What is communication
communicative competence 交际能力
1பைடு நூலகம்
2. Components of communicative competence. A) Canale & Swain (1980) • 1. Linguistic competence – the knowledge of the language code (grammatical rules, vocabulary, pronunciation, spelling, etc.); • 2. Sociolinguistic competence – the mastery of the socio-cultural code of language use (appropriate application of vocabulary, register, politeness, and style in a given situation);
communication
Phil is my foreign teacher. He is very nice and friendly to me and he often asks us to have free talk in his apartment. One day, I decided to give Phil a gift to express my appreciation of his help in my oral English. I called him but the line was busy. So I went to Phil’s apartment directly. He opened the door looking surprised, but didn’t let me in. I stood in the corridor and said a few words of thanks, and gave my gift to him and left quietly with great disappointment and puzzlement. How could he be so cold to me? All my gratitude and fondness of Phil seemed to have gone…
Chapter 2
Understanding Communication
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Communication 交际 交流 传播 沟通
Professor
Wang (王宗炎)tells the difference when he states:
说了话，对方懂了，这是交际， 也是沟通。说了话，对方莫名其 妙，这不是沟通，只是交际—— 不产生效果或产生反效果的交际。
跨文化交流简介(Intercultural Communication)
•
•
1. Intercultural communication as a human activity
•
The history of communication between people of different cultural backgrounds is almost as long as human history itself. Can you list any kinds of communication between people with different cultural backgrounds?
What is intercultural communication?
•
In the most general sense, intercultural communication occurs when a member of one culture produces a message for consumption by a member of another culture. More precisely, intercultural communication is communication between people whose perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.（From Communication Between Cultures by Larry A. Samovar, Richard E. Porter & Lisa A. Stefani)
3. Founders of the Field of ICC
Communication演讲课件(PPT47页)
G. Communication is contextual
（情境的）
All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.
b. Communication is systematic
（系统性的）
Communication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a larger system. We send and receive messages not in isolation, but in
Characteristics of Communication
CONTEXTUAL
DYNAMIC
IRREVERSIBLE
SYSTEMATIC
COMMUNICATION IS…
SYMBOLIC
TRANSACTIONAL SELF-REFLECTIVE
a. Communication is dynamic
沟通的构成要素
components of communication?
context
sender
encoding
跨文化交际UNIT-7
Reading I
Read the article “The Heartbeat of Culture” (p229232).
1. What does the author want to tell us from his experience in Brazil and the questionnaire between students in Niteroi and those in Fresno?
➢ Monochronic and Polychronic Time (p256-257) 1. What is M-Time and P-Time? Which do you think is
the dominating time system in our culture?
▪ Monochronic time means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time – events scheduled as separate items.
第十页，编辑于星期三：十五点 五十三分。
Reading I
Read the article “The Heartbeat of Culture” (p229-232).
2. There aren’t unanimous perceptions of time among culturally different people. Even within one country, ideas of time and punctuality vary considerably from place to place. Different regions and even cities have their own distinct rhythms and rules.
Intercultural Communication
Intercultural CommunicationWhat is the intercultural communication?Intercultural communication between cultures is becoming more and more popular and is playing important roles in many aspects with the rapid development of society and technology.Intercultural communication means the communication between people from different cultural backgrounds.However, we should not turn a blind eye to the pragmatic failure which has become so serious that it has often caused misunderstanding between different cultures. Attentions should be paid to it. Even though people have already known the differences between value, morality and customs, communication failures still happen.We know that most of our students learn English in a set way, which is, reading the words and phrases first, then analyzing the text, and then doing some exercises. People pay little attention to or even ignore the background of the language in which the language originated. But, as a matter of fact, this is very important in learning a foreign language. So, today we are here to discuss some of the mine fields in intercultural communication, hoping to improve your communication skills.1. GreetingsEast is east and west is west, and never the twain shall meet both., English writerKipling think. In fact, nowadays easterners and westerners meet quite often. When they meet, they have to find an appropriate greeting. Alas, this trouble!1).When meeting someone you know, English people often say “ Hi” or “Hello”, “How are you? ”, “ Good morning” “How have you been? ”“How are things getting on? ” “How are you going” “How is everything?”“Nice to meet you here! ” What a surprise!…However, Chinese people would say: “Have you had your meal?” “Where are you going? ” If we say “Have you had your meal?” to an English person, he would probably think that you are inviting him to dinner, he may feel very happy! If we say “Where are you going ? “ to a English person, he would think , Wow, it’s none of your business!2). When picking up someone at the airport, we Chinese often say: Shall we put it this way: Welcome, welcome! You must be tired all the way!” No,in English, we’d better say: “Did you have a long flight?” That would be much better and polite.The differences between Chinese and western culture, in greeting people can be careful, so as to avoid unnecessary trouble.2．