step5
5-0各种过程改进的方法论

1第5讲各种过程改进的方法论5.1 标杆分析法5.2 六西格玛管理25.1 标杆分析法(Benchmarking) 如果你不能以世界上最优惠的价格提供世界级质量标准的产品,则意味着你根本就没有弄清楚这场游戏的规则是什么。
----杰克·韦尔奇35.1 标杆分析法(Benchmarking) Benchmarking 的真谛就在于:告诉组织究竟世界级的标准是什么,然后帮助组织达成这些标准,从而保持竞争优势。
45.1 标杆分析法(Benchmarking) 通过实施benchmarking ,我们确实知道组织的经营绩效应当达到而且可以达到什么水平,同时也明白了组织目前的绩效水平与我们应该并且可以达到的最佳经营结果之间,为什么会存在如此之大的差距。
----Tom Carter美国阿尔卡(Alcoa )公司质量副总裁55.1 标杆分析法(Benchmarking)国内外先进企业中普遍开展的一种活动。
70年代末始于美国施乐公司。
在危机重重下,通过全面开展标杆分析活动,其竞争地位得到了显著的恢复,并于1989年荣获了美国马尔科姆·鲍得里奇国家质量奖。
5.175.1 标杆分析法(Benchmarking)含义:通过对比和分析先进企业的行事方式(best practice ),对本企业的产品、服务、过程等关键的成功因素进行改进和变革,使之成为同业最佳的系统性活动。
85.1 标杆分析法(Benchmarking)思路:¾企业的经营业绩在很大程度上取决于其所拥有的过程¾业绩的差异反映了过程的差异¾业绩的改进必须自过程入手95.1 标杆分析法(Benchmarking)Benchmark :原意是测量学中的“水准基点”,在此引申为在某一方面的“行事最佳者”或“同业最佳(Best in class )”。
105.1 标杆分析法(Benchmarking)两个基本阶段:¾标高:针对所改进领域,确定“谁”是最好的,标定“benchmark ”。
5教案科普版5年级(下)英语lesson5

科普版小学英语五年级上册Lesson 5 We all enjoy watching TVTeaching design3学情分析由于本科是阅读教学,我从阅读前,阅读中,阅读后几方面展开自己的教学设计。
以学生的精彩两分钟导入,为学生创设一个轻松愉悦的学习情境。
阅读前设计读图环节,这也是我们学校的课堂理念课堂模式与北京总校接轨的一个体现。
阅读前让学生根据图片获取有关信息,鼓励学生大胆张口说英语,并启迪学生学会思考,发问. 根据图片能提出有关问题,带着自己的问题去阅读。
阅读中,去解决问题,并引导学生使用句型What does he/she like… …”, “…like(s) ……””Does he/she like…”来描述喜好,阅读中遇到难词,通过当小老师,互帮互助。
解决语言障碍。
在阅读的过程中思考问题、感悟问题、解决问题,锻炼学生的阅读能力和技巧。
在学习阅读内容之后,引导学生将其所学知识,描述自己和家人的看电视的喜好,并且以此来反馈和巩固所学知识。
Lesson5 ReadWe all enjoy watching TVTeaching content:本节课是科普版小学英语第五册第5课的read部分。
Teaching aims:认知目标:a. 能听懂、会说、会认短语“TV plays”,“cartoons”,“everyone” “only”…b. 理解并学会运用句型“I like… …”, “What does she/he like ……”, “He/She likes……”, “Does she like ……”.能力目标:a. 能理解课文大意,能回答与课文内容相关的问题。
b. 能让学生拓展运用“…….like(s)……”句型来谈论自己家人的喜好。
情感目标:通过表述家人对看电视的喜好,引领孩子关注自己家人的喜好,由此从侧面关注家庭。
Key points and difficult points of the lesson.a.理解并掌握本课重点生词和词组。
湘鲁版小学英语六年级下册参考教案

湘鲁版小学英语六年级下册参考教案Unit 1 (Period 1 )Objectives: 1.Review the language points during the lastterm.2.Get the first impression of the new book.Notes:Key points: 1.Review the words and sentence patterns.2.The weather is …Difficult points: 1.After _____is ______.2.The weather in the north is so hot and dry.Students’Analysis:After the long vocation, some students are not ready for English learning. The teacher should r aise the students’ interest and confidence in English.TeachingAids:CD-ROM, cards, picturesTeaching Procedures:Step 1: Warming up1.Greetings: Welcome back to school.2.Sing a song: Happy new yearT: Happy new year to you, dear children. Studyhard and learn English well.Step 2: Revision1.Revision these words: west, east, north, south,sunny, cloudy, windy, rainy, hot, cold2.(CAI) Play a game-------guess, guess, guess Step 3: Presentation and drills1.Listen a song “Four seasons〞2.T: There are four seasons in a year.CAI: T: What can you hear in this song? Can you guess? What season is it?Teach word: spring, read some times, then ask Ss read one by one.3.T: Boys and girls, do you like spring? The weather is rainyand warm in spring. Read the second sentence.4.Teach “summer, autumn, winter〞in the same way.5.Make sentences by “After ____is _______.〞6.Open your books, listen and repeat.Step 4: Practise1.Play a game----------What’s missing?2.(CAI) Work in pairs.Look at these pictures. Do you know what season is in the picture? Talk about the weather in the picture.Step 5: ConsolidationWork in pairs.Make a calendar of the 4 seasons. Each student draws a season. Write down the name of the months in each season. T: The spring months are February, March and April. After spring is summer. The weather is hot and wet. Now you can do it like me. Are you clear?Step 6. :Homework1.Listen to the tape, read it one by one.2.Copy these four skills words.Step7: AssessmentTeaching Notes:Unit 1 (Period 2 )Objectives: 1.Review the language points during the last lesson.2.Make Ss know some countries and their national flags.Notes:Key points: 1.Review the words and sentence patterns.2.The weather is …Difficult points: 1.After _____is ______.2.The weather in the north is so hot and dry.Students’Analysis:After the long vocation, some students are not ready for English learning. The teacher should r aise the students’ interest and confidence in English.TeachingAids:CD-ROM, cards, picturesTeaching Procedures:Step 1: Warming up1.Greetings:2.Sing a song: Four SeasonsStep 2: