A Multi-Agent System Architecture for Electrical Energy Matching in a
Techno-Economic Analysis
© 2013 Ibrahim and Ilinca, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
1. Introduction
Overall structure of electrical power system is in the process of changing. For incremental growth, it is moving away from fossil fuels - major source of energy in the world today - to renewable energy resources that are more environmentally friendly and sustainable [1]. Factors forcing these considerations are (a) the increasing demand for electric power by both developed and developing countries, (b) many developing countries lacking the resources to build power plants and distribution networks, (c) some industrialized countries facing insufficient power generation and (d) greenhouse gas emission and climate change concerns. Renewable energy sources such as wind turbines, photovoltaic solar systems, solar-thermo power, biomass power plants, fuel cells, gas micro-turbines, hydropower turbines, combined heat and power (CHP) micro-turbines and hybrid power systems will be part of future power generation systems [2-8]. Nevertheless, exploitation of renewable energy sources (RESs), even when there is a good potential resource, may be problematic due to their variable and intermittent nature. In addition, wind fluctuations, lightning strikes, sudden change of a load, or the occurrence of a line fault can cause sudden momentary dips in system voltage [4]. Earlier studies have indicated that energy storage can compensate for the stochastic nature and sudden deficiencies of RESs for short periods without suffering loss of load events and without the need to start more generating plants [4], [9], [10]. Another issue is the integration of RESs into grids at remote points, where the grid is weak, that may generate unacceptable voltage variations due to power fluctuations. Upgrading the power transmission line to mitigate this problem is often uneconomic. Instead, the inclusion of energy storage for power smoothing and voltage regulation at the remote point of connection would allow utilization of the power and could offer an economic alternative to upgrading the transmission line.
剑桥10阅读解析test2
剑桥雅思10TEST2 PASSAGE1阅读解析1. 总体难度概括：中等2. 文章介绍：标题：tea and the industrial revolution话题：历史类3. 词汇准备： a段anthropological adj. 人类学的historian n. 史学工作者wrestle v. 斗争enigma n. 奥秘birth n. 诞生strike v. 罢工；打击；冲击b段puzzle n. 谜团factor n. 因素drive v. 推动，驱动affluent adj. 富足的criteria n. 标准【criterion的复数】sufficient adj. 足够的convinced adj. 确信的c段propose n. 提议cupboard n. 柜橱fuel v. 助燃，加速antiseptic adj. 防腐的，杀菌的property n. 性能tannin n. 单宁酸ingredient n. 配料hops n. 啤酒花succumb v. 屈从dysentery n. 痢疾eccentric adj. 奇怪的deduction n. 推理skepticism n. 怀疑论wary adj. 谨慎的admiration n. 羡慕strengthen v. 加强notable adj. 值得注意的distinguished adj. 杰出的favorable adj. 有利的appraisal n. 评价d段alight v. 偶然发现static adj. 静态的virus n. 病毒bacteria n. 细菌malaria n. 疟疾sanitation n. 卫生e段dig v. 探寻reveal v. 揭示antibacterial adj. 抗菌的agent n. 药剂preserve v. 保护malt n. 麦芽gin n. 杜松子酒f段grip n. 掌握，控制prevalence n. 流行coincidence n. 巧合clipper n. 帆船sip v. 啜饮g段forge v. 伪造futures n. 期货wheel n. 轮子4. 题型分析这篇文章是由二种题型组成，都是阅读考试中常见的题型。
LG 外挂式冷暖交换机产品说明说明书
Shophouse,LotD2-06,HaLongMarinePlaza,BaiChay-Tel************ Ha LongÐIỀU HÒA TRUNG TÂM LG LG VietnamLG Electronics Vietnam Total Air Solution Providerhttp://partner.lge.com|http://www.lg.com/vn/businessLINE-U POUTDOOR UNITS LINE-UPUnit : HP / 220V, 1Ø / ● 380V, 3Ø- Water Cooled VRF Heat Pump & Heat Recovery - 22.4 ~ 201.6kW (Cooling capacity based)- 3Ø, 380 ~ 415V, 50Hz- Outdoor unit installed indoorEconomical, efficient systemHow does it work?Energy savings150m Longest piping length fromODU ~ IDU (Equivalent)50mHeight betweenODU ~ IDU40m Longest piping length after 1st branch(Conditional application)Space savingsConvenientinstallationWindOutdoorT empCoolingT owerWaterPump37°C32°COperation independent of weather conditionsGeothermal ApplicationEnergy saving by heatrecovery unitHeating basedSimultaneous operationCooling basedSimultaneous operationExternal energy saving by betweenheat recovery systemAvailable in Heat Pump & Heat Recovery ConfigurationMULTI V WATER IVOUTDOOR UNITS _ MUL TI V WATER IV _ KEY FEATURESMUL TI V WATER IVOutdoor unit water inlet temperature : 7°C Indoor temperature : 20°C DB / 15°C WBMaximum COP Condition : Cooling 40% + Heating 60% operationEconomical, Highly Efficient SystemLG’skey technologies are integrated to inverter compressorExtended Compressor Speed 20Hz ~ 140Hz - Rapid operation response- Capable of reaching required temperature quickly - Increase part load efficiency HiPORTM(High Pressure Oil Return)- E liminating loss in suction gas by returning oil directly to compressor- Resolve compressor efficiency loss caused by oil return Active oil control (Oil level sensor)- Oil recovery operation occurs only when required - Enhanced compressor reliability & continuous heating - Oil distribution between compressorsComparison between 10HP (28kW) in cooling mode1,4001,6001,8002,0001,0001,200600800200400P o w e r I n p u t (k W h )MUL TI V WATER IVPrevious ModelMaximum COPEconomical, Highly Efficient SystemLG’s 4th Generation Inverter CompressorIntegrated Part Load EfficiencyWith 4th generation inverter compressor, the MULTI V WATER IV boasts top-class energy efficiency.MUL TI V WATER IVMUL TI V WATER II ycle Compositionycle CompositionC O P76540WindOutdoor TempRegardless of outdoor temperature and other environmental conditions, MUL TI V WATER IV is the optimal solution.Uses underground heat sources like soil, ground water , lakes, rivers and more as renewable energy for cooling and heating. Water or antifreeze solution is circulated through the closed loop HDPE (High Density Poly-Ethylene) pipes buried beneath the earth’s surface.High Efficiency System Regardless of External ConditionsMULTI V WATER IV System for Geothermal ApplicationsChiller - FCUMUL TI V WATER IVAHU(IndependentOUTDOOR UNITS _ MUL TI V WATER IV _ TECHNICAL DATANote1. These figures assume the following operating conditions:2. Equivalent piping length :7.5m3. Level difference : 0mNote1. Data is valid at free field condition2. Data is valid at nominal operating condition n o i t c u r t s n o c e h t s a h c u s s r o t c a f f o e g n a r a n o g n i d n e p e d y r a v l l i w l e v e l d n u o S .3(Acoustic absorption coefficient) of particular room in which the equipment is installed 4. Sound level can be increased in static pressure mode or air guide application.Outdoor Units FunctionNomenclatureOperation LimitsPosition of Sound Pressure Level MeasuringOptional AccessoriesCoolingHeatingARWNL100AS4Serial numberS : StandardA : Basic Function Electrical RatingsL : 3Ø, 380 ~ 415 V, 50Hz T otal Cooling Capacity in Horse Power (HP) unit EX) 10HP '100'Combination of Inverter Type and Cooling Only or Heat Pump N: Inverter and H/PMUL TI V Water System with Outdoor unit using R410AIndoor T emperature (°C WB)Indoor T emperature (°C DB)Precaution of Installationt i n u e h t f o n o i t a l l a t s n I ( .s r o o d t u o e h t t a t i n u e h t l l a t s n i t o n o D .1outdoors could result in fire or electric shock.) Recommended ambient temperature of outdoor unit is between 0 ~ 40°C. n e e w t e b e r u t a r e p m e t r e t a w e h t p e e K .210 ~ 45°C . Standard water supply temperature is 30°C for cooling and 20°C for heating.n a h s i l b a t s E .3anti-freeze plan for the water supply when the product is stopped during the winter. e h t f o l u f e r a c e B .4water purity control . Ensure water purity control to avoid breakdown due to water pipe corrosion. Refer to ‘Standard Table for Water Purity Control’ in PDB (Product Data Book). s i h t f o m e t s y s e p i p r e t a w e h t f o e c n a t s i s e r e r u s s e r p r e t a w e h T .5product is 1.98MPa.6. A lways install a trap so that the drained water does not back flush. l l a t s n I .7 a pressure gauge and temperature gauge at the inlet andoutlet of the water pipe.8. F lexible joints must be installed not to cause any leakage from the vibration of pipes. a l l a t s n I .9service port to clean the heat exchanger at the each end of the water inlet and outlet.10. It is recommended to install the flow switch to the watercollection pipe system connecting to the outdoor unit. (Flow switch acts as the 1st protection device when the heat water is not supplied.) 11. When setting the flow switch, it is recommended to use theproduct with default set value to satisfy the minimum flow rate of this product. (The minimum flow rate range of this product is 50%.)a l l a t s n i t s u m u o y ,t c u d o r p e p y t g n i l o o c r e t a w e h t t c e t o r p o T .21strainer with 50 mesh or more on the heat water supply pipe. If not installed, it can result in damage of heat exchanger by the following situation. s i r e g n a h c x e t a e h e p y t e t a l p e h t n i h t i w y l p p u s r e t a w t a e H )1composed of multiple small paths. n e i l a ,e r o m r o h s e m 05 h t i w r e n i a r t s a e s u t o n o d u o y f I )2particles can partially block the water paths. s y a l p r e g n a h c x e t a e h e p y t e t a l p e h t ,r e t a e h e h t g n i n n u r n e h W )3the role of the evaporator, and at this time, the temperature of the refrigerant side drops to drop the temperature of the heat water supply, which can result in icing point in the water paths. n a c s h t a p r e t a w e h t ,s e s s e r g o r p s s e c o r p g n i t a e h e h t s A )4be partially frozen to lead to damage in plate type heat exchanger. e h t m o r f r e g n a h c x e t a e h e h t f o e g a m a d e h t f o t l u s e r a s A )5freezing, the refrigerant side and the heat water source side will be mixed to make the product unusable.MUL TI V WATER IVREFERENCE SITELG MUL TI V WATER Solution with Geothermal ApplicationBouygues ChallengerThe industrial group Bouygues was established in France in 1952. It now maintains operations in 80 countries and employs more than 131,000 people. In 1988, after two years of construction, the new headquarters for Bouygues Construction was officially opened for business. Named Challenger , thecomplex became a technological showcase for late 20thcentury architecture.Site InformationBouygues decided to convert their headquarters into an eco-friendly building by significantly reducing its energy footprint. The LG MUL TI V Water system was chosen as the ideal HVAC solution for this project. The system not only saves energy but also reduces water usage as it recycles water in order to regulate the temperature of the building. With LG’s advanced technology, the building’s water consumption was reduced by more than 70 percent.LG SolutionOUTDOOR