Daily CommunicationWhen inviting some friends at dinner, we Chinese often say: “The dishes are not good, Please forgive me.” In fact, it is a Chinese way of being modest, what he really means is that all the dishes here are really wonderful! What he really hopes is compliment from the guests! But the English wouldn’t understand it at all! Now that it is not good, why should you present the dishes before us?! The English would say to their guests: Enjoy yourselves when eating and “Hope you’ve enjoyed yourself” after eating.While receiving gifts, the Chinese will say “thank you” only but no comments about the gifts. They will wait till the sender leaves, then rush to the gift and tear the wrap paper to see what the gift is. The English would open the wr apper immediately he receives the gift and says: “Thank you very much. I really appreciate it. This is what I expect.”3. Words and IdiomsWords: “Dear”: it is used in many situations to an editor, a teacher, an officer, or anybody whom you want to show your respect or intimacy; while in western families, they often use “ darling”, “sweet” to show their love, although sometimes “dear” is also used.Idioms: Idioms are also quite common in English, especially in spoken English. If you don’t know their meanings, you can’t get yourself to understand what others are saying, or even misunderstand them. And here I will name only a few: “力大如牛”“as strong as a cow?(正确as strong as a horse)”；“凡人皆有得意时”“Every person has a happy day?.(正确Every dog has its day.)”4. Style1) We Chinese usually address someone with their job or official ranks like“萧校长”(Headmaster Xiao)“杨老师”（Teacher Yang）. That is not English custom. Just style them: Mr. Sir. or Miss.2) Do not use the sentence “What is your name? ”, change it for “May I know your name” or “ How can I call you?” That would be much polite and more English.5. FuneralYou can see the culture different from the funeral between Western and Eastern countries. Eastern countries take China as example; believe the funeral for their parents are the symbol of filial piety. Chinese generally spend lots of money on funeral and everyone attend funeral cry till the last drop of tears. However on the contrary, western people rarely overspend money on funeral. It's common for western elderly people save money for their own funeral and they feel shame to let their death to be the children’s burden. Also, the atmosphere is sad but full of memorial. Decedent’s family and friends always give speech abo ut the happy moment they shared together. The funeral is warm.I don’t want to judge which kind of funeral is better as it's all depends on the culture. However, I do believe we can learn something from Western style funeral and it's good for change our society's ethos.6. The differences between Chinese and Western family educationSocial competition, must not only knowledge and intelligence of the battle, more of a will, state of mind and life of the competition. Due to historical traditions, social and cultural background different concept of family education in the West there is a huge difference, from these differences, we can find many Chinese parents should learn the concepts and practices -First, Western parents generally believe that children from birth that day is a separate entity.Second, Western parents generally believe that children have the ability to self-reflection and education.Third, Westerners look forward to the concept of child fame married relatively weak.Fourth, parents pay more attention to the children of Western mental health training.Fifth, Western attention from the daily behavior of parents in the children with emotional, a man of education.Sixth, Western parents "encourage innovation", and Chinese parents tend to "meet in the clone."From the above comparison we can see, in the Western family education from macro to micro there are significant differences. Parents in the family of Western moral andethical values, family values, education and capacity-building, moral education, creativity inspire parents and other aspects are worth careful study of our study.SummarizeTo summarize, while learning a foreign language, it is necessary for people to know about its people, its value, its morality and its customs. Keep them in mind, be ware of the politeness principle, and be confident. These examples do illustrate the importance of studying the influence of culture on communication, if we are to overcome culture barriers to effective communication.Understanding cultural norms and rules such as the way we are expected to greet others, the way we are expected to dress, the way we are expected to eat, and the way we are expected to answer questions also are important in improving communication with people from other cultures.。
跨文化交际 Intercultural Communication智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年
跨文化交际 Intercultural Communication智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下内蒙古民族大学内蒙古民族大学绪论单元测试1.Foreigners are interested to learn about Chinese Culture and Chinese People.At the same time, there are misunderstandings of Chinese culture.A:错 B:对答案:对2.Overseas experiences can expand one's vision and enrich one'sunderstanding of Intercultural Communication.A:对 B:错答案:对3.Before communicating with others, you need to understand your own culturewell.A:错 B:对答案:对4.Culture learning is not so important as language learning.A:错 B:对答案:错5.Knowing all the words and having perfect grammar of a language is enoughto deal with Intercultural Communication.A:错 B:对答案:错6.Everything abroad is the same as “at home”.A:错 B:对答案:错7.In this course, we are going to learn aboutA:Intercultural communication barriers B:Verbal and non-verbalcommunication C:Thearatical foundations of Intercultural Communication D:Acquring Intercultural Communication Competence答案:Intercultural