补充讲义上
西方哲学史讲义+邓晓芒+赵林(可打印)(补充中间两章)
西方哲学史讲义+邓晓芒+赵林(可打印)(补充中间两章)第三章 16—18世纪西欧哲学15、16世纪更多地是一个感性活动的时代，而不是一个理性反思的时代，它的特点是文学艺术风格的更新和宗教生活方式的变革，而不是哲学批判意识和科学理性精神对旧时代氛围的根本突破。
但后来的哲学和科学建树都是以他们所提供的这种新的人性模式和生活理想为前提的。
如果说15、16世纪是文学与艺术复兴的时代，那么17世纪就是哲学与科学兴盛的时代。
17世纪的哲学家和科学家们对一切权威——无论是古代的权威还是中世纪的权威——都充满了强烈的理性批判意识。
17世纪的时代特征就是怀疑精神和经验方法，普遍的怀疑精神是那个时代几乎所有哲学家和科学家的基本原则。
近代哲学是从弗兰西斯·培根和笛卡尔那里开始的。
培根代表着实验科学的哲学，笛卡尔代表着自我意识的哲学，从培根和笛卡尔开始，哲学才把重心转移到认识论问题上。
认识论问题说到底就是思维与存在的关系问题，就是主观精神如何实现对客观世界的认识问题，因此17—18世纪西欧哲学的主要兴趣就表现为对认识的来源、过程及其真理性等问题的探讨。
最终竟形成了经验论哲学和唯理论哲学的尖锐对立，使得这一时期的哲学呈现出极其错综复杂的局面。
无论是经验论还是唯理论，其初衷都是试图说明思维与存在的关系问题，尤其是试图建立起思维与存在的同一性。
但是由于它们各执一端，缺乏辩证的综合眼光，最终竟不可避免地走向了自身的反面——经验论在休谟那里发展成为一种怀疑主义或不可知论；另一方面，唯理论在莱布尼茨—沃尔夫体系中发展成为一种独断论。
它们都使近代哲学试图解决的认识论问题走进了死胡同。
在这种情况下，才引出了从康德直至黑格尔的德国古典哲学对思维与存在关系问题的批判性思考和辩证综合。
第一节文艺复兴与宗教改革在中世纪末期，西欧社会发生了两场重大的文化变革活动，一场是意大利和南部欧洲拉丁语世界中的文艺复兴运动，另一场则是北部欧洲日耳曼语世界中的宗教改革运动。
高考英语复习指导讲义长难句分析补充and到底在并列什么
2023届高考英语复习指导讲义：长难句分析补充and 到底在并列什么原句Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.（2022年新高考II卷阅读理解C篇）相对于之前的句子，这个句子虽然略长，但是整体结构是比较简单清晰的。
整句话最明显的结构就是并列逻辑and，而我发现这个最简单的逻辑反而是许多同学理解最混乱的，最大的理解误区就是：只要一看到and 就认为是连接两个句子。
实际上，and和or作为并列逻辑的连词，可以连接单词、短语、句子三种不同的情况，而判断and并列的到底是什么内容，是英语句子分析的基本功。
比如下面的例子：It gives us the strength and energy we need to work and play.它给予了我们工作和休闲需要的力量和能量。
有的同学看到and的后面有need，就认为and连接了两个句子，但是and后面如果是个句子，energy和we两个词在一起就是混乱的。
实际上真正的从句是“we need”这两个词，先行词是strength和energy，因为在从句里作宾语，所以省略了关系词that或which。
and在这个句子里并列的就是strength和energy两个单词。
The entire museum were decorated with newly-restored ancient royal lanterns and spring couplets, including a set of the Chinese character “Fu” written by five Qing Dynasty emperors.整个博物馆被全新修复的古代皇家灯饰和春联装饰，包括五个清朝皇帝书写的一系列“福”字。
2019年12月大学英语四级翻译补充讲义考研资料
2018.06 真题二：地铁 近年来， 中国有越来越多的城市开始建造地铁。
发展地铁有助于减少城市的交通拥挤和
空气污染。 地铁具有安全、 快捷和舒适的优点， 越来越多的人选择地铁作为每天上班或上学
的主要交通工具。如今，在中国乘坐地铁正变得越来越方便。在有些城市里，乘客只需用卡 或手机就可以乘坐地铁。许多当地老年市民还可以免费乘坐地铁。
them,including elder people, use Apps to keep in touch with each other and broaden their circle of
friends. ③ They also shop and look up information on mobile phones, because mobile phones are
使用手机应用程序通信比传统电话便宜。 然而，这种新趋势导致人们在社交时过度依赖手机。
事实上，一些年轻人已经变得十分上瘾，以至于忽略了与家人和朋友面对面的交流。 参考译文：
① More and more Chinese people really cannot live without mobile phones now. ② MaIn addition, it ’chｓeaper to communicate by mobile Apps than by traditional phone
calls. ⑤However, this new trend has led people to rely too much on mobile phones on social
using cash or credit card when shopping. ⑤ To encourage people to consume more,numerous
讲义-幂的运算
第四讲幂的运算（补充讲义）Part1 同底数幂的乘除法【知识回顾】1.同底数幂相乘，底数不变，指数相加，即a m·a n=a m+n（m，n都是正整数）2.同底数幂相除，底数不变，指数相减，即a m÷a n=a m-n（m，n都是正整数）注意：（1）同底数幂的乘除法法则可以逆用；（2）底数a可以是单独一个数或字母，也可以是一个单项式或多项式，但a≠0；（3）当幂指数是1时，不要误认为没有指数，如a·a2=a3；（4）注意同底数幂的乘除法与整式加减法不可混淆3.规定：a0=1（a≠0），即任何不等于0的数的0次幂都等于1.4.任何不等于零的数的-n（n为正整数）次幂，等于这个数的n次幂的倒数，即a-n=（a≠0，n为正整数）5.2n+2n=2n+1 (22017+22017=22018)【涉及题型】1.科学记数法。
2.符号问题。
3.概念的延伸【精讲例题】例1.【科学计数法】苏州市军用机场的面积为0.0087平方千米，这个数用科学记数法表示为平方米。
例2.【符号问题】m为偶数，则（a﹣b）m•（b﹣a）n与（b﹣a）m+n的结果是（）A．相等B．互为相反数C．不相等D．以上说法都不对例3.【概念延伸】（1）如果等式（2a﹣1）a+2=1成立，则a的值可能有（）A．4个 B．1个 C．2个 D．3个（2）下面的计算不正确的是（）A.5a3﹣a3=4a3B.2m•3n=6m+nC.2m•2n=2m+nD.﹣a2•（﹣a3）=a5Part2 幂的乘方与积的乘方【知识回顾】1.幂的乘方，底数不变，指数相乘，即（a m）n=a m+n2.积的乘方，等于把积的每一个因式分别乘方，再把所得的幂相乘，即（ab）n=a n b n（n为正整数）【涉及题型】1.比较大小问题。
2.计算。
3.技巧计算。
【精讲例题】例4.【比较大小】（1）已知a=8131，b=2741，c=961，则a，b，c的关系是（）A．a＞b＞c B．a＞c＞b C．a＜b＜c D．b＞c＞a（2）已知a=244，b=333，c=522，那么a、b、c的大小关系是（）A．a＞b＞c B．a＜b＜c C．c＞a＞b D．b＞c＞a例5.【计算】（1）计算：（x4）2+（x2）4﹣x（x2）2•x3﹣（﹣x）3•（﹣x2）2•（﹣x）（2）计算0.1259×（﹣8）10+（）11×（2）12．例6.【技巧计算】（1）已知25x=2000，80y=2000，则等于（）A．2 B．1 C．D．（2）已知a x =5，a x+y =25，求a x +a y 的值；已知10α=5，10β=6，求102α+2β的值．（3）若2a =3，2b =5，2c =75，试说明：a+2b=c ．（4）已知22n+1+4n =48，求n 的值．（5）x 2m =3,求（2x 3m ）2-（3x m ）2．（6）2m =161，）（31n =9，求（1+x 2）m+n ÷（1+x 2）3n(7)12+22+32+...+n 2=61+n 21+n n ））（（,求22+42+62+...+502（8）计算：①1+2+22+23+...+22017-22018②1+2+22+23+...+22017+22018③1-2-22-23-...-22017+22018。
五年级上册语文讲义-阅读与作文拓展：说明文阅读(含答案) 部编版
一、说明文阅读要点1．说明对象——标题时间顺序2．说明顺序 空间顺序逻辑顺序狗熊捡棒子打南边来了个哑巴，腰里别了个喇叭；打北边来了个喇嘛，手里提了个獭犸。
提着獭犸的喇嘛要拿獭犸换别着喇叭的哑巴的喇叭；别着喇叭的哑巴不愿拿喇叭换提着獭犸的喇嘛的獭犸。
不知是别着喇叭的哑巴打了提着獭犸的喇嘛一喇叭；还是提着獭犸的喇嘛打了别着喇叭的哑巴一獭犸。
喇嘛回家炖獭犸,哑巴嘀嘀哒哒吹喇叭。
精灵热身操说明文阅读3．说明方法⑴下定义——______________⑵分类别——______________⑶举例子——______________⑷打比方——______________⑸作比较——______________⑹列数字——______________4．说明文语言特点——准确教主传功一、说明方法补充：1．做引用为了使说明的内容更充实具体，可以引用一些文献资料、诗词、俗语、名人名言，可使说明更具说服力。
引用资料的范围很广，可以是经典著作，名家名言，公式定律，典故传说，谚语俗语，诗词句等，充当说明的内容或依据来说明、介绍事物。
例如《中国石拱桥》一文，就引用了唐朝张嘉贞的话，说明赵州桥的设计和施工巧妙绝伦。
作用：___________________________________引用古诗：___________________________________2．摹状貌为了使被说明对象更形象、具体，可以进行状貌摹写，这种说明方法叫摹状貌。
如：《中国石拱桥》一文中的“每个柱头上都雕刻着不同姿态的狮子。
这些石刻狮子，有的母子相抱，有的交头接耳，有的像倾听水声，有的像注视行人，千态万状惟妙惟肖。
