Reflections - Edmund Burke
格列佛游记英文读后感（精选3篇）
格列佛游记英文读后感格列佛游记英文读后感（精选3篇）当看完一本著作后，相信大家都积累了属于自己的读书感悟，写一份读后感，记录收获与付出吧。
那么你真的'会写读后感吗？下面是小编精心整理的格列佛游记英文读后感（精选3篇），希望对大家有所帮助。
Gulliver’s Tra一vel is a fairy tale written by Jonathan Swift. It’s a very interesting story full of imagination. Besides, the description is vivid and appealing, when I read it I feel like I’m tra 一veling with the hero in the story.Jonathan Swift was born in Ireland, but his parents are English. He has written many books such as A Tale of A Tub and The Battle of Books, respectively criticizes and attacks the corruption of religion and prejudice of scholar authority. His Drapier’s letters reveals the attempt of England to destroy the economy of Ireland. For this reason, English government awarded 300pounds for catching Swift. However, nobody in Ireland betrayed him. Swift died in 1745, and he said in his testament that he would give all his property to the charity.Gulliver’s Tra一vels tells a story of Captain Gulliver’s unique experience. Gulliver has a strong desire of tra一veling around the world since he grew up. However, when he became a captain, he tra一vels not between different countries but between strange places we never imagine.The first time, his boat encountered a storm and he swan to the shore. When he woke up he found himself surrounded by small men later he realized he had come to the country “Liliput”， which was a country of small men. In the country, the people treated him very friendly, they ga一ve him food and drink and wine. He? lived happily and he was nice to them as well. Later, the king asked him to help fight the other country Blefuscu for a very amusing reason: people there break their eggs at the big end while people in Liliput break eggs on the small end. Gulliver helped the king win the battle and soon after that he went home.The second time, he set sail and met a fierce storm again. This time he found a land which was a country named Broadingnag. It was a country of giants. You can guess his whereabouts. The huge people treated him as a pet. They put him on show, give speech and do sword drill, till he was tired out. Later he was sent to the Queen, the Queen liked him very much and had him dine with her everyday. But life was not easy for him. Nevertheless, something interesting happened. When he wanted to read, he had to climb up on the book and walk from left to right to read a line. Imagine that scene I couldn’t help laughi ng. Another story is playing the piano. He had to strike the keys hard with his first.People comment the book as a satire to England even to the whole Europe. In detail, that is, the first experience use the amusing reason of war to criticize the parties and religion of England, the second experience satirizes the boast and conceit of the whole Europeans. Nevertheless, in my opinion, I only see the vivid portrayal and the interesting imagination. Maybe it’s because it’s the first time I read the story an d know not so much about the background and situation of the author and his society, but the story really impresses me. Ilike the exotic experience of Gulliver, and I like Swifer’s imagination. A masterpiece which can influence generation after generation surely has its reason, maybe for the profound understanding of history, maybe for the description of people’s life. This novel may ha一ve something to do with sarcasm, but to me, at least by now, is a pure fantasy and a wonderful fairy tale.On this holiday, I read a book called Gullivers travels. The author of the book is the best satirical expert and politician in Britain in the early eighteenth Century - Jonathan Swift.The first place in Gullivers adventures was the villain. There he was able to drag the entire naval fleet with one hand, a large number of chickens, ducks, cattle and sheep, and lots of barrels of wine at a meal. In order to send the giant to the capital, he used five hundred craftsmen, countless ropes, nine hundred big men, fifteen thousand big royal horses, and so on. In a small country so that all competition and war inevitably seem small petty. With the height of heel partisan divide, "high-heeled party" and "low with Party infighting, neighboring countries not only irreconcilable opposed to; want to conquer and enslave each other, but also should eat egg debate where head knock like trifles" principles "problem.Giant in the country, he has become giants of the doll, was playing in the palm of your hand, and fight against flies and birds; later, he came to the mysterious flying island, people here use the flying island of the lower part of the natural magnet and the seabed under the force of a magnet, want to move, this is also a at any time, engage in some special summoned the ghost of dialogue rather baffling the study of the strange country.I admire the hero to honor to Hui from country to country, Hui from country to country is the pursuit of the ideal situation and yearning, here you dont need to worry about other people say is true, but in reality, there are so many things we dont want to see someone with blandishments cheat other peoples hard-earned money, people and children profiteering and some people even sacrifice their all for money. No wonder our parents and teachers have taught us to be vigilant and not to be deceived. This is very difficult to unite with others, who help others and love others. When I meet someone who is in trouble, I want to lend a helping hand. I hesitate. When someone comes to help me out, I cant accept it. All this makes me feel miserable, contradictory and at a loss what to do. Isnt it sad that it prevents me from "loving" other people and also "missing" other peoples love?I am looking forward to the day when our society is like the kingdom of Hui, the childrens eyes no longer have doubts, and education and reality are united. I would like to work hard for this, and I hope all of you will join me in doing it yourself, and from now on, let this society be more sincere and less hypocritical.One of the most interesting questions about Gullivers Travels is whether the Houyhnhnms represent an ideal of rationality or whether on the other hand they are the butt of Swifts satire. In other words, in Book IV, is Swift poking fun at the talking horses or does he intend for us to take them seriously as the proper way to act? If we look closely at the way that the Houyhnhnms act, we can see that in fact Swift does not take them seriously: he uses them to show the dangers of pride.First we have to see that Swift does not even take Gullver seriously. For instance, his name sounds much like gullible, which suggests that he will believe anything. Also, when he firstsees the Yahoos and they throw excrement on him, he