UNITS _ MUL TI V WATER IV _ REFERENCE SITE ARWN080LAS4 / ARWN100LAS4ARWN140LAS4Note e c n a d r o c c a n i s t i n u r o o d n i e l b a t c e n n o c m u m i x a m s n a e m s e s e h t n e r a p n i s r e b m u n e h T .d e t c e n n o c e r a s t i n u r o o d n i W k 2.2 l l a t a h t n o i t p m u s s a n o d e s a b d e r a p e r p e r a s r e b m u n m u m i x a M .1with outdoor units combination (160% ~ 200%). The recommended ratio is 130%.2. Due to our policy of innovation some specifications may be changed without notification3. Performances are based on the following conditions- Cooling : Indoor temp 27°C (80.6°F) DB / 19°C (66.2°F) WB, Water inlet temp 30°C (86°F)MULTI V WATER IVHEAT PUMPOUTDOOR UNITS _ MUL TI V WATER IV _ SPECIFICATIONMULTI V WATER IVMUL TI V WATER IVARWN200LAS4 / ARWN160LAS4ARWN180LAS4ARWN220LAS4 / ARWN240LAS4ARWN280LAS4Note e c n a d r o c c a n i s t i n u r o o d n i e l b a t c e n n o c m u m i x a m s n a e m s e s e h t n e r a p n i s r e b m u n e h T .d e t c e n n o c e r a s t i n u r o o d n i W k 2.2 l l a t a h t n o i t p m u s s a n o d e s a b d e r a p e r p e r a s r e b m u n m u m i x a M .1with outdoor units combination (160% ~ 200%). The recommended ratio is 130%.2. Due to our policy of innovation some specifications may be changed without notification3. Performances are based on the following conditions- Cooling : Indoor temp 27°C (80.6°F) DB / 19°C (66.2°F) WB, Water inlet temp 30°C (86°F)Note e c n a d r o c c a n i s t i n u r o o d n i e l b a t c e n n o c m u m i x a m s n a e m s e s e h t n e r a p n i s r e b m u n e h T .d e t c e n n o c e r a s t i n u r o o d n i W k 2.2 l l a t a h t n o i t p m u s s a n o d e s a b d e r a p e r p e r a s r e b m u n m u m i x a M .1with outdoor units combination (160% ~ 200%). The recommended ratio is 130%.2. Due to our policy of innovation some specifications may be changed without notification3. Performances are based on the following conditions- Cooling : Indoor temp 27°C (80.6°F) DB / 19°C (66.2°F) WB, Water inlet temp 30°C (86°F)MUL TI V WATER IVARWN300LAS4 / ARWN340LAS4ARWN400LAS4ARWN420LAS4 / ARWN440LAS4ARWN480LAS4Note e c n a d r o c c a n i s t i n u r o o d n i e l b a t c e n n o c m u m i x a m s n a e m s e s e h t n e r a p n i s r e b m u n e h T .d e t c e n n o c e r a s t i n u r o o d n i W k 2.2 l l a t a h t n o i t p m u s s a n o d e s a b d e r a p e r p e r a s r e b m u n m u m i x a M .1with outdoor units combination (160% ~ 200%). The recommended ratio is 130%.2. Due to our policy of innovation some specifications may be changed without notification3. Performances are based on the following conditions- Cooling : Indoor temp 27°C (80.6°F) DB / 19°C (66.2°F) WB, Water inlet temp 30°C (86°F)Note e c n a d r o c c a n i s t i n u r o o d n i e l b a t c e n n o c m u m i x a m s n a e m s e s e h t n e r a p n i s r e b m u n e h T .d e t c e n n o c e r a s t i n u r o o d n i W k 2.2 l l a t a h t n o i t p m u s s a n o d e s a b d e r a p e r p e r a s r e b m u n m u m i x a M .1with outdoor units combination (160% ~ 200%). The recommended ratio is 130%.2. Due to our policy of innovation some specifications may be changed without notification3. Performances are based on the following conditions- Cooling : Indoor temp 27°C (80.6°F) DB / 19°C (66.2°F) WB, Water inlet temp 30°C (86°F)MUL TI V WATER IVARWN500LAS4 / ARWN540LAS4ARWN600LAS4ARWN620LAS4 / ARWN640LAS4ARWN680LAS4Note e c n a d r o c c a n i s t i n u r o o d n i e l b a t c e n n o c m u m i x a m s n a e m s e s e h t n e r a p n i s r e b m u n e h T .d e t c e n n o c e r a s t i n u r o o d n i W k 2.2 l l a t a h t n o i t p m u s s a n o d e s a b d e r a p e r p e r a s r e b m u n m u m i x a M .1with outdoor units combination (160% ~ 200%). The recommended ratio is 130%.2. Due to our policy of innovation some specifications may be changed without notification3. Performances are based on the following conditions- Cooling : Indoor temp 27°C (80.6°F) DB / 19°C (66.2°F) WB, Water inlet temp 30°C (86°F)Note e c n a d r o c c a n i s t i n u r o o d n i e l b a t c e n n o c m u m i x a m s n a e m s e s e h t n e r a p n i s r e b m u n e h T .d e t c e n n o c e r a s t i n u r o o d n i W k 2.2 l l a t a h t n o i t p m u s s a n o d e s a b d e r a p e r p e r a s r e b m u n m u m i x a M .1with outdoor units combination (160% ~ 200%). The recommended ratio is 130%.2. Due to our policy of innovation some specifications may be changed without notification3. Performances are based on the following conditions- Cooling : Indoor temp 27°C (80.6°F) DB / 19°C (66.2°F) WB, Water inlet temp 30°C (86°F)MUL TI V WATER IVARWN700LAS4 / ARWN740LAS4ARWN800LAS4ARWB080LAS4 / ARWB100LAS4ARWB140LAS4Note e c n a d r o c c a n i s t i n u r o o d n i e l b a t c e n n o c m u m i x a m s n a e m s e s e h t n e r a p n i s r e b m u n e h T .d e t c e n n o c e r a s t i n u r o o d n i W k 2.2 l l a t a h t n o i t p m u s s a n o d e s a b d e r a p e r p e r a s r e b m u n m u m i x a M .1with outdoor units combination (160% ~ 200%). The recommended ratio is 130%.2. Due to our policy of innovation some specifications may be changed without notification3. Performances are based on the following conditions- Cooling : Indoor temp 27°C (80.6°F) DB / 19°C (66.2°F) WB, Water inlet temp 30°C (86°F)Note e c n a d r o c c a n i s t i n u r o o d n i e l b a t c e n n o c m u m i x a m s n a e m s e s e h t n e r a p n i s r e b m u n e h T .d e t c e n n o c e r a s t i n u r o o d n i W k 2.2 l l a t a h t n o i t p m u s s a n o d e s a b d e r a p e r p e r a s r e b m u n m u m i x a M .1with outdoor units combination (160% ~ 200%). The recommended ratio is 130%.2. Due to our policy of innovation some specifications may be changed without notification3. Performances are based on the following conditions- Cooling : Indoor temp 27°C (80.6°F) DB / 19°C (66.2°F) WB, Water inlet temp 30°C (86°F)MUL TI V WATER IVARWB200LAS4 / ARWB160LAS4ARWB180LAS4ARWB220LAS4 / ARWB240LAS4ARWB280LAS4Note e c n a d r o c c a n i s t i n u r o o d n i e l b a t c e n n o c m u m i x a m s n a e m s e s e h t n e r a p n i s r e b m u n e h T .d e t c e n n o c e r a s t i n u r o o d n i W k 2.2 l l a t a h t n o i t p m u s s a n o d e s a b d e r a p e r p e r a s r e b m u n m u m i x a M .1with outdoor units combination (160% ~ 200%). The recommended ratio is 130%.2. Due to our policy of innovation some specifications may be changed without notification3. Performances are based on the following conditions- Cooling : Indoor temp 27°C (80.6°F) DB / 19°C (66.2°F) WB, Water inlet temp 30°C (86°F)Note e c n a d r o c c a n i s t i n u r o o d n i e l b a t c e n n o c m u m i x a m s n a e m s e s e h t n e r a p n i s r e b m u n e h T .d e t c e n n o c e r a s t i n u r o o d n i W k 2.2 l l a t a h t n o i t p m u s s a n o d e s a b d e r a p e r p e r a s r e b m u n m u m i x a M .1with outdoor units combination (160% ~ 200%). The recommended ratio is 130%.2. Due to our policy of innovation some specifications may be changed without notification3. Performances are based on the following conditions- Cooling : Indoor temp 27°C (80.6°F) DB / 19°C (66.2°F) WB, Water inlet temp 30°C (86°F)MUL TI V WATER IVARWB300LAS4 / ARWB340LAS4ARWB400LAS4ARWB420LAS4 / ARWB440LAS4ARWB480LAS4Note e c n a d r o c c a n i s t i n u r o o d n i e l b a t c e n n o c m u m i x a m s n a e m s e s e h t n e r a p n i s r e b m u n e h T .d e t c e n n o c e r a s t i n u r o o d n i W k 2.2 l l a t a h t n o i t p m u s s a n o d e s a b d e r a p e r p e r a s r e b m u n m u m i x a M .1with outdoor units combination (160% ~ 200%). The recommended ratio is 130%.2. Due to our policy of innovation some specifications may be changed without notification3. Performances are based on the following conditions- Cooling : Indoor temp 27°C (80.6°F) DB / 19°C (66.2°F) WB, Water inlet temp 30°C (86°F)Note e c n a d r o c c a n i s t i n u r o o d n i e l b a t c e n n o c m u m i x a m s n a e m s e s e h t n e r a p n i s r e b m u n e h T .d e t c e n n o c e r a s t i n u r o o d n i W k 2.2 l l a t a h t n o i t p m u s s a n o d e s a b d e r a p e r p e r a s r e b m u n m u m i x a M .1with outdoor units combination (160% ~ 200%). The recommended ratio is 130%.2. Due to our policy of innovation some specifications may be changed without notification3. Performances are based on the following conditions- Cooling : Indoor temp 27°C (80.6°F) DB / 19°C (66.2°F) WB, Water inlet temp 30°C (86°F)MUL TI V WATER IVARWB500LAS4 / ARWB540LAS4ARWB600LAS4ARWB620LAS4 / ARWB640LAS4ARWB680LAS4Note e c n a d r o c c a n i s t i n u r o o d n i e l b a t c e n n o c m u m i x a m s n a e m s e s e h t n e r a p n i s r e b m u n e h T .d e t c e n n o c e r a s t i n u r o o d n i W k 2.2 l l a t a h t n o i t p m u s s a n o d e s a b d e r a p e r p e r a s r e b m u n m u m i x a M .1with outdoor units combination (160% ~ 200%). The recommended ratio is 130%.2. Due to our policy of innovation some specifications may be changed without notification3. Performances are based on the following conditions- Cooling : Indoor temp 27°C (80.6°F) DB / 19°C (66.2°F) WB, Water inlet temp 30°C (86°F)Note e c n a d r o c c a n i s t i n u r o o d n i e l b a t c e n n o c m u m i x a m s n a e m s e s e h t n e r a p n i s r e b m u n e h T .d e t c e n n o c e r a s t i n u r o o d n i W k 2.2 l l a t a h t n o i t p m u s s a n o d e s a b d e r a p e r p e r a s r e b m u n m u m i x a M .1with outdoor units combination (160% ~ 200%). The recommended ratio is 130%.2. Due to our policy of innovation some specifications may be changed without notification3. Performances are based on the following conditions- Cooling : Indoor temp 27°C (80.6°F) DB / 19°C (66.2°F) WB, Water inlet temp 30°C (86°F)MUL TI V WATER IVARWB700LAS4 / ARWB740LAS4ARWB800LAS4Note e c n a d r o c c a n i s t i n u r o o d n i e l b a t c e n n o c m u m i x a m s n a e m s e s e h t n e r a p n i s r e b m u n e h T .d e t c e n n o c e r a s t i n u r o o d n i W k 2.2 l l a t a h t n o i t p m u s s a n o d e s a b d e r a p e r p e r a s r e b m u n m u m i x a M .1with outdoor units combination (160% ~ 200%). The recommended ratio is 130%.2. Due to our policy of innovation some specifications may be changed without notification3. Performances are based on the following conditions- Cooling : Indoor temp 27°C (80.6°F) DB / 19°C (66.2°F) WB, Water inlet temp 30°C (86°F)NOTEMULTI V WATER IVHEAT RECOVERY。
进口风险管理贸易风险外文文献翻译最新译文
文献出处：Krishnan G. The research of import business risk management [J]. Atlantic Economic Journal, 2015, 5(3): 61-71.
