国际商务期末复习

CHAP1 全球化

Globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy.(全球化是指转向一个更为一体化与相互依存的世界经济）Globalization has two facets: 1) the globalization of markets 2) the globalization of production（市场的全球化和生产的全球化）

EFFECT（影响）

Critics worry that globalization will cause job losses, environmental degradation, and the cultural imperialism of global media and MNEs.(反对者认为全球化会导致失业，环境恶化，由于全球媒体和跨国公司导致的文化侵蚀）

Supporters believe that increased trade and cross-border investment mean lower prices for goods and services, greater economic growth, higher consumer income, and more

jobs（支持者相信会增加贸易，跨国投资意味着商品和服务更低价，更大的经济增长，更高的消费收入，更多就业）

名词

Globalization 全球化globalization of markets市场全球化globalization of production生产全球化factors of production 生产要素world trade organization 世界贸易组织world bank 世界银行international

monetary fund 国际货币基金组织international trade 国际贸易foreign direct

investment FDI 对外直接投资multinational enterprise MNE 跨国公司

CHAP6 国际贸易理论

Mercantilism suggests that it is in a country’s best interest to maintain a trade surplus -- to export more than it imports（重商主义就是保持贸易顺差以实现一国的最大利益---出口超过进口）

Mercantilism advocates government intervention(介入) to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade （重商主义主张政府介入以便实现对外贸易顺差） It views trade as a zero-sum game - one in which a gain by one country results in a loss by another （将贸易看成零和博弈，一个国家收益一个国家受损）

Absolute Advantage 绝对优势

Adam Smith argued that a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing it 亚当斯密认为一个国家生产一种商品比其他任何国家效率都高时存在绝对优势

According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries 按照亚当斯密的说法，各国应该专门生产具有绝对优势的商品，然后用他们交换其他国家生产的商品

The Benefit of Absolute Advantage and Free Trade

The Principle for International Division of Labor–Absolute Advantage

国际分工的原则---绝对优势

The Consequence（结果）of Division of Labor and Free Trade 分工的结果和自由贸易

1. To Production:

the Flow of the Factor of Production 生产要素的流动

the Efficiency of Factor Distribution 要素分配效率

the Quantity of Production 产品质量

2. To Consumer:

Welfare from Free Trade自由贸易福利

: low price of imports and more consumption 低价格的进口更多的消费

Comparative Advantage比较优势

Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage suggests that countries should specialize in the production of those goods they produce most efficiently and buy goods that they produce less efficiently from other countries, even if this means buying goods from other countries that they could produce more efficiently at home李嘉图的比较优势理论认为一个国家分工生产最有效率的产品，而从别国购买自己生产效率相对较低的产品，甚至从别国购买自己更能有效生产的产品是有意义

choose bigger one in two advantages and smaller one in two disadvantages两利取重两害取轻

Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 俄林理论

Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin argued that comparative advantage arises from differences in national factor endowments（天赋）– the extent to which a country is endowed with resources like land, labor, and capital赫克歇尔和俄林认为比较优势是由各国生产要素禀赋的差异引起的，指一国的一些资源比如土地，劳动力还有资本 The Heckscher-Ohlin theory predicts that countries will export goods that