responds by doing the same in return until they run away. He says, "I must needs discover some more rational being," even though as a human he is already the most rational being there is. This is why Swift refers to Erasmus Darwins discovery of the origin of the species and the voyage of the Beagle-to show how Gulliver knows that people are at the top of the food chain. But if Lemule Gulliver is satirized, so are the Houyhnhnms, whose voices sound like the call of castrati. They walk on two legs instead of four, and seem to be much like people. As Gulliver says, "It was with the utmost astonishment that I witnessed these creatures playing the flute and dancing a Vienese waltz. To my mind, they seemed like the greatest humans ever seen in court, even more dextrous than the Lord Edmund Burke" . As this quote demonstrates, Gulliver is terribly impressed, but his admiration for the Houyhnhnms is short-lived because they are so prideful. For instance, the leader of the Houyhnhnms claims that he has read all the works of Charles Dickens, and that he can singlehandedly recite the names of all the Kings and Queens of England up to George II. Swift subtly shows that this Houyhnhnms pride is misplaced when, in the middle of the intellectual competition, he forgets the name of Queen Elizabeths husband.Swifts satire of the Houyhnhnms comes out in other ways as well. One of the most memorable scenes is when the dapple grey mare attempts to woo the horse that Guenivre has brought with him to the island. First she acts flirtatiously, parading around the bewildered horse. But when this does not have the desired effect, she gets another idea: "As I watched in amazement from my perch in the top of a tree, the sorrel nag dashed off and returned with a yahoo on her back who was yet more monstrous than Mr. Pope being fitted by a clothier. She dropped this creature before my nag as if offering up a sacrifice. My horse sniffed the creature and turned away." It might seem that we should take this scene seriously as a failed attempt at courtship, and that consequently we should see the grey mare as an unrequited lover. But it makes more sense if we see that Swift is being satiric here: it is the female Houyhnhnm who makes the move, which would not have happened in eighteenth-century England. The Houyhnhm is being prideful, and it is that pride that makes him unable to impress Gullivers horse. Gulliver imagines the horse saying, Sblood, the notion of creating the bare backed beast with an animal who had held Mr. Pope on her back makes me queezy .A final indication that the Houyhnmns are not meant to be taken seriously occurs when the leader of the Houynhms visits Lilliput, where he visits the French Royal Society. He goes into a room in which a scientist is trying to turn wine into water （itself a prideful act that refers to the marriage at Gallilee）。
有哪些好奇的名言(精选2篇)
有哪些好奇的名言（精选2篇）有哪些好奇的名言「篇一」好奇心是人类的本能之一，它驱使着我们去探索、去发现未知的事物。
在这个伟大的探险过程中，许多聪明而有洞察力的人们曾留下了许多关于好奇心的名言。
下面是我挑选出的十句好奇的名言：1. "好奇心是智慧的种子。
" - 布拉德利·惠特福德2. "知识源于好奇心，成功则取决于实践。
" - 马里奥·本尼迪科特3. "好奇是能驱使我们了解新事物、挑战既有观念的动力。
" - 斯蒂芬·霍金4. "好奇心是你的能力，满足它是你的义务。
" - 斯蒂文·齐格勒5. "好奇心使人具备自学能力，因为它永远不会停止提问。
" - 爱因斯坦6. "好奇心是艺术和科学之源泉。
" - 安尼·阿克塞尔7. "只有保持好奇心，我们才能保持年轻。
" - 波尔纳尔·巴尔多斯8. "好奇心是发现的灯塔，它引导我们进入未知的领域。
" - 史蒂夫·乔布斯9. "好奇心是真理的最好伴侣。
" - 弗拉基米尔·纳博科夫10. "好奇心使我们挑战既有的框架和边界，创造出新的可能性。
" - 约翰·亨利·纽曼这些名言皆来自那些具有丰富智慧和探索精神的杰出人物。
它们鼓励我们不断追求知识、保持好奇心，并勇于挑战自己的思维模式。
只有敢于问为什么，敢于追求未知，我们才能不断成长，不断创新。
好奇心将带领我们走向未来的奇迹和发现。
有哪些好奇的名言「篇二」好奇心是人类认识世界、探索未知的一种重要心理需求。
在历史长河中，无数聪明智慧的人们通过自己的思考和经验总结出了许多关于好奇心的名言，值得我们深思和借鉴。
下面是我整理的20句有关好奇心的名言。
政党与政党体制
政党和政党体制菏泽市委党校薛涛教学目的和要求：中心内容：一、政党的一般理论二、政党体制的一般理论三、对政党体制的思考教学重点、需解决的理论和实际问题：一、政党体制的一般理论二、对政党体制的思考导语、正文：一、政党的含义埃德蒙柏克（Edmund Burke）第一次给政党明确下定义：大家基于一致同意的某些特殊原则，并通过共同奋斗来促进国家利益而团结起来的人民团体。
西方一般概念：政党是公民的结合；政党是为适应竞选而建立的政治组织；政党是以取得国家政权或行使权力为目标的组织；政党是人们为了谋取公职而建立起来的组织。
马克思主义政治学定义政党是阶级斗争的产物，它是在阶级社会中，一定的阶级或阶层的政治上最积极的代表，为了共同的利益和共同的政治目的，特别是为了取得政权和保持政权，而在阶级斗争中形成的政治组织。
政党的阶级本质：政党不是从来就有的，它是阶级、阶级斗争发展到一定历史阶段的产物，任何政党都代表着一定阶级的意志和利益，政党是阶级的一部分，是阶级和阶层的核心力量。
政党的共同特征：有一定的政治纲领；有一套组织系统；以夺取或参与政权、维护和保持政权为主要目的；通常由最有威信、最有影响、最有经验的领袖来主持。
中文中的“政党”一词的起源“党”最初是指居民单位，即“五族”（500户）为党。
后来引申为有亲密关系的人群。
东汉时期出现过“朋党”；唐代有过所谓“牛党”、“李党”；宋朝有所谓“元佑党”和“元符党”；明朝的“东林党”更是轰动一时的政治历史现象。
这些所谓的“党”，大多是奴隶主阶级或封建统治者内部为了争权夺利、施展阴谋诡计而形成的有政治色彩的派别。
二、政党的产生和发展（一）政党产生的条件：1、经济条件：资本主义生产关系2、物质条件：资本主义社会化大生产的发展3、思想条件：资产阶级思想体系的形成和广泛传播4、政治条件：资产阶级民主制（二）政党产生的原因：马克思主义认为政党是在阶级基础上产生的，是阶级斗争发展到一定阶段的产物。
新编英国文学选读第二版复习资料
Chapter 8The age of Romanticism:1.From the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 to the death of Sir Walter Scott in 1832, a new movement appeared on the literary arena. The essence of this new movement is the glorification of instinct and emotion, a deep veneration of nature, and a flaming zeal to remark the world.2.The political and social factors that gave rise to the romantic movement were the three revolution: American and French Revolution; national liberation movements; democratic movements.3.And Industrial Revolution: brought great wealth to the rich and worsened the living condition of the poor; Workers organized themselves andgave voice to their distress by breaking machines, which is called Machine breaking movement(Luddite movement)4.The shift in literature from emphasis on reason to instinct and emotion was intellectually prepared for by a number of thinkers in the later half of the 18h century.5.Rousseau: the father of Romanticism. He rejects the worship of reason. He maintains in the really vital problems of life, it is much safer to rely on feelings, to follow our instincts and emotions. He preachesthat civilized man should return to nature, praised the natural man as the noble savage and attacks the civilized man as the depraved animals.6.Edmund Burke: As a political philosopher he is known for his Reflection on the Revolution in France. He distinguished between two kinds of beauty- the sublime and the beautiful.7.Thomas Paine: He published The Rights of Man in 1791 to answer to Burke's Reflection. The Rights of Man asserts that man has no property in man and justifies the radical actions of French people in the revolution, claiming that it is the right of people to overthrown a government that opposes humanity.8.Characteristic features of the romantic movement:1)Subjectivism: romantic poets describe poetry as the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which express the poets mind.The interest of romantic poets is not objective world or the action of men, but in the feelings, thoughts, and experience of the poets themselves.2)Spontaneity: Wordsworth defines poetry as the spontaneous overflow of feelings. Romanticism is an assertion of independence, a departure from the neo-classis rules.3)Singularity4)Worship of