The Application Protocol Information Base World Wide Web Gateway
电子商务英语词汇
-oriented 面向...的 object-oriented 面向对象的 market-oriented 市场导向的 process-oriented 面向进程的 user-oriented 面向用户的 -free 自由的,无关的 tax-free 免税的 paper-free 无纸的 jumper-free 无跳线的 charge-free 免费的
02
词汇内容丰富、专业性强
一、电子商务英语词汇特点
2.词缀使用频繁
电子商务英语中有大量通过缩略形式构成的新词(主要是首字母缩略词
如: EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)电子数据交换、
CA (Certificate Authority) 认证SET(Secure Electronic Transaction)安全电子交易协议。
单词前缀还有很多，其构成可以同义而不同源(如拉丁、希腊)，可以互换，例如
multi, poly 相当于many 如: multimedia多媒体, polytechnic多种科技的 uni, mono 相当于single 如: unicode统一代码, monochrome单色 bi, di 相当于 twice 如: bicycle自行车, diode二极管 equi,iso 相当于equa 如: equality等式, isograph等线图 simili, homo 相当于same 如: similarity相似性, homogeneous同样的 semi,hemi 相当于half 如: semiconductor半导体, hemicycle半圆形 hyper, super 相当于over 如: hypertext超文本, superscalar超级标量
计算机硬件英文缩写
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Processing Unit --> 中央处理器]#CRT=Circuits --> 电路.& 9CRT=Cathode Ray Tube --> 阴极射线管=Fcp)9CTRL=Control --> 控制/控制键k=&Cylinder --> 磁柱面Cyrix--->西列克斯公司^AxDAta Bus --->数据总线"Daughterboard--->子板,X_F3 -Ds= 3-Dimension studio --->三维绘图工作室qcl@NqDEL=Delete --->删除键A&DHCP=Dynamic Handle Configrue Processor--->动态配置处理器NGDM=Disk Manager --->磁盘管理器WouF{RDMA=Direct Memory Access --->存储器直接存取（访问）OC>x(#DOT=Device Operating Terminal--->设备操作终端QVqiXDPMI=Data Processing Memory Information--->数据处理内存信息pDRAM=Dynamic Random-Access Memory--->动态随机存储器SG\DRV=Drive --->驱动器PDSP=Digital Signal Processor --->数字信号处理器+D]wsEGA=Enhanced Graphic Adapter--->增强型图形显示器hEMM=Expanded Memory Management--->扩展内存管理rD]EMS=Expanded Memory System --->扩展内存系统:EMS=Expanded Memory Specification --->扩展内存规范-<Encoded Keyboard --->编码键盘flREEROM=Erasable Read Only Memory--->可擦除只读存储器v(YwESC=Escape --->退出键/退出系统U'ESDI=Enhanced Small Device Interface--->增强型小型设备界面（接口）ju%;FDD=Floppy Disk Drive --->软驱7"FPU=Floating Point Unit --->浮点处理器（数学协处理器）[2GB=Gigabyte --->千兆字节VL?afGold Finger--->金插脚o5kHDD=Hard Disk Light-emitting diode--->硬盘指示灯（发光二极管）{Head--->磁头}BIlHPM=Hyper-Page-Mode--->超页模式n8kIBM=International Business Machines Corporation--->国际商业机器公司R,+kSTID=Identifier--->标识符kWT&gdID=Inside Diameter--->内径4;yIDE=Insede Diameter Enhanced--->内部直径增强接口w(INS=Insert--->插入行/插入键k}1Q,rIntel--->英特尔公司9g4n`Interleave--->交叉（存取）因子%?Intersections--->内部结点31fI/O=Input/Output---->输入输出v1IRC=Interrupt Controller--->中断控制7\&d:yIRQ=Interrupt Require --->中断请求G%6xJoysticks--->操纵杆<JP(Jumper)--->跳线;WsJCP=Jumper Channel Port--->跳通道线端Q!YKB=Kilobytes--->千字节^9IKB=Keyboard--->键盘8Land Zone Cylinder--->焊盘存储区磁柱面4Rk\1!LASER=Light Amplification By Stimulation Emission Of Eadiation--->激光/镭射G:jF& LPT=Line Parrallel Tandem--->并行口!u\1-=Mainboard--->主板awCF#hMAP=Microprocessor Application Project--->微处理机应用计划+{Master Clock--->主时钟rMD@oMCI=Media Control Interface--->媒体控制接口fF2G{MIDI=Musecal Instrument Digital Interface--->乐器数字接口J||Modem=Modulator and Demodulator--->调制解调器e&ZMotherboard--->母板2$S{MPU=Micro-Processor(Processing) Unit--->微处理器+0b;MS=Microsoft---->微软wMS=Memory System/Main Storage--->内存/主存?V[NMOS=Negative Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor--->阴极金属氧化物半导体Rc,NT=New Technology--->新技术('NTAS=New Technology Advanced Server--->新技术超级服务器hNTFS=New Technology File System--->新科技文件系统=tX`-©雷傲极酷超级论坛-- 雷傲极酷超级论坛，最新软件，BT 下载，游戏娱乐，交友聊天，您网上的自由天堂cS%v©雷傲极酷超级论坛-- 雷傲极酷超级论坛，最新软件，BT 下载，游戏娱乐，交友聊天，您网上的自由天堂qTEat-©雷傲极酷超级论坛-- 雷傲极酷超级论坛，最新软件，BT 下载，游戏娱乐，交友聊天，您网上的自由天堂bO$.mUPC=Private Compatible Machine--->个人兼容机YNmmcaPCI=Peripheral Component Interconnect--->外围元件互连u |,rNPDI=Program Device Information--->程序设备信息=gPDQ=Parrallel Data Query--->并行数据查询d*}yC6Peripherals--->外设<${4PgDn=Page Down--->向下翻页{SPgUp=Page Up--->向上翻页VPins--->插脚.&?B-PMOS=Positive Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor--->阳极金属氧化物半导体M:JYPower--->电源((/;^Precompensation Cylinder--->预补偿磁柱面B~A>RsPrinter--->打印机/打印"@,aPROM=Programmable Read Only Memory--->可编程序只读存储器ARAM=Random-Access Memory--->随机存储器/内存c*u>]RBS=Remote Boot Service--->远程引导（启动）服务kQZH?|Regulator--->调整器K(eReset--->复位/复位键mZY+REV.=Revision--->版本号^aWVmYRISC=Reduced Instruction Set Computer--->精减指令集计算机系统#`7ROM=Read Only Memory--->只读存储器p_?.53Rows--->行~=?==RTC=Real Time Clock--->实时钟o©雷傲极酷超级论坛-- 雷傲极酷超级论坛，最新软件，BT 下载，游戏娱乐，交友聊天，您网上的自由天堂}11SB=Sound Blaster--->有声装置/声卡c`jFySCSI=Small Computer System Interface--->小型计算机系统界面（接口）C[YCSector--->扇区owJ+Selector--->选择器p1<'nSFT=Shifter--->换档键]SIMM（Single-In-Line Memory Modules）--->单列直插式内存模块\bSL=Slot--->插槽Y7v%SMM(System Management Mode)--->系统管理模式7)iSPK=Speaker--->喇叭`/q.=KSRAM(System Random Access Memory)--->系统随机访问存储器S#1>SW=Switch--->开关V`SYS=System--->系统Wrm>.sTag RAM--->标记随机存储器nD^0TM=Trade Mark--->商标rd,WTrack--->磁道9X~>\rUPS=Uninterruptible Power System--->连续供电电源系统%TnTUPS=Uninterruptible Power Supply--->不间断供电电源6VccVB=Vision Blaster--->视霸卡peVVCC=Volt Current Condenser--->电源电位3i_<bVideo Display Generator--->视频显示器0WdVGA=Video Graphic Adapter--->视频图形显示器ks~[©雷傲极酷超级论坛-- 雷傲极酷超级论坛，最新软件，BT 下载，游戏娱乐，交友聊天，您网上的自由天堂0LL~©雷傲极酷超级论坛-- 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Internet互联网:1H{acWWW(World Wide Web)万维网p[protocol协议ajEI^HTTP超文本传输协议\DPws3FTP文件传输协议u>tBrowser浏览器tiV(NGhomepage主页oW A]Webpage网页f&Qwebsite网站K!`~URL在Internet的WWW服务程序上(ROZYR 用于指定信息位置的表示方法8JyJXEOnline在线kmIEmail电子邮件&8,ICQ网上寻呼{%Firewall防火墙sYMH[FGateway网关mf;iHTML超文本标识语言cF]2Qhypertext超文本ke8ahyperlink超级链接("5XqyIP(Address)互联网协议(地址) VlSearchEngine搜索引擎0TCP/IP用于网络的一组通讯协议0~,Sn]Telnet远程登录[IE(Internet Explorer)探索者(微软公司的网络浏览器) geEt'aNavigator引航者(网景公司的浏览器) E`$._#multimedia多媒体4Fb:]wISO国际标准化组织ahnf;KANSI美国国家标准协会nx_Xqable 能9N`#Ractivefile 活动文件]addwatch 添加监视点"n5`allfiles 所有文件m(Nallrightsreserved 所有的权力保留}altdirlst 切换目录格式8Ipandfixamuchwiderrangeofdiskproblems 并能够解决更大范围内的磁盘问题0D andotherinformation 以及其它的信息"}archivefileattribute 归档文件属性|Oo(AIassignto 指定到R9eautoanswer 自动应答W3 R)autodetect 自动检测c{Gautoindent 自动缩进<O.autosave 自动存储le`XXhavailableonvolume 该盘剩余空间%'6badcommand 命令错^badcommandorfilename 命令或文件名错qYnbatchparameters 批处理参数WNV$)binaryfile 二进制文件Z~Sjbinaryfiles 二进制文件r^Y!zborlandinternational borland国际公司WrTl+bottommargin 页下空白s+w?bydate 按日期Xbyextension 按扩展名@^=Anvbyname 按名称QZO4nbytesfree 字节空闲PWZ.callstack 调用栈lXJcasesensitive 区分大小写OZ[g! causespromptingtoconfirmyouwanttooverwritean 要求出现确认提示,在你想覆盖一个T centralpointsoftwareinc central point 软件股份公司cchangedirectory 更换目录Dv])Jchangedrive 改变驱动器)np&F,changename 更改名称/}characterset 字符集Ocheckingfor 正在检查g~,,|Xchecksadiskanddisplaysastatusreport 检查磁盘并显示一个状态报告|]~g>chgdrivepath 改变盘/路径[a<M电脑硬件·PC：个人计算机Personal Computer·CPU：中央处理器Central Processing Unit·CPU Fan：中央处理器的“散热器”(Fan)·MB：主机板MotherBoard·RAM：内存Random Access Memory，以PC-代号划分规格，如PC-133，PC-1066，PC-2700 ·HDD：硬盘Hard Disk Drive·FDD：软盘Floopy Disk Drive·CD-ROM：光驱Compact Disk Read Only Memory·DVD-ROM：DVD光驱Digital Versatile Disk Read Only Memory·CD-RW：刻录机Compact Disk ReWriter·VGA：显示卡(显示卡正式用语应为Display