原文 The research of import business risk management Krishnan G Abstract Import activities from the preparing work before trading, and then select the foreign suppliers, business negotiation, signing contract, the contract to many links, such as imports of claim and dispute resolution of each link to face all kinds of potential risks. In this paper, to stand in the Angle of the importer, on the basis of the review of risk theory, according to the import trading process to import market risk can be divided into the following categories: mainly includes price risk, exchange rate risk, contract, trade settlement risk the risk of subject choice, the terms of the contract of risk, risk of maritime transport, etc. On the basis of in-depth analysis of the cause of these risks and, avoid and guard against all kinds of risk response measures are put forward. The last part is about how to strengthen the management of import trade risk. In order to avoid and reduce the import trade risks, enterprises should follow the basic risk management program, select the corresponding technical means. Imports to import transaction risk, the main content of the enterprise risk management project: first, we must strengthen education, improve the risk prevention import enterprise personnel's risk consciousness; Second must strictly for exporters credit investigation; Again, should strengthen the supervision and management for the performance of a contract; Finally, set up the risk management department for organization guarantee. Keywords: Import trade; Risk analysis; Prevention; management
The safety critical electric machines and drives in the more electric aircraft-A survey
The Safety Critical Electric Machines and Drives in the More Electric Aircraft: a SurveyA. Boglietti, Senior member, IEEE, A. Cavagnino, Member, IEEE, A. Tenconi, Member, IEEE, and S. VaschettoPolitecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, ITALY aldo.boglietti@polito.it, andrea.cavagnino@polito.it, alberto.tenconi@polito.it, silvio.vaschetto@polito.itAbstract - In order to improve aircraft efficiency, reliability andmaintainability, the aerospace world has found in the progressive electrification of on-board services the way toreduce or to remove the presence of the hydraulic, mechanicaland the bleed air/pneumatic systems. This concept is called More Electric Aircraft (MEA), which involves the introduction of the Electromechanical actuators (EMAs) and the electro-hydraulics actuators (EHAs) for the actuation of the flight surfaces of wide-body aircraft, moving from the “fly-by wire” to the “power-by wire” concept. The resulting step change in aircraft electrical loading will have far reaching implications for the electrical generation system. Considerable effort is being directed towards realizing the so-called More Electric Engine (MEE), which foresee an integration of the electrical generator directly inside the main gas turbine engine. Also the entire electrical distribution system is subject to radical revisiting, with a trend which is leaving the constant frequency AC energy distribution in favor of variable frequency or DC solutions. Hence, it is evident the MEA trend increments the technical challenges and research topics for the electrical engineering in the aeronautic applications. The aim of the paper is the presentation, from the electrical engineering point of view, of some of the most challenging application of electric machines and drives in the incoming new aircraft generation. There are too many on board electric components and systems to be analyzed: the authors centre the attention on the most safety critical drives: flight surface actuators, fuel pumps and generators.Keywords: more electric aircraft, more electric engine, safety critical drives, electric motors, electric generators, actuators.L IST OF THE M AIN U SED A CRONYMSAEA All Electric AircraftAPU AuxiliaryPowerUnitBLDC Brushless Direct Current MotorCVG Constant Velocity GearboxEBHA ElectricalBackup Hydraulic ActuatorsEHA Electric-HydraulicActuatorsGCU GeneratorControlUnitHP HighPressureIAP Integrated Actuator PackageIDG Integrated Drive GeneratorJAA Joint Aviation AuthorityLP LowPressureMEA More Electric AircraftMEE More Electric EngineMESA Magnetostrictive Equipment and Systems for more electric Aircraft (project)MESEMA Magnetoelastic Energy System for Even More Electric Aircraft (project)MOET More Open Electrical Technologies (project) POA Power Optimised Aircraft (project)RAT Ram Air TurbineI.I NTRODUCTIONTechnological advances in the aircraft industry have improved aircraft efficiency and reduced the costs of air transport by such a degree that worldwide air passenger traffic has grown at an average yearly rate of 9% since 1960; today it is postulated that passenger air traffic will grow at a rate of between 5 and 7% into the foreseeable future, and even faster will be the growth of cargo traffic. Today air transport produces 2% of man-made CO2 emissions, this is expected to increase to 3% by 2050. In this contest, there are many environmental as well as commercial pressures on aircraft manufacturers to improve the performance of future aircraft in terms of safety, air pollution, noise and climate change.To achieve these goals it is necessary revisiting the whole aircraft architecture system, with the introduction of new technologies for performing key functions on aircraft.Today the conventional civil aircraft are characterized by four different secondary power distribution systems: mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic and electrical. This implies a complex power distribution nets aboard, and the necessity of an appropriate redundancy of each of them. In order to reduce this complexity, with the aim to improve efficiency and reliability, the aircraft manufacturer trend is towards the More Electric Aircraft (MEA) concept that is the wider adoption of electrical systems in preference to the others.The resulting step change in aircraft electrical loading will have far reaching implications for the electrical generation systems, realising the so-called More Electric Engine (MEE), in which the electrical machines are integrated inside the main gas turbine to generate electrical power, start the engine and guarantee safety generation in case of a critical on-flight failure.In the past years many projects and initiatives have been developed to explore the MEA/MEE concepts both for military and civil applications, towards the All Electrical Aircraft (AEA).In 2000 the MESA (Magnetostrictive Equipment and Systems for more electric Aircraft) project was launched, aimed to reducing power take up and weight of on-board aircraft systems through the development of magnetostrictive motors and actuators. In 2002 POA project (Power Optimised Aircraft) was aimed to the validation at aircraft level and both qualitatively and quantitatively, the ability of alternativeFig. 1. Wing control surfaces of a fixed-wing aircraft: 1. wingtip, 2. low speed aileron, 3. high speed aileron, 4. flap track fairing, 5. Krüger flaps, 6. slats, 7. three slotted inner flaps, 8. three slotted outer flaps, 9. spoilers, 10. spoilers air-brakes (source: Wikimedia Commons, [3]).equipment systems to reduce weight, fuel consumption and maintenance costs. In 2004 the MESEMA (Magnetoelastic Energy Systems for Even More Electric Aircraft) project was devoted to the development, production and test of“innovative transducer systems based on active materials” aimed for high-torque actuation, vibration and noise reduction, electrical energy generation and structural healthmonitoring. This project has been evolved in two European research programs named “MADAViC” and “MESA” based on the six years scientific and technological objectives reached by the MESEMA. In 2006 the MOET (More OpenElectrical Technologies) project, was aimed to establish the new industrial standard for commercial aircraft design, in conjunction with the reducing on the aircraft emission and improving the operational capacity, evolving from the “fly-by-wire” to the “power-by-wire” concept.Today the MEA/MEE topics have a relevant role in theresearch projects managed by the CleanSky, equally sharedby the European Commission and industry, over the period 2008-2013. All these projects have contributed to the development of many electric equipments that are now installed in the Airbus A380 and which will be employed in the Boeing B787, which are the today maximum expression of the MEA concept. The fundamental aspects that characterize the safety-critical systems of the aeronautical components are the stringent reliability requirements, such those established by the JAA (Joint Aviation Authority) [1]. Focusing on the electrical generation and distribution system, the power quality generated on-board must also fulfil the MIL-STD-704F standards [2]. Regarding the generator integration inside the main gas turbine engine, besides the standards, not of secondary importance are the minimization of the weight and volume, as well as the harsh operating environment (especially high temperatures). All these aspects introduce a new level of complexity in the design of the electrical components dedicated at those aerospace applications. In conclusion, it is evident the paramount importance of reliability for some of the electric drives in MEA/MEE applications; in particular the paper deal with three maindrives that are safety-critical:Fig. 2. Tail of a Lufthansa Airbus A319 (source: Wikimedia Commons. Commons is a freely licensed media file repository, [3]).• the electro-mechanical actuators for primary flightsurfaces control (section II); • the electric fuel pump (section III);• the starter-generator embedded within the engine (sectionIV). The MEA concept involves also a redefinition of the onboard power distribution systems; some consideration about that are reported in section V.The more electric aircraft approach is widely discussed in the technical literature, especially in the aerospace field; the aim of the paper is the presentation of some of the most interesting research issues concerning the electric machines and drives for safety critical applications, analysed from thepoint of view of the electrical engineering specialist. II. F LIGHT SURFACES CONTROL In the wings and in the tail of a wide-body aircraft there are several surfaces that the pilots can move/adjust in order to stabilize the airplane trajectory and to control the lift on the wings. Examples of these surfaces are reported in Fig.1 and Fig.2. These adjustable flight surfaces can be subdivided in two groups with respect to their main functionality: the “primary” and “secondary” flight controls. The primary flight controls (ailerons, elevator and rudder) are used to control the roll, pitch and jaw, even if they can perform secondary effects too [3]. The secondary flight controls, also called as high lift system, serves to change the wing lift. The number and type of actuators is very different, withrespect to the considered aircraft. In addition, the load requirements are very different too: starting from few kilowatts for the edge slats, up to 50-60 kW for the horizontal stabilizers and the rudder [4]. Also the dynamic load profile can be quite different: there are few surface movements with very large extension and short duration (typically during the landing and take-off) or several “small” surface adjustments during the flight [5]. In addition, anomalous performances are generally requested to the actuators in critical flight conditions. Just for example, if all the engines on the same wing fail, the rudder actuator has to be able toFig. 3. High-power Electromechanical Actuator (EMA). Source: [9].keep the rudder in a fixed position, with high yaw angle, during the flight. In this situation, very high torque is requested at the electric motor [16].It is important to remark that the actuators have to work in very harsh ambient conditions: temperature between -60 °C and +70 °C, air pressure between almost 0 and 1 bar. Due to the low thermal conductivity of the airframe (composite materials, sheet materials, etc.), the thermal exchanges between the actuators and the surrounding environment has to be carefully evaluated [4].In conventional wide-body aircraft, the actuation system of the flight surfaces is realized by a centralized hydraulic system, constituted by a hydraulic pump and hydraulic motor drives positioned in the fuselage plus several fluid pipelines and hydraulic actuators positioned in the wings and tail surfaces. The control of the hydraulic actuators is realized with the well-established “fly-by wire” technology, where no mechanical links between the control surfaces and the cockpit handles are present [6], [7]. Moving towards an all-electric aircraft scenario, the idea to control each surface with an own directly coupled electromechanical actuator (EMA) is a must. This concept is defined as “power-by-wire” [7]-[9]. An example of an EMA for large flight surface is shown in Fig.3. Due to safety and reliability reasons, mainly concerning the jamming vulnerability (gearbox or ballscrew for rotary-to-linear movements), the air framers had still now some concerns to use EMAs for primary flight control surface preferring the most reliable electric-hydraulic actuators (EHA). In the EHAs there are still a hydraulic circuit, but it is just confined in each actuator to transmit power from the electric motor to the surface (Fig.4) [10]. The main advantage of an EHA is that the actuator can be controlled as a conventional hydraulic one, obtaining the traditional active- stand by or active-active device operations [9]. In [9], the Integrated Actuator Package (IAP TM ) is presented. This device is an EHA that, thanks to an advanced dual-channel hydraulic circuit, allows to use an unidirectional constant-speed electric motor.Fig. 4. Example of large Electric-Hydraulic Actuator (EHA). Source: [9].When some, but not all, of the traditional hydraulic circuits are removed and substituted by EMAs and/or EHAs, it is common to speak of “more electric aircraft” (MEA). With respect to the flight controls, the first application of EHAs to primary flight surfaces was in the delta-wing Vulcan bomber in the 1950s [11]. Its redundant design, achieved using the EHAs, allowed to get an impressive safety record. More recent examples of commercial MEAs are the Boeing 787 and the Airbus A380.In the Boeing 787, a mid-sized wide-body aircraft, spoilers and horizontal stabilizer flight controls are operated by electric motors in order to guarantee the control functionality also in the case of a total hydraulics failure. The super-jumbo A380 represents the state-of-art with respect to the flight control systems. As reported in detail in [11], in the A380 aircraft many EHAs or EBHAs have been introduced in several control surfaces, allowing to get redundant power sources for the surface actuations. The EBHAs are actuators that provide backup electrical power at the surface through a local electric motor and an associated hydraulic pump. EBHAs are hydraulically powered in the normal mode andelectrically powered in backup mode.Fig. 5. Scenario of the EMA introduction in aircraft flight control systems (Power source in the vertical axis on the left: M=Mechanical, H=Hydraulic, E=Electrical; Actuator type on the right). Source: [7].On the basis of the previous considerations, the possibility of an electric actuation of the flight surface is beyond dispute for its potential advantages with respect to conventional hydraulic solution [9], in particular for the expected benefits in terms of overall weight reduction, better reliability and safety, reduced costs (maintenance, operational and fuel consumption); Fig.5 shows the future vision concerning the introduction of the EMAs in aircraft flight control systems [7].As shown in Fig.5 the use of EMAs, deleting all hydraulic pumps and pipelines, is the next step that has to be done to more and more approach the “all-electric-aircraft” idea. Anyway, the maturity of this new concept has to be still proven by means of researches and applicative solutions, in particular from the safety and reliability point of view.A.Electric motors and drives for EMA or EHA applications –Remarks