Revision1.Revision these words about seasons2.Talk about the four seasons and the weatherStep 3: Presentation and drills1.T: Boys and girls, I’ll travel many countries in thesummer vocation, can you tell me the name of thecountries?2.Teach these words: China, Australia, USA,Singapore, New Zealand3.Listen and read the text.Step 4: Practise1.Act the text two by two2.Retell the text by yourselves.3.Play a game-------Find friendsStep 5: ConsolidationPair works: Today is March 17th. You are in China, but yourfriends in different countries. Telephone your friends to askhim/her about the weather there.Step 6:Homework1.Listen and read the text.2.Talk about the weather with your parents.Step7: AssessmentTeaching Notes:Unit 1 (Period 3 )Objectives: Review the language points during the last term.Notes:Key points: 1.Review the words and sentence patterns.2.The weather is …Difficult points: 1.After _____is ______.2.The weather in the north is so hot and dry.Students’Analysis:Help Ss speak and read English.TeachingAids:CD-ROM, cards, picturesTeaching Procedures:Step 1: Warming up1.Greetings:2.Sing a song: FOUR SEASONSStep 2: RevisionRevision words and drillsStep 3: Presentation and drills1.Play the tape, listen and read.2.Open your books read these sentences, use thewords in the box to complete the sentences. Writetwo more sentences about the seasons.3.Read and spell the words.Step 4: Practise1.Play a game-----Climb the ladder2.Listen and chant3.Look and talk the picturesStep 5:HomeworkRecite the text .Step6: AssessmentTeaching Notes:Unit 2 (Period 1 )Objectives: 3.Review the language points of unit 1.4.Make Ss love our motherland, love animals.5.Talk about the animals.Notes:Key Learn the four skills words and sentence patterns.points:Difficult points: 1.The new words2.The drill: What can you see? I can see …Students’Analysis:TeachingAids:CD-ROM, cards, picturesTeaching Procedures:Step 1: Warming up3.Greetings:4.Sing a song: Mary had a little lamb.Step 2: Lead-inT: Look here. Answer my questions. Let’s have a match. Step 3: Presentation and drills1.T: Listen carefully. What can you hear? Whichanimal?Teach: lambPlay a game--------Follow meT: What can you see? I can see a lamb. I can see a new lamb.2.T: Look the screen, what can you see? Teach newword: calf. Read and play a game. ( Find friends) Make dialogues with “What can you see? I can see a new____.〞3.Teach the other words in the same way. ( puppy,chick, kitten, duckling )4.Listen to the tape, answer these questions.5.Open books repeat one by one.Step 4: Practise1.Play a game---------Who’s missing?2.Play a game---------FreezeStep 5: ConsolidationWork in pairs.How is the weather in spring? Talk about it with your partner. Draw or write in the weather chart.How is the weather?What clothes do you put on?What new baby animals can you see?Step 6:Homework1.Draw a picture to show springtime. Tell your friends aboutit.2.Listen to the tape, read one by one.Step7: AssessmentTeaching Notes:Unit 2 (Period 2)Objectives: Review the language points during the unit 2 lesson 4Notes:Keypoints:Review the words and sentence patterns.Difficult points: 1.To understand seasonal cycle.2.Make Ss talk about the four seasons.Students’Analysis:TeachingCD-ROM, cards, picturesAids:Teaching Procedures:Step 1: Warming up1.Greetings:2.Sing a song:Step 2: RevisionCAI : Magic EyesStep 3: Presentation and drills1.Watch a video about an apple tree in four seasons2.Open your books listen and read3.Answer these questions:What can you see in spring?Which season can you see many apples on the tree?Do people pick the apples in summer?Is the apple tree sleeping in winter?Step 4: Practise1.Work in pairs. Wheat gives us flour to make bread and noodles. Look at the picture A Wheat Plant in Four Seasons. Talk with your partner about it.Step 5:HomeworkCopy the words about lesson 4Listen and readTeaching Notes:Unit 2 (Period 3)Objectives: Review the language points Notes: Keypoints:Review the words and sentence patterns.Difficult points: 1. The tense2. The forms of the verbsStudents’Analysis:TeachingAids:CD-ROM, cards, picturesTeaching Procedures:Step 1: Warming upreetings:2.Sing a song: Mary had a little lambT: Dar children. Study hard and learn English well. Step 2: RevisionPlay a game--------Drawing and guessingStep 3: Presentation and drills1.Listen and repeat the text.2.Make dialogue with the drill.3.Act the text.4.Read and write. Use the words in the box to complete thesentences. Write two more sentences about weather in the seasonsSunny and windy snowy springtime in the UKFly his kite in the park February September It’’s _______.The weather is __________________.What will Harry do today? He will ______________.Step 4: PractiseRead and spell these wordsPlay a game -------who is the winner?Step 5: Homework1.Listen and read these sentences.2.Recite the text by yourselves.3.Make sentences about “What new life can you see in___? Ican see ______.〞Step6 AssessmentTeaching Notes:Unit 3 (Period 1)Objectives: Review the language points during the last unit. Notes:Key points: 1.Learn the new words and sentence patterns.2.Can use these new words and sentence patternsin the daily life.3.Love our mother and family numbers.Difficult points: 1.The drill: Is she your mother’s favourite____?Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.2.Tell Ss make friends with the people3.Love our mother.Students’ Analysis:TeachingCD-ROM, cards, picturesAids:Teaching Procedures:Step 1: Warming up5.Greetings:6.Sing a song:Step 2: Lead-inCAIT: Look the screen, there are some pictures about holidays, and can you tell me their names?T: Do you know when Mother’s Day is?Step 3: Presentation and drills1.Watch a video, guess the name of the video. Teach the word: movie. Pay attention to the pronunciation of v. 2.T: Everyone, is this your mother’s favourite movie? 3.Teach “cinema〞4.Show them a CD/VCD, teach CD/VCD5.CAI: look at this picture, who is he? He is Zhou Jielun.He is a singer. Teach the word.6.In the same way teach: artist/ actor/ actress.7.Listen to the tape.8.Listen and read.Step 4: Practise1.Play a game --------Magic Eyes2.Ask and answer: Is this your mum’s favourite colour?Is this your mum’s favourite actress?Is this your mum’s favourite artist?Is this your mum’s favourite singer?Is this your mum’s favourite food?Is this your mum’s favourite fruit?Is this your mum’s favourite drink?Step 5: ConsolidationFind oue from your mumDo you know what your mum likes? What are your mum’s favourites? Look at the chart and fill them in.My mum’s favouritesWhat’s her favourite…?food drink fruit colour Chicken Tea Mango RedPork Coffee Grapes BlackBeef Juice Orange Yellow Others Other Other OtherWho is her favourite…?singer actor actress artistStep 6:HomeworkCollege some holidays.Listen and repeat one by one.Step7: AssessmentTeaching Notes:Unit 3 (Period 2)Objectives: Review the language points during lesson 7. Notes:Key points:words and sentence patterns.2.Can use these new words and sentence patterns in the daily life.3.Love our mother and family numbers.Difficult points: 1. L E A R N T H E N E W W O R D S A N D S E N T E N C E P A T T E R N S.4.Can use these new words and sentence patternsin the daily life.2. Love our mother and family numbers.Students’Analysis:TeachingAids:CD-ROM, cards, picturesTeaching Procedures:Step 1: Warming upreetings:2.Sing a song:Step 2: Revision1.Play a game ------Find friends2.Make sentencesStep 3: Presentation and drillsListen and read(Page 12)Step 4: PractiseT: Mother’s Day is coming. I want to buy a gift for my mother. Today is Sunday, I will go shopping. But what shall I buy? CAI ( in the shop) Show some things1.Sandals: there are many colours2.Silk scarves: pick your favourite colour3.Music CDs: you will find mum’s favourite singer.4.Movie VCDs: you don’t have to go to the cinema. See thelatest movies at home5.Nightdresses : Mum can sleep in a cool night dress in thehot summerT: How much are those sandals?They are 25 yuan.Task 1: 100 元的消费〔规那么:事先在教室里面布置假设干柜台,每个柜台上放着文具、水果、服装等商品,商品都没有标价,必须由顾客询问才能被告知。
新译林牛津小学英语四年级下册Unit5教案

Unit5 Seasons
spring warmfly kites/go boating
summerhoteat ice creams/ goswimming
autumncoolhave picnics/ go climbing
wintercoldmake snowmen/现方式做保护处理对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑并不能对任何下载内容负责
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3.自由地表达每个季节的气候特征和在每个季节里通常做的事情。
4.仿照书上Fun time完成“我最喜欢的季节”的英文明信片制作。
重
难
点
1.能听懂、会读、会说、会写单词:spring, summer, autumn, winter, hot, warm, cool, cold.