nature5)Simplicity6)Melancholy7)It was an age of poetry by which the poets outpoured their feelings and emotions. Romantic poets loved to use a freer verse form.9.Romanticism is a term that denotes most of the writings that were written between 1798 and 1832. Wordsworth:1.From 1799 to his death he was politically very conservative and lived in retirement at Grasmere in the Lake district in the company of his sister Dorothy Wordsworth and his friend Coleridge. In 1843 after the death of Southey he was made poet laureate.2.The most representative poet of English Romanticism.3.In 1798, the publication of Lyrical Ballads marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18 th century and the beginning of the Romantic revival in England. It is a declaration of romanticism and an important piece of literary criticism in English literature.Coleridge:1.3 Lake poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey.2.Married the sister of Southey s wife.3.Representative work:The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, written in ballad form. The theme is about sin and its expiation.4.Kubla Khan: total imagination. Collected in Lyrical Ballads.5.His only play that was on the stage waRemorse6.His lectures on Shakespeareare still considered valuable Shakespeareancritical materials.Byron:1.The long satirical epic, Don Juan, is generally considered as his masterpiece. As a leading Romanticist, Bryon' s chief contribution is his creation of Byronic Hero.2.Childe Harold' s Pilgrimage made him famous overnight.3.Don Juan: It is about the romantic adventure of a legendary Spanish youth who has many love affairs with various woman. The real significance of this poem lies in its vivid description of the lives and manners of many lands. Byron ' s fiery passion for the liberation of the Greek people and his bitter satire on the sham and hypocrisy in love, religion and the social relationship of his time.4.The Isles of Greece: a song sung by a singer at the wedding ceremony between Don Juan and Haidee, in which the singer(Byron) contrast the past glory of the Greek people with their present state of enslavement by the Turks. Shelley:1.His first important poem is Queen Mab, an allegorical poem in which through the mouth of Queen Mab, the fairy queen, he attacks kings, priests, and statesmenand human institutions such as marriage, commerce, and religion.2.He met Godwin in 1814 and fell in love with his daughter Mary Godwin. Her mother was Mary Wollstonecraft, a champion for women s rights and the authoress of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.3.On the death of Keats, he wrote a elegiac poem Adonais.4.His lyrics are best known among the English poets.5.The most well-known is the Ode to the West Wind6.Song to the Men of England: political lyrics in protest against the government s barbarous action and calling the working people to rise up to overthrown the rule of idle class.7.An ode: In ancient time, an ode is an elaborate lyrical poem composed for a chorus to chant and to dance to; In modern use, it is a rhymed lyric expressing noble feelings, often addressed to a person or celebrating an event. John Keats1.Unlike Byron and Shelley, Keats was born in London, of lowly origin.2.In 1817, he abandoned his profession in surgeon and published his first collection of poems.3.His best were written in the short three years from 1817 to the time of his death.4.On First Looking into Chapman' s Homer5.Ode to a Nightingale.6.Negative Capability: Firstly used by Keats to critique those who sought to categorize all experience and phenomena and turn them into a theory of knowledge. This put Keats at the front of Romantic Movement.Lamb:mb was important in English literature for his contribution to the Familiar Essay, a type of essay which dates back to those of the French essayist and was later developed by Addison and Steele.2.With his sister, they wrote Tales from Shakespeare.3.Recollection and nostalgia play an important role in his essays.4.His essays are full of long and curious words and are interrupted by frequent exclamations and parentheses.mb's most well-known literary work is Tales from Shakespeare.They were stories retold from the plays of Shakespeare.Chapter 9The Victorian Age:1.The English people were proud of the two queens: Queen Elizabeth and Queen Victorian. During their long reigns England developed rapidly both politically and economically.2.Capitalism first took its shape during the reign of Queen E. And the small country defeated the strong naval power Spain in 1588.3.During the reign of Queen Victoria, England grew from an agricultural country into an industrialized one and became he workshop of the world as well as its financial and political center.4.During this period, literature flourished.5.Three period of The Victorian Age:1) a time of social unrest2)The middle period: a period of economic prosperity and religious controversy.3)The last period: a period of decay of Victorian values.6.The first period:1)The passing of the first reform bill made it possible for the industrial capitalists to gain their power in Parliament.2)The Reform of Bill of 1832 extend the right to vote to all men owning property worth ten pounds or more.3)The second accomplishment of Reform of Bill was to eliminate the rotten boroughs and gave the vacant seats to the industrial cities.4)This bill broke the monopoly in Parliament of the conservative landowners and ended the long reign of the Tory party. Whig party, which represented the interests of the industrial capitalists and businessman, came into power.5)The Chartist Movement reached its peak in 1838, 1842 and 1848.6)The most influential philosophy of this period: the philosophy of Utilitarianism.7)Corn laws:1815-1846: forbade in importing any grain from foreign countries when the price of wheat dropped to a certain price.7.The mid-Victorian period:1)In 1846, the Corn Laws was replaced and the price of labour lowered.2)By the early seventies England became the workshop of the world and the world' s banker.3)It was a period of complacency, stability and optimism.4)In the fifties and sixties even the conditions of the working people were improved.5)In Crystal Palace, the Great Exhibition was held.6)In 1857 and following years, the economy was hit by crises from time to time.7)Darwin published the origin of species in 1859. Science came to the forefront in the debate against church. Darwin s discovery conflicted the Bible and was applied in social science.8.The last period:1)England continued to grow in strength in this period. By 1890 the British Empire had comprised more than a quarter of all the territory on the surface of the earth and was called the empire on which the sun never