Card)·AUD：声卡(声卡正式用语应为Sound Card)·LAN：网卡(网卡正式用语应为Network Card)·MODM：数据卡或调制解调器Modem·HUB：集线器·WebCam：网络摄影机·Capture：影音采集卡·Case：机箱·Power：电源·Moniter：屏幕，CRT为显像管屏幕，LCD为液晶屏幕·USB：通用串行总线Universal Serial Bus，用来连接外围装置·IEEE1394：新的高速序列总线规格Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers ·Mouse：鼠标，常见接口规格为PS/2与USB·KB：键盘，常见接口规格为PS/2与USB·Speaker：喇叭·Printer：打印机·Scanner：扫描仪·UPS：不断电系统·IDE：指IDE接口规格Integrated DeviceElectronics，IDE接口装置泛指采用IDE接口的各种设备·SCSI：指SCSI接口规格Small Computer SystemInterface，SCSI接口装置泛指采用SCSI接口的各种设备·GHz：(中央处理器运算速度达)Gega赫兹/每秒·FSB：指“前端总线(Front Side Bus)”频率，以MHz为单位·A TA：指硬盘传输速率ATAttachment，ATA-133表示传输速率为133MB/sec·AGP：显示总线Accelerated GraphicsPort，以2X，4X，8X表示传输频宽模式·PCI：外围装置连接端口Peripheral Component Interconnect·A TX：指目前电源供应器的规格，也指主机板标准大小尺寸·BIOS：硬件(输入/输出)基本设置程序Basic Input Output System·CMOS：储存BIOS基本设置数据的记忆芯片Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor ·POST：开机检测Power On Self Test·OS：操作系统Operating System·Windows：窗口操作系统，图形接口·DOS：早期文字指令接口的操作系统·fdisk：“规划硬盘扇区”-DOS指令之一·format：“硬盘扇区格式化”-DOS指令之一·setup.exe：“执行安装程序”-DOS指令之一·Socket：插槽，如CPU插槽种类有SocketA，Socket478等等·Pin：针脚，如ATA133硬盘排线是80Pin，如PC2700内存模块是168Pin·Jumper：跳线(短路端子)·bit：位(0与1这两种电路状态)，计算机数据最基本的单位·Byte：字节，等于8 bit(八个位的组合，共有256种电路状态)，计算机一个文字以8 bit 来表示·KB：等于1024 Byte·MB：等于1024 KB·GB：等于1024 MB。
计算机网络中英文互译
计算机网络中英翻译ACK (ACKnowledgement) 确认帧ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) 非对称数字用户线AN (Access Network ）接入网ANSI (American National Standards Institute) 美国国家标准协会AP (Access Point) 接入点API (Application Programming Interface) 应用编程接口APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Center) 亚太网络信息中心ARP （ Address Resolution Protocol ）地址解析协议ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency)美国国防部远景研究规划局（高级研究计划署）ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) 自动请求重发ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) 异步传递方式ATU (Access Termination Unit) 接入端接单元ATU-C (Access Termination Unit Central Office ）端局接入端接单元ATU-R (Access Termination Unit Remote) 远端接入端接单元AUI (Attachment Unit Interface ）连接接口单元AWT （ Abstract Window Toolkit ）抽象窗口工具箱BECN (Backward Explicit Congestion Notification) 反向显式拥塞通知BER (Basic Encoding Rule) 基本编码规则BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) 边界网关协议BSA (Basic Service Area) 基本服务区BSS (Basic Service Set) 基本服务集BNA 宝来网络体系结构CAC (Connection Admission Control) 连接准许控制CAP (Carrierless Amplitude Phase) 无载波振幅相位调制CATV (Community Antenna TV, CAble TV) 有线电视CBR （ Constant Bit Rate ）恒定比特率CCIR (Consultative Committee，International Radio) 国际无线电咨询委员会CCITT (Consultative Committee, International Telegraph and Telephone)国际电报电话咨询委员会CCP 通信控制处理机CDM (Code Division Multiplexing) 码分复用CDMA (Code Division Multiplex Access) 码分多址CNNIC (Network Information Center of China) 中国互联网络信息中心CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) 循环冗余检验CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access ／ Collision Detection)载波监听多点接入/碰撞检测CSU/DSU （ Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit) 信道服务单元／数据服务单元CTD (Cell Transfer Delay) 信元传送时延DACS (Digital Access and Cross-connect System) 数字交接系统DCA 数据通信体系结构DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment) 数据电路端接设备DE (Discard Eligibility) 丢弃指示DES (Data Encryption Standard) 数据加密标准DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) 动态主机配置协议DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier) 数据链路连接标识符DMT (Discrete Multi-Tone) 离散多音（调制）DNS (Domain Name System) 域名系统DNA 数据网络系统结构DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) 数字用户线DSLAM (DSL Access Multiplexer) 数字用户线接入复用器DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) 直接序列扩频DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) 数据终端设备DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol) 距离向量多播路由选择协议DWDM (Dense WDM) 密集波分复用EGP (External Gateway Protocol) 外部网关协议EIA (Electronic Industries Association ）美国电子工业协会ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) 封装安全有效载荷ESS 伍 xtended Service Set) 扩展的服务集FCS (Frame Check Sequence) 帧检验序列FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface ）光纤分布式数据接口FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) 频分复用FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class) 转发等价类FEC (Forward Error Correction) 前向纠错FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) 跳频扩频FIFO （ First In First Out) 先进先出FQ (Fair Queuing) 公平排队FR (Frame Relay) 帧中继FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) 移频键控FTP (File Transfer Protocol ）文件传送协议FTTB (Fiber To The Building) 光纤到大楼FTTC (Fiber To The Curb ）光纤到路边FTTH (Fiber To The Home) 光纤到家FTTD (Fiber To The Desk) 光纤到桌面FTTZ(Fiber To The Zone ）光纤到小区FTTO (Fiber To The Office) 光纤到办公室FTTF (Fiber To The Floor) 光纤到楼层GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) 图形交换格式GII (Global Information Infrastructure) 全球信息基础结构，全球信息基础设施GFC （ Generic Flow Control) 通用流量控制GSM (Group Special Mobile) 群组专用移动通信体制HDLC (High-level Data Link Control) 面向比特的链路控制规程HDSL (High speed DSL) 高速数字用户线HEC (Header Error Control) 首部差错控制HFC (Hybrid Fiber Coax) 光纤同轴混合（网）HTML (HyperText Markup Language) 超文本置标语言HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) 超文本传送协议IAB (Internet Architecture Board) 因特网体系结构委员会IAC （ Interpret As Command ）作为命令解释IAHC (Internet International Ad Hoc Committee ）因特网国际特别委员会ICMP （ Internet Control Message Protocol ）因特网控制报文协议IDEA (International Data Encryption Algorithm) 国际数据加密算法IEEE电气和电子工程师协会IESG (Internet Engineering Steering Group) 因特网工程指导小组IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) 因特网工程部IFS (Inter Frame Space) 帧间间隔IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) 因特网组管理协议IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) 内部网关协议IM (Instant Messaging) 即时传信IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) 因特网报文存取协议IMP （ Interface Message Processor) 接口报文处理机IP (Internet Protocol ）网际协议IR (InfraRed ）红外技术IRTF （ Internet Research Task Force ）因特网研究部ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) 综合业务数字网ISO （ International Organization for Standardization ）国际标准化组织ISOC (Internet Society) 因特网协会ISP （ Internet Service Provider) 因特网服务提供者ITU （ International Telecommunication Union ）国际电信联盟ITU-T （ ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector) 国际电信联盟电信标准化部门JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert Group) 联合图像专家组标准KDC (Key Distribution Center) 密钥分配中心LAN (Local Area Network ）局域网LANE (LAN Emulation ）局域网仿真LAPB (Link Access Procedure Balanced) 链路接入规程（平衡型）LCP (Link Control Protocol) 链路控制协议LDP (Label Distribution Protocol) 标记分配协议LLC (Logical Link Control) 逻辑链路控制LSP (Label Switched Path) 标记交换路径LSR (Label Switching Router) 标记交换路由器MAC (Medium Access Control) 媒体接入控制MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) 城域网MAU (Medium Attachment Unit) 媒体连接单元MBONE (Multicast Backbone On the InterNEt ）多播主干网MBS (Maximum Burst Size ）最大突发长度MCR (Minimum Cell Rate ）最小信元速率 MCU (Multipoint