2.能听懂、会读、会说句子:We like spring/summer/autumn/winter. In…, it is warm/cool/hot/cold. We…(具体活动)
Ss: Yes, how nice!
T: It’s Tommy’s card. Let’s listen to him.
(播放书上Tommy介绍的音频)
Which season does Tommy like?
(如果学生听不明白does,教师可提示Spring? Winter? ) Ss: winter
2.Task One--I can talk about the four seasons
TPM活动的推进步骤课件

(7)行政方面 ◇使用科技手段处理事务的应用能力 ◇信息传递的能力 ◇行政成本(8)管理层方面 ◇管理层的素质 ◇管理层的士气 ◇管理层的流动率 ◇可培养为管理人员的人才数目(9)员工方面 ◇流动率 ◇士气 ◇专业知识及技术水准 ◇目前能力可适应未来趋势的人才数目 ◇未来培养的难易度 ◇劳资关系
一、导入前的准备工作
步骤一(STEP1):高层决心导入
重点工作(二):建立TPM活动组织
3、赋予机构成员任务 以下就针对推行TPM活动的组织机构(见图4-2),说明各层次岗位的组成与任务:A为企业最高管理者(公司推进委员会)。 A1……An为各支柱专题委员会,其主要任务是针对企业需求,成立各种专门委员会,以全力规划各支柱重点项目的实施方针。 B由熟悉企业内部事务的人员组成,为TPM推进办公室(日韩外企、台资企业称为事务局),其主要任务有以下各项:1)在最顶端的三角形,是指由管理层及各部门最高主管组成,为TPM推进委员会公司委员会。其主要任务为制订企业推行TPM的方针。其中: ◇制订使TPM进入正轨所需的计划; ◇研究拟订活动推进状况的持续追踪对策; ◇对现场自主管理活动进行支援; ◇企业方针与基层意见的沟通渠道; ◇规划整体教育培训课程。
TPM——推进的步骤
一、导入前的准备工作
步骤一(STEP1):高层决心导入
步骤二(STEP2):初期推进人员的设置
步骤三(STEP3):TPM的导入培训
步骤四(STEP4):基本方针与目标的设定
步骤五(STEP5):设置TPM推进专职机构
五年级下册教案(到5单元)

备课年级:小学五年级下册所属学科:英语教材版本:湖南少年儿童出版社备课教师:文长华Unit1 We’re going to read stories一、教材分析(Teaching Material)本单元主要学习使用be going to do句型来谈论将要发生或将要、打算去做的事情。
课堂上可以安排各种情境如新学期来了同学们准备如何管理学习、同学要来做客你准备做些什么等等。
二、教学目标(Teaching Aims)1、通过学习,能使用新句型来谈论将要发生或打算去做的事情;2、在合作学习中,培养学生合作交流能力,鼓励学生多开口,敢于发言;3、通过学习,培养学生的口语发音与交际。
三、教学重难点(Important & Difficult Points)1、理解并掌握新单词story, listen to, interesting, talk about, put on, play, great, write about;2、掌握并能运用句型am/ is/ are going to…;四、课时安排(Periods Arrangement)三到四个课时五、教具(Teaching Aids)录音机、图片、卡片、CD、课件等等。
Unit 1 We’re going to read storiesPeriod 1一、教学目标(Teaching Aims)1、知识目标(Knowledge Aims):1)能看懂、会读、会说新单词story, listen to, interesting, talk about,put on, play, great, write about;2)学习、运用新句型:am/is/are going to…, Are we going to …? 2、能力目标(Ability Aims):1)能向他人询问、回答将来将要发生的事情;2)能理解课本A与B部分。
3、情感目标(Emotion Aims)学会小组合作,团结友爱。
英语教学案例5篇
英语教学案例5篇英语教学案例分析篇一1、Task-Based Language Teaching,即TBLT这是新课标之后实行的新型教学方法——任务型教学,这个意识半会儿说不清楚,你得好好研究一下。
如果成功了,这个教学方法课堂效果会很好。
2、五步教学法:Step 1 Warming upStep 2 Presentation and practiceStep 3 PresentationStep 4 PracticeStep 5 Post Task3、五指教学法:RPCPPStep 1 ReviewStep 2 PresentationStep 3 ConsolidationStep 4 PracticeStep 5 ProjectPresentation4.3P教学法Warming-upPresentationPracticeProductionHomework5交际型教学Communicative Teaching在教学过程中创设或模拟真实情景交际,让学生通过听、说、理解等交际活动不断沟通交流、进行互动的一种教学模式下面谈一谈英语学习方式前面提到四种学习方式:合作学习/共同学习、自主学习、任务型学习、探究学习。
下面就对它们做一个简明扼要的介绍。
这个介绍是提纲挈领的介绍,涉及不到十分具体的技巧。
关于技巧方面可以在培训班另安排时间深入探讨。
过去(甚至目前)学生课堂学习的方式比较单一、枯燥乏味、效果不佳。
这种学习方式就是大家所熟悉的学生听教师讲为主的方式。
《英语课程标准》建议教师帮助学生掌握多种学习方式。
这里介绍的四种学习方式,不是全部的学习方式,比如,有条件的地方,可以利用多媒体手段、利用互联网络进行学习。
这里介绍四种学习方式,不意味着其他学习方式不好,或者无效,而是要根据教学实际情况选择使用、交替使用、综合使用。
而且,教师讲解也不是在教学中没有任何地位,必要的时候,仍然可以使用。
只不过不要把它作为唯一的方式或者主要的学习方式。
人教版英语的初二上册教学设计五篇
人教版英语的初二上册教学设计五篇现代的英语教学要求学生听说读写全面发展,而英语知识散碎性又意味着记忆的不断重复性,那么把学生抓在手中让他们跟着学,有兴趣学就变得十分重要。
下面是小编整理的人教版英语的初二上册教学设计5篇,欢迎大家阅读分享借鉴,希望大家喜欢,也希望对大家有所帮助。
