. It also makes you seem confident, even if you aren't._____(45)Emphasize that you're offering your opinion, not gospel truth. It may be a well-informed, well-researched opinion, but it's still an opinion, my talk tentatively and slightly understate your confidence. Instead of saying something like "If we set an end-of-quarter deadline, we will never make it," say, "This is just my opinion, but I don't see how we will make that deadline." Having asserted your perfectly willing to talk-and may even be flattered to receive your attention.41.【题干】41._____.【选项】A.Stay calmB.Stay humbleC.Don't make judgmentsD.Be realistic about the risksE.Decide whether to waitF.Ask permission to disagreeG.Identify a shared goal【答案】E2021年考研英语二真题及参考答案解析42.【题干】42._____.【选项】A.Stay calmB.Stay humbleC.Don't make judgmentsD.Be realistic about the risksE.Decide whether to waitF.Ask permission to disagreeG.Identify a shared goal【答案】G43.【题干】43._____.【选项】A.Stay calmB.Stay humbleC.Don't make judgmentsD.Be realistic about the risksE.Decide whether to waitF.Ask permission to disagreeG.Identify a shared goal【答案】F44.【题干】44._____.【选项】A.Stay calmB.Stay humbleC.Don't make judgmentsD.Be realistic about the risksE.Decide whether to waitF.Ask permission to disagreeG.Identify a shared goal【答案】A45.【题干】45._____.【选项】A.Stay calmB.Stay humbleC.Don't make judgmentsD.Be realistic about the risksE.Decide whether to waitF.Ask permission to disagreeG.Identify a shared goal【答案】B2021年考研英语二真题及参考答案解析Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)46.【题干】We tend to think that friends and family members are our biggest source of connection, laughter and warmth. While that may well be true, researchers have also recently found that interacting with strangers actually brings a boost in mood and feelings of belonging that we didn't expect.In one series of studies, researchers instructed Chicago-area commuters using public transportation to strike up conversation with someone near them. On average, participants who followed this instruction felt better than those who had been told to stand or sit in silence. The researchers also argued that when we shy away from casual interactions with strangers, it is often due to a misplaced anxiety that they might not want to talk to us. Much of that time, however, this belief is false. As it tums out, many people are actually perfectly willing to talk and may even be flattered to receive your attention.【答案】我们往往认为朋友和家人是我们关系、笑容和温暖的最大来源。