sets2)To many Victorians this was a period of serenity and security, the age of house parties and long weekends in the country.3)In the nineties, melancholy became the spirit of the time and the intellectuals were tainted by a feeling of fin-desiecle.9.The Victorian novelists:1)1832 witnessed the end of poetry boom.2)Most of the romantic poets died, the romantic movement came to an end as a movement.10.The rise of the novel:1)The growth of urban population resulted in the appearance of a new reading public.2)The Education Acts, which came into effect in 1870, made a certain measure of education compulsory. Thus, there was a fairly large reading public in the Vic age.3)With the development of the method of printing and paper making, the price of book dropped, and besides regular books, there were serial publications.4)Writing had become a profession, which made it possible for the writers to male a living by writing.5)With the ascendancy of the industrial capitalists, the majority of whom lived an idle life in interests, there was a large idle class who needed recreation and entertainment. Novels met their desires.6)The conditions of the time and the dire poverty on the one hand and the enormous wealth on the other hand needed a secular form to explore human relations rather than sermons given in the church.7)The feminist movement had much to do with the growth of the novel.mon features of Vic novel:1)The plot is unfolded against a social background which is broader than what it had been in previous novels.2)The cause-effect sequence is much more striking than in previous novels3)Most of the Vic novel were first published in serial form, that is, by installment, before they were fully published in a single book.4)Tainted by the spirit of Puritanism of the Vic age.5)Characterized by their moral purpose.6)Some Chinese scholars called them critical realistic novelists.Bronte sisters1.Charlotte/Emily/Ann2.Some critics said that the Bronte sisters inherited their strong emotion from their parents.1) A Celtic blood explains their strong emotion and their audacity in the search for spiritual integrity.2)Another factors was the moorland which was not yet corrupted by the evils of society.3)The third factor that explains their writing career was the fact that they were greatly influenced by romantic poets.3.The works of Charlotte and Emily are different from those of other Victorian writers in the aspects below:1)their works are marked by strong romantic elements.2)The role pf nature plays are significant in their work.3)Marked by a new conception of women as heroines of vital strength and passionate feelings.4.Wuthering Heights: Emily portrays the conflicts between the privileged and the hire hand.5.When they published book, they used pseudonyms, pretending they were male writers. Currer Bell for Charlotte; Ellis Bell for Emily; Acton Bell for Ann.6.In Jane Eyre, Jane s rebelliousness, her dislike for servility and her insistence o equality that make the book unique. Jane Eyre is the first ENG novel, even the most powerful and popular novel, which represents the modern view of women' s position in society.Hardy:1.Wessex novel2.The last important novelist of the Victorian Age.3.His philosophy was that everything in the universe is determined by the Immanent Will, which is present in allparts of the universe and its impartially hostile towards human beings' desire for joy and happiness.4.The dominate theme of his novel is the futility of man ' s effort to struggle against cruel and unintelligible fate. Chance and circumstance, which are all predestined by Immanent Will.5.The prevailing mood in his novel is tragic6.Wrote epic-dramaTennyson:1.Some historians even called the period from 1832 to the death of Tennyson the age of Tennyson2.1850, Tennyson published In Memoriam and succeeded Wordsworth the Poet Laureate.3.His first collection of poems was P oem by Two Brothers, on which he collaborate with his brother.4.His first important work Poems was a collection of his early poems.5.It was two volumes of Poemssecured his position as the leading poet of the time.6.Buried in Westminster Abbey.7.Break, Break, Break: elegy, Tennyson wrote in memory of his friend Arthur Hallam.Browning:1.He is noteworthy for the dramatic monologue, in which there is one imaginary speaker addressing an imaginary audience.2.His first poem: Pauline, written under the influence of Shelley.3.Was bold and unconventional in matter and style.4.Optimistic5.Look boldly at the evils in human beings without losing faith.Arnold:1. A professor of poetry at Oxford.2.Both a poet and a literary critic.3.An important figure in the intellectual field of 19 century England.4.In his poetry, he reflects on the doubt of his age, and the conflict between science and religion.5.The most important one of his literary criticism: Essays in Criticism and Culture and Anarchy. As a literary critic, he attacked the barbarians, a term used to refer to the aristocrats. He also attacked philistines, a term referring to middle class, whom he regarded as narrow-minded and self-conceited people.6.In his opinion, poetry should be a criticism of life and was destined to take the place of religion as mans principal moral guide.7.He believed culture should be antidote to anarchy and that through culture and liberal education modern man could avoid anarchy without abandoning liberty to some coercive external authority.Chapter 10The twentieth century1.~ marked by two World Wars.2.Modernism came into being between 1910 and the early years after the WWII.3.The two World War were the direct result of the conflict between rival imperialist countries and their ambition to dominate the world.4.The development of ENG literature can be divided into two stages: literature between WWs and literature after WW II.5.Three main trend of literature are worth our attention: Modernism; The Angry Young Men; and The Threat of the Absurd.6.Alienation and loneliness are the basic themes of modernism.7.Modernism means a departure from the conventional criteria or established values of the Victorian age.8.The ENG intellectuals were very much influenced by the psychology of Freud.9.The characteristics of modernists:1)Complexity and obscurity2)The use of symbols3)Allusion4)IronyEliot:1.1921, the waste land, established Elidts status in modern literature.2.London, represented as arid, waste land. The central symbol are drought and flood, representing the death and rebirth.3.He said he was classicist in literature, royalist in politics and Anglo-Catholic in religion.4.Also wrote many essays and much literary criticism. His essays are praised for their lucidity and precision. Heaney:1.Belfast group soon came into being and played an important role in changing the previously discouraging literary atmosphere of the city.2.He was awarded the Noble Prize for literature in1995, on the occasion he made the famous Noblelecture,Crediting Poetry.3.His poetry consists of two genres: the observed and recollected facts pf his early rural experience and psychological meditation on the violence in Northern Ireland arising from religious and political conflicts.4.The public and political them as reflected in North and in particular the so-called bog poems'。