”作用：___________________________________【精灵小棒槌】摹状貌与打比方的区别___________________________________3．画图表为了把复杂的事物说清楚，还可以采用绘制图形或表格的方法，来弥补单用文字表达的缺欠，对某些事物解说更直接、更具体。
第11章《光的干涉》补充习题解答上课讲义
第11章《光的干涉》补充习题解答第11章 《光的干涉》补充习题解答1．某单色光从空气射入水中，其频率、波速、波长是否变化?怎样变化?解: υ不变，为波源的振动频率；nn 空λλ=变小；υλn u =变小．2．什么是光程? 在不同的均匀介质中，若单色光通过的光程相等时，其几何路程是否相同?其所需时间是否相同？在光程差与相位差的关系式2πϕδλ∆=中，光波的波长要用真空中波长，为什么？解:nr δ=．不同媒质若光程相等，则其几何路程定不相同；其所需时间相同，为t Cδ∆=． 因为δ中已经将光在介质中的路程折算为光在真空中所走的路程。
3．在杨氏双缝实验中，作如下调节时，屏幕上的干涉条纹将如何变化？试说明理由。
(1)使两缝之间的距离变小；(2)保持双缝间距不变，使双缝与屏幕间的距离变小； (3)整个装置的结构不变，全部浸入水中；(4)光源作平行于1S 、2S 连线方向的上下微小移动； (5)用一块透明的薄云母片盖住下面的一条缝。
解: 由λdDx =∆知，(1)条纹变疏；(2)条纹变密；(3)条纹变密；(4)零级明纹在屏幕上作相反方向的上下移动；(5)零级明纹向下移动．4．在空气劈尖中，充入折射率为n 的某种液体，干涉条纹将如何变化？ 解：干涉条纹将向劈尖棱边方向移动，并且条纹间距变小。
5．当将牛顿环装置中的平凸透镜向上移动时，干涉图样有何变化？解：透镜向上移动时，因相应条纹的膜厚k e 位置向中心移动，故条纹向中心收缩。
6．杨氏双缝干涉实验中，双缝中心距离为0.60mm ，紧靠双缝的凸透镜焦距为2.5m ，焦平面处有一观察屏。
（1）用单色光垂直照射双缝，测得屏上条纹间距为2.3mm ，求入射光波长。
（2）当用波长为480nm 和600nm 的两种光时，它们的第三级明纹相距多远？ 解：（1）由条纹间距公式λdDx =∆，得 332.3100.6105522.5x d nm D λ--∆⋅⨯⨯⨯===（2）由明纹公式Dx k dλ=，得 92132.5()3(600480)10 1.50.610D x kmm d λλ--∆=-=⨯⨯-⨯=⨯ 7．在杨氏双缝实验中，双缝间距d =0.20mm ，缝屏间距D ＝1.0m 。
2020考研英语KK阅读三步法精华总结讲义(何凯文)
2020考研英语KK 阅读三步法精华总结补充讲义（何凯文）1*建议在听何凯文老师【五夜十篇】课程之前听完翻译和这个课，能达到更好学习效果，即便之前没听过何老师阅读课的同学也能通过此课更好的跟上节奏，取得明显的提升！*最晚要在10月份搞定阅读，之后留更多时间给写作、以及其他科目！大家冲鸭！！！20考研KK 阅读三步法精华总结课补充电子讲义以下例题为“定位信息充分”时举的例子例题1—E1-2016-T4Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside ，there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print.The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper—printing presses,delivery trucks—isn’t just expensive;it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints.Readers are migrating away from print anyway.And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts,revenue from print is still declining.36.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to ________.[A]the high cost of operation[B]the pressure from its investors[C]the complaints from its readers[D]the increasing online ad sales例题2—E1-2016-T4Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business,but only if they go about doing it the right way.“Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,”he said,“but if you discontinue it,you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”37.Peretti suggests that,in face of the present situation,the Times should ________.[A]seek new sources of readership[B]end the print edition for good[C]aim for efficient management[D]make strategic adjustments。
高一数学专题辅导讲义7辅助角公式及其应用
高一数学补充讲义7：辅助角公式及其应用一．问题提出：三角恒等变换在函数中的常见问题、方法及注意点(1)常见问题：求三角函数的周期、值域、对称轴、单调区间等.(2)常见方法：利用辅助角公式把函数化成一个角的三角函数的形式，进而求以上问题.在变换过程中，常用换元、逆用公式等数学思想.二．教学过程：1．辅助角公式 引例：化简(1) （2（3公式：,b a b a ϕϕ其中所在象限由的正负决定，且tan = 推导：化为一个角的三角函数形式说明：1）对形如cos sin (,,y a x b x a b ωωω=+均为非零常数）的三角式，可以转化为形如sin()y A x ωϕ=+的三角式，使问题得到简化，体现了化归思想。
2）类似的cos sin a x b x ωω+也可以转化为cos()A x ωϕ±的形式，应用时可灵活处理3)对定义R 上的函数cos sin y a x b x ωω=+ 思考：若6sin ),(,),x x x ϕϕππϕ-=+∈-求的值sin cos a x b x +x x ⎫=+⎪⎭cos sin ϕϕ==（令)sin cos cos sin x x ϕϕ+=()x ϕ=+sin cos a x b x +()x ϕ=+1sin cos 22x x -cos x x+cos )x x -sin cos a x b x +2．应用例题讲解例1．化简下列各式，并求所给函数的最小正周期及值域()1cos y x x =()2y x x =()2312sin cos y x x x =-+()4sin(2)sin 23y x x π=-+变式：1．已知()cos ,(0,)f x x x x π=+∈，求()f x 的值域．2．分别求()3sin 4cos f x x x =+ 在下列范围的值域： ()1x R ∈； ()202x π≤≤．例2．已知()sin 2cos 2f x x a x =+的一条对称轴方程为8x π=-，求a 的值．变式：设函数()sin cos (0)f x a x b x ωωω=+>，已知函数()f x 的最小正周期为π，且当6x π=时()f x 取最大值为2，求满足()1f x >的x 的取值范围。
作文表达讲义(常用句型和话题表达)
2020届高三英语二轮补充讲义4（作文表达）第一部分：常用句型表示引发讨论1.put the spotlight on…/ …come into spotlight2....find its way into...3.spark a heated discussion4.arouse a great deal of controversy over…5.ignite a heated debate over6.… has become the subject of a fierce debate表示重要性1.important=crucial =vital=essential=critical=decisive2.… play an indispensable/ irreplaceable/ inseparable role in…3.It is important to remember…is no substitute for…表示影响1.…have a far-reaching/ tremendous impact on…2.be beneficial to…/ bring benefits to…/ be favorable to…3.exert negative impact on…/ be detrimental to…/ be harmful to…4.if… go uncontrolled, then it will exert negative influence on…表示原因1.… result in/ lead to/ contribute to…2.this is largely/ partly because…3....stem in large part from...4.… has a role to play in…5.…be responsible for/ be held responsible for…6.…be to blame for…/ put the blame on…7.…be a contributing factor in…8. A crucial factor leading to/ accounting for… is…9.…can be attributed to…10.…should also be taken into accountant.11.The fact that… cannot be ignored.12.What lies at the root of the problem is…13.What aggravate the situation is…14.be heavily influenced by…15.reasons may involve…16.Failure to…/ Reluctance to…/ Disregard for…/ Lack of...