Control Unit)多点控制单元MD (Message Digest) 报文摘要MDI (Medium Dependent Interface ）媒体相关接口MIB (Management Information Base) 管理信息库MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) 通用因特网邮件扩充modem 调制解调器MOTIF (Message Oriented Text Interchange System) 面向报文的电文交换系统MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group) 活动图像专家组标准MPOA (MultiProtocol Over ATM) 多协议在 ATM 上运行MPLS (MultiProtocol Label Switching) 多协议标记交换MRU (Maximum Receive Unit) 最大接收单元MSS (Maximum Segment Size) 最长报文段MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit) 最大传送单元NAK (Negative AcKnowlegement) 否认帧NAP （ Network Access Point) 网络接入点N.ISDN (Narrowband-ISDN) 窄带综合业务数字网NAT (Network Address Translation ）网络地址转换NAV (Network Al location Vector) 网络分配向量NCP (Network Control Protocol) 网络控制协议NFS (Network File System) 网络文件系统NGI 下一代因特网计划NIA 网络适配器NIC (Network Interface Card) 网络接口卡、网卡NII (National Information Infrastructure) 国家信息基础结构，国家信息基础设施NLRI (Network Layer Reachability Information) 网络层可达性信息NNI (Network-Node Interface) 网络结点接口NSF (National Science Foundation) （美国）国家科学基金会NVT (Network Virtual Terminal ）网络虚拟终端ODBC （Open Database Connection）开放数据库互连OSF （Open Software Fundation ）开放软件基金会OSI （Open System Interconnection ）开放系统互联PBX （Private Branch eXchange ）用户交换机PCM (Pulse Code Modulation ) 脉冲编码调制PCN (Personal Communications Network ) 个人通信网络PCR （Peak Cell Rate ）峰值信元速率PCS 个人通信服务 Personal Communications ServicePDH 准同步数字系列PDA 个人数字助理 Personal Digital AssistantPDN 公用数据网 Public Data NetworkPDU 协议数据单元 Protocol Data UnitPER 分组差错率 packet error ratePIR 分组插入率 packet insertion ratePLCP 物理层会聚协议 Physical Layer Convergence ProtocolPLR 分组丢失率 packet loss ratePMD 物理媒体相关（子层） Physical Medium DependentPPP 点到点协议 Point to Point ProtocolPPTP 点对点隧道协议PRM 协议参考模型 Protocol Reference ModelPRN 分组无线网 Packet Radio NetworkPSN 分组交换节点 Packet Switch NodePSTN 公用电话交换网 Public Switched Telephone NetworkRARP 逆向地址解析协议 Reverse Address Resolution ProtocolRAS 远程访问服务器RFC 请求评注 Request for CommentsRMON 远程网络管理Router 路由器RPC 远程过程调用 Remote Procedure CallRSVP 资源重复利用协议RTP 接收和发送端口RTS 往返样本 Round Trip SampleRTS 剩余时间标签SAP 业务接入点 Service Access PointSAP 服务公告协议 Service Advertising ProtocolSAR 分段和重组(子层) Segmentation and ReassemblySDH 同步数字系列 Synchronous Digital HierarchySDLC 同步数据链路控制(协议) Advanced Data Communication Control Procedure SDTV 标准数字电视SDU 业务数据单元 Service Data UnitSIPP 增强的简单因特网协议 Simple Internet Protocol PlusSLIP 串行线路IP Serial Line Interface ProtocolSMDS 交换式多兆比特数据业务 Switched Multimegabit Data ServicesSMF 单模光纤 Single-mode FiberSMT 站点管理 Station ManagementSMTP 简单邮件传输协议 Simple Mail Transfer ProtocolSNA 系统网络体系结构 System Network ArchitectureSNMP 简单网络管理协议 Simple Network Management ProtocolSNR 信噪比 Signal-Noise ratioSONET 同步光纤网络 Synchronous Optical NetworkSTM 同步传输方式 Synchronous Transfer ModeSTP 屏蔽双绞线 Shielded Twisted PairSTS 同步传输信号 Synchronous Transport SignalSVC 交换虚电路 Switched Virtual CircuitSwitch 交换机TCP 传输控制协议 Transmission Control ProtocolTDM 时分多路复用 Time Division MultiplexingTFTP 单纯文件传输协议 Trivial File Transfer protocolTelnet 远程登录协议TIP 终端接口处理机 Terminal Interface ProcessorTP 双绞线 Twisted PairTSAP 传输层服务访问点 Transport Service Access PointUDP 用户数据报协议 User Datagram ProtocolUSB 通用串行总线 Universal Serial BusUTP 非屏蔽双绞线 Unshielded Twisted PairVAN 增值网 Value Added NetworkVBR 可变比特率 Variable Bit RateVCC 虚信道连接 Virtual Channel ConnectionVLAN 虚拟局域网 Virtual LANVLSI 超大规模集成电路VOD 点播图像 Video on DemandVPC 虚路径连接 Virtual Path ConnectionVPI 虚路径标识 virtual path identifierVPN 虚拟专用网络 Virtual Private NetworkVRML 虚拟现实造型语言 Virtual Reality Modeling Language VTP 虚拟隧道协议WAN 广域网 Wide Area NetworkWDM 波分多路复用 Wavelength Division MultiplexingWWW 万维网 World Wide Web。
Widget业务规范
W i d g e t 业务规范 W i d g e t S e r v i c e S p e c.版本号：1.0.0 中国移动通信企业标准 QB-╳╳-╳╳╳-╳╳╳╳ 中国移动通信有限公司 发布╳╳╳╳-╳╳-╳╳发布 ╳╳╳╳-╳╳-╳╳实施目录1 范围 (1)2 规范性引用文件 (1)3 相关术语与缩略语解释 (2)4 业务概述 (3)4.1 Widget概念 (3)4.2 Widget应用分类 (3)5 业务特征 (4)5.1 Widget应用模式 (4)5.1.1 离线应用模式 (4)5.1.2 互联网应用模式 (4)5.1.3 SP模式 (5)5.1.4 CP/SP合作开发模式 (6)5.1.5 CP/SP内容托管模式 (7)5.1.6 运营商自有业务模式 (7)5.1.7 运营商自有业务合作模式 (8)5.2 Widget业务计费方式 (9)5.2.1 Widget客户端下载计费 (9)5.2.2 Widget客户端内容访问/下载计费 (9)5.3 业务开放范围 (9)6 业务流程 (11)6.1 Widget应用接入流程 (11)6.1.1 Widget应用接入流程 (11)6.1.2 Widget客户端接入流程 (15)6.1.3 Widget应用内容托管接入流程 (16)6.2 Widget客户端下载流程 (16)6.2.1 通过W AP浏览器下载 (16)6.2.2 通过Widget下载器下载 (19)6.2.3 通过WWW浏览器下载 (21)6.3 Widget包月业务订购流程 (21)6.3.1 独立类型Widget包月业务订购流程 (22)6.3.2 捆绑类型Widget包月业务订购流程 (23)6.3.3 Widget包月业务订购特别事项 (25)6.4 Widget业务使用流程 (26)6.4.1 Widget包月业务使用流程 (26)6.4.2 Widget按次业务使用流程 (28)6.4.3 非计费类Widget使用流程 (31)6.5 Widget客户端完整性验证流程 (32)6.6 运营商网络侧能力调用流程 (33)7 业务管理 (33)7.1 Widget应用接入管理 (33)7.1.1 Widget应用预接入申请 (34)7.1.2 Widget应用预接入审核 (34)7.1.3 Widget应用接入申请 (34)7.1.4 Widget应用接入审核 (34)7.1.5 Widget客户端接入申请 (34)7.1.6 Widget客户端接入审核 (34)7.1.7 Widget客户端接入测试 (34)7.1.8 Widget应用上线 (35)7.2 Widget管理 (35)7.2.1 Widget展示 (35)7.2.2 Widget分类管理 (36)7.2.3 Widget搜索 (36)7.2.4 Widget排行榜 (37)7.2.5 Widget下载 (37)7.2.6 Widget版本升级 (38)7.2.7 Widget上载 (38)7.2.8 Widget推荐 (39)7.2.9 Widget评价 (39)7.2.10 Widget预览 (39)7.2.11 Widget引擎下载 (40)7.2.12 Widget引擎升级 (40)7.2.13 Widget黑名单管理 (40)7.3 Widget代理访问与鉴权 (40)7.3.1 代理访问 (40)7.3.2 用户鉴权 (41)7.3.3 业务鉴权 (41)7.3.4 订购关系鉴权 (41)7.4 包月业务订购与退订 (42)7.4.1 包月业务订购 (42)7.4.2 包月业务退订 (43)7.5 终端适配管理 (44)7.5.1 终端适配 (44)7.5.2 终端库管理 (44)7.6 合作管理 (44)7.6.1 CP/SP合作管理 (45)7.6.2 开发者合作管理 (45)7.6.3 Widget客户端项目合作管理 (46)7.7 内容和业务托管 (46)7.8 运营商网络资源能力 (47)7.8.1 位置能力（已确定） (47)7.8.2 在线状态（JIL未确定具体方案） (47)7.8.3 身份识别（JIL未确定具体方案） (47)7.9 广告能力 (48)7.9.1 广告提供商管理 (48)7.9.2 广告管理 (48)7.9.3 广告使用的统计分析 (49)7.10 统计功能 (49)7.10.1 针对Widget应用使用情况的统计 (49)7.10.2 针对用户位置信息的统计 (49)7.10.3 针对广告使用情况的统计 (50)7.11 用户管理 (50)7.11.1 用户注册 (50)7.11.2 取消 (50)7.11.3 用户自服务 (50)7.12 系统管理 (50)7.13 配置与测量管理 (51)7.13.1 Widget引擎配置 (51)7.13.2 测量管理 (51)7.14 日志管理 (51)8 编码 (52)8.1 Widget应用代码 (52)8.2 SP企业代码 (52)8.3 业务代码 (52)9 计费要求 (52)9.1 Widget应用计费模式 (52)9.1.1 Widget客户端下载计费 (52)9.1.2 Widget内容使用/内容文件下载计费 (53)9.1.3计费原则 (53)9.1.4计费文件管理 (54)9.2 结算管理 (54)9.2.1与CP/SP的结算 (54)9.2.2与开发者的结算 (54)9.2.3省间结算 (54)9.3 与BOSS系统的关系 (55)9.3.1 与相关专业计费系统的关系 (55)9.3.2与各省BOSS系统的关系（暂不考虑直接连接） (55)10 编制历史 (56)前言本规范对基于Widget业务平台的手机软件下载、手机游戏下载和手机主题下载业务过程中需要规范的内容提出全面要求，是开展通用下载类业务的依据。
软考网络工程师专业英语常用词汇总