英国文学作家及作品
英国文学作家及作品(上) 第三章Geoffrey Chaucer:The Canterbury TalesThe Book of the Duchess第四章Thomas Marlory:Le Morte D’ArthurWilliam Langland:Piers the PlowmanWillam BlakePoetical SketchesSongs of Experience:The Chimney SweeperHoly ThursdayThe TygerLondonSongs of Innocence:The lambHoly ThursdayBishop Thomas Percy :Reliques of Ancient English PoetryProfessor F.J. Child:English and Scottish BalladsSir Thomas Malory :Le Morte d’Arthur, or The Death of Arthur第五章Edmund Spenser:The Shephearde’s CalenderThe Faerie QueeneA View of the Present State of IrelandChristopher Marlowe:King Richard ⅢTamburlaine the GreatThe Tragic History of Doctor FaustusWilliam Shakespeare:Venus and AndonisThe Rape of LucreceKing HenryⅥ,RichardⅢTwo Gentlemen of VeronaLove’s Labour LostMidsummer Night’s DreamRomeo and JulietThe Merchant of VeniceHenryⅣHenryⅤAs You Like ItJulius CaesarHamletOthelloKing LearMacbethWinter’s TaleThe TempestWilliam Blake:Poetical SketchesSongs of InnocenceSongs of ExperienceThe Chiminey Sweeper and Holy Thursday Prophetic Books第六章Francis Bacon:Of Great Place,Of Studies.John Donne:Song,The Canonization,A Valediction:Forbidding Mouring.George Herbert:The templeBen Jonson:Comedies of HumoursJohn Milton:L’Allegro (The Cheerful Man),Il Penseroso (The Pensive Man),The Tenure of Kings and Magistrares ),Defemsop pro Populo Anglicano (The Defence of the English People), Paradise Lost,Genesis.John Bunyan:The Pilgim’s Progress,Celestial City.John Dryden:An Essay of Dramatic Poesy,Every Man in his Hummor,Sejanus and Catiline,Discoveries,Richard Brinsley Sheriden:The RivalA Trip To ScarboroughRobert Burns:Is There For Honest PovertyPublius Cornelius Tacitus:GermaniaVenerable Bede:The Ecclesiatical History of the English People第七章Daniel Defoe:The Shortest Way with the DissentersHymn to the PolloryRobinson CrusoeCaptain SingletonMoll FlandersA Journal of the Plagure YearColonel JackRoxanaA General History of Trade and The Complete English Tradesman The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson CursoeThe Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll FlandersJonathan Swife：The Battle of BooksA Tale of the TubThe Drapier’s LettersA Modest ProposalGulliver’s TravelsRobert Burns：Is There for Honest PovertyScots, Wha HaeAuld Lang SyneA Red, Red RoseJohn Addison:The TatlerThe SpectatorGuardianThomas Gray:The Elegy Written in a Country ChurchyardAlexander Pope:PastoralsAn Essay on CriticismThe Rape of the LockIliad and OdysseyThree Hours After MarriageThe DunciadAn Essay on ManImitations of HoraceRichard Brinsley Sheridan:A Trip to SarboroughThe School for ScandalSamuel Johnson:The RamblerThe AdventurerThe IdlerLord ChesterfieldDictionaryWilliam Blacke:Songs of InnocenceSongs of ExperienceHenry Fielding:The Historical Register for the Year 1736The ChampionThe Convent Garden JournalTrue PatriotJa cobite”s JournalJoseph AndrewsJonathan Wild the GreatTom Jones and AmeliaAn Apology for the Life of Mrs.Shamela AndrewsThe History of the Adventures of Joseph AndrewsThe History of Tom Jones英国文学作家及作品(下)第八章Rousseau:The New HeloiseEmileEdmund Burke:Reflection on the Revolution in FranceA Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and the BeautifulAristotle:The PoeticsLonginus:On the SublimeThomas Paine:The Right of ManWilliam Wordsworth:The RecluseLyrical BalladsSamuel Taylor Coleridge:The Rime of the Ancient MarinerKubla KhanLyrical BalladsBiographia LiterariaGeorge Gordon Byron：English Bards and Scotch ReviewersChilde Harold’s PilgrimageOriental TalesPrometheusSonnet on ChillonThe Prisoner of ChillonChilde Harold’s PilgrimagePercy Bysshe Shelley：On the Necessity of AtheismQueen MabThe Inquiry Concerning Political JusticeA Vindication of the Rights of Woman AlastorThe Revolt of IslamThe Mask of AnarchyPrometheus UnboundHellasThe CenciAdonaisOde to the West WindThe Defence of PoetryJohn Keats：EndymionCharles Lamb：Tales from ShakespeareThe Tintern AbbeyEssays of IliaLast Essays of IliaThomas De Quincey：The Confessions of an Eng lish Opium-Eater On the Knocking at the Gate in MacbethWalter Scott：The Lay of the Last MinstrelChilde Harold’sPilgrimageWaverley第九章Charles Dickens：Sketches by BozThe Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club Oliver TwistNicholas NicklebyOld Curiosity ShopA Christmas CarolThe ChimesCricket on the HearthDombey and SonBleak House Hard TimesLittle DorritOur Mutual FriendHard TimesWilliam Makepeace Thackeray：Vanity FairThe School of SnobsThe NewcomesHenry EsmondLord Alfred Tennyson：Poems by Two BothersIdylls of the KingRobert Browning：My Last DuchessMatthew Arnold：Essays in CriticismCulture and AnarchyDover BeachCharlotte Bronte：Jane EyreEmily Bronte：Wuthering HeightsAnne Bronte：Agnes GreyThomas Carlyle：Sartor ResartusHistory of the French Revolution Germany LiteraturePeriods of European Culture Heroes and Hero WorshipPast and PresentReminiscencesThomas Hardy：Tess of the D’UrbervillesJude the ObscureThe DynastsOscar Wilde：The Happy Prince and Other Tales The Pictures of Dorian GrayGeorge Bernard Shaw：Widower’s HousesMajor Barbars’PygmalionHeartbreak House第十章Thomas Stearns Eliot：The Waste LandAsh WednesdayMurder in the CathedralThe Family ReunionJames Joyce：A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man UlyssesPrinciples of PsychologyStephen Spender：The Landscape Near an AerodromeWystan Hugh Auden：Spain 1937John Osborne：Look Back in AngerSamuel Beckett：Waiting for GodotIris Murdoch：Under the NetFlight from the EnchanterThe BellA Severed HeadThe UnicornThe Red and GreenA Fairly Honourable DefeatThe Black PrinceThe SeaThe Philosopher’PupilThe Green KnightWilliam Golding：The InheritorsPincher MartinFree FallThe SpireThe PyramidThe Scorpion GodDarkness VisibleRites of PassageThe paper MenClose QuartersFire Down BelowV．S．Naipaul：The Mystic MasseurMiguel StreetA House for Mr.BiswasThe Mimic ManIn a Free StateGuerrillasA Bend in the RiverThe Enigma of ArrivalA Way in the WorldHalf a LifeFamily LettersI slamic Excursions Among the Converted An I slamic JourneyA Million Mutinies NowA Wounded CivilizationMartin Amis：The Rachel PapersDead BabiesSuccessA Mystery StoryA Suicide NoteLondon FieldsTime’s ArrowThe InformationNight TrainSeamus Heaney：Belfast TelegraphThe Door into the DarkElectric LightThe Government of TongueThe Place of Writing and Redress of Poetry Crediting PoetryDeath of a Naturalist and Dorr into the Dark。