人教版英语的初二上册教学设计1教学目标能听,说,读,写短语:cleaned my room, washed my clothes , stayed at home, watched TV .理解句子:How was your weekend ? It was fine ,thanks . What did you do ? I stayed at home and watched TV.能运用过去式询问别人上周末的活动,并会对其作出回答。
3. 能够运用新学的内容完成“Do a survey and report”任务。
4. 在小组的讨论交流中,培养学生英语的综合运用能力。
教学重难点1.重点:掌握核心单词、词组以及句子。
2.难点:掌握动词过去式的用法及过去式的读音。
教学过程Step1 : Warm upT: Good morning, boys and girls,.I usually clean my room and wash the clothes on weekends.What do you usually do on weekends?S1: I usually do my homework and watch TV.S2: I usually play table tennis. ………..(设计目的:问候语热身进入英语学习状态,同时用一般现在时态提问,为新课一般过去时做铺垫。
)Step2:PresentationT: Today we’ll learn Unit.2Last weekend.1. 日历呈现 Last weekend(设计目的:直观导入过去时间,上周六和上个星期天。
最新外研版五年级英语下册教案全册
最新外研版五年级英语下册教案全册Module 1Unit1We lived in a small house教学目标:1、掌握单词:life,different,ago,any,television,grandchildren,us,grandmother,lady.2、学习重点句型:There weren’t any buses.We lived in a small house.教学重点:1、学习本课的新单词及短语,能够将词汇灵活的运用到实际的语言表达中。
2、学习重点句型:There weren’t any buses.We lived in a small house.教学难点:学习和巩固句型“There were/weren’t…many years ago.”的用法。
教学准备:多媒体课件、录音机、图片教学过程:Step 1: Warm upT:I had a happy winter holiday. I visited my friends. What about you ?S:…Step 2: PresentationYou’ve done many interesting things. Let’s look at Lingling.We all know Lingling is still in England with Sam and Amy. Does she miss China?Let’s listen to the radio and find the answer.1、Listen and point. (听音指句子,整体感知课文内容,并回答老师刚才提出的问题。
)2、Listen and underline the new words.(听录音,画出新单词)教师引导学习新单词(1)life类似单词有like,light,注意[f]的发音。
(2)ago在短语中学习many years ago,many days ago,three weeks ago。
英语教学教案模板英文版优秀5篇
英语教学教案模板英文版优秀5篇篇一:英语教案篇一活动名称:《H Hat》活动目标:1、通过利用各种游戏活动让幼儿反复听、说、读、练,在游戏活动中学习并掌握英语字母:“H”、英语单词:“Hat”的正确发音及译义,理解短语:“Be quiet!Listen。
”的实际译义。
2、初步培养幼儿的英语对话能力。
活动准备:准备字母卡、图卡一张,录音机及《阳光幼儿英语》音乐磁带。
活动过程:1、活动开始,师幼例行问候,引起幼儿英语活动的兴趣,并进行热身运动。
2、创设情景进行英语对话,复习所学过的会话内容,奖励复习出色及有进步的幼儿,并介绍本节课将要学习内容的重点。
3、教授新字母“H”及新单词“Hat”。
(1)教师出示字母娃娃H,让幼儿说出像什么,在拼贴字母的过程中学会字母“H”的正确发音。
(2)教师利用图卡引出“帽子”的英语单词,通过游戏“贴帽子”让幼儿反复练习强化,逐渐掌握单词“Hat”的正确发音及译义。
4、律动教学。
教授幼儿短语“Be quiet!Listen。
”的实际译义及相应的动作。
5、教师小结,叮嘱幼儿:“回家要看VCD,回家要听录音机,回家要当Melody!”篇二:高中英语教学设计篇二一、课程类型:高三复习课二、教学目标:一) 认知目标1、句型和语言点(见教学重点)。
2、用所学的知识与伙伴进行交流、沟通,学会改错、写作。
二)情感目标利用多媒体手段营造积极和谐教学氛围,使学生不自觉地进入情景之中,充分调动学生的思维活动和情感体验,引起学生的共鸣。
三)智力目标在运用语言的过程中培养学生的观察力、分析力、想象力和自学能力,帮助学生加强记忆力,提高思维能力和运用英语的综合能力,激发创造能力。
三、教材分析:这是高三复习阶段的一节写作课。
这节书面表达课就从审题谋篇等方面入手来完成教学目的,侧重于引导学生在把握书面表达的写作前准备即谋篇审题能力,使学生在动手写作前迅速构思按照规范的模式来完成谋篇审题:在教学中不仅仅强调写,对于与写作紧密联系的听、说、读、改错都有兼顾。
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前几篇文章我已经对异步的操作进行的详细的解释.异步操作也是线程的一种,当我们开始一个异步操作(新线程),完成调用后需要和其他线程通信(可能需要告知状态信息),这时候我们就需要线程间的通信编程.线程间通信我们看下面的图图1我们来看线程间通信的原理:线程(Thread B)和线程(Thread A)通信, 首先线程A 必须实现同步上下文对象(Synchronization Context), 线程B通过调用线程A的同步上下文对象来访问线程A,所有实现都是在同步上下文中完成的.线程B有两种方式来实现线程间的通信.第一种:调用线程A的同步上下文对象,阻碍当前线程,执行红色箭头调用,直到黄色箭头返回(同步上下文执行完毕)才释放当前线程. (1→2→3→5)第二种: 调用线程A的同步上下文对象(实际上是在开启一个新线程去执行,1→2→3→5) ,执行红色箭头,但并不阻碍当前线程(原有线程,1→4→5),绿色箭头继续执行.