表示看法1.my view is…2.be fully convinced that…3.claim/ maintain/ hold the view that…4.I tend to agree/ /be in favor of/ approve of/ applaud/ subscribe to/ side with… / object to/oppose doing/ be opposed to doing5.I am inclined to agree…6.people interpret… in different ways7.proponents/ opponent of this view…8.On a personal note,…9.most people hold a conservative attitude, claiming that…10.opinion is divided on…11.attitudes vary from… to…12.opinions differ as to…表示做法1.Priority should be given to…2.…should b e put high on the agenda.3.It is high time that relevant laws should be put in place to regulate…/ supervise/ monitor/punish…4.It is high time that we shifted our attention from… to…/ struck a balance between… and…5.It is high time that we took action to cur b…/ alleviate…/ reverse the trend.6.To narrow the gap between…we need…7.be strictly regulated and restricted8.proper supervision and guidance is necessary9.the solution lies with sb/ in sth10.prevention is better than cure11.put more resources into health education and preventive measures12.propose heavier penalties on表示转折1.in spite of this, the obvious benefits of…cannot be denied2.however…3.as/though倒装4.on the other hand, we cannot lose sight of the negative effects caused by…5.it is true that…结尾1.there is no denying that…/ it goes without saying that…2.…still have a long way to go/ is far from being perfect/ there is much room for improvement3.we have the obligations to see to it that…4.there is no simple answer to… but one thing we should bear in mind is…5.nevertheless, under no circumstances can we…6.if… then…7.if future generations are to remember us with gratitude rather than contempt, we must...8.it is no exaggeration to say…9. a very rigorous process of evaluation is called for, so that we can make informed decisions 表示两者关系1. a strong correlation between… and…2.be in conflict with3.be not mutually exclusive4.be a necessary complement to/ be complementary to 连词和副词1.因果thus/ consequently/ in turn2.…, especially…3.nevertheless,…第二部分：词汇升级mon= universal= ubiquitous= general= widely2.huge= mounting= considerable3.stick to= adhere to= abide by4.enough= abundant= sufficient= ample5.neglect= overlook= lose sight of6.pursue= seek= aspirepetitor= rival= opponent8.primary= fundamental9.ease= relieve= alleviateplex= sophisticated11.hard-working= industrious12.fragile= vulnerable13.always= frequently14.luxurious= lavish15.nowadays= currently16.stop= cease17.part= component18.result= consequence19.obvious= apparent20.quite= fairly21.famous= distinguished22.possible= feasible23.so= consequently24.difficulty= hardship= obstacle25.ability= capability= competence26.responsibility= obligation27.produce= generate= yield28.however= nonetheless= neverthelesse from= arise from= derive from30.struggle for= spare no efforts for= strive for31.make sb do= enable sb to do32.be likely to do= tend to do= be apt to do33.take up the responsibility= assume the obligation34.actually= virtually35.sharply= remarkably= radically36.nearly= roughly= approximately第三部分：常见话题表达Education1.cultivate a sense of competition, cooperation and independence2.tailor all the courses to meet the need of well-rounded development3.instill high moral values/ instill in them enterprising spirit4.facilitator, supervisor, guide and partner5.secure a decent job6.enhance/ cultivate/ raise/ boost the awareness of environmental protection7.stimulate students’ initiative and arouse their interest8.nurture a student’s talent9.shape one’s character10.draw out a child’s potential capacities11.inspire children’s creativity12.pave the way for/ lay a solid foundation for…13.enlarge scope of knowledge/ pursue knowledge14.distinguish right from wrong15.strive for excellence/ aspire for excellence16.be considerate of others17. a question of nature versus nurture18. A and B are mutually complementary19.become priority for20.add spice/ flavor to21. a sense of obligation/ fulfillment/ belonging22.adapt/ adjust oneself to the development of…23.grow up emotionally immature24.not necessarily25.the last thing parents would want26.be far more from27.disrespectful and undisciplined behaviorTechnology1.advance by leaps and bounds2.undergo breath-taking changes3.accelerate/ speed up the pace of life4.shorten the distance between people5.overcome geographical barriers6.sweep away cultural boundaries7.enhance the efficiency8.boost the tourism9.help make more informed choices10.be over-dependent on mobile phones11.be indulged in a virtual world and isolated from the outside world12.exposure to some