计算机专业英语常用词汇总accept 接受access control 访问控制nova我忘了lenka-trouble is a friend 单色凌：为你脱掉，单色冰淇淋，别怪我太神经秀爱组合-雨天是放声哭泣的时间王力宏你不知道的事金莎他不爱我丁当-不是你的错金莎-爱的魔法你对我有多了解acknowledgement（Ack）确认adaptive routing 自适应路由address field 地址字段amplitude signal 模拟信号anonymous FTP 匿名ftpapplication layer 应用层asynchronous 异步backbone 主干bandwidth 带宽baseband mode 基带传输baud rate 波特率binary exponential backoff algorithm 二进制指数退避算法bit-oriented protocol 面向比特的协议block check character 块校验字符Border Gateway Protocol 边界网关协议bridge 网桥bridge protocol data unit 网桥协议数据单元broadcast address 广播地址brouter 桥路器buffering 缓冲cable modem 电缆调制解调器call confirmation 呼叫证实call cipher 凯撒密码call request 呼叫请求Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection（CSMA/CD）载波侦听多路访问/冲突检测carrier signal 载波信号Cell 信元channel 信道Checksum 校验和Choke packet 抑制分组ciphertext 密文circuit switching 电路交换client 客户client/server model 客户/服务器模式coaxial cable 同轴电缆code 编码common bus topology 公共总线拓扑结构Common gateway 公共网关接口Common Management Information Protocol 通用管理信息协议communications subnet 通信子网compact disc 光盘compression 压缩congestion 拥塞connection 连接contention 竞争contention protocol 竞争协议control bits 控制位control character 控制字符Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment （DCE）数据电路端接设备data Encryption Standard （DES）数据加密标准data link layer 数据链路层datagram 数据报decryption 解密decryption 解调destination address 目的地址differential encoding 差分编码digital signal 数字信号digital signature 数字签名directory service 目录服务domain 域domain Name System 域名系统echo reply 回送响应echo request 回送请求electronic mail （email）电子邮件encryption 加密encryption key 密钥error control 差错控制error correction 差错校正error detection 差错检测Ethernet 以太网even parity 偶校验exterior gateway protocol 外部网关协议fiber distributed data interface 光纤分布式数据接口file server文件服务器file transfer protocol 文件传输协议filter 滤波器flow control 流量控制fragment 段fragmentation 分段frame 帧frequency 频率frequency-division multiplexing 频分多路复用full duplex 全双工gateway 网关graded-index multimode fiber 级率多模光纤hacker 黑客half duplex 半双工Hamming code 海明码High-level Data Link Control （HDLC）高级数据链路控制协议handshaking 握手host 主机hypertext transfer protocol （http）超文本传送infrared light 红外线Internet 因特网Internet Control Message Protocol （ICMP）网际控制报文协议Internet Protocol 网际协议Internet worm 因特网蠕虫key exchange 密钥交换laser 激光local area network （LAN）局域网local exchange 本地交换局local loop 本地回路Manchester code 曼彻斯特编码medium access control （MAC）媒体访问控制message handling 报文处理message transfer protocol 报文传送协议modem 调制解调器modulation 调制multiplexer 多路复用器network 网络Network Control Protocol 网络控制协议network interface card （NIC）网络接口卡network layer protocol 网络层协议network topology 网络拓扑结构network virtual terminal 网络虚拟终端Non-persistent CSMA 非坚持CSMANyquist theorem 尼奎斯特定理octet 字节odd parity 奇校验Open System Interconnect（OSI）开放系统互联Packet 分组packet header 分组头packet-switched network 分组交换网络parity bit 奇偶校验位path 通路path control 通路控制physical layer 物理层pixels 像素plaintext 明文prefix 前缀presentation layer 表示层protocol 协议pulse amplitude modulation 脉冲幅度调制pulse code modulation 脉码调制radio 无线电收发机receiving window 接收窗口remote logins 远程登录repeater 中继器reply 应答root bridge 根网桥root port 根端口route 路由router 路由器routing algorithm 路由算法Routing Information Protocol 路由信息协议Routing table 路由表sampling frequency 采样率satellite 人造卫星script 脚本security 安全segment 段sequence number 序列号serial transmission 串行传输server 服务器session 会话session control 会话控signal-to-noise ratio 信噪比Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 简单邮件传输协议simplex 单工single-mode fiber 单模光纤sliding window 滑动窗口协议socket 套接字source address 源地址source quench 源抑制spanning tree algorithm 生成树算法start bit 起始位start of frame delimiter 帧起始定界符static routing 静态路由stop bit 停止位subnet 子网successor 后继SYN character 同步字符Synchronous Optical Network （SONET）同步光纤网telegraph 电报terminal adapter 终端适配器three-way handshake 三次握手time exceeded 超时time to live 生存期time-division 时分multiplexer 多路复用timestamp reply 时戳请求token 令牌transceiver 收发器transmission rate 传输速率transparent bridge 透明网桥transport layer 传输层twisted pair 双绞线tunneling 隧道Uniform Resource Locator （URL）统一资源定位器User Datagram Protocol UDP 用户数据报协议verification 验证virtual circuit （route）虚电路（路由）virus 病毒wide area network WAN 广域网window 窗口worm 蠕虫World Wide Web 万维网。
计算机网络第五版(英文版)
• Co-operator: EPFL • 正申请上海市科委项目
This is a Bilingual Course
• Why we give this bilingual course?
– To meet the needs of excellent engineer training program and internationalization
– Final exam (40%), middle exam (20%), experiments (20%), reports/problems (10%), and others (10%) – After study Chapter 4, there will be mid-term exam
– Deployment Models
• • • • Private Cloud Community Cloud Public Cloud Hybrid Cloud
Source: Wikipedia
1.2 Uses of Computer Networks (5)
• Client-server module
Source: David Lazer et al., “Computational Social Science”, SCIENCE, 323, 721-724 (2009)
Exploring Study (1)
1. Use complex network theory and dynamics of human behavior (DHB) to analyze social networks and optimize social networking service (SNS). 2. Research on opinion evolution and interference model on Internet, specially on social networking service (SNS).
通信英语常用缩略语
BSIC Base Station Identification Code 基站标识码
CA Capacity Allocation 容量分配 CAA Capacity Allocation Acknowledgement 容量分配确 认 CC Call Control 呼叫控制 CCCH Common Control Channel 公共控制信道 CCF Conditional Call Forwarding 条件呼叫前转 CCF Call Control Function 呼叫控制功能 CCH Control Channel 控制信道 CD Capacity Deallocation 容量释放 CDA Capacity Deallocation Acknowledgement 容量释放 确认 CDMA Code Division Multiple Access 码分多址接入 CI Cell Identity 小区识别码
通信英语
－－通信常见缩略语 －－通信常见缩略语
A
AAA Authentication, Authorization, Accounting 鉴
电商词汇
电子商务英语专业词汇的构成英语的词汇构成有很多种，真正英语的基本词汇是不多的，绝大部分词汇属于构成型词汇。
这里，仅介绍在专业英语中遇到的专业词汇及其构成。
目前，各行各业都有一些自己领域的专业词汇，有的是随着本专业发展应运而生的，有的是借用公共英语中的词汇，有的是借用外来语言词汇，有的则是人为构造成的词汇。
一.派生词(derivation)这类词汇非常多，它是根据已有的词加上某种前后缀，或以词根生成、或以构词成分形成新的词。
科技英语词汇中有很大一部分来源于拉丁语、希腊语等外来语，有的是直接借用，有的是在它们之上不断创造出新的词汇。
这些词汇的构词成分(前、后缀、词根等)较固定，构成新词以后便于读者揣度词义，易于记忆。
1. 前缀采用前缀构成的单词在电子商务专业英语中占了很大比例，通过下面的实例可以了解这些常用前缀构成的单词。
multi-多 hyper-超级super- 超级multimedia 多媒体hypercard 超级卡片superpipline 超流水线multiprocessor 多处理器hypermedia 超媒体 supermarket 超级市场multiplex 多路复用hypertext 超文本 superset 超集multiprotocol 多协议hyperswitch 超级交换机 superclass 超类inter-相互、在...间micro-微型tele-远程的interface接口、界面microprocessor 微处理器 telephone 电话interbusiness 公司间microkernel 微内核teletimmersion 远距实景interlock互[联]锁microcode 微代码telemarketing 电话营销internet 因特网microkid 微机迷telecommuting 家庭办公interconnection 互联microchannel 微通道teleconference远程会议单词前缀还有很多，其构成可以同义而不同源(如拉丁、希腊)，可以互换，例如：multi, poly 相当于many 如: multimedia多媒体, polytechnic多种科技的uni, mono 相当于single 如: unicode统一代码, monochrome单色bi, di 相当于twice 如: bicycle自行车, diode二极管equi,iso 相当于equa 如: equality等式, isograph等线图simili, homo 相当于same 如: similarity相似性, homogeneous同样的semi,hemi 相当于half 如: semiconductor半导体, hemicycle半圆形hyper, super 相当于over 如: hypertext超文本, superscalar超级标量2. 后缀后缀是在单词后部加上构词结构，形成新的单词。
wap-223_101-httpsm-20010928-a