文章中将会通过下面几个类来进行介绍:1.ISynchronizeInvoke 接口2.SynchronizationContext 类3.AsyncOperation / AsyncOperationManager 类1. ISynchronizeInvoke接口我们先来看下面一段异步的代码(Window Form控件下有1个Button/1个Label),但点击Button的时候,执行异步调用,完成后,告诉Window Form的Label控件Text属性”Asynchronous End”.Code1.1delegate void DoWork();private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e){//辅助方法,查看当前线程Debug.WriteLine(string.Format("Window Form Method.Thread ID:#{0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId));//Label lblStatus 属于主线程的控件[1]this.lblStatus.Text = "Asynchronous Start.";//使用委托来调用异步方法DoWork work = DoWorkMethod;work.BeginInvoke(OnWorkCallback, work);}void OnWorkCallback(IAsyncResult asyncResult){//辅助方法,查看当前线程Debug.WriteLine(string.Format("Asynchronous Callback Method.Thread ID:#{0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId));DoWork work = asyncResult.AsyncState as DoWork;if (work != null){work.EndInvoke(asyncResult);}//行22 报错:"线程间操作无效: 从不是创建控件“lblStatus”的线程访问它."this.lblStatus.Text = "Asynchronous End"; //上面注释[1]}void DoWorkMethod(){Thread.Sleep(3000);//模拟耗时工作}运行代码,我们在第22行报错(异步方法体内).为什么呢?我们必须清楚的一点,在windows应用窗体应用程序中,对窗体上控件属性的任何修改都必须在主线程中完成。
不能从其他线程安全地访问控件的方法和属性。
从Debug窗口中我们也可以看出(图1.1).执行Button Click 事件的时候,运行在线程ID =#10; 在异步的方法体内,运行在线程ID=#7.图1.1为了解决这个问题,实现图1.1 中#10 和#7 的通信,下来开始认识ISynchronizeInvoke接口(此接口来自.Net Framework 1.0),提供3个方法1个属性:BeginInvoke / EndInvoke 方法: 异步方法Invoke 方法: 同步方法InvokeRequired 属性: 判读来源的执行线程下面我们看Code1.2的具体代码来说明(对Code1.1改写,其中Label 改为ListBox)Code1.2delegate void DoWork();private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e){//更新状态,添加到Listbox 中AddValue("Asynchronous Start.");//使用委托来调用异步方法DoWork work = DoWorkMethod;work.BeginInvoke(OnWorkCallback, work);}void OnWorkCallback(IAsyncResult asyncResult){DoWork work = asyncResult.AsyncState as DoWork;if (work != null){work.EndInvoke(asyncResult);}//(1)方法:调用Control控件的Invoke//Action<string> asyncUpdateState = UpdateStatus; //Action<string> 介绍=> 附1//Invoke(asyncUpdateState, "1:Asynchronous End.");//(2)方法:直接在异步调用的线程下UpdateStatus("2:Asynchronous End.");}void UpdateStatus(string input){//把你需要通知的控件Control 赋值给ISynchronizeInvoke//来实现线程间的通信ISynchronizeInvoke async = this.listBoxStatus;//使用(1)方法,InvokeRequired == false ,来源当前(Window Form)主线程if (async.InvokeRequired == false)AddValue(input);else// 使用(2)方法 == true ,来源其他线程(异步){Action<string> action = new Action<string>(status =>{AddValue(status);});//调用ISynchronizeInvoke 提供的Invoke 同步方法,阻碍线程,直到调用结束//也可以使用ISynchronizeInvoke 提供的异步BeginInvoke/EndInvoke方法来实现调用.async.Invoke(action, new object[] { input });}}void AddValue(string input){this.listBoxStatus.Items.Add(string.Format("[(#{2}){0}]Context is null:{1}", input,Thread.CurrentContext==null,Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId));}void DoWorkMethod(){Thread.Sleep(3000);//模拟耗时工作}图1.2在代码中(UpdateStatus方法体内),我们可以看到主要是在ISynchronizeInvoke async =this.listBoxStatus;实现了线程间的通信,MSDN的解释”实现此接口的对象可以接收事件已发生的通知,并且可以响应有关该事件的查询”. 