negative information13.undermine the personal growth physically and mentally14.expand the gap between the rich and poor15.failure to keep pace with…16.be more prone/ vulnerable to virus attacks17.conduct fraud18.be no substitute for human interactionEnvironment1.explore alternative energy to replace the fossil fuels2.popularize the knowledge of environmental protection3.reduce, reuse, recycle, and regenerate4.alleviate burdens/ pressure5.harness the solar energy6.utilize the natural resources properly7.minimize the carbon dioxide footprint8.place restraints on9.make concerted/ joint efforts10.at the expanse of11.pose a threat toWork1.give full play to talents2.exercise one’s special faculty to the utmost3.accumulate experience4.be dedicated to5.help one’s transition from school to work6.develop interpersonal communication skills7.switch from one job to another to pursue their career objectives8.give you broad experience that helps to acquire new skillsMedia1.provide sb with rich information and keep people well-informed2.play the educational role and spread knowledge3.show the public the whole picture/ story4.code of ethics5.reveal public opinion6.be biased against7.imitate the lifestyle portrayed in the commercials8.tailor their news to their readers’ and viewers’ requirements9.be bombarded with10.following the trend blindly instead of taking… into consideration11.buy…impulsively12.by tricked by fake commodities13.privacy infringement/ invasion14.exclusive t o…15.glue one’s eyes to16.excessive use of violent video games17.couch potato18.distinguish between reality and fantasy19.fall victim to violence on TV20.decrease one’s attention span and weaken one’s imagination21.be strictly regulated and restricted22.proper supervision and guidance is necessaryGlobalization and Development1.enhance mutual understanding and promote cultural exchange2.exploit tourist resources3.needy/ poverty-stricken/ impoverished/ underdeveloped countries4.shake off poverty5.relieve the sufferings6.bridge the gap between the rich and poor7.the disparity between urban and rural residents8.Ecotourism can be more prosperous as a green industry, which aspires to give local people anopportunity to realize their income and to raise them up from extreme poverty.9.be come sensitive to one’s impact on…10.maintain cultural diversity11.lose the national identitiesSociety and Life1.pass on their values to their children2.remove misunderstandingspromise with sb on sth4.be obedient to5.be alienated from…6.take… into consideration7.show respect for8.lie with= depend on, the solution lies with…Government1.serve the people whole-heartedly2.be concerned about the public interest3.add spice to people’s life4.exert a subtle influence on one’s character and thinking5.stimulate on e’s creativity and inspiration6.pass on the cultural heritage to the next generation7.raise literacy rate8.invest money in infrastructure9.adopt environmentally friendly policy10.prevention is better than cure11.put more resources into health education and preventive measuresCrime1.embark on the criminal road2.juvenile crimesck of connectedness and lack of parental care4.be led astray in the complicated society5.respect others and observe the rules and regulations of school6.The mounting pressure from school and society gives rise to the youth crime. For one thing,they are confronted with the exam-oriented education and suffer from the study pressure.Failure at school includes poor academic performance, poor attendance, or more likely, dropping out of school.7.Family have also experienced changes with the last 25 years. More families consist ofone-parent households or two working parents; consequently, children are likely to have less supervision at home.8.would-be criminals9.show disregard forbel … as11.be vulnerable to= be prone to12.resist the temptation13.strengthen the family ties14.reinforce education of children15.pay more attention to family upbringing16.justice has long arms17.enforce the lawsAnimals1.animal experimentation/ testing2.experiment on animals3.propose heavier penalties on animal abuse第四部分：段落积累(注意句式表达)1.Susu and Zhouzhou are having a discussion about the pros and cons of how they want toshop. Susu enjoys online shopping while Zhouzhou prefers to go to real stores.2.I would rather do my shopping online. First online shopping saves money, time and trouble.There is no worrying about parking, queueing or annoying crowds. Just a click on the mouse allows netizens to purchase a wide range of products at lower prices. Besides，many online shops offers excellent customer service and