药学英语课后翻译

.Vitamins

Foods That Fight Cancer

Chemistry and Matter

Anesthetics

Green Pharmacy Herbal Medicine

Introduction of Organic Chemistry

Development of New Drugs 1

Development of New Drugs 2

The Scope of Pharmacology

Biopharmaceutics

Drug Abuse

翻译

Vitamins

1.研究人员发现普通感冒患者体内维生素c水平急剧下降,接近坏血病患者水平。

2.虽然只有当饮食中新鲜水果、蔬菜严重缺乏时人才会患上坏血病,但轻度维生素c缺乏症还是普遍存在的。

3.维生素是有机化合物,必须通过饮食或肌肉注射予以补充,以维护身体健康。

4.维生素不产生能量,但却在能量转换及新陈代谢调节方面起着重要作用。

5.维生素是按字母分类的,如维生素A、C、D、E、K和复合B等。

6.和其他营养素相比,维生素和矿物盐的存在量较少,而需要量也很少。

7.由于维生素缺乏而引起的疾病叫维生素缺乏症,例如,维生素A缺乏出现夜盲症,维生素D缺乏导致佝偻症。

8.有些维生素溶解于脂肪,而其他的则溶解于水,故它们分别被称为脂溶性维生素和水溶性维生素。

9.除了一般的营养素之外,另两类营养素——维生素和无机盐或矿物盐也是人体必需的。

10.大多数食品含有多种营养素,但没有哪一种食品囊括人体所需的所有营养素。

Foods That Fight Cancer

1.充分的统计资料证明,吸烟者较不吸烟者更有可能患肺、喉及舌等部位的癌症。

2.水果蔬菜富含多种抗氧化剂,该物质能杀灭被认为将诱发细胞癌变的无氧基。

3.均衡饮食将为机体提供正常运转所需的维生素、矿物盐、蛋白质、淀粉及糖类等多种营养素。

4.患肺癌的危险性直接与每天吸烟的数量有关,数量越大,危险越大。

5.甚至吸烟者亦可通过每天食用一些胡萝卜、菠菜或其他蔬菜水果来预防肺癌。

6.对动物和人的一些研究表明,维生素A对肺癌有预防作用。

7.仍需进一步研究才能确立肺癌与胡萝卜素之间的关联。

8.动物实验表明,大蒜有抑制结肠癌、胃癌等癌症的作用。

9.毫无疑问,多吃水果蔬菜将在降低癌症发病率和癌症死亡率方面发挥重要作用。

10.胡萝卜素不仅对肿瘤细胞有直接的毒杀作用,还可减缓肺癌细胞的生长,改变肿瘤赖以生存的蛋白质性质。Chemistry and Matter

1.简而言之,科学家有别于艺术家主要在于其不仅解释外部世界,同时还试图使其变得更美好。

2.科学起始于需求、好奇以及对自然无法解释的现象所提出的疑问。

3.一种元素或化合物与其他东西相结合或起反应的方式就是该元素或化合物的化学性质。

4.化学家感兴趣的是物质的成分和性质,以及它们在化学反应中所发生的变化。

5.只要有轻微的疼痛便服用镇痛药的习惯是很容易形成的。

6.如果没有麻醉,今天外科大夫所施行的精细手术是不可能的。

7.今天,人们普遍认为,人体是一间化工厂,在其内部始终都在进行着不计其数的复杂的化学变化和物理变化。

8.盐是由钠元素和氯元素组成的,但是它的化学性质却与金属钠和腐蚀性气体氯气截然不同。

9.化疗是通过施用化学物质来杀灭体内病原体或阻止其生长的治病方法。

10.能减轻痛觉而又不影响其他感觉的物质叫做去痛药。

Anesthetics

1.不得不经受手术的人们得忍受着全部疼痛,这种情况距今并没有多少年。

2.外科大夫现在能施行各种手术而不引起病人痛苦要归功于麻醉药的发现。

4.尽管人们也提出了许多理论,但全身麻醉药对大脑作用的确切机理尚不得而知。

5.外科手术引进了麻醉药使得更为精细、耗时更长的手术成为可能,进而大大拓展了科学领域,

6.麻醉药是指那些对身体有镇静作用且使痛觉消失的药物。

7.与人们的想象相反,青霉素这个曾被视为特效药的抗生素问世至今也只有五十来年。

8.科学家指出任何药物的镇静作用都是通过其对神经的影响而产生的,故该药必须具备溶解于神经周围的体液的能力。

9.麻醉药如果通过口腔吸入给药则必须是挥发性的,而可以通过直肠或脊椎给药的麻醉剂则不一定非得是挥发性的。

10.尽管乙醚麻醉具有感染肺炎的危险性,但由于其产生的麻醉是深度镇痛而仍被广泛使用。

Green Pharmacy Herbal Medicine

1.植物王国曾是人类唯一的药剂师,但你今天走进现代药店,植物用药已是踪影难寻。

2.今天,植物用作药品的数量虽然减少了,但许多片剂、胶囊、瓶装药之中的有效化学物质却是源于植物王国。