Specification Information NoteWAP-223_101-HTTPS-20010928-a28-Sept-2001forHTTP State Management Specification13-DEC-2000Wireless Application ProtocolWAP-223-HTTPS-20001213-a A list of errata and updates to this document is available from the WAP Forum™ Web site, /,in the form of SIN documents, which are subject to revision or removal without notice.©2001, Wireless Application Protocol Forum, Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Terms and conditions of use are available fromWAP-223_101-20010928-a, Version 28-September-2001 Page 2 (15)© 2001, Wireless Application Forum, Ltd. All rights reserved.Terms and conditions of use are available from the WAP Forum™ Web site at/docs/copyright.htm.You may use this document or any part of the document for internal or educational purposes only, provided you do not modify, edit or take out of context the information in this document in any manner. You may not use this document in any other manner without the prior written permission of the WAP Forum™. The WAP Forum authorises you to copy this document, provided that you retain all copyright and other proprietary notices contained in the original materials on any copies of the materials and that you comply strictly with these terms. This copyright permission does not constitute an endorsement of the products or services offered by you.The WAP Forum™ assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions in this document. In no event shall the WAP Forum be liable for any special, indirect or consequential damages or any damages whatsoever arising out of or in connection with the use of this information.WAP Forum™ members have agreed to use reasonable endeavors to disclose in a timely manner to the WAP Forum the existence of all intellectual property rights (IPR's) essential to the present document. The members do not have an obligation to conduct IPR searches. This information is publicly available to members and non-members of the WAP Forum and may be found on the "WAP IPR Declarations" list at /what/ipr.htm. Essential IPR is available for license on the basis set out in the schedule to the WAP Forum Application Form.No representations or warranties (whether express or implied) are made by the WAP Forum™ or any WAP Forum member or its affiliates regarding any of the IPR's represented on this list, including but not limited to the accuracy, completeness, validity or relevance of the information or whether or not such rights are essential or non-essential.This document is available online in PDF format at /.Known problems associated with this document are published at /. Comments regarding this document can be submitted to the WAP Forum™ in the manner published at /.CONTENTS1.Scope (4)2.Document Status (5)2.1Copyright Notice (5)2.2Errata (5)2.3Comments (5)2.4Document Changes (5)2.5Document History (5)3.References (7)3.1Normative References (7)3.2Informative References (7)4.Definitions and Abbreviations (8)4.1Definitions (8)4.2Abbreviations (8)5.Overview (9)6.HTTP State Management Headers (9)6.1Cookie (9)6.2Set-Cookie (9)7.WAP Specific HTTP State Management Headers (10)7.1X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie (10)7.2X-Wap-Proxy-Set-Cookie (10)8.WAP Gateway Responsibilities (11)9.Cookie Proxy Responsibilities (11)9.1Pass Through Cookie Proxy (11)9.2Cookie Management And Storage (11)9.3Associating Cookie Storage With Clients (13)9.4Managing Proxy Cookies (13)er Agent Responsibilities (13)10.1HTTP State Management (13)10.2Cookie Proxy Management (13)11.Static Conformance Requirements (14)11.1User Agent Features (14)11.2Cookie Proxy Features (14)1. SCOPEWireless Application Protocol (WAP) is a result of continuous work by the WAP Forum to define an industry-wide specification for developing applications that operate over wireless communication networks. The scope of the WAP Forum is to define a set of specifications to be used by service applications for wireless communication devices. The wireless market is growing very quickly and reaching new customers and services. To enable operators and manufacturers to meet the challenges in advanced services, differentiation and fast/flexible service creation, WAP defines a set of protocols in transport, session and application layers. For additional information on the WAP architecture, refer to "Wireless Application Protocol Architecture Specification" [WAP].This specification defines the HTTP state management model for the WAP architecture. The WAP HTTP state management model is an implementation of the HTTP State Management Mechanism, also known as "cookie management", as defined in [RFC2109]. On the World Wide Web, the HTTP State Management mechanism stores state information in a file ("cookie") on the client, as defined in [RFC2109]. The same mechanism can also be used over the WAP protocols, as HTTP headers are used to convey all state and state manipulation information.Some WAP user agents may have motivation to store and manage cookies locally, as defined in [RFC2109]. This functionality follows precisely the current World Wide Web model, where cookies are typically stored and managed by regular web browsers.This specification defines an additional mechanism to let an intermediate proxy store and manage cookies on behalf of the WAP client, as an alternative to client-local storage and management. Storing cookies in the network has many advantages. WAP user agents may have a limited storing capacity. When cookies are stored in the proxy, they do not have to be transmitted across the air, for every request/response transaction. In case the user changes device, and cannot move the cookies from the old device to the new one, the user can still access the cookies in the proxy via the new device. On the other hand, storing and managing cookies in the client allows the user to gain the benefit of the same cookies independent of the access point used. This aspect becomes more important in the future in conjunction with WAP gateway roaming architecture. Some users may prefer storing private information in the client, instead of depending on the security of the network. Because both models are complementary, this specification defines a dual approach to WAP HTTP state management, while still maintaining full interoperability between the implementations and RFC2109.2. DOCUMENT STATUSThis document is available online in the following formats:• PDF format at /.2.1 Copyright Notice© Copyright Wireless Application Forum Ltd, 2000 all rights reserved.Terms and conditions of use are available from the Wireless Application Forum Ltd. web site at /docs/copyright.htm.2.2 ErrataKnown problems associated with this document are published at /.2.3 CommentsComments regarding this document can be submitted to the WAP Forum in the manner published at /.2.4 Document ChangesChange Request Title CommentsCR-WAP-223-HTTP-STATE-MGMT-NOKIA-20000913 Backward Compatibility toearlier releasesThese changes are as aresult of architecturalconsistency review of thedocument.CR-WAP-223-HTTP-STATE-MGMT-NOKIA-20001031 Clarifications from initial Architectural Consistency reviewCR-WAP-223-HTTP-STATE-MGMT-NOKIA-20001213 Editorial changes from closeout architectural consistency review2.5 Document HistoryDocument Name Date of ReleaseWAP-223-HTTPSM-20000530-d 30-MAY-2000 Draft accepted by WAGWAP-223-HTTPSM-20000922-d 22-SEP-2000 Draft submitted for proposedWAP-223-HTTPSM-20001213-d 13-DEC-2000 