communication barriers;Verbal and non-verbalcommunication;Thearatical foundations of InterculturalCommunication;Acquring Intercultural Communication Competence8.In the study of intercultural communication, we are going to achieve thegoals ofA:understanding the basic termsB:developing communicative competence C:fostering critical thinking ofdifferent cultures D:avoiding potential problems in interculturalcommunication答案:understanding the basic terms;developing communicative competence;fostering critical thinking ofdifferent cultures;avoiding potential problems in interculturalcommunication9.The course you are taking isA:Phycology B:Communication C:Intercultural Communication D:EnglishLiterature答案:Intercultural Communication10.When being asked by other people about your culture, you will be moreaware of your identity.A:对 B:错答案:对第一章测试1.The dialogues at the United Nations, for example, would be termed _________.A:international communication B:interpersonal communication C:interracial communication D:interethnic communication答案:international communication2.In China, if a Tibetan communicates with a Han, it is _____.A:interracial communication B:international communication C:interethnic communication D:interpersonal communication答案:interethnic communication3._____ is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society.A:Enculturation B:Deculturation C:Acculturation D:Assimilation答案:Enculturation4.Many of the same proverbs appear throughout the world, because all people,regardless of their culture, share common____.A:experiences B:stories C:languages D:arts答案:experiences5.In the popular cultural iceberg metaphor, you can only see about 10-15%above the surface, most part of the iceberg is under the water, which is a bit of a mystery. Which of the following do you think are above the water?A:clothing B:food C:architecture D:music答案:clothing;food;architecture ;music6.Six reasons of why study intercultural communication were mentioned，please try pick the ones mentioned in the following.A:technology B:imperative C:self-awarenessD:demographic changes答案:technology;imperative;self-awareness;demographic changes7.Culture can be categorized as either material or nonmaterial culture.A:对 B:错答案:对8.Culture is that complex whole whichincludes knowledge,belief,arts,morals,law,custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.A:对 B:错答案:对9.It is reasonable that we use what's below our surface to try to understandwhat's above somebody else’s.A:错 B:对答案:错10."Dig the well before you are thirsty" is a Chinese proverb meaning "吃水不忘挖井人”。
跨文化交流考试题
Examination1.what is intercultural communicationwhat have you learned from this classIntercultural communication is a form of communication that aims to share information across different cultures and social groups. It is used to describe the wide range of communication processes and problems that naturally appear within an organization or social context made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. Intercultural communication is sometimes used synonymously with cross-cultural communication. In this sense it seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them. Many people in intercultural business communication argue that culture determines how individuals encode messages, what medium they choose for transmitting them, and the way messages are interpreted.[1] The European researcher Daniele Trevisani pointed out the semantic distinction between Intercultural and Cross-Cultural Communication should be clearly specified: Intercultural Communication properly refers to the study of the "interaction" between people from different cultures, while Cross-Cultural Communication specifically refers to the comparisonof how people from different cultures communicate. In other words, Cross-Cultural Communication is a "static differential image" depicting differences in communication patterns across different cultures, while Intercultural Communication studies "dynamic interactional patterns", what happens when people from at least two different cultures meet and interact, and what "frames" are generated from this interaction, e.g. understanding vs. misunderstanding, agreement vs. disagreement, cultural adaptation vs. cultural isolation, emerging of "third cultures", conflict vs. cooperation, intercultural team cohesiveness vs. team misunderstandings, intercultural projects success vs. projects failure, emotional improvement vs. emotional deterioration, and any other relational outcome (Trevisani, 2005).[2] In a broader sense, Intercultural communication encompasses cross-cultural communication, international communication, development communication, and intercultural communication's narrower referent, intercultural communication proper.[3] With regard to intercultural communication proper, it studies situations where people from different cultural backgrounds interact. Aside from language, intercultural communication focuses on social attributes, thought patterns, and the cultures of different groups of people. It also involves understanding the different cultures, languages andcustoms of people from other countries. Intercultural communication plays a role in social sciences such as anthropology, cultural studies, linguistics, psychology and communication studies. Intercultural communication is also referred to as the base for international businesses. There are several cross-cultural service providers around who can assist with the development of intercultural communication skills. Research is a major part of the development of intercultural communication skills.[4][5]2.Explain the difference between verbal communication and non-verbal communication in details.