英国文学选读下 作者作品名整理
The Age of Romanticism (1798~1832)补充：Rousseau (1712~1778) 卢梭：The New Heloise (1761) Emile (1762)Edmund Burke (1729~1797)：Reflection on the Revolution in FranceA Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful Aristotle：The PoeticsLonginus：On the SublimeThomas Paine (1737~1809) ：The Rights of Man (1791)William Wordsworth (1770~1850) 华兹华斯Preface to Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》序言Composed upon Westerminster Bridge 《写于威斯敏斯特桥上》The Solitary Reaper 《孤独的割麦女》I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 《我好似一片孤的流云》LinesComposed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey 《丁登诗》The RecluseThe PreludeThe Lucy PoemsLondon（1802）Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772~1834) 柯尔律治Kubla Khan 《忽必烈汗》The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 《古舟子咏》Biographia LiterariaRemorseChristabelThe Eolian Harp (1795)Reflections on having left a Place of Retirement (1795)This Lime-Tree Bower my Prison (1797)Frost at Midnight (1798)Fears in Solitude (1798)The Nightingale: A Conversation Poem (1798)Dejection: An Ode (1802)To William Wordsworth (1807)Poems on Various SubjectsGeorge Gordon Byron (1788~1824) 拜伦Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (1809) 《恰尔德. 哈罗尔德游记》Don Juan 《唐璜》The Isles of Greece （哀希腊）When We Two Parted 《记当时我俩分手》She Walks in Beauty 《她身披美丽而行》Hours of IdlenessOriental TalesPrometheusSonnet on ChillonThe Prisoner of ChillonPercy Bysshe Shelley (1792~1822) 雪莱Song to the Men of England 《致英国人之歌》Ode to the West Wind (1819) 《西风颂》On the Necessity of Atheism (1811)Queen MabAlastor (1816)The Revolt of Islam (1818)The Mask of Anarchy (1819)Prometheus Unbound (1820)Hellas (1822)The Cenci (1819)Adomais (1821)The Defence of Poetry (1821)To a SkylarkLove’s philosophyOne word Is Too often ProfanedWith a Guitar, to JaneOzymandias 《法老》John Keats (1795~1821) 济兹On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer 《初读查普曼译荷马史诗》Ode to a Nightingale 《夜莺颂》To Autumn 《秋颂》Endymion (1818)Charles Lamb (1775~1834) 兰姆Old China 《古旧的瓷器》Tales from Shakespeare (1807)Essays of Ilia (1823)Last Essays of Ilia (1833)The Tomb of DouglasA Vision of RepentanceBlank Verse with Charles Lloyd, the mentally unstable son of the founder of Lloyd's Bank The Old Familiar FacesRosamund GrayOn the Tragedies of ShakespeareSpecimens of the English Dramatic Poets Who Lived About the Time of Shakespeare. Thomas de Quincey (1785~1859) 德.昆西On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth 《论〈麦克白〉剧中的敲门声》The Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (1821)Walladmor (1825)On Murder Considered as one of the Fine Arts (1827)Klosterheim, or the Masque (1832)Lake Reminiscences (1834–40)Walter Scott (1771~1832) 司各特Ivanhoe 《艾文赫》Minstrelsey of the Scottish Border (1802-1803)The Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805)Marmion (1808)The Lady of the Lake (1810)Waverley (1812)Rob RoyThe Heart of MidlothianThe Bride of LammermoorThe Victorian Age (1832~1901) 维多利亚时期The Victorian NovelistsCharles Dickens （1812~1870）狄更斯Dombey and Son （1848）《董贝父子》Bleak House （1853）《荒凉山庄》Sketches by Boz （1836）The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club/Pickwick Papers （1836~1837）Oliver Twist （1837~1838）Nicholas Nickleby （1838~1839）The Old Curiosity Shop （1840~1841）Martin Chuzzlewit （1843~1844）A Christmas CarolThe ChimesThe Cricket on the HearthDavid CopperfieldAmerican NoteA Tale of Two CitiesHard Times （1854）Little Dorrit （1857）Our Mutual Friend （1865）Great ExpectationsWilliam Makepeace Thackeray (1811~1863) 威廉麦克皮斯萨克雷Vanity Fair (1848) 《名利场》The School of Snobs (1846~1847)The Newcomes (1853~1855)Henry Esmond (1852)The Victorian poetsLord Alfred Tennyson (1809~1892) 丁尼生In Memoriam 《悼念》Ulysses 《尤利西斯》Break, Break, Break 《拍岸曲》MaudPoems by Two Brothers (1827)Poems (1833)The Lady of ShalottMorte d’ArthurIdylls of the KingRobert Browning (1812~1889) 布朗宁My Last Duchess 《我的前公爵夫人》Meeting at Night 《深夜幽会》Parting at Morning 《清晨离别》Pauline (1833)Matthew Arnold (1822~1888) 阿诺德Dover Beach 《多佛海滩》Essays in Criticism (1865 and 1888)Culture and Amarchy (1889)The Bronte Sisters 勃朗特三姐妹Charlotte Bronte(1816~1855) Jane Eyre (1847)Emily Bronte(1818~1848) Wuthering Heights (1847) 《呼啸山庄》Anne Bronte(1820~1849) Agnes Gray (1847)Thomas Carlyle (1795~1881) 卡莱尔Past and Present (1843) 《过去和现在》Sartor Resartus (1833~1834)History of the French Revolution (1837)German Literature (1837)Periods of European Culture (1838)Heroes and Hero Worship (1841)Reminiscences (1881)Thomas Hardy (1840~1928) 哈代Tess of the D’Urbervilles (1891) 《德伯家的苔丝》In Time of “The Breaking of Nations ”《国家分裂时》Afterwards 《身后》Jude the Obscure (1896)The DynastsJoseph Conrad (1857~1924) 康拉德Heart of Darkness 《黑暗的心脏》Almayer’s Folly (1895)The Nigger of “the Narcissus” (1897)Lord Jim (1900)Nostromo (1904)The Secret Agent (1907)George Bernard Shaw （1856~1950）肖伯纳Major Barbars’(1905) 《巴巴拉少校》Widowers’ House (1892)Mrs. Warren’s ProfessionPygmalion (1912)Heartbreak House (1917)The Twentieth CenturyModernism 现代文学派Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888~1965) 艾略特The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock (1911)《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》The Waste Land (1921)Lancelot Andrews (1928)Ash Wednesday (1930)Murder in the Cathedral (1935)The Family Reunion. (1939)James Joyce (1882~1941) 乔伊斯Ulysses (1922) 《尤里克斯》，A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916)Stephen Spender ( 1909~1995) 斯彭德The Landscape Near An Aerodrome.《机场附近的景色》Wystan Hugh Auden (1907~1973) 奥登Spain 1937 《西班牙1937》Angry Young Men愤怒的青年John Osborn (1929~1994) 奥斯本Look Back in Anger 《愤怒的回顾》补充：Kingsley Amis : Lucky Jim (1954)John Wain : Hurry on Down (1953)John Braine : Room at the Top (1957)Alan Sillitoe : Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (1958)The Theatre of the Absurd荒诞派戏剧补充：Martin Esslin : The Theatre of the Absurd (1961)Camus : The Myth of Sisphyus (1942)Samuel Beckett (1906~1989) 贝克特Waiting for Godot (1952) 《等待戈多》Iris Murdoch (1919~1999) (Dame Jean Iris Murdoch) 默多克Under the Net (1954)The Flight from the Enchanter (1956)The Bell (1958)A Severed Head (1961) 《割裂的头脑》The Unicorn (1963)The Red and Green (1965)A Fairly Honourable Defeat (1970)The Black Prince (1973)The Sea, The Sea (1978)The Philosopher’s Pupil (1983)The Green Knight (1993)William Golding (1911~1993) 威廉.戈尔丁Lord of The Flies (1954) 《蝇王》The Inheritors (1955)Pincher Martin (1965)Free Fall (1959)The Spire (1964)The Pyramid (1967)The Scorpion God (three short novels) (1971)Darkness Visible (1979)Rites of Passage (1980)The paper Men (1987)Fire Down Below (1989)V. S. Naipaul (1932~) 维.