and literature reviewBoth EHAs and EMAs use an electric motor and a power converter plus a control system [12].With respect to the electric motor, a literature review reveals that several types of motor can be used, but it is shown that the Brushless DC (BLDC) and the Switched Reluctances (SR) motors are the more promising ones due to their lightweight, reliability characteristics [4], [13]-[17]. Taking into account the reliability level for flight certifications, the electric drives have to be designed including fault-tolerant capabilities. As known, the fault-tolerant behavior can be done using a redundancy approach or making the device itself fault tolerant. The first approach is often used in the power converter (i.e. redundant inverter legs, separated inverter for each motor phase, control system duplication, enhanced fault diagnostic functions for the power electronic switches [9], [15], [16]), while the second one is typically adopted for the electric motor. It is commonly reported that a fault-tolerant electric motor for EMAs applications has to be guarantee:High torque/weight ratioHigh torque/ampere ratioHigh efficiency in the full speed rangeElectrical, thermal, magnetic and mechanical insulation between the phasesHighest value of the phase inductance (in order to limit the short circuit currents)Safe operation in faulty conditions (one phase loss) These characteristics can be obtained both with the SR machines and the BLDC ones. Examples of surface-mounted permanent magnet BLDC motors with winding wound around a single tooth ables to verify the previous reliability requirements were proposed in [14] and [18].The electric drive has to be designed in accordance to the selected electric power generation strategy: constant or variable frequency electric supply [11].Also the power converter topology is discussed and analyzed in literature. The proposed solutions regard the conventional Voltage Source Inverters (VSIs) and matrix converters. The converter topology influence several aspects, such as the requested DC-link capacitor in the VSIs (with room and weight problems [19] and power quality management [5]) and the power quality issues for the matrix converters [4], [20].It is important to remark that the possibility to have a intelligent control systems in each EMAs or EHAs allows to define new fault detection strategies, including incipient faults (thanks to testability features included in the electric drives) without loosing the actuator functionality. As a consequence, a positive feedback is expected in terms of safety, reliability and maintenance costs [21].III.E LECTRIC FUEL PUMPThe fuel pumps can be subdivided in two categories: the low pressure boost / transfer pump types and the high pressure FCU (Fuel Control Unit) fuel pump. The first pump category is normally electrically operated, while, in traditional systems, the high pressure fuel pump is directly driven through the mechanical gearbox and the fuel flux is controlled by means of the fuel valve. As a consequence, the focus is on the high pressure fuel pump because it is another aircraft apparatus that could be electrically driven, introducing the concept of “smart electric fuel pump”.The main advantage of the electric solution for the fuel pump is in the possibility to drive the pump at variable speed. In this way the pump can deliver a variable fuel flux to the combustion chamber, in accordance to the engine control requirements, eliminating the fuel valve in the fuel metering system [8].In [18] an analysis of the required fault-tolerant behaviors for electric drives used in fuel control system are discussed and multi-phase PM motor prototypes are considered. The same authors describes a four phase PM machine specifically designed for an engine fuel pump in [22], while they analyzed the faulty drive operations in [23]. The electric motor design constraints, imposed by reliability and fault-tolerant requirements, are the same ones reported in section I.A.Some engine actuators of the fuel control system can be arranged as “more electric” too. For example, the feasibility of “smart electric fuel valve” able to control the fuel flux was reported in [8] and [11]. The application of this new technology leads to several advantages, such as weight saving, lower maintenance costs and improved in-service reliability.IV.O N-BOARD POWER GENERATIONOn conventional civil aircraft, the electrical power is usually generated by wound field synchronous generator with a PM exciter stage [24] [25]. A Generator Control Unit (GCU) performs a field control in order to regulate the terminal voltage.The generator is mechanically driven by the main engine shaft by means of a Constant Velocity Gearbox (CVG), allowing to maintain constant the frequency at 400 Hz. If the CVG is integrated inside the generator, it is called Integrated Drive Generator (IDG) [26]. In Fig.6 it is depicted an example of gearbox.Fig. 6. Example of gearbox. Source: [26].In addition at the previous described energy generation systems, Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) are presents on the aircraft. They are small fuel burner jet engines connected to dedicated electrical generators, aimed to supply vital loads in case of main engines or generators failure. They are also employed to provide electric power in the pre-flight conditions, when the main aircraft engines are still turned-off. As back-up energy generation system, in addition at the APUs, there are also the Ram Air Turbines (RATs) which are propellers spanned by the high speed of the air flows near the airframe body (Fig.7). They are extracted by the airplane body only in emergency conditions.Fig. 7. Example of Ram Air Turbine. Source: [27].An interesting additional system of onboard power generation concerns the regeneration possibility by the electric actuators. This is possible when the energy from the loaded flight surfaces can be sent backwards to DC link using bi-directional power converter. Obviously, the energy amount depends on the load profile and actuator duty cycle. Today this energy is dissipated in resistor banks, with unavoidable weight and heat dissipation problems [27]. In the future, the use of the actuator regeneration will require a whole distribution system redefinition able to accept and manage the recovered energy.A. More Electric Engine (MEE)With the MEA concept, the electric power requirement on aircraft aboard is continuously increasing, with estimation of more than 500 kW per engine in the future [25],[30]-[32]. To reduce the general system complexity, failure probabilities and with the aim to increase the general system efficiency there are several studies devoted to the integration of the electrical generators directly inside the main gas turbine engines. This concept is called More Electric Engine (MEE).In this way the CVG (or IDG) systems could be, partially orat all, eliminated. As a consequence the generated fundamental frequency changes over a wide range in functionof the engine speed variation, depending on the engine throttle [25], [30], [33].Fig. 8. Aircraft turbofan engine(source: Wikimedia Commons, [32]).With reference to the turbofan engine structure (Fig.8) it is possible to integrate the generator inside the main engine in some different positions. In particular, the generator can be driven both by the Low Pressure (LP) and the High Pressure (HP) shaft. These two possibilities involve different advantages and disadvantages, mainly concerning dimensions, speeds and environmental working conditions. When the LP shaft integration is selected, the generator is characterized by a lower rotational speed, but higher radial dimensions to achieve the same rated power with respect to the HP shaft integration solution. However, the LP shaft integration guarantees better environmental conditions, especially regarding the ambient temperatures.It is important to highlight that LP shaft connects the low pressure compressor, turbine and the inlet fan. As a consequence, with an appropriate design of the electrical machine driven by the LP shaft, the windmill effect can be exploited [35]. In this way is possible to generate electricityin case of a catastrophic engine failure, removing the actual ram-air systems and its high maintenance costs [31]. However, since the fan rotational speed during the windmillis low, the required working speed range of the generator is very challenging (around 12-14:1, [25]).In the HP shaft integration, the electric machine is characterized by a lower weight and it takes up a lower room, due to the higher rotational speed of the shaft. In addition, this solution allows to use the electric machine as engine starter, avoiding in this way the pneumatic auxiliary dedicated system. Anyway, due to the high inertia of the HP gas turbine, a large torque motor capability is required at zero speed too [25], [35].The main drawback of the HP shaft integration is the harsh environmental working conditions, mainly due to the high ambient temperatures.B.Electric generators for MEE applications – Remarks andliterature reviewThe most common electrical machines proposed in literature for MEE applications, are the Switched Reluctance (SR) machine and the Permanent Magnet (PM) ones. Some valuable examples and comparisons of these machine types are reported in [30], [31], [35], [36]-[39].The switched reluctance machines are characterized by an intrinsic high fault tolerance, high ruggedness and construction simplicity. Another important aspect that make this kind of machine interesting for this application, is the possibility to use a single-slot coil pitch winding structure. In this way the stator coil overhangs length are very short and the bobbins results electrically insulated [36]. The main disadvantages of the SR machines are their usually lower power and torque density respect to the PM machines, high ventilation losses, small airgap, and the necessity of a more complicated power converter.Regarding the PM machines, they can be designed in several ways: with surface mounted magnets (often using Halback array PM arrangement), flux concentrating geometries, radial or axial flux topologies, inside-out radial structure, etc.The PM machines are characterized by high volumetric and gravimetric power density, very small losses in the rotor, (with the consequent cooling facilities), and high pole number (usually realized with fractional-slot windings in order to reduce the endwinding length and to get the phases decoupling). The main disadvantage of this kind of electrical machines is its unavoidable intolerance to high temperatures, due to the PMs presence. An important aspect of the PM machines is its intrinsic permanent flux, which can not be shut down in case of fault.In the literature other machine types are considered and analyzed for this application, such as induction motors [36], and special hybrid machines [30] [31] [40]. Induction motors are relatively rugged, but they are characterized by lower power density with respect to SR and PM machines.The hybrid structures presented in the references are realized with a two-part rotor, composed by a surface mounted PM and a variable reluctance section. In these prototypes an high direct-axis inductance and an improved machine’s torque capability at low speed (due to the additional reluctance torque) are obtained. A high value of direct-axis inductance allows to obtain a constant-power speed range regulation using field-weakened strategies [31]. This characteristic is very interesting because the speed of the LP shaft is not constant (with 3:1 variations range) [35]. Independently of the selected machine type, the literature review shows an interest in ring shape motors (low axial core length/diameter ratio) in order to accommodate the geometry constraints inside the jet engine.Some applicative solutions of MEE come from the military aviation. For example, in [41]-[43] is presented a fighter aircraft with two main engines plus a third auxiliary one, for a total installed power generation system of 750 kW. In this case, a 250 kW (with a peak of 330 kW for 5 seconds), 270 VDC, switched reluctance starter/generator integrated in the gas turbine engine is presented.V.P OWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMSIn order to achieve a fully optimized all-electrical aircraft, the whole electrical distribution system architecture should be redefined too.Nowadays, in many cases, there are two main distribution power buses on-board of conventional aircrafts [25] [30] [44]: (1) a high power, three phase, 115 V, 400 Hz devoted tolarge loads supply;(2) a low power, 28 VDC, for avionics and battery-drivenservices.Since the IDG removal is a must in the All Electric Aircraft (AEA) concept, the industry trend seems to be towards an AC variable frequency generation system, with a DC high voltage distribution bus [25]. The variable frequency strategy (called sometimes “frequency wild” [45]) does not require the IDG and as a consequence, a higher system power density is possible.Taking into account that the generators can be driven by shafts with very different rotational speeds, it is reasonable to convert all the generated power into an unique high-voltage DC distribution system output around the airframe.A high-voltage distribution system allows to reduce the cables weight because the current is lower. Moreover, the cables sizes are further reduced because in the DC system there is not the reactive power flow such as in the AC one, and there is not the skin effect due to the high current frequency [44]. In addition at the high voltage DC systems, it will remain the low voltage 28 VDC systems to supply the avionic equipments.The voltage step-down between the high voltage DC distribution system and the loads can be done in a centralized way for each load centres, as shown for example in Fig.9 and reported in detail in [44].In the more electric wide-body aircraft, there is a transitory solution characterized by a hybrid AC and DC on-board distribution systems. For example, in the Boeing 787, which has a total power requirement of 1 MW, there is a 230 VAC at variable frequency between 360 Hz and 720 Hz, a 115。
nVent RAYCHEM NGC-40系统说明书