并使Window Form(主线程) 下的ListBox 控件和来自异步方法(另外一个线程)的建立了通道. InvokeRequired 判断是否线程的来源,如果使用(1)方法,来源于Window Form 自身Control 的Invoke方法,InvokeRequired 将返回false; 来源另外线程(异步)如果使用(2)返回true.同时ISynchronizeInvoke 提供了异步(BeginInvoke+EndInvok)和同步方法(Invoke)来实现线程间通信.Invoke 就是最上面的图1 所示的第一种/ BeginInvoke+EndInvok 是第二种.附1:关于Action<T…> / Func (T…, TResult) (简单的说就是”简化后的委托”)的知识可以看MSDN的介绍.Action<T…>: /zh-cn/library/018hxwa8.aspxFunc (T…, TResult): /zh-cn/library/bb549151.aspxCode1.2虽然实现了线程间的通信, 回顾图1的解释,”首先线程A 必须实现同步上下文对象(Synchronization Context)”, 而在Code1.2 中并没有为Window Form(主线程)实现上下文对象,如果没有这个对象一切都是不成立的.那么Window Form 做了些什么呢?我们来看下面的代码(使用Console程序):Code1.3static class Program{static void Main(){//1,在Main 主线程中运行,查看线程ID和同步上下文Console.WriteLine("0.ThreadID:#{1},Synchronization Context isnull?{0}",SynchronizationContext.Current == null,Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);//2,在Main 主线程中运行,实例化空对象Test,查看线程ID和同步上下文Test a = new Test();Console.WriteLine("1.ThreadID:#{1},Synchronization Context isnull?{0}",SynchronizationContext.Current == null,Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);//3,在Main 主线程中运行,实例化FormTest对象(继承Form),查看线程ID和同步上下文FormTest test = new FormTest();Console.WriteLine("2.ThreadID:#{1},Synchronization Context isnull?{0}",SynchronizationContext.Current == null,Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);//4,在新线程中运行,查看线程ID和同步上下文new Thread(work).Start();Console.Read();}static void work(){Console.WriteLine("3.ThreadID:#{1},Synchronization Context isnull?{0}",SynchronizationContext.Current == null,Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);}}public class FormTest : System.Windows.Forms.Form{}public class Test{}图1.3由代码和图可以看出(SynchronizationContext.Current == null 判断同步上下文对象是否存在),实例化FormTest 对象后(继承System.Windows.Forms.Form),Form默认的帮我们创建了同步上下文对象,使主线程#9 具备了同步上下文对象,这就是为什么Code1.2 不用声明同步上下文对象的原因,同时也告诉我们,开启一个新线程#10,线程本身是没有同步上下文对象的.2. SynchronizationContext 类相比ISynchronizeInvoke 接口,SynchronizationContext 类(来自.Net Framework 2.0)提供了更多的方法来操作同步上下文对象,实现线程间通信. 在上面的例子中SynchronizationContext类中将由 Post/Send 方法来实现.反编译后我们看到:Code2.1public virtual void Post(SendOrPostCallback d, object state){ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(new WaitCallback(d.Invoke), state);}public virtual void Send(SendOrPostCallback d, object state){d(state);}Send = ISynchronizeInvoke 中的Invoke 同步调用.图1中的第一种Post = ISynchronizeInvoke 中的BeginInvoke + EndInvoke异步调用. 图1中的第二种下面我们改写下Code1.2的代码.Code2.2delegate void DoWork();private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e){//System.Windows.Forms.Form 自动的创建默认的同步上下文对象,//直接的获取当前的同步上下文对象SynchronizationContext context = SynchronizationContext.Current;//更新状态,添加到Listbox 中AddValue<string>("Asynchronous Start.");//使用委托来调用异步方法DoWork work = DoWorkMethod;work.BeginInvoke(OnWorkCallback, context);}void OnWorkCallback(IAsyncResult asyncResult){AsyncResult async = (AsyncResult)asyncResult;DoWork work = (DoWork)async.AsyncDelegate;work.EndInvoke(asyncResult);//更新状态UpdateStatus("Asynchronous