Reviewed For ArchitecturalConsistencyWAP-223-HTTPSM-20001213-p 24-JAN-2001 Proposed (No changes)WAP-223-HTTPSM-20001213-a Approved (No changes)WAP-223_101-HTTPSM-20010928-p 28-Sept-2001 Replaced underscores with dashes in SCRs. No substantive changes, editorial only. Fixed format for dependency in HSM-S-002 through 006 (no change to intent)3. REFERENCES3.1 Normative References[RFC2616] "Hypertext Transfer Protocol - HTTP/1.1", R. Fielding, et al., June 1999. URL: /rfc/rfc2616.txt[RFC2109] "HTTP State Management Mechanism", D. Kristol, et al, February 1997. URL: /rfc/rfc2109.txt[WAE] "Wireless Application Environment Specification", WAP Forum, 04-November-1999. URL: /3.2 Informative References[RFC2119] "Key words for use in RFC's to Indicate Requirement Levels", S. Bradner, March 1997. URL: /rfc/rfc2119.txt[WAP] "Wireless Application Protocol Architecture Specification", WAP Forum, 30-April-1998. URL: /[WSP] "Wireless Session Protocol", WAP Forum, 30-April-1998. URL:/4. DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS4.1 DefinitionsThe following are terms and conventions used throughout this specification.The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY" and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].Client - a device (or application) that initiates a request for a connection with a server.Cookie Proxy - an intermediate program that acts as a user agent for the purpose of managing cookies and cookie storage on behalf of other user agents.Origin Server - the server, on which a given resource resides or is to be created, often referred to as a web server or an HTTP server. (also referred to as a "server" in this specification.)Proxy - an intermediate program that acts as both a server and a client for the purpose of making requests on behalf of other clients ([RFC2616]).Server - see "origin server".User - a person, who interacts with a user agent to view, hear or otherwise use a resource.User Agent - a user agent is any software or device that interprets WML, WMLScript or other content. This may include textual browsers, voice browsers and search engines.User Agent Session – a session which begins when user agent is activated and ends when it exits.4.2 AbbreviationsFor the purposes of this specification, the following abbreviations apply.HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol [RFC2616]RFC Request For CommentsURI Universal Resource IdentifierURL Universal Resource LocatorW3C World Wide Web ConsortiumWAE Wireless Application Environment [WAE]WAP Wireless Application Protocol [WAP]WSP Wireless Session Protocol [WSP]5. OVERVIEWThe HTTP State Management Mechanism is defined in [RFC2109]. In short, RFC2109 defines a means whereby an origin server can request that a small unit of state (a "cookie") is stored in the user agent, and included in subsequent requests to the origin server. A variety of controls are available to the origin server, allowing it to control when the "cookie" is included in subsequent requests, when the "cookie" expires as well as other state management and transport controls. As defined in [RFC2109], the user agent is responsible for cookie management. In this model, the WAP gateway conveys state information between the user agents and the origin servers. It is then the responsibility of the user agent to manage and store the cookies and to offer the user means for control over these functions.Although RFC2109 puts cookie management in the user agent, it may, in some cases be convenient to take advantage of an architecture, which enables network elements to manage and store cookies. The WAP HTTP State Management Architecture defines the concept of a Cookie Proxy. The cookie proxy is an HTTP proxy or proxy equivalent (e.g., WAP Gateway) that manages cookies on behalf of WAP user agents that do not implement the HTTP state function directly. The cookie proxy is responsible for managing and storing cookies on behalf of the user agents, and modifies HTTP requests and responses to and from the user agent to implement this function.This architecture supports clients with and without local cookie storage, and enables the user agent to control whether proxy cookie storage is enabled. In addition to this, WAP specific HTTP state management headers allow a simple synchronization scheme for user agent and proxy-based cookies. User agents can indicate if they rely on having cookies stored in the Cookie Proxy for a specific user agent session, and Cookie Proxy can notify the user agent if it has problems with their management.The cookie proxy operation has three stages:• Enabling or disabling the storage of cookies on the proxy. The user agent controls this function with an HTTP header.• Origin server request for a cookie to be stored for the duration of the user agent session or fora certain predefined period of time. This is performed via the HTTP Set-Cookie header, asspecified in [RFC2109].• Delivery of the cookie to the origin server in subsequent requests. This is performed via the HTTP Cookie header, as specified in [RFC2109].6. HTTP STATE MANAGEMENT HEADERS6.1 CookieCookie header is defined in [RFC2109].6.2 Set-CookieSet-Cookie header is defined in [RFC2109].7. WAP SPECIFIC HTTP STATE MANAGEMENT HEADERS7.1 X-Wap-Proxy-CookieThis header is sent in the request from the user agent to indicate whether the Cookie Proxy should store cookies from origin servers or not. X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie header is also used to send status information from user agent to the Cookie Proxy.x-wap-proxy-cookie = "X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie:" choicechoice = "cache" | "cache-has-state" | "delete" |"none" | "session" | "session-has-state" The choices are introduced briefly as follows:• When the value is "cache" or "cache-has-state", the Cookie Proxy caches cookies and sends them to the origin server on behalf of the user agent. Requests and responsesbetween the Cookie Proxy and the origin server include Cookie and Set-Cookieheaders, as they are defined in RFC2109. User agent appends cache-has-state value instead of cache in case it has received at least one X-Wap-Proxy-Set-Cookie header during the ongoing user agent session. This mechanism enables simple method forsynchronization between user agents and Cookie Proxy. On account of this informationCookie Proxy can e.g. detect if the user agent session based cookies from the previoususage time should be discarded.• When the value is "delete", the Cookie Proxy does not send any cookies to the origin server or store any received cookies. That is, the proxy acts as a filter ("cookie monster")and deletes all cookies before they are sent to the user agent.