CONNECT AND PROTECT40The nVent RAYCHEM NGC-40 is a multipoint electronic control, monitoring and power distribution system with a uniquesingle-point controller architecture providing the most reliable central control and monitoring solution for your Heat Management System.By taking advantage of innovative modular packaging techniques, the NGC-40 system provides configuration and component flexibility so that it may be optimised for a customer’s project specific needs.CONTROL MODULES: NGC-40-HTC & NGC-40-HTC 3The NGC-40 uses a single controller module per heat-tracing circuit for maximum reliability. The NGC-40 control system can be powered between 100 to 240 Vac, while mechanical contactors (EMRs) or solid-state relays (SSRs) allow circuit switching up to 60 A at 600 Vac.There are dedicated control modules available for single phase (NGC-40-HTC)and three-phase (NGC-40-HTC 3) heat-tracing circuits. The NGC-40 control modules include ground-fault detection and protection. The control modules guarantee precise single phase and three-phase line current measurements. Up to eight (8) temperature sensors (RTDs) can be used for each heat-tracing circuit allowing a variety of temperature control, monitoring, and alarming configurations. The NGC-40 provides alarm outputs and digital inputs. The alarm output can be used to control an external annunciator.The digital input is programmable and may be used for various functions such as forcing outputs on and off or generating alarms, making the system more flexible to match each customer’s specific needs.SIL 2 SAFETY TEMPERATURE LIMITER: NGC-40-SLIMThe NGC-40 has a SIL 2 certified safety temperature limiter module.The module can be used with up to 3 temperature inputs for three phase heat-tracing circuits. The limiter can be associated with a NGC-40 controller and use currentinformation for latching the trip functionality. The front panel of the limiter module has LED indicators for various status conditions. The front panel also provides a button to confirm new set trip point, a reset trip button and a reset alarm button. The module has one output for the contactor and one output for external alarm annunciation. The safety temperature limiter can be reset via the digital input, the user interface nVent RAYCHEM TOUCH 1500 and nVent RAYCHEMSupervisor.Panel mounted advanced modular heat-tracing control systemPRODUCT OVERVIEWIO MODULE: NGC-40-IOIn addition to hardwiring an RTD directly into a Heat Trace Control module, RTDs can bewired to Input/output modules (NGC-40-IO) within the panel and assigned to heat-tracingcircuits through software. This means that a NGC-40 system can be optimised for thespecific application needs. Each IO module accepts up to four additional RTD inputs.RMM2The NGC-40 works with the MONI-RMM2 module. Each RMM2 module installed in thefield can accept up to 8 RTDs. 16 RMM2 Modules can be daisy chained together viaRS-485 for a total of 128 temperature inputs. Since multiple RMM2s can be networkedover a single cable to the NGC-40, the cost of RTD field wiring will be significantlyreduced.COMMUNICATION MODULE: NGC-40-BRIDGEThe NGC-40 system supports multiple communications ports, allowing serial interfaces(RS-485 and RS-232) and network connections (Ethernet) to be used with externaldevices. All communications with the NGC-40 panel are accomplished through theNGC-40-BRIDGE module which acts as the central router for the system, connecting thepanel’s control modules, IO modules, safety limiter modules, RMM2 Modules, as well asupstream devices such as TOUCH 1500 touch screen, Supervisor and Distributed ControlSystem (DCS). Communications to devices external to the NGC-40 panel are done viaModbus® protocol over Ethernet, RS-485 or RS-232.NVENT RAYCHEM TOUCH 1500The nVent RAYCHEM TOUCH 1500 is a panel mounted display used in conjunction withnVent RAYCHEM NGC-20 and NGC-40 Control and Monitoring Systems devices. TheTOUCH 1500 is rated IP 65 (NEMA 4) and can be mounted both indoors and outdoors. TheTOUCH 1500 kit includes all hardware required for mounting in a suitable electrical panel.TOUCH 1500R, a remote version of TOUCH 1500, is also available as a standalone solutionfor applications in which the controllers are not in the same location as the user interface.Make Your Systems Talk!Now more than ever, open communication systems, data integration, easy configurationand real-time monitoring are critical components of running an industrial installation.With the latest TOUCH 1500 software, nVent offers the full data integration of its heattracing systems with process control systems, allowing for the reduction of maintenanceand energy costs and, consequently, increasing process productivity. TOUCH 1500 to DCSmeans “data a la carte.” The heat tracing data you want, in your preferred format for yourDCS system.NVENT RAYCHEM SUPERVISOR SOFTWAREThe nVent RAYCHEM Supervisor software package provides a remote, graphic interfacefor the NGC-40. The software allows the user to configure and monitor various NGCsystems from a central location. It also provides an audible alarm tone, acknowledgesand clears alarms; and contains advanced features such as data logging, trending,implement changes in batches, and other useful functions. Users can access allinformation from anywhere in the world, making Supervisor a powerful management toolfor the entire Heat Management System.GENERAL NVENT RAYCHEM NGC-40 CONTROLLER MODULESApplication type The NGC-40 units shall be installed in non-hazardous areas.Hazardous area approved sensors shall be used when the system is applied toheat-tracing circuits in hazardous areas.or DC voltage. May be user programmable for: not used/force off/force on functions. It can beconfigured to be active open or active closed.Functional safety approvalFunctional safety according to Baseefa 10SR 0109 SIL 2 IEC 61508-1-1998 & IEC 61508-2-2000ETHERNET Type 10/100 BaseT Ethernet network Length 100 m (328 ft)Data rates 10 or 100 MB/s ProtocolConnection terminalsConnection terminalsShielded 8-pin RJ-45connector on front of moduleConnection terminals Spring-type, 0.5 to 2.5 mm2 (24 to 18 AWG). As the current to the modules require up to 2.05A @ 24Vdc (20 modules - see CAN Bus connection diagrams) the minimum wire size to thePART NUMBERSEurope, Middle East, AfricaTel +32.16.213.511Fax +32.16.213.604**********************©2021 nVent. All nVent marks and logos are owned or licensed by nVent Services GmbH or its affiliates. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. nVent reserves the right to change specifications without notice.。
计算机领域会议排名
计算机领域国际会议分类排名现在的会议非常多，在投文章前，大家可以先看看会议的权威性、前几届的录用率，这样首先对自己的文章能不能中有个大概的心理底线。
权威与否可以和同行的同学沟通、或者看录用文章的水平、或者自己平时阅读文献的时候的慢慢累及。
原来有人做过一个国际会议的排名，如下.sg/home/assourav/crank.htm其中的很多会议我们都非常熟悉的。
但是这个排名是大概2000的时候做的，后来没有更新，所以像ISWC 这个会议在其中就看不到。
但是很多悠久的会议上面都有的，如www,SIGIR,VLDB,EMLC,ICTAI这些等等。
这些东西可以作为一个参考。
现在很多学校的同学毕业都要有检索的要求了。
因此很多不在SCI，EI检索范围内的会议投了可能对毕业无用，所以投之前最好查查会议是不是被SCI，EI检索的。
当然这也不绝对，如Web领域最权威的WWW的全文就只是ISTP检索，而不是SCI，EI检索的（可能是ACM出版的原因吧？）。
罗嗦了这么多！祝愿大家能在好的会议上发PAPER，能被SCI，EI检索。
---------------附，会议排名（from .sg/home/assourav/crank.htm）Computer Science Conference RankingsSome conferences accept multiple categories of papers. The rankings below are for the mos t prestigious category of paper at a given conference. All other categories should be treat ed as "unranked".AREA: DatabasesRank 1:SIGMOD: ACM SIGMOD Conf on Management of DataPODS: ACM SIGMOD Conf on Principles of DB SystemsVLDB: Very Large Data BasesICDE: Intl Conf on Data EngineeringICDT: Intl Conf on Database TheoryRank 2:SSD: Intl Symp on Large Spatial DatabasesDEXA: Database and Expert System ApplicationsFODO: Intl Conf on Foundation on Data OrganizationEDBT: Extending DB TechnologyDOOD: Deductive and Object-Oriented DatabasesDASFAA: Database Systems for Advanced ApplicationsCIKM: Intl. Conf on Information and Knowledge ManagementSSDBM: Intl Conf on Scientific and Statistical DB MgmtCoopIS - Conference on Cooperative Information SystemsER - Intl Conf on Conceptual Modeling (ER)Rank 3:COMAD: Intl Conf on Management of DataBNCOD: British National Conference on DatabasesADC: Australasian Database ConferenceADBIS: Symposium on Advances in DB and Information SystemsDaWaK - Data Warehousing and Knowledge DiscoveryRIDE WorkshopIFIP-DS: IFIP-DS ConferenceIFIP-DBSEC - IFIP Workshop on Database SecurityNGDB: Intl Symp on Next Generation DB Systems and AppsADTI: Intl Symp on Advanced DB Technologies and Integration FEWFDB: Far East Workshop on Future DB SystemsMDM - Int. Conf. on Mobile Data Access/Management (MDA/MDM)ICDM - IEEE International Conference on Data MiningVDB - Visual Database SystemsIDEAS - International Database Engineering and Application Symposium Others:ARTDB - Active and Real-Time Database SystemsCODAS: Intl Symp on Cooperative DB Systems for Adv AppsDBPL - Workshop on Database Programming LanguagesEFIS/EFDBS - Engineering Federated Information (Database) Systems KRDB - Knowledge Representation Meets DatabasesNDB - National Database Conference (China)NLDB - Applications of Natural Language to Data BasesFQAS - Flexible Query-Answering SystemsIDC(W) - International Database Conference (HK CS)RTDB - Workshop on Real-Time DatabasesSBBD: Brazilian Symposium on DatabasesWebDB - International Workshop on the Web and DatabasesWAIM: Interational Conference on Web Age Information ManagementDASWIS - Data Semantics in Web Information SystemsDMDW - Design and Management of Data WarehousesDOLAP - International Workshop on Data Warehousing and OLAPDMKD - Workshop on Research Issues in Data Mining and Knowledge DiscoveryKDEX - Knowledge and Data Engineering Exchange WorkshopNRDM - Workshop on Network-Related Data ManagementMobiDE - Workshop on Data Engineering for Wireless and Mobile AccessMDDS - Mobility in Databases and Distributed SystemsMEWS - Mining for Enhanced Web SearchTAKMA - Theory and Applications of Knowledge MAnagementWIDM: International Workshop on Web Information and Data ManagementW2GIS - International Workshop on Web and Wireless Geographical Information Systems CDB - Constraint Databases and ApplicationsDTVE - Workshop on Database Technology for Virtual EnterprisesIWDOM - International Workshop on Distributed Object ManagementOODBS - Workshop on Object-Oriented Database SystemsPDIS: Parallel and Distributed Information SystemsAREA: Artificial Intelligence and Related SubjectsRank 1:AAAI: American Association for AI National ConferenceCVPR: IEEE Conf on Comp Vision and Pattern RecognitionIJCAI: Intl Joint Conf on AIICCV: Intl Conf on Computer VisionICML: Intl Conf on Machine LearningKDD: Knowledge Discovery and Data MiningKR: Intl Conf on Principles of KR & ReasoningNIPS: Neural Information Processing SystemsUAI: Conference on Uncertainty in AIAAMAS: Intl Conf on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems (past: ICAA)ACL: Annual Meeting of the ACL (Association of Computational Linguistics)Rank 2:NAACL: North American Chapter of the ACLAID: Intl Conf on AI in DesignAI-ED: World Conference on AI in EducationCAIP: Inttl Conf on Comp. Analysis of Images and PatternsCSSAC: Cognitive Science Society Annual ConferenceECCV: European Conference on Computer VisionEAI: European Conf on AIEML: European Conf on Machine LearningGECCO: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (used to be GP)IAAI: Innovative Applications in AIICIP: Intl Conf on Image ProcessingICNN/IJCNN: Intl (Joint) Conference on Neural NetworksICPR: Intl Conf on Pattern RecognitionICDAR: International Conference on Document Analysis and RecognitionICTAI: IEEE conference on Tools with AIAMAI: Artificial Intelligence and MathsDAS: International Workshop on Document Analysis SystemsWACV: IEEE Workshop on Apps of Computer VisionCOLING: International Conference on Computational LiguisticsEMNLP: Empirical Methods in Natural Language ProcessingEACL: Annual Meeting of European Association Computational LingusticsCoNLL: Conference on Natural Language LearningDocEng: ACM Symposium on Document EngineeringIEEE/WIC International Joint Conf on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology Rank 3:PRICAI: Pacific Rim Intl Conf on AIAAI: Australian National Conf on AIACCV: Asian Conference on Computer VisionAI*IA: Congress of the Italian Assoc for AIANNIE: Artificial Neural Networks in EngineeringANZIIS: Australian/NZ Conf on Intelligent Inf. SystemsCAIA: Conf on AI for ApplicationsCAAI: Canadian Artificial Intelligence ConferenceASADM: Chicago ASA Data Mining Conf: A Hard Look at DMEPIA: Portuguese Conference on Artificial IntelligenceFCKAML: French Conf on Know. Acquisition & Machine LearningICANN: International Conf on Artificial Neural NetworksICCB: International Conference on Case-Based ReasoningICGA: International Conference on Genetic AlgorithmsICONIP: Intl Conf on Neural Information ProcessingIEA/AIE: Intl Conf on Ind. & Eng. Apps of AI & Expert SysICMS: International Conference on Multiagent SystemsICPS: International conference on Planning SystemsIWANN: Intl Work-Conf on Art & Natural Neural NetworksPACES: Pacific Asian Conference on Expert SystemsSCAI: Scandinavian Conference on Artifical IntelligenceSPICIS: Singapore Intl Conf on Intelligent SystemPAKDD: Pacific-Asia Conf on Know. Discovery & Data MiningSMC: IEEE Intl Conf on Systems, Man and CyberneticsPAKDDM: Practical App of Knowledge Discovery & Data MiningWCNN: The World Congress on Neural NetworksWCES: World Congress on Expert SystemsASC: Intl Conf on AI and Soft ComputingPACLIC: Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and ComputationICCC: International Conference on Chinese ComputingICADL: International Conference on Asian Digital LibrariesRANLP: Recent Advances in Natural Language ProcessingNLPRS: Natural Language Pacific Rim SymposiumMeta-Heuristics International ConferenceRank 3:ICRA: IEEE Intl Conf on Robotics and AutomationNNSP: Neural Networks for Signal ProcessingICASSP: IEEE Intl Conf on Acoustics, Speech and SPGCCCE: Global Chinese Conference on Computers in EducationICAI: Intl Conf on Artificial IntelligenceAEN: IASTED Intl Conf on AI, Exp Sys & Neural NetworksWMSCI: World Multiconfs on Sys, Cybernetics & InformaticsLREC: Language Resources and Evaluation ConferenceAIMSA: Artificial Intelligence: Methodology, Systems, ApplicationsAISC: Artificial Intelligence and Symbolic ComputationCIA: Cooperative Information AgentsInternational Conference on Computational Intelligence for Modelling, Control and Automation Pattern MatchingECAL: European Conference on Artificial LifeEKAW: Knowledge Acquisition, Modeling and ManagementEMMCVPR: Energy Minimization Methods in Computer Vision and Pattern RecognitionEuroGP: European Conference on Genetic ProgrammingFoIKS: Foundations of Information and Knowledge SystemsIAWTIC: International Conference on Intelligent Agents, Web Technologies and Internet Commer ceICAIL: International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and LawSMIS: International Syposium on Methodologies for Intelligent SystemsIS&N: Intelligence and Services in NetworksJELIA: Logics in Artificial IntelligenceKI: German Conference on Artificial IntelligenceKRDB: Knowledge Representation Meets DatabasesMAAMAW: Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent WorldNC: ICSC Symposium on Neural ComputationPKDD: Principles of Data Mining and Knowledge DiscoverySBIA: Brazilian Symposium on Artificial IntelligenceScale-Space: Scale-Space Theories in Computer VisionXPS: Knowledge-Based SystemsI2CS: Innovative Internet Computing SystemsTARK: Theoretical Aspects of Rationality and Knowledge MeetingMKM: International Workshop on Mathematical Knowledge ManagementACIVS: International Conference on Advanced Concepts For Intelligent Vision Systems ATAL: Agent Theories, Architectures, and LanguagesLACL: International Conference on Logical Aspects of Computational LinguisticsAREA: Hardware and ArchitectureRank 1:ASPLOS: Architectural Support for Prog Lang and OSISCA: ACM/IEEE Symp on Computer ArchitectureICCAD: Intl Conf on Computer-Aided DesignDAC: Design Automation ConfMICRO: Intl Symp on MicroarchitectureHPCA: IEEE Symp on High-Perf Comp ArchitectureRank 2:FCCM: IEEE Symposium on Field Programmable Custom Computing MachinesSUPER: ACM/IEEE Supercomputing ConferenceICS: Intl Conf on SupercomputingISSCC: IEEE Intl Solid-State Circuits ConfHCS: Hot Chips SympVLSI: IEEE Symp VLSI CircuitsCODES+ISSS: Intl Conf on Hardware/Software Codesign & System SynthesisDATE: IEEE/ACM Design, Automation & Test in Europe ConferenceFPL: Field-Programmable Logic and ApplicationsCASES: International Conference on Compilers, Architecture, and Synthesis for Embedded Syste msRank 3:ICA3PP: Algs and Archs for Parall ProcEuroMICRO: New Frontiers of Information TechnologyACS: Australian Supercomputing ConfISC: Information Security ConferenceUnranked:Advanced Research in VLSIInternational Symposium on System SynthesisInternational Symposium on Computer DesignInternational Symposium on Circuits and SystemsAsia Pacific Design Automation ConferenceInternational Symposium on Physical DesignInternational Conference on VLSI DesignCANPC: Communication, Architecture, and Applications for Network-Based Parallel Computing CHARME: Conference on Correct Hardware Design and Verification MethodsCHES: Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded SystemsNDSS: Network and Distributed System Security SymposiumNOSA: Nordic Symposium on Software ArchitectureACAC: Australasian Computer Architecture ConferenceCSCC: WSES/IEEE world multiconference on Circuits, Systems, Communications & Computers ICN: IEEE International Conference on Networking Topology in Computer Science ConferenceAREA: Applications and MediaRank 1:I3DG: ACM-SIGRAPH Interactive 3D GraphicsSIGGRAPH: ACM SIGGRAPH ConferenceACM-MM: ACM Multimedia ConferenceDCC: Data Compression ConfSIGMETRICS: ACM Conf on Meas. & Modelling of Comp SysSIGIR: ACM SIGIR Conf on Information RetrievalPECCS: IFIP Intl Conf on Perf Eval of Comp \& Comm Sys WWW: World-Wide Web ConferenceRank 2:IEEE VisualizationEUROGRAPH: European Graphics ConferenceCGI: Computer Graphics InternationalCANIM: Computer AnimationPG: Pacific GraphicsICME: Intl Conf on MMedia & ExpoNOSSDAV: Network and OS Support for Digital A/VPADS: ACM/IEEE/SCS Workshop on Parallel \& Dist Simulation WSC: Winter Simulation ConferenceASS: IEEE Annual Simulation