encourages customers to post product reviews and comments, which not only saves us from aggressive salespeople, but also help us make more informed choices.3.Despite the concerns about low-quality and fake commodities, effective laws and supervisioncan ensure a reliable online shopping environment. Therefore, I will always opt for online shopping.4.Virtual visits cannot replace museums and art galleries in reality. One of the main reasons ofactual visit is that first-hand observations provides better experiences because it is more enjoyable to have a close look at vivid the sculptures and have a gentle touch on the rocks.Thus, people can feel a sense of history from those authentic cultural objects and appreciate human wisdom from the works of art.5.In addition, the architectural layout and design will help visitors witness a particular artatmosphere, providing people with stronger aesthetic value, whereas computers cannot reach this level.6.Finally, these sites are currently the places of interest and, for the sake of the local tourismincome, these attractions are still needed.7.Economical as appreciating museums and art galleries on the screen may be, it will never bethe same as what we see and feel with our own eyes on site. So I will always opt for public museums and art galleries.8.It is common knowledge that Olympic sports events share a high demand for athleticqualities, such as strength, reaction and teamwork. In contrast, techniques needed in video games are simple, and players only need to minimize their reaction time.9.Olympic recognition would surely mean greater popularity for esports. Young people,especially those who lack psychological maturity, would potentially get indulged in video games even with a good reason. Parents might end up finding it almost impossible to persuade their teenagers to take a break from their e-gaming.10.Esports is more than just video games. Not only do they represent progress, but there is aspiritual dimension as well for practitioners and fans.11.Pioneers of esports have met with considerable pressure and numerous failures, but they havepushed for perfectness and never give up their unorthodox dreams. Their tenacious fighting spirit has inspired dream-chasers from all walks of life.12.Some electronic games tend to be very tense and rather violent, which is definitely doingserious damage to children’s mental health and consequently making irreversible changes to their lives.13.Instead of using muscles in their forearms, the players have to exercise all their power ofwrist control to move their mouses, which in the end will cause wrist injuries. Also, long hours of sitting will take a heavy toll on their eyes and spine.14.As an old saying goes, “The rose’s in her hand, the flavor in mine.” The proverb underlinesthat doing someone a favor is a win-win situation, and a random act of kindness can make all the difference. We make a living by what we get, but make a life by what we give.15.Take myself as an example. I once voluntarily taught for a term in a rural school in Guizhouwhich involved organizing students’ activities and collaborating with the local teachers. This experience has added value to my resume and help me gain hands-on experience. Besides, people volunteer to escape from the daily routine and get relaxed.16.Popular and unavoidable as commercial live streaming is, I don’t believe it is a positive trend.First, the quality of the products cannot be guaranteed since there is still ambiguity over how live-streamers should take responsibility for their broadcasts. Some live streamers can overrate the commodities in order to “turn clicks into cash”.17.Besides, live-streams have also faced issues like transaction safety, as well as the return,refund and exchange of products.18.It is high time that effective measures were taken to eliminate the problems. Laws should beput into effect to regulate influencers’ advertising and punish those practising fraud severely.19.An online complaining platform should be set up so that consumers could air their complaintsshould the products fall short of audience’s expectations. Only when we standardize the business can we enjoy a healthier market.20.Quite a few factors give rise to the bullying issue. Inadequate parental education should alsobe held accountable for their children’s ignorance of laws and indifference to others’ feelings.Thus, they will end up resorting to more simple but rude ways, like violent abuse, to serve their purposes. Besides, it's very possible that the bullies were also once victims of bullying, and they might transfer