• If the header is not present, or has a value of "none", the proxy passes all HTTP cookie headers through between the user agent and the origin server without interception. In this document, a Cookie Proxy executing this function is known as a Pass-Through CookieProxy. This is the default condition.• When the value is "session", or "session-has-state", Cookie Proxy and user agent functionalities are combined. If Cookie Proxy receives a response containing a Set-Cookie header from the origin server, it decides the place for cookie storage according to the presence of the Max-Age attribute in the Set-Cooki e header. This method can beused to separate session-based cookies from long-lived ones. The difference betweensession and session-has-state values is similar to the difference between cacheand cache-has-state values, which is described above.Note that status of the session is bound to the user agent session, which begins when the user agent starts and ends when it exits. Status is not related to a certain cookie-derived session, but it simply tells if the user agent has cookies managed by the Cookie Proxy during a particular user agent session. The user agent session is not related to the concept of session defined in [WSP].7.2 X-Wap-Proxy-Set-CookieThis header is sent in the response to the user agent from the Cookie Proxy to indicate that one or more cookies were received in a response from an origin server and stored in the cookie proxyand/or at least one cookie was sent in the corresponding request. In addition to this, Cookie Proxy uses X-Wap-Proxy-Set-Cookie header to report an erroneous status to the user agents.x-wap-proxy-set-cookie = "X-Wap-Proxy-Set-Cookie: choice"choice = "state" | "error"The choices are introduced briefly as follows:• When value is "state", the user-agent is able to detect that a stateful session is in progress. Cookie Proxy sends this value in the response to the user agent when it receivesa Set-Cookie header from the origin server and chooses to manage the cookie. Thisheader is also sent when the Cookie Proxy has added a Cookie header in the relatedHTTP request.• When the value is "error", Cookie Proxy has detected a mismatch between the status of the user agent and the Cookie Proxy (i.e. Cookie Proxy has lost the cookies during aparticular user agent session).8. WAP GATEWAY RESPONSIBILITIESThe WAP gateway is responsible for delivering state management information between the user agent and the origin server. Header encoding for HTTP state management headers and WAP specific state management headers are defined in [WSP].9. COOKIE PROXY RESPONSIBILITIES9.1 Pass Through Cookie ProxyThe Cookie Proxy MUST implement Pass Through Cookie Proxy functionality, i.e. passing the HTTP headers between the user agent and the origin server without interference. If HTTP state management is not implemented in the client user agent, then the actions taken by the Cookie Proxy are undefined in this specification.9.2 Cookie Management And StorageThe Cookie Proxy MAY be responsible for managing and storing cookies on behalf of user agents. If this functionality is implemented, the X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie and X-Wap-Proxy-Set-Cookie headers MUST be used for communication between the client and the proxy. The proxy emulates user agent functionality when communicating with origin servers. User agent role in HTTP state management mechanism is defined in RFC2109.The user agent MAY control the cookie management in the Cookie Proxy with X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie header. The Cookie Proxy MUST enforce the following rules when receiving WAP specific HTTP headers from the client (precondition: Cookie Proxy has identified and authenticated the client and chosen to manage cookies on behalf of the user agents)1. If the choice in X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie header equals cache or cache-has-state,Cookie Proxy MUST cache cookies and send them to the origin server on behalf of the user agent. In addition to this, when Cookie Proxy receives X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie: cacheheader, it MUST discard all the current user agent session -based cookies (i.e. cookies which were sent from the origin server without Max-Age –attribute).2. If the choice in X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie header equals delete, Cookie Proxy MUST NOTsend cookies to the origin server or store any received cookies. In addition to this, CookieProxy MUST NOT send any received cookies to the client. Cookie Proxy MUST NOT delete any cookies stored prior to receiving the delete header.3. If the choice in X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie header equals none or the header is missing from therequest, Cookie Proxy MUST act as a Pass Through Cookie Proxy.4. If the choice in X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie header equals session or session-has-state,Cookie Proxy MUST include cookies in the requests to the origin servers. If the Cookie Proxy receives a response containing the Set-Cookie header from the origin server, it MUSTdecide the place for cookie storage according to the presence of the Max-Age attribute in the Set-Cooki e header. If Max-Age attribute is present, cookie MUST be transmitted to the user agent without interception. Otherwise it MUST be stored by the Cookie Proxy until it receivesa subsequent X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie: session (or X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie: cache)header from the user agent. Similarly to X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie: cache header, X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie: session effectively indicates that user agent does not have any cookies bound to the current user agent session and thus all stored cookies without Max-Age attribute MUST be discarded.The Cookie Proxy MUST NOT perform any cookie management, including storage or filtering, without the receipt of an X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie: cache, X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie: cache-has-state,X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie: session or X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie: session-has-state header from the user agent, indicating that cookie management is desired.The Cookie Proxy MUST be prepared to receive Cookie headers from the user agent, regardless of the presence of an X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie header. If this situation occurs, the Cookie Proxy MUST transmit the state present in the Cookie header to the origin server, with the following criteria:1. If a cookie