企业贷款资料风险的控制讲义
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贷款风险的控制
贷款风险控制的方法一般有以下几种:
(1)贷款风险预防
---银行事先采取相应的措施,阻止贷款风险的发生;
---适用于任何一笔贷款的任何一个阶段
在贷款前
---分析借款人的信用和财务状况
---分析借款人的经营前景和经营环境
---分析预测借款人产品市场的趋势
---进行贷款项目的可行性研究
---发现和计量可能出现的各种风险
---依据风险大小确定贷款与否和贷款多少
---在权衡收益和风险之后,对于极不安全或者收益不足于抵补所承担风险的贷款采取回避
---寻求贷款后的风险防范措
在贷款发放和使用过程中
---跟踪检查借款人的贷款使用状况
---发现贷款使用不当,依法收回贷款,以减少风险
---在承担风险后采取积极措施尽量减少风险发生的可能性,降低风险带来的破坏程度
(2)贷款风险转移
---银行通过某种方式(如银团贷款、担保贷款、抵押贷款)将贷款风险损失转嫁给他人来承担
---是银行控制贷款风险的一种重要方法
---将贷款风险转嫁给借款人--抵押贷款
---将贷款风险转嫁给担保人--担保贷款
---将贷款风险转嫁给保险公司--贷款保险
---通过其他的交易(如利率掉期、外汇掉期、金融期货、期权合约等等),将贷款风险转嫁出去
(3)贷款风险分散
---合理搭配贷款的种类--贷款种类分散化(行业)
---合理划分付款地区--贷款地域投向分散化(空间)
---合理搭配贷款的期限--贷款期限分散化(时间)
---合理搭配贷款项目--贷款项目分散化
---合理安排不同客户--贷款客户分散化
---参加银团贷款,分散风险
(4)贷款风险管理
---通过严格的贷款程序设计和贷款政策约束,以及加强事后监督与防范来降低贷款风险
---银行根据贷款的使用进度逐笔核放贷款
---对于数额较大、期限较长的贷款,采取一次核批,分次发放的方法
---可以节约资金的投放,减少借款人的利息负担
---有效地监督借款人合理使用贷款,防止贷款风险的产生
---使产生的贷款风险降到最低程度
---在贷款协议中设立保护性条款
---要求借款人存入一定比例的补偿性存款
---经常与借款人沟通,了解贷款的使用状况、借款企业的经营状况
---一旦发现问题,及时采取补救措施
---提取足额的坏帐损失准备金
Risk Management Framework of Bank of Montreal
Credit Risk
A. Clear conmmunication of credit standards through policies, procedures and training;
----rigorous standards and process of accreditation for all lending and credit officers with discretionary lending authority commensurate with conpetencies and experiences
----clear definition of authorities and accountability at every stage of the lending process
B. disciplined decision-making, consisting of a dual track approach to risk assessment whereby most business loans are reviewed by account managers and, separately, by independent credit officers;
C. regular review by a committee of senior executive officers of all large credits recommended by line groups and a formal quarterly review of all problem accounts;
D.effective management of the bank’s o verall loan portfolio to ensure broad diversification of credit risk and to limit concentration in single sectors or accounts;
E. continuous review of credit and credit management processes by an independent audit group;
F. application of analytical tool and systems to capture risk, mornitor positions, and commensurate with risk, including the bank’s RAROC methodology;
Position Risk
A. centralized management of the bank’s position risks with treasury. Authorities and accountabilities for managing and monitoring this risk are clearly defined within treasury;
B. estabilished prudent position risk policies which constitute the framework for managing the level of interest rate and foreign exchange risk within control limits;
C. both positions and control limits are monitored regularly by a committee of senior officers;
D. application of analytical tools such as gap analysis, income and market value sensitivity and simulation analysis;
E. these principles are applied on a consistent basis across all risks including assets and loans, on- and off-balancesheet exposures of foreign currency and interest rate risk;
F. all of these principles are further reinforced by a strong and effective internal audit function;
G. corporate oversight of risk management is the responsibility of the Risk Review Committee of the Board of Directors;
I. management of asset quality within the bank is based on this overall risk management framework;
J. the bank is conservative in its lending policies which require prompt recognition of problem accounts and their transfer to a group of specialists skilled in managing such accounts;