their anger through hurting others.21.The problem of campus bullying, if not properly dealt with, will create a vicious circle. Thereis no simple answer to the problem of school bullying– the primary task is prevention.22.The major difference between mediocrity and success lies solely with the individualconcerned. Successful individuals constantly seek advancement , while their less industrious contemporaries are merely content with the status quo.23.The poem “Mountains and rivers on foreign land, wind and moon under the same sky” /“Lands apart, sky shared” not only calls up shared history, but also mutual appreciation of ancient poetry in the Chinese language.24.Should parents spare the rod and spoil the child ? Opinions concerning strict parentaldiscipline vary widely . Some view strict discipline as nothing more than a form of abuse, while others argue it is an essential factor for instilling appropriate social behavior.25.Ever since I first saw Li Ziqi’s videos, I have become deeply immersed in the nature-orientedrural life. Her handmade lifestyle is a fantasy for many. Li’s simple pleasures amaze people living in the hustle and bustle of big cities. Li’s works successfully spread Chinese culture to the world, and they also tempt city-dwellers to pursue a peaceful rural life.26.If table tennis set the stage for China’s international diplomacy, then volleyball rebuilt thecountry’s confidence and carried forward a whole nation’s dreams and expectations. As L ang put it, “The Chinese women’s volleyball team spirit doesn’t lie in winning, but in sparing no efforts/pulling out all the stops even when it seems like you cannot win.” The spirit of Chinese women’s volleyball should be passed down over generations.27.Many good qualities are demonstrated in these heroes and they do deserve respect from all ofus. They are more industrious than their contemporaries, and are committed to their chosen fields. They live a simple but fulfilling life, and never pursue material enjoyment.28.Happiness of the people always tops the list in their dictionary, and the interests of ourcountry outweigh their own personal ones. Besides, it is patriotism and loyalty thatencourages them to remain true to their original aspiration.29.Among these qualities, what impresses me most is their thrift. More often than not he wears acheap shirt when going to work in the fields. By contrast, too many teenagers nowadays take it for granted to ask their parents to buy them famous brands. We should follow in their footsteps and make a difference to the world.30. A Little Reunion, a hit TV drama that puts the spotlight on the gaokao, has come to a happyending. It follows the stories of three Beijing families as they prepare their youngsters for the so-called all-or-nothing exam in China. The academic pressure and generation gap shown on the screen raised a question that has been discussed nationwide: Will failure in the gaokao determine the rest of your life?31.To quote Xunzi, a philosopher from ancient China, “Though the road before us is long andwinding, depart now and we shall be arriving. If we move forward without ceasing, the future is promising. ” Thus, it is better to keep a positive attitude towards the gaokao rather than get frightened by it. Do not lose myself to anxiety or complaint, but to get up the willpower and courage to confront every challenge that could make you stronger and better.32.Teachers will have additional punitive measures to discipline their students. But will theseadditional tools for correcting students’ behavior play a decisive role?Many are doubtful, including me. Students’ misbehavior can be a result of many different factors: an unsupportive home environment, a shortage of friendships at school, a lack of interest in the learning material, or any other factors.33.Most teachers are able to motivate their students to achieve exceptional results withoutemploying any severe disciplinary measures. The teachers most likely to use these disciplinary measures are the ones who are unable to coach their students to perform well on exams.34. A controversial question asked during an episode of the hit internet show U Can U Bibisparked a heated debate which has taken social media by storm: If an art museum were on fire, and you had to choose between rescuing a cute cat or a famous painting, which one would be your option? In my humble opinion, I would choose to save the latter.35.First, precious cultural relics are undoubtedly spiritual property left by our ancestors. Thesetimeless works of art remain unparalleled gifts that ought to be preserved