SymposiumMASCOTS: Symp Model Analysis \& Sim of Comp \& Telecom Sys PT: Perf Tools - Intl Conf on Model Tech \& Tools for CPE NetStore: Network Storage SymposiumMMCN: ACM/SPIE Multimedia Computing and NetworkingJCDL: Joint Conference on Digital LibrariesRank 3:ACM-HPC: ACM Hypertext ConfMMM: Multimedia ModellingDSS: Distributed Simulation SymposiumSCSC: Summer Computer Simulation ConferenceWCSS: World Congress on Systems SimulationESS: European Simulation SymposiumESM: European Simulation MulticonferenceHPCN: High-Performance Computing and NetworkingGeometry Modeling and ProcessingWISEDS-RT: Distributed Simulation and Real-time Applications IEEE Intl Wshop on Dist Int Simul and Real-Time Applications ECIR: European Colloquium on Information RetrievalEd-MediaIMSA: Intl Conf on Internet and MMedia SysUn-ranked:DVAT: IS\&T/SPIE Conf on Dig Video Compression Alg \& TechMME: IEEE Intl Conf. on Multimedia in EducationICMSO: Intl Conf on Modelling, Simulation and OptimisationICMS: IASTED Intl Conf on Modelling and SimulationCOTIM: Conference on Telecommunications and Information MarketsDOA: International Symposium on Distributed Objects and ApplicationsECMAST: European Conference on Multimedia Applications, Services and TechniquesGIS: Workshop on Advances in Geographic Information SystemsIDA: Intelligent Data AnalysisIDMS: Interactive Distributed Multimedia Systems and Telecommunication ServicesIUI: Intelligent User InterfacesMIS: Workshop on Multimedia Information SystemsWECWIS: Workshop on Advanced Issues of E-Commerce and Web/based Information Systems WIDM: Web Information and Data ManagementWOWMOM: Workshop on Wireless Mobile MultimediaWSCG: International Conference in Central Europe on Computer Graphics and Visualization LDTA: Workshop on Language Descriptions, Tools and ApplicationsIPDPSWPIM: International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless N etworks and Mobile ComputingIWST: International Workshop on Scheduling and TelecommunicationsAPDCM: Workshop on Advances in Parallel and Distributed Computational ModelsCIMA: International ICSC Congress on Computational Intelligence: Methods and Applications FLA: Fuzzy Logic and Applications MeetingICACSD: International Conference on Application of Concurrency to System DesignICATPN: International conference on application and theory of Petri netsAICCSA: ACS International Conference on Computer Systems and ApplicationsCAGD: International Symposium of Computer Aided Geometric DesignSpanish Symposium on Pattern Recognition and Image AnalysisInternational Workshop on Cluster Infrastructure for Web Server and E-Commerce Applications WSES ISA: Information Science And Applications ConferenceCHT: International Symposium on Advances in Computational Heat TransferIMACS: International Conference on Applications of Computer AlgebraVIPromCom: International Symposium on Video Processing and Multimedia Communications PDMPR: International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Multimedia Processing & Retrieval International Symposium On Computational And Applied PdesPDCAT: International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications, and Tec hniquesBiennial Computational Techniques and Applications ConferenceSymposium on Advanced Computing in Financial MarketsWCCE: World Conference on Computers in EducationITCOM: SPIE's International Symposium on The Convergence of Information Technologies and Com municationsConference on Commercial Applications for High-Performance ComputingMSA: Metacomputing Systems and Applications WorkshopWPMC : International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications WSC: Online World Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications HERCMA: Hellenic European Research on Computer Mathematics and its Applications PARA: Workshop on Applied Parallel ComputingInternational Computer Science Conference: Active Media TechnologyIW-MMDBMS - Int. Workshop on Multi-Media Data Base Management SystemsAREA: System TechnologyRank 1:SIGCOMM: ACM Conf on Comm Architectures, Protocols & AppsINFOCOM: Annual Joint Conf IEEE Comp & Comm SocSPAA: Symp on Parallel Algms and ArchitecturePODC: ACM Symp on Principles of Distributed ComputingPPoPP: Principles and Practice of Parallel ProgrammingRTSS: Real Time Systems SympSOSP: ACM SIGOPS Symp on OS PrinciplesSOSDI: Usenix Symp on OS Design and ImplementationCCS: ACM Conf on Comp and Communications SecurityIEEE Symposium on Security and PrivacyMOBICOM: ACM Intl Conf on Mobile Computing and NetworkingUSENIX Conf on Internet Tech and SysICNP: Intl Conf on Network ProtocolsPACT: Intl Conf on Parallel Arch and Compil TechRTAS: IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium ICDCS: IEEE Intl Conf on Distributed Comp SystemsRank 2:CC: Compiler ConstructionIPDPS: Intl Parallel and Dist Processing SympIC3N: Intl Conf on Comp Comm and NetworksICPP: Intl Conf on Parallel ProcessingSRDS: Symp on Reliable Distributed SystemsMPPOI: Massively Par Proc Using Opt InterconnsASAP: Intl Conf on Apps for Specific Array ProcessorsEuro-Par: European Conf. on Parallel ComputingFast Software EncryptionUsenix Security SymposiumEuropean Symposium on Research in Computer SecurityWCW: Web Caching WorkshopLCN: IEEE Annual Conference on Local Computer NetworksIPCCC: IEEE Intl Phoenix Conf on Comp & CommunicationsCCC: Cluster Computing ConferenceICC: Intl Conf on CommWCNC: IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking ConferenceCSFW: IEEE Computer Security Foundations WorkshopRank 3:MPCS: Intl. Conf. on Massively Parallel Computing SystemsGLOBECOM: Global CommICCC: Intl Conf on Comp CommunicationNOMS: IEEE Network Operations and Management SympCONPAR: Intl Conf on Vector and Parallel ProcessingVAPP: Vector and Parallel ProcessingICPADS: Intl Conf. on Parallel and Distributed SystemsPublic Key CryptosystemsAnnual Workshop on Selected Areas in CryptographyAustralasia Conference on Information Security and PrivacyInt. Conf on Inofrm and Comm. SecurityFinancial CryptographyWorkshop on Information HidingSmart Card Research and Advanced Application ConferenceICON: Intl Conf on NetworksNCC: Nat Conf CommIN: IEEE Intell Network WorkshopSoftcomm: Conf on Software in Tcomms and Comp NetworksINET: Internet Society ConfWorkshop on Security and Privacy in E-commerceUn-ranked:PARCO: Parallel ComputingSE: Intl Conf on Systems Engineering (**)PDSECA: workshop on Parallel and Distributed Scientific and Engineering Computing with Appli cationsCACS: Computer Audit, Control and Security ConferenceSREIS: Symposium on Requirements Engineering for Information SecuritySAFECOMP: International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability and SecurityIREJVM: Workshop on Intermediate Representation Engineering for the Java Virtual Machine EC: ACM Conference on Electronic CommerceEWSPT: European Workshop on Software Process TechnologyHotOS: Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating SystemsHPTS: High Performance Transaction SystemsHybrid SystemsICEIS: International Conference on Enterprise Information SystemsIOPADS: I/O in Parallel and Distributed SystemsIRREGULAR: Workshop on Parallel Algorithms for Irregularly Structured ProblemsKiVS: Kommunikation in Verteilten SystemenLCR: Languages, Compilers, and Run-Time Systems for Scalable ComputersMCS: Multiple Classifier SystemsMSS: Symposium on Mass Storage SystemsNGITS: Next Generation Information Technologies and SystemsOOIS: Object Oriented Information SystemsSCM: System Configuration ManagementSecurity Protocols WorkshopSIGOPS European WorkshopSPDP: Symposium on Parallel and Distributed ProcessingTreDS: Trends in Distributed SystemsUSENIX Technical ConferenceVISUAL: Visual Information and Information SystemsFoDS: Foundations of Distributed Systems: Design and Verification of Protocols conference RV: Post-CAV Workshop on Runtime VerificationICAIS: International ICSC-NAISO Congress on Autonomous Intelligent SystemsITiCSE: Conference on Integrating Technology into Computer Science EducationCSCS: CyberSystems and Computer Science ConferenceAUIC: Australasian User Interface ConferenceITI: Meeting of Researchers in Computer Science, Information Systems Research & Statistics European Conference on Parallel ProcessingRODLICS: Wses International Conference on Robotics, Distance Learning & Intelligent Communic ation SystemsInternational Conference On Multimedia, Internet & Video TechnologiesPaCT: Parallel Computing Technologies workshopPPAM: International Conference on Parallel Processing and Applied MathematicsInternational Conference On Information Networks, Systems And TechnologiesAmiRE: Conference on Autonomous Minirobots for Research and EdutainmentDSN: The International Conference on Dependable Systems and NetworksIHW: Information Hiding WorkshopGTVMT: International Workshop on Graph Transformation and Visual Modeling Techniques AREA: Programming Languages and Software EngineeringRank 1:POPL: ACM-SIGACT Symp on Principles of Prog LangsPLDI: ACM-SIGPLAN Symp on Prog Lang Design & ImplOOPSLA: OO Prog Systems, Langs and ApplicationsICFP: Intl Conf on Function ProgrammingJICSLP/ICLP/ILPS: (Joint) Intl Conf/Symp on Logic ProgICSE: Intl Conf on Software EngineeringFSE: ACM Conf on the Foundations of Software Engineering (inc: ESEC-FSE) FM/FME: Formal Methods, World Congress/EuropeCAV: Computer Aided VerificationRank 2:CP: Intl Conf on Principles & Practice of Constraint ProgTACAS: Tools and Algos for the Const and An of SystemsESOP: European Conf on ProgrammingICCL: IEEE Intl Conf on Computer LanguagesPEPM: Symp on Partial Evalutation and Prog ManipulationSAS: Static Analysis SymposiumRTA: Rewriting Techniques and ApplicationsIWSSD: Intl Workshop on S/W Spec & DesignCAiSE: Intl Conf on Advanced Info System EngineeringSSR: ACM SIGSOFT Working Conf on Software ReusabilitySEKE: Intl Conf on S/E and Knowledge EngineeringICSR: IEEE Intl Conf on Software ReuseASE: Automated Software Engineering ConferencePADL: Practical Aspects of Declarative LanguagesISRE: Requirements EngineeringICECCS: IEEE Intl Conf on Eng. of Complex Computer SystemsIEEE Intl Conf on Formal Engineering MethodsIntl Conf on Integrated Formal MethodsFOSSACS: Foundations of Software Science and Comp StructAPLAS: Asian Symposium on Programming Languages and SystemsMPC: Mathematics of Program ConstructionECOOP: European Conference on Object-Oriented ProgrammingICSM: Intl. Conf on Software MaintenanceHASKELL - Haskell WorkshopRank 3:FASE: Fund Appr to Soft EngAPSEC: Asia-Pacific S/E ConfPAP/PACT: Practical Aspects of PROLOG/Constraint TechALP: Intl Conf on Algebraic and Logic ProgrammingPLILP: Prog, Lang Implentation & Logic ProgrammingLOPSTR: Intl Workshop on Logic Prog Synthesis & TransfICCC: Intl Conf on Compiler ConstructionCOMPSAC: Intl. Computer S/W and Applications ConfTAPSOFT: Intl Joint Conf on Theory & Pract of S/W DevWCRE: SIGSOFT Working Conf on Reverse EngineeringAQSDT: Symp on Assessment of Quality S/W Dev ToolsIFIP Intl Conf on Open Distributed ProcessingIntl Conf of Z UsersIFIP Joint Int'l Conference on Formal Description Techniques and Protocol Specification, Tes ting, And VerificationPSI (Ershov conference)UML: International Conference on the Unified Modeling LanguageUn-ranked:Australian Software Engineering ConferenceIEEE Int. W'shop on Object-oriented Real-time Dependable Sys. (WORDS)IEEE International Symposium on High Assurance Systems EngineeringThe Northern Formal Methods WorkshopsFormal Methods PacificInt. Workshop on Formal Methods for Industrial Critical SystemsJFPLC - International French Speaking Conference on Logic and Constraint ProgrammingL&L - Workshop on Logic and LearningSFP - Scottish Functional Programming WorkshopLCCS - International Workshop on Logic and Complexity in Computer ScienceVLFM - Visual Languages and Formal MethodsNASA LaRC Formal Methods WorkshopPASTE: Workshop on Program Analysis For Software Tools and EngineeringTLCA: Typed Lambda Calculus and ApplicationsFATES - A Satellite workshop on Formal Approaches to Testing of SoftwareWorkshop On Java For High-Performance ComputingDSLSE - Domain-Specific Languages for Software EngineeringFTJP - Workshop on Formal Techniques for Java ProgramsWFLP - International Workshop on Functional and (Constraint) Logic ProgrammingFOOL - International Workshop on Foundations of Object-Oriented LanguagesSREIS - Symposium on Requirements Engineering for Information SecurityHLPP - International workshop on High-level parallel programming and applicationsINAP - International Conference on Applications of PrologMPOOL - Workshop on Multiparadigm Programming with OO LanguagesPADO - Symposium on Programs as Data ObjectsTOOLS: Int'l Conf Technology of Object-Oriented Languages and SystemsAustralasian Conference on Parallel And Real-Time SystemsPASTE: Workshop on Program Analysis For Software Tools and EngineeringAvoCS: Workshop on Automated Verification of Critical SystemsSPIN: Workshop on Model Checking of SoftwareFemSys: Workshop on Formal Design of Safety Critical Embedded SystemsAda-EuropePPDP: Principles and Practice of Declarative ProgrammingAPL ConferenceASM: Workshops on Abstract State MachinesCOORDINATION: Coordination Models and LanguagesDocEng: ACM Symposium on Document EngineeringDSV-IS: Design, Specification, and Verification of Interactive SystemsFMCAD: Formal Methods in Computer-Aided DesignFMLDO: Workshop on Foundations of Models and Languages for Data and ObjectsIFL: Implementation of Functional LanguagesILP: International Workshop on Inductive Logic ProgrammingISSTA: International Symposium on Software Testing and AnalysisITC: International Test ConferenceIWFM: Irish Workshop in Formal MethodsJava GrandeLP: Logic Programming: Japanese ConferenceLPAR: Logic Programming and Automated ReasoningLPE: Workshop on Logic Programming EnvironmentsLPNMR: Logic Programming and Non-monotonic ReasoningPJW: Workshop on Persistence and JavaRCLP: Russian Conference on Logic ProgrammingSTEP: Software Technology and Engineering PracticeTestCom: IFIP International Conference on Testing of Communicating SystemsVL: Visual LanguagesFMPPTA: Workshop on Formal Methods for Parallel Programming Theory and Applications WRS: International Workshop on Reduction Strategies in Rewriting and Programming FATES: A Satellite workshop on Formal Approaches to Testing of Software FORMALWARE: Meeting on Formalware Engineering: Formal Methods for Engineering Software DRE: conference Data Reverse EngineeringSTAREAST: Software Testing Analysis & Review ConferenceConference on Applied Mathematics and Scientific ComputingInternational Testing Computer Software ConferenceLinux Showcase & ConferenceFLOPS: International Symposum on Functional and Logic ProgrammingGCSE: International Conference on Generative and Component-Based Software Engineering JOSES: Java Optimization Strategies for Embedded Systems。
A_glimpse_into_the_future_of_ID