--Verbal communicationconsist of messages being sent and received continuously with the speaker and the listener, it is focused on the way messages are portrayed. Verbal communication is based on language and use of expression, the tone in which the sender of the message relays the communication can determine how the message is received and in what context.Factors that effect verbal communication:•Tone of voice•Use of descriptive words•Emphasis on certain phrases•Volume of voiceThe way a message is received is dependent on these factors as they give a greater interpretation for the receiver as to what is meant by the message is. By emphasizing a certain phrase with the tone of voice, this indicates that it is important and she be focused more on.Along with these attributes verbal communication is also accompanied with non-verbal cues. These cues make the message clearer and give the listener an indication of what way the information should be received.[23]Example of non-verbal cues•Facial expressions•Hand gestures•Use of objects•Body movementIn terms of intercultural communication there are language barriers which are effected by verbal forms of communication. In this instance there is opportunity for miscommunication between two or more parties.[24] Other barriers that contribute tomiscommunication would be the type of words chosen in conversation. do to different cultures there are different meaning in vocabulary chosen, this allows for a message between the sender and receiver to be misconstrued.[25]6.Explain the pros and cons of nonverbal communication.Nonverbal Communication[edit]Nonverbal communication is behavior that communicates without words—though it often may accompanied by words. Nonverbal behavior can include things such as•facial expressions and gestures•clothing•movement•posture•eye contact.[26]When these actions are paired with verbal communication a message is created and sent out. A form of nonverbal communication is kinesic behaviour. Kinesic behaviour is communication through body movement—e.g., posture, gestures, facial expressions and eye contact. The meaning of such behaviour varies across countries and affectsintercultural communication. A form of kinesic nonverbal communication is eye contact and the use of the eyes to convey messages. Overall, nonverbal communication gives clues to what is being said verbally by physical portrayals.Nonverbal communication and kinesic is not the only way to communicate without words. Proxemics, a form of nonverbal communication, deals with the influence of proximity and space on communication. Another form of nonverbal behaviour and communication dealing with intercultural communication is paralanguage. Paralanguage refers to how something is said, rather than the content of what is said—e.g., rate of speech, tone and inflection of voice, other noises, laughing, yawning, and silence. Paralanguage will be later touched on in the verbal section of intercultural communication.Nonverbal communication has been shown to account for between 65% and 93% of interpreted communication.[27] Minor variations in body language, speech rhythms, and punctuality often cause mistrust and misperception of the situation amongcross-cultural parties. This is where nonverbal communication cancause problems with intercultural communication. Misunderstandings with nonverbal communication can lead to miscommunication and insults with cultural differences. For example, a handshake in one culture may be recognized as appropriate, whereas another culture may recognize it as rude or inappropriate.[27]Nonverbal communication can be used without the use of verbal communication. This can be used as a coding system for people who do not use verbal behaviour to communicate in different cultures, where speaking is not allowed.[28] An facial expression can give cues to another person and send a message, without using verbal communication.Something that usually goes unnoticed in cultures and communication is that clothing and the way people dress is used as a form of nonverbal communication. What a person wears can tell a lot about them. For example, whether someone is poor or rich, young or old or if they have specific cultures and beliefs can all be said through clothing and style. This is a form of nonverbal communication.Overall, nonverbal communication is a very important concept in intercultural communication.3.Based on the Kluekhohn’s model ,explain American Culture Value in detail.1)= Human nature orientation 人性取向Westerners believe that human nature is basically evil due to their original sin.However, the evil nature can be saved through salvation, if one believes in Jesus and continues doing good things.2)= Man-nature orientation 人天取向Americans have historically believed that nature was something that could and had to be mastered.Early West European immigrants to North America encountered a vast, unforgiving wilderness that they set about to “tame”,and modern astronaut are working to “conquer” the space.3)= Time orientation 时间取向Future-orientated cultures emphasize what is to come and expect the future to be grander and nicer than the present . The word “old” is associated with “falling behind” and “uselessness”, while the word “new” is related to progress,change and challenge.future orientation prevails in the western culture. Western people tend to believe that future should be grander and nicer than the present.In the future-oriented cultural context, it is easy for new products or new services to trigger consumers desire to buy. That is why the English advertisements tend to stress repeatedly that theadvertised products are new。
英语作文 F2F communication 面对面的交流比其他交流方式更好(信、电子邮件或电话)