proxy receives both Cookie and X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie: cache/cache-has-state or X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie: session/session-has-state headers, the Cookie Proxy may append other cookies to the Cookie header prior to performing the subsequent HTTP request. In the case where a user agent and a Cookie Proxy have an identical cookie to send, i.e. both cookies have identical values for path, domain and NAME attributes, the cookie MUST be delivered to the origin server as it is specified by the user agent. Cookies MUST be ordered in the Cookie header as specified in [RFC2109].2. If cookie proxy receives both Cookie and X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie: delete or X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie: none headers, it MUST deliver the cookie header to the origin server without interception.Cookie Proxy MUST include X-Wap-Proxy-Set-Cookie: state header in the response to the client, if it has received a cookie in the response from the origin server and chosen to manage it or it has sent a Cookie header in the associated HTTP request. . This header MUST NOT be sent if neither of the Cookie and Set-Cookie headers was present in the HTTP request and response, or if the cookie proxy has not cached any cookie information.Cookie Proxy MUST include X-Wap-Proxy-Set-Cookie: error header in the response if user agent sends status information which is conflicting with the status recorded by the Cookie Proxy. This will happen when a user agent sends a request with X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie:cache-has-state or X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie: session-has-state header, but the Cookie Proxy does not have any cookies in storage for this particular user agent.Cookie Proxy MUST NOT store the received cookie, if Set-Cookie header includes secure attribute. If secure attribute is present, Cookie Proxy MUST deliver the cookie to the client without interception. This attribute MAY be used by content authors to indicate that a specific cookie contains private or confidential information, and that the preferred storage is in the client.If a cookie proxy receives an X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie header from a client and chooses to manage and store cookies on its behalf, it MUST remove the X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie header from the request and thus prevent it from going further to the network. If Cookie Proxy chooses not to manage cookies on behalf of the client, it MUST let the headers pass without interception.9.3 Associating Cookie Storage With ClientsThe Cookie Proxy MUST associate cookies with a single client and prevent another client from gaining access to the cookies. This may be achieved by associating the cookies with an authenticated client identifier. Content authors should be advised that different user agents located in the same client may use the same Cookie Proxy facilities and the same cookie storage.The Cookie Proxy MUST NOT provide cookie proxy facilities to anonymous clients.9.4 Managing Proxy CookiesThe Cookie Proxy SHOULD provide a Web application to let the user browse and control the stored cookies.10. USER AGENT RESPONSIBILITIES10.1 HTTP State ManagementThe user agent MUST implement HTTP State Management, as specified in [RFC2109]. User agents with non-conforming implementations (i.e. no support) have undefined semantics. WAP user agents MUST be able to save and manage at least four cookies, with a maximum size of 125 bytes each (size includes fully-qualified host name, expiration date, and cookie data).10.2 Cookie Proxy ManagementSupport for use of Cookie Proxy functionality in the user agent is optional. User agent MAY include WAP Specific HTTP State Management Headers in requests to utilize Cookie Proxy facilities.If Cookie Proxy functionality is supported, end-user MUST have an opportunity to elect to use either cookie proxy facilities or their own local cookie management or both.User agent MUST send X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie: cache-has-state header instead of X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie: cache and X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie: session-has-state header instead of X-Wap-Proxy-Cookie: session in case it has received at least one X-Wap-Proxy-Set-Cookie header during the ongoing user agent session. When user agent receivesX-Wap-Proxy-Set-Cookie: error header, it MAY notify the user that inconsistent service behavior might occur. WAP user agents MUST be prepared to receive Set-Cookie HTTP headers even when they have requested Cookie Proxy functionality alone, and must act in accordance with [RFC2109] in this situation (e.g., the user agent should make a best effort attempt to manage the cookie (See section 10.2)).11. STATIC CONFORMANCE REQUIREMENTSThese static conformance requirements define a minimum set of features that must be implemented to support the WAP HTTP State Management mechanism. A feature can be optional (O), mandatory (M) or conditional (C (<condition>)). If optional/conditional features have labels (O.<n> or C.<n>), support of at least one of the group of options labeled by the same number is required.11.1 User Agent FeaturesItem Functionality Reference Status Requirement HSM-C-001 User agent support for HTTP StateManagement Mechanism10.1 MHSM-C-002 User agent support for at least fourcookies of at least 125 bytes totalstorage space.10.1 MHSM-C-003 User agent support for more than500 bytes of cookie storage space10.1 OHSM-C-004 User agent support for use ofCookie Proxy functionality10.2 OHSM-C-005 User agent support for WAPspecific HTTP State managementheaders10.2 C:HSM-C-004Item Functionality Reference Status Requirement HSM-S-001 Cookie Proxy support for passingof HTTP headers between the useragent and the origin server withoutinterference.9.1 MHSM-S-002 Cookie Proxy support for CookieManagement and Storagefunctionality. 9.2 O HSM-S-003AND HSM-S-004 ANDHSM-S-005AND HSM-S-006HSM-S-003 Cookie Proxy support for useragent role in HTTP StateManagement Mechanism.9.2 OHSM-S-004 Cookie Proxy support for WAPspecific HTTP State Managementheaders and mechanisms.9.2 OHSM-S-005 Cookie Proxy does not store thecookie if origin server includessecure attribute in Set-Cookieheader.9.2 OHSM-S-006 Cookie Proxy associates HTTPstate with a particular client, anddoes not provide cookiemanagement or storage foranonymous clients.9.3 OItem Functionality Reference Status Requirement HSM-S-007 Cookie Proxy support for WAP9.4 OHTTP State Management userinterface。
电脑专用术语(英文)
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