a glimpse into the future of idby Tim Bass<bass@>Tim Bass is the CEO and managing director for Silk Road, a consulting business inWashington, D.C. specializing in network design, management, and security.and Dave Gruber<david.gruber@>Dave Gruber, Lt. Col., is the communications squadron commander at Hickam AFB,Hawaii.Cyberspace is a complex dimension of both enabling and inhibiting data flows in electronic data networks. Current-generation intrusion-detection systems (IDSes) are not technologically advanced enough to create the situational knowledge required to monitor and protect these networks effectively. Next-generation IDSes will fuse data, combining short-term sensor data with long-term knowledge databases to create cyberspace situational awareness. This article offers a glimpse into the foggy crystal ball of future ID systems.Before diving into the technical discussion, we ask the reader to keep in mind the generic model of a datagram traversing the Internet. Figure 1 illustrates an IP datagram moving in a store-and-forward environment from source to destination; it is routed on the basis of a destination address with an uncertain source address decrementing the datagram time-to-live (TTL) at every router hop[1]. The datagram is routed through major Internet and IP transit providers.There is a striking similarity between the transit of a datagram on the Internet and an airplane through airspace, between future network management and air traffic control (ATC). At a very high abstract level, the concepts used to monitor objects in airspace apply to monitoring objects in networks. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) divides airspace management into two distinct entities. On the one hand, local controllers guide aircraft into and out of the airspace surrounding an airport. Their job is to maintain awareness of the location of all aircraft in their vicinity, ensure properseparation, identify threats to aircraft, and manage the overall safety of passengers. Functionally, this is similar to the role of network controllers, who must control the environment within their administrative domains. The network administrator must ensure that the proper ports are open and that the information is not delayed, that collisions are kept to a minimum, and that the integrity of the delivery systems is not compromised.Figure 1. Network object flow pathThis is similar to the situational awareness required in current-generation ATC. The FAA controls the routes between source and destination (airports), and airport authorities control the airports (as both router and host), maintaining the safety of the payload (passengers) and the transport agent (the airplane). The success of ATC depends on the fusion of data and information from short-term and long-term knowledge sources to create airspace situational awareness. This role is remarkably similar to network operators in future complex internetwork environments. As an example, consider the FAA and the National Weather Service as they monitor the weather. A change in environment can cause the FAA to make changes in air routes and landing criteria. This is similar to service providers keeping an eye out for unfavorable conditions in networks — for example, the loss of a major Internet transit network; severe congestion on major interdomain links; or attacks against routers, computers, and information. The same data-fusion concepts are shared across the airspace management functions and organizations. We expect that a similar fusion paradigm will occur with network management, Internet Traffic Control (ITC), and future intrusion-detection systems. Of course, this will not occur overnight (and may never become as comprehensive as ATC), but the analogy does help provide a glimpse into the future of ID.Figure 2. Hierarchy of IDS data-fusion inferencesFigure 2 illustrates the levels of situational knowledge inference required to support both the air traffic controller and the network manager. Sophisticated electronics must identify objects against a noise-saturated environment, track the objects, calculate their velocity, and estimate the projected threat. These are nontrivial technical requirements.Figure 3. Cyberattack with multiple sources andtargetsFigure 4. Intrusion-detection data fusionExperienced network-security professionals generally agree that current-generation intrusion-detection systems are not technically advanced enough to detect multiple, complex non-signature-based cyberattacks, illustrated in Figure 3. Next-generation cyberspace IDSes require the fusion of data from heterogeneous distributed network sensors, modeled in Figure 4.Historical Intrusion Detection SystemsWe offer a brief review of the state of the art of current-generation ID systems, from our recent ACM paper[2].Internet ID systems historically examine operating-system audit trails and Internet traffic[5, 6] to help insure the availability, confidentiality, and integrity of critical information infrastructures. ID systems attempt to protect information infrastructures against denial-of-service attacks, unauthorized disclosure of information, and the modification or destruction of data. The automated detection and immediate reporting ofthese events are required to respond to information attacks against networks and computers. The basic approaches to intrusion detection today may be summarized as: known pattern templates, threatening behavior templates, traffic analysis,statistical-anomaly detection, and state-based detection. These systems have not matured to a level where sophisticated network-centric attacks are reliably detected, verified, and assessed.[2]Computer intrusion-detection systems were introduced in the mid-1980s to complement conventional approaches to computer security. IDS designers often cite Denning's[5] 1987 intrusion-detection model built on host-based subject profiles, systems objects, audit logs, anomaly records, and activity rules. The underlying ID construct is arules-based pattern-matching system whereby audit trails are matched against subject profiles to detect computer misuse based on logins, program executions, and file access. The subject-anomaly model was applied in the design of many host-based IDSes, among them Intrusion Detection Expert System (IDES)[7]; Network Intrusion Detection Expert System (NDIX)[9]; and Wisdom & Sense (W&S), Haystack, and Network Anomaly Detection and Intrusion Reporter (NADIR) [10]. Other ID systems are also based on the Denning model; an excellent survey of them may be found in Mukherjee et al.[6]. The basic detection algorithms used in these systems include:weighted functions to detect deviations from normal usage patterns qcovariance-matrix—based approaches for normal usage profiling qrules-based expert-systems approach to detect security eventsqThe second-leading technical approach to present-day intrusion detection is themulti-host network-based IDS. Heberlein et al. extended the Denning model to traffic analysis on Ethernet-based networks with the Network Security Monitor (NSM) framework[11]. This was further extended with the Distributed Intrusion Detection System (DIDS), which combined host-based intrusion detection with network-traffic monitoring[6, 8]. Current commercial IDSes such as Real Secure by ISS and Computer Misuse Detection System (CMDS) by SAIC have distributed architectures using either rules-based detection, statistical-anomaly detection, or both.A significant challenge remains for IDS designers to fuse sensor, threat, and situational information from numerous heterogeneous distributed agents, system managers, and databases. Coherent pictures that can be used by network controllers to visualize and evaluate the security of cyberspace is required. Next, we review the basic principles of the art and science of multisensor data fusion applied to future ID systems in Bass[2] and Bass[3] to create highly reliable next-generation intrusion-detection systems that identify, track, and assess complex threat situations.Internet Situational Data FusionIn a typical military command-and-control (C2) system, data-fusion sensors are used to observe electromagnetic radiation, acoustic and thermal energy, nuclear particles, infrared radiation, noise, and other signals. In cyberspace ID systems the sensors are different because the environmental dimension is different. Instead of a missile launch and supersonic transport through the atmosphere, cyberspace sensors observeinformation flowing in networks. However, just as C2 operational personnel are interested in the origin, velocity, threat, and targets of a warhead, network-security personnel are interested in the identity, rate of attacks, threats, and targets of malicious intruders and criminals[2]. Input into next-generation IDSes consists of sensor data, commands, and a priori data from established databases. For example, the system input would be data from numerous distributed packet sniffers, system log files, SNMP traps and queries, signature-based ID systems, user-profile databases, system messages, threat databases, and operator commands. (See Figure 4.)The output of fusion-based ID systems consists of estimates of the identity (and possibly the location) of a threat source, the malicious activity, taxonomy of the threats, the attack rates, and an assessment of the potential severity of damage to the projected target(s). We extrapolated from Waltz[12] to suggest possible generic sensor characteristics of next-generation network fusion systems[2]:Detection Performance is the detection characteristics — false-alarm rate, qdetection probabilities, and ranges — for an intrusion characteristic against agiven network-centric noise background. For example, when detecting malicious activity, nonmalicious activity is typically modelled as noise.Spatial/Temporal Resolution is the ability to distinguish between two or more qnetwork-centric objects in space or time.Spatial Coverage is the span of coverage, or field of view, of the sensor (i.e., the qspatial coverage of a system log file is the computer system processes and system calls being monitored).Detection/Tracking Mode is the mode of operation of the sensor (i.e., scanning, qsingle or multiple network object tracking).Target Revisit Rate is the rate at which a network object or event is revisited by qthe sensor to perform measurements.Measurement Accuracy is the statistical probability that the sensor measurement qor observation is accurate and reliable.Measurement Dimensionality is the number of measurement variables for network qobject categories.Hard vs. Soft Data Reporting is the decision status of the sensor reports. (I.e., can qa command decision be made without correlation, or does the sensor requireconfirmation?)Detection/Tracking Reporting is the characteristic of the sensor with regard to qreporting events. (Does the sensor maintain a time-sequence of the events? type of historical event buffers?)In our fusion model, situational data is collected from network sensors with elementary observation primitives; identifiers, times of observation, and descriptions. The raw data requires calibration and filtering, referred to as Data Refinement (short-term knowledge). Object Refinement is a process that correlates data in time (and space if required); the data is assigned appropriate weighted metrics. Observations may be associated, paired, and classified according to intrusion-detection primitives.Situation Refinement (mid-term knowledge) provides situational knowledge and awareness after objects have been aligned, correlated, and placed in context in an object base. Aggregated sets of objects are detected by their coordinated behavior, dependencies, common points of origin, common protocols, common targets, correlated attack rates, or other high-level attributes.In the interdomain construct of Figure 1, network objects and data flows will be identified and tracked by placing sensors at or between the interdomain gateways. Without going into the details, it can be shown that temporal resolution of the cyberspace situational awareness is directly proportional to the ratio of the transit time of the datagram and the sensory fusion process and inference time.As an analogy we offer the tracking of an object in aerospace — for example, a projectile. If the intercept time of a projectile is greater than the time used by radar or another tracking system and other required processing, then it is not possible to track and react to the object before the projectile hits the target. For example, if the datagram will reach its destination in 30ms, then the decision-fusion process required for network situational awareness must be much less than 30ms. Highly critical situational awareness can be achieved by networking the sensors (and optional command and control links) out-of-band. Current-generation systems use in-band processing, which can only achieve limited temporal resolution.Extensible Threat Taxonomy FusionThe number of IP packets processed by the Internet gateways of Figure 5 is enormous. Gateway sensors acquire and forward proportionally large amounts of data to packet analysis and correlation processes. For example, a router processing 100,000 packets per second on a high-speed interface, logging 14 bytes of information per packet, produces approximately 1.4 MBPS of data per sensor. It is clear that distributed sensors in network-centric IP fusion systems require local processing. Consequently, sensor output data should be reduced at the sensor to minimize central fusion processing and transport overhead costs.Figure 5. Gateway sensors on ID fusion networkWe focus here on the sensor output by outlining an example extensible taxonomy framework of TCP/IP-based threats. Antony[14] discusses database requirements for fusion system and situational knowledge. He states that knowledge is either declarativeor procedural. Declarative knowledge is passive factual knowledge or knowledge of relationships (e.g., files). Procedural knowledge is a special case of declarative knowledge represented as patterns, algorithms, and transformations.Entity relationships are the most fundamental declarative models for sensor data representation. Binaries trees, family trees, and general taxonomies are examples of the elemental database relationships required for situational analysis; the vast majority can be represented by the SQL command[14]:SELECT(attribute) FROM (table) WHERE (condition)With this basic database model and data-selection primitives in mind, we offered a framework TCP/IP threat taxonomy[3]. This framework was offered as an extensible context-dependent TCP/IP threat tree based on the SNMP management information base (MIB) concept. The SNMP MIB concept for representing context-dependent data is well suited for network-centric threats (and countermeasures).Threats to TCP/IP at the physical layer are service disruptions caused by natural disasters such as fires or flooding, cuts to cables, malfunctioning transceivers, and other hardware failures. Threats to the network layer include IP source-address spoofing and route-cache poisoning. An extensible context-dependent framework for this is illustrated in Figures 6, 7, and 8.Figure 6. Example TCP/IP threat subtreeFigure 7. Example IP transport threat subtreeFigure 8. Example TCP transport threat subtreeThree primary data flows (services) exist on the Internet: User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), and Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)[1]. Domain Name System (DNS) cache poisoning and UDP port-flooding denial-of-service attacks are examples of two vulnerabilities exploited using UDP services. The ping-of-death and ICMP redirect bombs are examples of Internet attacks based on ICMP. TCP vulnerabilities include TCP sequence number and SYN flood attacks, as illustrated in Figure 8.Security threats and countermeasures can be represented using the ASN.1 MIB notation. For example, a TCP SYN flood attack could be represented with the following OBJECT IDENTIFIER (OID):tcpSYNFlood OID ::= { iso 3.6.1.5.1.3.1.1 }Additional sub-object examples for tcpSYNFlood OID could be the source address or the target address of the malicious SYN packet and a counter with the number of SYN floods:tcpSYNFlood.source OID ::= { iso 3.6.1.5.1.3.1.1.1 } tcpSYNFlood.dest OID ::= { iso 3.6.1.5.1.3.1.1.1.2 } tcpSYNFlood.number OID ::= { iso 3.6.1.5.1.3.1.1.1.3 } Developing an extensible TCP/IP security threat MIB is a solid first step on the road to creating Internet ID fusion systems. Other long-term knowledge databases include context-dependent countermeasure, threat profiles, and attack-capabilities databases. ConclusionFuture reliable services that provide long-term threat, countermeasure, and other security-related information to fusion systems are similar to the current state of the art of weather forecasting and threat assessment. Fusion from multiple short-term sensors further processed with long-term knowledge creates short mid-term situational awareness. Situational awareness is required to operate and survive in a complex world with both friendly and hostile activities.All intelligent biological organisms fuse short-term and long-term knowledge to create situational awareness. Humans continually create and redefine systems that help us increase and refine our situational knowledge. These systems include air traffic control, battlefield management, early-warning systems, and robotics. There are strong indications, based on our work in both the Air Force and commercial industry, that future ID systems will shift toward more advanced fusion-based models.Our crystal ball is as foggy as yours, but if the developments in situational awareness systems in air traffic control over the past 40 years are any indication, then Internet traffic-control systems and next-generation intrusion-detection systems have a significant and challenging future in store for all of us.References[1] Stevens, R. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols. Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley, 1994.[2] Bass, T. "Intrusion Detection Systems and Multisensor Data Fusion: Creating Cyberspace Situational Awareness." Communications of the ACM. Forthcoming, 1999.[3] Bass, T. "Multisensor Data Fusion for Next Generation Distributed Intrusion Detection Systems." 1999 IRIS National Symposium on Sensor and Data Fusion, May 1999.[4] Bass, T.; Freyre, A.; Gruber, D.; and Watt., G. "E-Mail Bombs and Countermeasures: Cyber Attacks on Availability and Brand Integrity." IEEE Network, March/April 1998, pp. 10-17.[5] Denning, D. "An Intrusion-Detection Model." IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, February 1987, pp. 222-232.[6] Mukherjee, B.; Heberlein, L.; and Levitt, K. "Network Intrusion Detection." IEEE Network Magazine, May/June 1994, pp. 26-41.[7] Denning, D., et al. "A Prototype IDES: A Real Time Intrusion Detection Expert System." Computer Science Laboratory, SRI International, August 1987.[8] Snapp. S. et al. "A System for Distributed Intrusion Detection." Proceedings of IEEE COMPCON, March 1991, pp. 170-176.[9] Bauer, D. and Koblentz, M. "NDIX — An Expert System for Real-Time Network Intrusion Detection." Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Networking Symposium, April 1988, pp. 98-106.[10] Hochberg et al. "NADIR: An Automated System for Detecting Network Intrusion and Misuse." Computers & Security, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1993, pp. 235-248. [11] Heberlein, L. et al. "A Network Security Monitor." Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Symposium, Research in Security and Privacy, May 1990, pp.296-303.[12] Waltz, E., and Llinas, J. Multisensor Data Fusion. Boston: Artech House, 1990.[13] Waltz, E. Information Warfare Principles and Operations. Boston: Artech House, 1998.[14] Antony, R. Principles of Data Fusion Automation. Boston: Artech House, 1995.Need help? Use our Contacts page. Last changed: 16 Nov. 1999 mc Issue index;login: indexUSENIX home。