for offspring. In comparison, a cat is an ordinary creature, which is of less importance in the history of civilization.36.As the old Chinese saying goes, “Though death befalls all men alike, it m ay be weightier thanMount Tai or lighter than a feather.” As to the cat, to be abandoned to die for a cultural treasure makes sense.37.Recently, the tight schedule of a Tsinghua University student leaked out and sparked off aheated debate on social media. After viewing this timetable, some people are fully convinced that the diverse allocation of one’s time may lead to distinctly productive lives.38.As the old saying goes, “Preparedness ensures success, and unpreparedness spells failure.”Therefore, it’s reasonable to praise this top student’s elaborate daily plans and his diligence.39.However, a tightly arranged schedule might not be suitable for everyone. It’s easy to copy,but it is rather hard to follow. Blindly imitating them without considering one’s own realities and habits is not advisable.40.Everyone ought to make personal schedule after a clear self-analysis instead of blindlyadopting the strategies’ of others.41.Humans are paying a high price for environment pollution: from direct harm to health, tofailing capacity of ecosystems. These complex and urgent problems require innovative, flexible, and action-oriented approaches to finding solutions.42.First, the government should enhance environmental awareness among the general public.People are supposed to reduce package consumption, reuse and recycle materials, dispose of human waste properly, minimize the use of disposable products. Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets.43.Besides, companies are encouraged to explore alternative energy to replace the fossil fuels.44.Kites fly highest against the wind, not with it.45.Success is not final, failure is not fatal, it is the courage to continue that counts.46.Talent is God-given. Be humble. Fame is man-given. Be grateful. Conceit is self-given. Becareful.47. A vision without execution is hallucination.nguage is a vehicle of communication–it is a combination of sounds, characters andmeanings. The ultimate purpose of language lies in communication, which involves both reception and expression.49.The overuse of Internet slang will lead to the lack of proper punctuation and grammar andhas numerous misspellings in writing. That will dramatically reduce chances of employment when students graduate and seek jobs. So, for the sake of their future, teenagers had better refrain from Internet slang.50.Though online lingoes add variety to Chinese characters, I take a firm stand against theprevalence of Internet slangs.51.For one thing, overuse of youth lingoes will lead to the lack of proper punctuation andgrammar and has numerous misspellings in writing, thus weakening people’s capacity to read and write Chinese characters, and losing one’s edge in the job market.52.For another, Pinyin acronym, a typical Internet slang, is likely to cause communicationbarriers, because the same abbreviation can harbor totally different meanings.53.To conclude, Internet slang is not a blessing, but rather a curse for the Chinese language.54.For the past two decades, wealthier, urban students have enjoyed the lion’s share of publicschool resources and direct access to the private tutorial centers.55.With the rise of online learning in the wake of COVID-19, for the first time ever, all students— rich and poor, urban and rural — have equal access to classes with the most experienced and best-trained teachers.56.In other words, learning now seems to depend exclusively on the students and their families.To some extent, the impact of regional factors that once greatly influenced a student’s education has been temporarily lessened.57.However, internet access, family background, as well as students’ learning styles are stillaffecting the quality of education.58.Whether you be a celebrity, sports superstar or a politician, the rules of society apply equallyto you. Rules are the benchmark for the society fairness, and they are meant to be followed;otherwise, the foundation of society would collapse.59.As an old saying goe s, “Nothing can be accomplished without norms and standards.” Thoughrules are not perfect, only by working within the rules can we really “win” the right to change them.60.If you ask who has redefined my criteria for idols, my answer is Yang Chaoyue. Yang sticksto changing her fate, timelessly practicing dancing and doing her best when she performs.Though she is not perfect and has flaws, she still pursue her dreams under the pressure of external doubts and internal struggles.61.To some extent, I can see myself in her. Yang, who used to be an ugly duckling but persists inher goals through adversity, gives me hope that I too could one day grow up to be beautiful swan.。