End.", asyncResult.AsyncState);}void UpdateStatus(object input,object syncContext){//获取主线程(Window Form)中同步上下文对象SynchronizationContext context = syncContext as SynchronizationContext;//使用SynchronizationContext 类中异步Post 方法SendOrPostCallback callback = new SendOrPostCallback(p => {AddValue<object>(p);});context.Post(callback, input);//Post 为异步,Send 为同步}void AddValue<T>(T input){this.listBoxStatus.Items.Add(string.Format("[(#{2}){0}]Context is null:{1}", input, Thread.CurrentContext == null,Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId));}void DoWorkMethod(){Thread.Sleep(3000);//模拟耗时工作}在主线程中System.Windows.Forms.Form 自动的创建默认的同步上下文对象, 我们把当前的同步上下文对象赋值到异步线程中,调用Post 方法来实现, Post 方法接收SendOrPostCallback 委托和额外object state参数,在Post方法体内调用线程池的线程来实现(Code2.1).当然我们也可以直接使用Send方法.下面我们看看线程中的代码(在Console 下编程).Code2.3static class Program{static void Main()Output("Main Thread Start.");//为主线程创建Synchronization Contextvar context = new SynchronizationContext();//开始一个新线程Thread threadB = new Thread(work);threadB.Start(context);Console.Read();}static void work(object context){Output("Thread B");//获取主线程中的同步上下文对象SynchronizationContext sc = context as SynchronizationContext;//异步的方式和主线程通信,并发送"Hello World".sc.Post(new SendOrPostCallback(p => {Output(p);}), "Hello World");}static void Output(object value){Console.WriteLine("[ThreadID:#{0}]{1}",Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId,value);}}图2.3在主线程中因为没有同步上下文对象,所以开始我们new SynchronizationContext(); 对象,其他和Code2.2 基本一样.从图2.3很好的解释图1的第二种调用.3. AsyncOperation / AsyncOperationManager 类AsyncOperation / AsyncOperationManager 类是SynchronizationContext 类的进一步封装和实现, AsyncOperationManager在创建AsyncOperation对象的时候会取得当前线程的同步上下文对象,并存储在AsyncOperation之中,使我们访问同步上下文对象更加容易.public class MySynchronizedClass{private AsyncOperation operation;public event EventHandler somethingHappened;public MySynchronizedClass(){//创建AsyncOperation 对象,并把当前线程的同步上下文保持到AsyncOperation中. operation = AsyncOperationManager.CreateOperation(null);Thread workerThread = new Thread(new ThreadStart(DoWork));workerThread.Start();}private void DoWork(){SendOrPostCallback callback = new SendOrPostCallback(state =>{EventHandler handler = somethingHappened;if (handler != null){handler(this, EventArgs.Empty);}});operation.Post(callback, null);//注意1operation.OperationCompleted();}}代码很简单,我也不在解释,可以参照上面所有代码. 注意1: AsyncOperation类中实现了OperationCompleted的方法.SynchronizationContext 类中这个方法是没有具体的代码实现的.总结:文章中也非常适合线程的编程(除了异步)来实现通信, SynchronizationContext是最重要的一个,其他的扩展类,如SynchronizationContextSwitcher 等更高级的主题,具体可参考下面的链接. 在Winform中有个非常重要的BackgroundWorker 类,关于BackgroundWorker的文章很多,在此不做解释了.下一篇文章中,我将会讨论Web 上的异步方法.技术参考:/KB/cpp/SyncContextTutorial.aspx/KB/threads/SynchronizationContext.aspx/KB/threads/SynchronizationContext2.aspx/KB/threads/SynchronizationContext3.aspx以上有word 文档直接粘贴,排版可能不太好看,你可以通过下面来下载相应的代码/文档1,2,(VS2008开发,.Net Framework 3.5(C Sharp)编写)文章为原创,如果需要引用,请保留原地址. 有什么问题/错误的地方请联系fox7805034 (at) 。