苏奈保尔Fiction works: The Mystic Masseur(1957)Miguel Street(1958）A Way in the World (1997)A House for Mr. Biswas (1961) The Mimic Man（1967）Half a Life(1999)A Bend in the River (1979)The Enigma of Arrival (1987) Guerrillas(1975)In a Free State(1971)《在一个自由的国度》包含five apparently independent stories or novellas: 1“Prologue, Form a Journal: The Tamp atPiraeus”, 2“One out of Many”, 3“Tell Me Who to Kill”, 4“In a Free State”, 5“Epilogue, from a Journal: The Circus at Lu xor”.Nonfictional works:Between Father and Son: Family LettersBeyond beliefs: I slamic Excursions Among the ConvertedPeoples, Among the Believers: an I slamic JourneyIndia: a Million Mutinies NowIndia: a Wounded CivilizationMartin Amis (1949~) 马丁.艾米斯Novels: The Rachel Papers(1973) Success(1978) Other People: a Mystery Story(1981) Money：a Suicide Note (1984) 《钱：绝命书》London Fields(1989) Time’s Arrow(1999) The Information(1995) Night Train(1997)Story collection: Einstein’s Monsters (1986)Non-fictional writing: Visiting Nabokov (1993)Seamus Heaney (1939~) 谢默斯.希尼First poem: Tractors, in the Belfast Telegraph.First book of poetry: Death of a Naturalist (1966),《博物学家之死》，Dorr into the Dark(1969), Electric Light(2001).Book of literary criticism: Preoccupations, The Government of Tongue, The Place of Writing and Redness of Poetry.Translation of the old-English epic: Beowulf (1999).Nobel Prize for Literature in 1995: Crediting Poetry.Poetry of two genres: 1 the private or autobiographical theme(rural experience): Death of a Naturalist(1966),《博物学家之死》，Dorr into the Dark(1969).2 the public or political theme(psychological meditation on the violence in Northern Ireland arising from religious and political conflicts):NorthMade by: Leo、Zoe、Eva.。
探索美的本质的英语作文
探索美的本质的英语作文Exploring the Essence of BeautyBeauty is a concept that has captivated the human mind for centuries, inspiring countless works of art, literature, and philosophical discourse. It is a multifaceted phenomenon that defies a singular definition, as it encompasses a wide range of subjective experiences and interpretations. From the harmonious proportionsof classical architecture to the ethereal grace of a ballerina's movements, beauty manifests itself in diverse forms, each with its own unique allure and power to evoke profound emotional responses.At the heart of this exploration lies the question of what constitutes the essence of beauty. Is it a purely objective quality, rooted in the inherent properties of an object or a phenomenon? Or is it a subjective experience, shaped by our individual perceptions, cultural backgrounds, and personal preferences? This conundrum has been the subject of ongoing debates and investigations, with philosophers, artists, and scientists all contributing to the discourse.One perspective on the nature of beauty suggests that it is auniversal language, a shared understanding that transcends cultural boundaries. The ancient Greeks, for instance, developed a sophisticated system of aesthetic principles, such as the golden ratio and the concept of symmetry, which they believed embodied the essence of beauty. These principles were not merely arbitrary conventions but rather reflections of the underlying mathematical and geometric patterns that were believed to be inherent in the natural world.Similarly, the concept of the sublime, as explored by thinkers like Edmund Burke, suggests that beauty can also be found in the awe-inspiring and the overwhelming, in the grandeur of nature or the power of the divine. This notion challenges the idea of beauty as solely a matter of pleasing proportions or harmonious compositions, and instead invites us to consider the role of the transcendent and the ineffable in our understanding of the beautiful.However, the subjective nature of beauty cannot be ignored. What one person finds captivating, another may find entirely uninteresting or even repulsive. Cultural and individual differences play a significant role in shaping our perceptions of beauty, as do our personal experiences, emotional states, and even our neurological wiring. Neuroscientists have explored the ways in which the brain processes and responds to various aesthetic stimuli, shedding light on the complex interplay between our biological and psychologicalfaculties in the experience of beauty.Moreover, the concept of beauty has evolved over time, reflecting the changing values, norms, and artistic sensibilities of different eras and societies. What was once considered the epitome of beauty may now be viewed as outdated or even offensive, as societal standards and ideals shift in response to cultural, political, and technological transformations. This dynamic nature of beauty challenges the notion of a fixed, universal essence and invites us to consider the ways in which our understanding of the beautiful is shaped by the broader cultural and historical contexts in which we exist.In the realm of art, the exploration of beauty has taken on many forms, from the classical ideals of the Renaissance to the avant-garde experimentations of the modern and postmodern eras. Artists have pushed the boundaries of traditional conceptions of beauty, challenging us to reconsider our preconceptions and expand our understanding of what constitutes the beautiful. The rise of movements like Impressionism, Expressionism, and Surrealism, for example, have demonstrated the power of art to redefine and reimagine the very essence of beauty, often in ways that subvert or even reject traditional aesthetic norms.Similarly, in the field of design, the pursuit of beauty has evolved to encompass not only the visual appeal of an object or a space butalso its functionality, sustainability, and social impact. Designers today are increasingly attuned to the ways in which the built environment can shape our experiences, emotions, and overall well-being, leading to the emergence of design philosophies that prioritize the holistic integration of form, function, and ethical considerations.Ultimately, the exploration of the essence of beauty is a multifaceted and ongoing endeavor, one that invites us to engage in a profound and enriching dialogue with ourselves, our cultures, and the world around us. Whether we approach beauty from the perspective of philosophy, art, science, or design, the journey of understanding the nature of the beautiful is one that promises to expand our horizons, challenge our preconceptions, and deepen our appreciation for the remarkable complexity and diversity of the human experience.。
皇牌空战名言-概念解析以及定义
皇牌空战名言1.战争的目的是杀死人，而不是为国争光。
- 阿尔伯特·史宾山(Albert Speer)2.我们的轰炸机不是用来飞的，而是用来摧毁敌人的工厂、城市和矿山的。
- 阿瑟·哈里斯(Arthur Harris)3.在空中作战，必须让你的身体和飞机合为一体。
- 纳撒尼尔·E·戴维斯(Nathaniel E. Davis)4.最好的防御就是进攻。
- 冯·克劳塞维茨(Carl von Clausewitz)5.战争是为一个国家带来荣誉的最清纯、最完美的死亡方式。