Face-to-face communication is better than other types of communications, such as letters, emails, or telephone calls.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.Model Answer 1:Humankind, through the ages, has undergone many changes from the time when people communicated only face-to-face to nowadays when a person has in use many types of communication means. Some people still prefer to use face-to-face communication despite manyother sometimes more convenient ones such as phone, mail, e-mail and fax. I think to continue this essay it is essential to clarify what kind of conversation we are talking about.For example, if people are negotiating it is very important to have a face-to-face communication. It is very important to see during a negotiation how one's opponent is moving, is he nervous or relaxed, what he is doing, etc. Scientists say that the body language and facial gestures can say many things about a person, his strong and weak sides, his traits, manners and even habits. To know what kind of man one is dealing with isan essential aspect in negotiation. Many managers prefer to have face-to-face conversations with the future employees. So, in this case, they see how a person behaves.From the other side, if I need to notify my bank that I am going to close an account I do not want to spend my time driving there, waiting for my turn and talking with a representative. It is easier for me just to call or e-mail them. It saves my time and my bank's too.To summarise, from my opinion all important issues better be discussed in face-to-face conversation. It will eliminate many furthermisunderstandings and bring only benefits to both sides.Model Answer 2:Currently, the social networks are becoming more popular among young generation. Therefore, we can say beyond any doubt that modern society prefers to send emails or handwritten letters rather than socialising in reality. In my opinion, the face-to-face communication is more effective to build a personal relationship and to conduct professional arrangement but other ways of communication like email and chat arebecoming more popular nowadays as they are easy and more convenient.To begin with, by directly facing with other people individual could enhance his conversational speech by learning new words and improving pronunciation. For instance, communicating with a well-educated person could enrich your vocabulary and range of vision. Secondly, there is no doubt that people sometimes want to see the real emotions of a man while he or she writing a letter or an email. Face-to-face communication allows individualsshow that feelings entirely put people`s faith in saying the truth.Moreover, connecting with people in real life helps easily make new friends at a later stage. It should also be stated that socialising by the Internet also has its benefits.Firstly, people could comfortably confess in some things that could not tell face-to-face. Furthermore, with improving technological devices it is easier for people to write an email or just call due to the fact that it does not take a lot of time to send a message.Secondly, there are a lot of social networks such as Skype, Facebook and Twitter, which permit individuals to keep in touch with friends from other countries all over the world.To sum up, it is easy to communicate within the Internet. Nevertheless, my point of view is that directly facing is essential for meeting new friends.。
communication.-有关交流的英语
4
10 Thought: First, information exists in the mind of the
sender. This can be a concept, idea, information, or feeling.
Encoding: Next, a message is sent to a receiver in words or other symbols.
24
Part 2 : Engaging Your Audience
14
3.Don’t send mixed messages. Make your words, gestures, facial expressions and tone match. Disciplining someone while smiling sends a mixed message and is therefore ineffective. If you have to deliver a negative message, make your words, facial expressions, and tone match the message.
1.Know what communication really is. Communication is the process of transferring signals/messages between a sender and a receiver through various methods (written words, nonverbal cues, spoken words). It is also the mechanism we use to establish and modify relationships.
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• Oral communication
• eg.discussion,speech,presentation,interpersonal communication,etc.
• Written communication
• eg.E-mails,letters,greeting cards,police reports,memorandum.
Human-Animal communication Human-Machiune communication
Communication purposes
• The purpose of effective communication is to reach consensus and build harmony.That allows everyone to work in concert, feel valued and accomplish what they set out to do.Effective communication looks for common ground, negotiation points and areas of specific importance to the other person. They allow things to proceed in a smooth and emotionally satisfying manner.
Communication types
• Nonverbal communication
• eg.chronemics,haptics,proxemics,gesture,body language or posture;facial expression,eye contact,object communication such as clothing,hairstyles,architecture,symbols infographics etc. • nonverbal elements in speech:voice quality • Emotion,speaking style and prosodic features such as rhythm,intonation and stress… • nonverbal elements in written text：handwriting style,spatial arrangement of words and the use of emoticons.
Communication model
• Transmitter,receiver,message,medium • Transmitted----received----understood
What is communication
• Definition 1:Communication is a process of signs being conveyed in an attempt to creat shared understanding. Definition 2:Communication(s) is methods of sending information, such as telephones,radio,computers,etc.or roads and railways Definition 3: Communication is a message, letter or telephone call.
Communication parties
•Human communication Nonhummmunication Machine-Machinecommunication(eHealth) Plants and Fungi communication Bacterial communication