SCI论文投稿coverletter投稿信模版
SCI论文投稿cover letter 投稿信模版Dear editorial board of European Journal of Cardiology,Please find enclosed the manuscript: “The angiotensin-converting enzyme is not a risk factor for myocardial infarction in French individuals”, by Sarah H., et al., to be subm itted as a Short Communication to the European Journal of Neurology for consideration of publication. All co-authors have seen and agree with the contents of the manuscript and there is no financial interest to report. We certify that the submission is original work and is not under review at any other publication.In this manuscript, we report the results of the first study on the genetic and functional roles of the ACE on the risk of suffering a myocardial infarction in the French population. Indeed, we genotyped the rs4341 polymorphism in 531 IS cases and 549 healthy controls, and then performed functional studies by measuring serum ACE protein level and activity in healthy controls, stroke patients at baseline and stroke patients 24h after stroke symptoms onset. The results from our study did not reveal any association of the ACE variant with myocardial infarction, although it affected ACE protein level, and ischemic stroke patients showed lower ACE level than controls in the acute phase but not in the chronic phase.We believe that our findings could be of interest to the readers of European Journal of Cardiology because they bring new and strong evidence that the ACE gene and protein are not a risk factor for myocardial infarction.We hope that the editorial board will agree on the interest of this study.Sincerely yours,Sarah H. on behalf of the authors.Corresponding author: Sarah Hamilton at Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Marie Curie Research Institute, 75000, Paris, France, , phone number: +33582246xxx, fax number: +33582246xxx.Case 1Dear Editor,We would like to submit the enclosed manuscript entitled "GDNF Acutely Modulates Neuronal Excitability and A-type Potassium Channels in Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons", which we wish to be considered for publication in Nature Neuroscience.GDNF has long been thought to be a potent neurotrophic factor for the survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, which are degenerated in Parkinson’s disease. In this paper, we report an unexpected, acute effect of GDNF on A-type potassium channels, leading to a potentiation of neuronal excitability, in the dopaminergic neurons in culture as well as in adult brain slices. Further, we show that GDNF regulates the K+ channels through a mechanism that involves activation of MAP kinase. Thus, this study has revealed, for the first time, an acute modulation of ion channels by GDNF. Our findings challenge the classic view of GDNF as a long-term survival factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons, and suggest that the normal function of GDNF is to regulate neuronal excitability, and consequently dopamine release. These results may also have implications in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.Due to a direct competition and conflict of interest, we request that Drs. XXX of Harvard Univ., and YY of Yale Univ. not be considered as reviewers. With thanks for your consideration, I amSincerely yours,case2Dear Editor,We would like to submit the enclosed manuscript entitled "Ca2+-binding protein frequenin mediates GDNF-induced potentiation of Ca2+ channels and transmitter release", which we wish to be considered for publication in Neuron.We believe that two aspects of this manuscript will make it interesting to general readers of Neuron. First, we report that GDNF has a long-term regulatory effect on neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular synapses. This provides the first physiological evidence for a role of this new family of neurotrophic factors in functional synaptic transmission. Second, we show that the GDNF effect is mediated by enhancing the expression of the Ca2+-binding protein frequenin. Further, GDNF and frequenin facilitate synaptic transmission by enhancing Ca2+ channel activity, leading to an enhancement of Ca2+ influx. Thus, this study has identified, for the first time, a molecular target that mediates the long-term, synaptic action of a neurotrophic factor. Our findings may also have general implications in the cell biology of neurotransmitter release.Sincerely yours,Case 3Sample Cover Letter[the example used is the IJEB]Dear Editor of the [please type in journal title or acronym]:Enclosed is a paper, entitled "Mobile Agents for Network Management." Please accept it as a candidate for publication in the [journal title]. Below are our responses to your submission requirements.1. Title and the central theme of the article.Paper title: "Mobile Agents for Network Management." This study reviews the concepts of mobile agents and distributed network management system. It proposes a mobile agent-based implementation framework and creates a prototype system to demonstrate the superior performance of a mobile agent-based network over the conventional client-server architecture ina large network environment.2. Which subject/theme of the Journal the material fitsNew enabling technologies (if no matching subject/theme, enter 'Subject highly related to [subject of journal] but not listed by [please type in journal title or acronym])3. Why the material is important in its field and why the material should be published in [please type in journal title or acronym]?The necessity of having an effective computer network is rapidly growing alongside the implementation of information technology. Finding an appropriate network management system has become increasingly important today's distributed environment. However, the conventional centralized architecture, which routinely requests the status information of local units by the central server, is not sufficient to manage the growing requests. Recently, a new framework that uses mobileagent technology to assist the distributed management has emerged. The mobile agent reduces network traffic, distributes management tasks, and improves operational performance. Given today's bandwidth demand over the Internet, it is important for the [journal title/acronym] readers to understand this technology and its benefits. This study gives a real-life example of how to use mobile agents for distributed network management. It is the first in the literature that reports the analysis of network performance based on an operational prototype of mobile agent-based distributednetwork. We strongly believe the contribution of this study warrants its publication in the [journal title/acronym].4. Names, addresses, and email addresses of four expert referees.Prof. Dr. William GatesChair Professor of Information Technology321 Johnson HallPremier University Lancaster, NY 00012-6666, USAphone: +1-888-888-8888 - fax: +1-888-888-8886 e-mail:Expertise: published a related paper ("TCP/IP and OSI: Four Strategies for Interconnection") in CACM, 38(3), pp. 188-198.Relationship: I met Dr. Gate only once at a conference in 1999. I didn't know him personally. Assoc Prof. Dr. John AdamsDirector of Network Research CenterCollege of Business Australian University123, Harbor Drive Sydney,Australia 56789phone: +61-8-8888-8888 - fax: +61-8-8888-8886e-mail:Expertise: published a related paper ("Creating Mobile Agents") in IEEE TOSE, 18(8), pp. 88-98. Relationship: None. I have never met Dr. Adams.Assoc Prof. Dr. Chia-Ho ChenChair of MIS DepartmentCollege of ManagementOpen University888, Putong RoadKeelung, Taiwan 100phone: +886-2-8888-8888 - fax: +886-2-8888-8886e-mail:Expertise: published a related paper ("Network Management for E-Commerce") in IJ Electronic Business, 1(4), pp. 18-28.Relationship: Former professor, dissertation chairman.Mr. Frank YoungPartner, ABC Consulting888, Seashore HighwayWon Kok, KowloonHong Kongphone: +852-8888-8888 - fax: +852-8888-8886e-mail:Expertise: Mr. Young provides consulting services extensively to his clients regarding network management practices.Relationship: I have worked with Mr. Young in several consulting projects in the past three years.Finally, this paper is our original unpublished work and it has not been submitted to any other journal for reviews.Sincerely,Johnny Smith。
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1A Multi-Agent System Architecture for Electrical Energy Matching in a Microgrid
Qiu. Zhifeng, Deconinck. Geert, Senior Member, IEEE, Gui. Ning, Belmans. Ronnie, Fellow, IEEE
Abstract—This paper presents the design and operation of distributed multi-agent system (MAS) for the control of a microgrid. In the proposed architecture, the power supplying units are managed by a Resource Agent and power using units are controlled by a Power User Agent. The Resource Agent offer Power User Agents electrical energy with a certain price and quantity. The goal achieved by the power user agent is to buy the energy not only to meet its demand but also using the least money. BDI (believe-desire-intent) architecture is employed to implement the MAS software architecture. In order to avoid the internal complexity of a BDI agent, delegate ants are introduced. They are issued by the agents according to their different functions assumed in the MAS architecture. For instance, one kind of ant fulfills the function for building and maintaining the environment information. Conflict resolution mechanism employs the sealed-bid second-price auction to achieve the resource control, which correspond with characteristic of various power users in microgrid. An optimal energy exchange between the supplying units and the local users is realized in this MAS architecture. A distributed power matching architecture simulating a microgrid has been set up.
Index Terms—Energy market, MAS, BDI architecture, agents, auction
I. INTRODUCTION
s new type of power system, ‘Distribution Generation’ (DG) has greatly increased through use of small-scale generation connected to the local distribution systems, during the last decades. A better way to realize the emerging potential of distributed generation is to take a system approach which views generation and associated loads as a subsystem or a “Microgrid” [1-3]. This approach allows for local control of distributed generation thereby reducing or eliminating the need for central dispatch. Now, in Microgrid, many distributed energy resources (DERs) and loads have intelligent capacities, namely, intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) that are interconnected over information infrastructure [4]. Thus, distributed control can be applied on these IEDs with decision-making done locally. A scalable and robust energy system with each power resource and load can potentially be created. In this context, the agent technology is a suitable approach for autonomous control of distributed generation. Reference [5], [6] proposed a kind of central controller agent
to optimize the microgrids by coordinating the local controller of power producing unit and the local control of the consuming unit. In such kind systems, central control stations form single points of failure and may have scalability problems. Thanks to by having power resources, intelligent loads and storage devices following a common communication structure, adding (removing) power resources to meet the increasing (decreasing) load demand would be easier than the traditional way of incorporating new resources into a centralized control strategy. In such situation, a reference [7] proposes autonomous electricity networks (AEN). In such network, a group of distributed generators, intelligent loads and storage devices is capable of cooperation and control in a distributed manner, without central controller. The accomplishment of all this is based on standard components and public communication networks. In the same group, authors of [8], [9] develop the agent controlling of the electric power infrastructure.
1This project is partially supported by the K.U.Leuven Research Council
(project GOA/2007/09) and by the European Commission (projects IST-4-27513 CRUTIAL and IST-4-026923 GRID) and NGinfra (05/09/KUL).
Based on the work proposed in [7-9], an additional layer on top of that is developed in this paper. A novel agent-based control framework for automatic control of a set of small power producing units and consuming units in a microgrid is described. The main task is to outline an agent-based architecture and to define the functions of the agents according to the characteristics of the energy resources and load. In the proposed architecture, the power producing units are managed by the Resource Agents; the power consuming units are controlled by the Power User agents. The Resource Agents offers Power User agents electrical energy with a certain price and quantity. The goal achieved by the Power User agent is to buy the electricity energy not only to meet its demand but also using the least money. BDI architecture [10] is employed to be the MAS software architecture. In order to avoid the internal complexity of the BDI agent, the delegate ants are introduced. They are issued by the agents according to their different functions assumed in the BDI architecture, such as one kind of ant fulfills the function for building and maintaining the environment information. Due to the clear function division of agents and delegate ants, the software architecture becomes more transparent. As a market-based mechanism for controlling recourses, the sealed-bid second-price auction is introduced, which show the powerful capacity to solve the conflict between Resourc agents and Power User Agents. Moreover, in the microgrid enviorment, each kind of power user is featured with specific auction value which reflects the user’s priority in the system. Through the coordination of the agents and the delegate ants, the optimal energy exchange