教案和讲义的内容区别在哪
教案和讲义的内容区别在哪标题：教案和讲义的内容区别在哪教案和讲义是教学过程中两个不可或缺的部分，它们在内容上有一些明显的区别。
教案主要是教师为了实施教学活动而设计的详细计划，而讲义则是教师为学生提供的学习材料。
下面将详细介绍教案和讲义的内容区别。
一、教案的内容特点：1. 教学目标：教案中明确列出了具体的教学目标，包括知识、技能和情感态度等方面的目标，以指导教师的教学行为。
2. 教学步骤：教案详细规划了教学过程中的各个环节，包括引入、导入、展示、练习、巩固和评价等环节，以确保教学的连贯性和系统性。
3. 教学方法：教案中明确了采用的教学方法和策略，以促进学生的主动参与和积极学习。
4. 教学资源：教案中列出了教学所需的资源和教具，如教材、多媒体设备、实验器材等，以保证教学的顺利进行。
5. 评价方式：教案中规定了对学生学习效果的评价方式和标准，以便教师及时了解学生的学习情况并进行调整。
二、讲义的内容特点：1. 知识点：讲义主要围绕课程的核心知识点进行编写，以便学生能够系统地学习和理解相关知识。
2. 重点难点：讲义中突出了课程的重点和难点，以帮助学生集中精力和解决困惑。
3. 示例和演练：讲义中通常会提供一些例题和练习题，以帮助学生巩固所学知识和提高解题能力。
4. 补充材料：讲义中可能会提供一些拓展阅读和参考资料，以满足学生对知识的进一步了解和学习需求。
5. 学习提示：讲义中可能会给出一些学习方法和技巧的提示，以帮助学生更好地进行学习和掌握知识。
总结：教案和讲义在内容上存在一些明显的区别。
教案主要是教师为了实施教学活动而设计的详细计划，包括教学目标、步骤、方法、资源和评价等方面的内容；而讲义则是教师为学生提供的学习材料，主要围绕课程的核心知识点进行编写，包括知识点、重点难点、示例和演练、补充材料以及学习提示等内容。
教案和讲义相辅相成，共同为教学提供了有力的支持。
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1 阅读长难句及特殊句法结构分析 Part One 翻译以下句子,注意括号内提示的从句和特殊结构 1. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.(句子拆分组合)
2. Relaxation will be in front of small television, and digital age will arrive. (词性转译)
3. The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. (词性转译)
4. Environmentalists deem it critical that electronic trash be reclaimed and recycled in an environment-friendly manner.(名词性从句)
5. Not long ago, scientists made a thrilling prediction that the application of virtual reality to surgical operation will be turned into reality in a couple of decades and that surgeons then will wear 3-D helmets to maneuver robots so as to conduct elaborate operations.(名词性从句)
6. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. (定语从句)
7. A suspicious-looking guy was seen to enter the premises of the company about the time the robbery occurred. (被动态)
8. If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition --- wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny --- must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. (被动态)
翻译一下含有被动语态的句子，注意写作当中可以使用 It is claimed(asserted) that It is reckoned that… It was felt(told) that It can not be denied that… 2
It is alleged that… It has been documented that… It is unanimously agreed that… It is still to be anticipated that… It was first intended that
9. It is application of human ingenuity that has boosted food production, not merely in line with, but ahead of, population growth.(否定结构)
10. It was none other than Nancy herself who lied to everyone about her background and in turn humiliated herself. (否定结构)
11. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. (否定结构)
12. The excessive exploitation of natural resources will not so much benefit human beings as propel us to a dilemma. (比较结构)
13. He had a better command of expertise in this area than to commit such a blunder.（比较结构）
14. What is amazing that nowadays an average student in senior high school doesn’t have to know less about physics than Newton did. (比较结构)
15. Be it historical tradition, faith and culture, or social system, values and level of development, those countries or regions are often different from one another. (倒装省略)
Part Two 阅读以下含难点的句子，并判断其后句子的正误 1. The Conservatives last night demanded that the Government cease all but essential advertising during the election campaign amid concerns that Labor have been cashing in on taxpayer funded publicity. Conservatives believe that Labor Party during the election campaign has overspent so that they should cut back on essential advertising.
对比下面这个句子 The theory is all but impractical.
2. Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is drug. It can be implied from the sentence that food might influence our physical or mental well-being like drug. 3
3. Surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest. The essay didn’t dismiss environmentalists as anit-science.
4. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The departure of families from stable community to some extent contributes to the unreliability of information available to them.
5. Nothing could be further from the truth if we assert modern society can do well without the contribution that women can make in the professions and other kinds of work. It can be inferred from the sentence that women’s contribution to modern society is overstated.
6. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. A business man is expected to conform with rules of conduct, which are the moral code governing his activity.