- 乔治·帕顿(George Patton)6.飞机上有一个按钮，只要按下它，就能解决问题。
- 斯特林·霍洛威(Stirling Hollaway)7.战争是家庭和好友的分离。
- 西奥多·罗斯福(Theodore Roosevelt)8.在战场上，事情总是比你认为的要糟糕。
- 阿德尔菲·拉玛尔(Albert Lamorisse)9.空中作战就像是在舞动死亡之舞。
- 阿列克斯·沃尔克(Alex Vraciu)10.胜利的成本往往是很高的，但失败的代价几乎是无法估量的。
- 渥伦·巴菲特(Warren Buffett)11.战争的开端总是令人迷惑，战争的终结总是令人令人不可思议。
- 艾德蒙·伯克(Edmund Burke)12.战争是政治继续的另一种方式。
- 卡尔·冯·克劳塞维茨(Carl von Clausewitz)13.制空权就是胜利权。
- 毛泽东(Mao Zedong)14.战争并不产生新的问题，只是用不同的方式解决旧问题。
- 雷蒙德·P·范奈斯(Raymond P. Farnsworth)15.尽管战争似乎是疯狂而无法理解的，但它仍然有其内在的逻辑和道德。
- 洛奇·桑德斯(Lockheed Sanders)16.在战争中，唯一能依赖的就是你的飞机和你的炮。
英语同义词辨析——限制、局限_(动词)
辨析：limit, restrict, confine, circumscribeThese verbs mean to establish or keep within specified bounds; 这些动词指建立或保持在一定范围内。
这四个动词的一般含义为“限制”或“局限”。
limit: Limit refers principally to the establishment of a maximum, as of quantity, degree, or time, beyond which a person or thing cannot or may not go; 主要指在数量、程度或时间上确定最大值，人或事物不可能或不可以超越它。
其内涵是如果超出了这种限度就会受罚或遭到令人不快的后果；此外，这个词也常用来表示“局限”。
1.The Constitution limits the President's term of office to four years. 宪法规定总统的任期四年。
2.Liberty, too, must be limited in order to be possessed. (Edmund Burke) 为了维护自由，自由同样要受到限制。
（埃德蒙·伯克）3.This driver received a ticket because he failed to limit his speed while driving in heavy traffic.那位司机收到了一个违章通知单，因为他在车辆多的地方没能限制开车速度。
4.I limited myself to two modest ambitions: to do physical exercises every morning and to readmore of an evening. 我把自己的决心限制于两项小小的抱负：即每天早晨做体操，常在晚上多读一点书。
美国魔幻类电影中的哥特文化元素研究
美国魔幻类电影中的哥特文化元素研究作者：李阳来源：《电影评介》2015年第01期一、哥特文化以哥特文化为例，哥特（Gothic）：原指居住在北欧的哥特部落（该部落以野蛮嗜血著称）。
后又指风行于12-15世纪的一种建筑风格，其特征是教堂或修道院高耸的尖顶，阴森幽暗的内部，厚重的墙垣，狭窄的窗户，斑斓的玻璃，还有隐蔽的地道、地下藏尸所、酒窖等。
这种文化具有极强的外化能力，且有很多附属艺术门类，如：建筑、音乐、绘画、文学、雕塑等等。
所以，此类型的电影能够通过道具、地点、音乐风格等元素的统一，达到电影类型化的要求。
在中国，佛道两教的风格不一致，而神话传说距离当下又过于久远，在拍摄环境上难以实现高水平的还原。
在西方的传说里，地点往往是森林、山洞、雪原等等，多和自然有关，利于实现。
而且，西方的哥特文学距现在年代较近，利于改编。
它起源于18世纪后期的英国，开山鼻祖是霍勒斯·沃波尔。
他的《奥特兰托城堡》创立了早期古典哥特式小说的模式。
哥特式文学兴盛于维多利亚时代，大部分都被列入恐怖文学及魔幻小说的行列，其内容以死亡、神鬼、推理、血案、幽灵等为主，有着浓厚的恐怖色彩。
哥特式文学，对于黑暗压抑、死亡美学、宗教情结以及唯美主义，有着一种天生的近乎偏执的极致追求，它总是表现出一种孤僻疏离、阴沉的精神气质。
这种与经典哲学观念格格不入的理念，使它久久徘徊于主流文化和严肃艺术的大门之外。
显著的哥特小说元素包括恐怖、神秘、超自然、厄运、死亡、颓废，住着幽灵的老房子，癫狂以及家族诅咒等。
二、哥特电影的心理根源与美学基础哥特电影非同寻常的影响力与受众力度，必定具有深刻的心理根源和美学基础。
与恐惧相关的美学基础被称为“壮美”，在美学理论上，同古典主义奉行的以“秀美”（the beautiful）为基础的美学原则不一样，哥特艺术的美学基础是产生超验感受的“壮美”（the sublime）。
而关于壮美的讨论在哥特文学产生的十八世纪恰恰是最为滥觞的，这也产生了相得益彰的效果。
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Background Information
Conservatism and
English Conservatism
French Revolution
Glorious Revolution
Conservatism
Conservatism (Latin: conservare, “to preserve”) is a political and social philosophy that promotes the maintenance of traditional institutions and supports. Some conservatives seek to preserve things as they are, emphasizing stability and continuity, while others oppose modernism and seek a return to the way things were. The term was first used in 1819 following the French Revolution. Political science often credits Edmund Burke with many of the ideas now called conservative.
Edmund Burke (1729-1797)
Life and Career
Born in Dublin, father a solicitor Educated at a Quaker boarding school and at Trinity College, Dublin. An official in the republic In 1750 he entered the Middle Temple, London to study law but later abandoned it for literary work. From 1761 to 1783 as private secretary to the Marquis of Rockingham His eloquence once gained him a high position in the Whig party.
Pre-test
7. Thinkers, like the conservative Edmund Burke, maintained that the Revolution was the product of a few conspiratorial individuals who the masses brainwashed _________ into subverting the old order—a claim rooted in the belief that the legitimate revolutionaries had no ________ complaints.
Pre-test
5. In January of 1793 the revolutionary government declared war on Britain a _____, war for world dominion which had been carried on, with short intermissions, since the beginning of the reign of William and Mary, and which would continue for another twenty-two years. Robespierre and the Jacobins 6. After the fall of ____________________, the Directory assumed control of the French state in 1795 and held power until _____, when it was replaced by the 1799 Consulate under ________________. Napoleon Bonaparte
Background Information
Edmund Burke Historical and Cultural Background
Precedents / Predeterminations of the incident Arguments and Prediction in Reflections
English conservatism
English conservatism, which was called Toryism developed from royalism during the Restoration (1660–1688). It supported a hierarchical society with a monarch who ruled by divine right. The Glorious Revolution (1688), which established constitutional government, led to a reformulation of Toryism which now considered sovereignty vested in the three estates of Crown, Lords, and Commons.
Part I Part II
Pre-test as Lead-in Background Information
Part III Text Study
Part IV Aftermath & Influence
Part V Short Answer Questions
Pre-test
Blanks filling 1. The French Revolution began in --1789 -_____ with the meeting of the States General in May. On July 14 of that same year, the Bastille ____________ was stormed: in October, King Louis XVI _______________and the Royal Family were removed from Versailles to Paris. 2. The King attempted, unsuccessfully, to Varennes flee Paris for ________ in June 1791.
Selective Readings and History of British Culture & Ideology
School of Foreign Studies Anhui Normal University
Reflections on the Revolution in France
Unit Eight
Pre-test
8. In its early stages it portrayed itself as a triumph of the forces of reason over those of superstition and privilege, and as such it was welcomed by English radicals like Thomas Paine William Blake, who saw it as a symbolic act which humanity presaged the return of _______ to the state of perfection from which it had fallen away. 9. Some saw the French revolution, with its declared emphasis on "Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity," as being analogous to ________________ of 1688. the Glorious Revolution
Pre-test A Legislative Assembly 3. _______________ sat from October 1791 until September 1792, when, in the face of the advance of the allied armies of Austria, Holland, Prussia, and Sardinia, it was replaced by the National Convention, which proclaimed _________. the Republic 4. The King was brought to trial in December of 1792, and executed on _____ January 21, 1793.
English conservatism
Richard Hooker was the founding father of conservatism. Edmund Burke is considered the leading early theorist. Toryism became marginalized during the long period of Whig ascendency. The party, which was renamed the Conservative Party in the 1830s, returned as a major political force after becoming home to both paternalistic aristocrats and free market capitalists in an uneasy alliance.