3.植物所含有的化学物质有些可能有毒,有些可能是对我们极其有用的药物。

4.自从人类来到这个地球的数千年岁月中,便一直在试验着生长在其周围的各种植物。

5.正统医学与草药施用者之间多年来存在着不信任、猜疑或敌意,这些正威胁着相互间建立良好工作关系的可能性。

6.一想到奎宁的疗效,植物药对医学所做出的巨大贡献便是再清楚不过了。

7.然而在过去几十年中,引入新的植物药的数量却明显地减少了。

8.祖国医药学遗产是一个取之不竭的新药宝库,它有待于我们用新的方法加以发掘。

9.如果对长春花的研究不是引进药理学方法的话,长春新碱的发展恐怕要推迟好多年。

10.西医很难相信一个对疾病机理一无所知的人却能治愈疾病。

Introduction of Organic Chemistry

1.没有化学的帮助,现代医学所取得的令人瞩目的进展是不可能的。

2.既然人体从本质上讲是一台化学机器,那么,有关人体功能的化学知识对医生来说就显得至关重要了。

3.通过植物和动物生产食品涉及分子中原子的重新排列问题。

4.幸运的是,很少有其他工作能像研究化学那样更能激励人们去取得成功。

5.迄今为止,寻求合成制品背后的动机便是祈盼以更少的钱为更多的人生产更好的东西。

6.人们从活体分离出越来越多的纯净物质,并认识到它们都含有碳元素,这样便诞生了有机化学。

7.煤与氧结合在炉中燃烧,生成二氧化碳——一种在成分和化学性质上都不同于煤和氧的全新性质。

8.许多特定的化学反应之所以重要,是由于它们耗时或提供能量。

9.在有机化学学习中,希望学生们用他们熟悉的符号构成二维或三维空间的分子结构式。

10.从我们吃的食品、穿的衣服,到住的楼房,所有这些都在很大程度上被有机化学更新了。

Development of New Drugs (1)

1.以前,药物都是从天然植物和动物那儿提取的,治疗方法也是以传统经验为基础的。

2.药物研制策略包括偶然发现、分子随机组合、有计划的研究某一特定化学成分的合成等方法。

3.尽管这是新药研制的理想方法,但费用较高,而且不能保证一定成功。

4.当某种药物被数百万人使用时,肯定会有不良反应出现,尽管具体到个人这种危险性并不大。

5.大多数药物都有一个安全剂量上限,超过这一限度,便可能产生毒副作用。

6.青霉素这个世界上最强大的细菌杀手之一便是由佛莱明偶然发现的。

7.新药的药理学实验将确定该药在模型系统中是否具备人们期待的药物功能。

8.增加对生化机制知识的了解将使得对新药的研制更为理性。

9.新药只有在经过广泛的正规毒性试验之后才可用于患者。

Development of New Drugs(2)

1.新药研制的根本依据应该是提供更好的药物,及更有效、更安全或更便宜。

2.药品生产商的销售代表为促销某一新产品而接受过专门培训。

3.新药的临床评价必须在动物研究证明有效之后方可进行。

4.新药的人体评价可分为四个阶段,每个阶段都应在严格的监管下进行。

5.剂量范围的研究只能在自愿者身上进行,他们应了解试验的含义,并自觉自愿的接受试验。

6.由于剂量范围研究可能具有一定的危险性,故只能在医疗监护下进行。

7.第三阶段的大规模临床试验将确立新药的功用以及毒副作用的频率。

8.药品研发的可观费用是由制药商承担的,他当然希望在产品最终投放市场时得到补偿。

9.发表于著名杂志的有关新药的信息比以促销为生的医药代表的介绍更为可信。

10.用于新药促销方面的巨额投资不仅导致了不加区别的使用新药,同时也提高了药品的成本。

The Scope of Pharmacology

1.药物作用于人体的科学叫药理学,研究这门学问的科学家便是药理学家。

2.药理学不是一门能够独立研究的科学,而是与其他学科紧密相关的。

3.药理学家不仅要了解人体内进行的正常反应过程,还应懂得机体功能是怎样受疾病影响的。

4.药物用得恰当,将是人类的一大福音,用的不当,则可能毁了人类。

5.二十世纪上半叶,在药理学领域取得了突飞猛进的发展。

6.人类不断努力,不仅为了增寿,而且为了生活得更健康。

7.病人(特别是老年病人)经常性使用一种以上的治疗药物的话,往往会发生导致毒性的药物相互作用。

8.临床医生感兴趣的主要是那些对预防、诊断和治疗人类疾病有效的药物。

9.现在,由于大多数天然药物被高度提纯,且与合成的化学药物无其区别,所以临床医生对生药学的兴趣也相应减弱。

10.药效学作为一门边缘学科,大量借鉴了生理学、生物化学、免疫学、病理学等学科的理论和实验技术。

Biopharmaceutics

吸收是药物自用药部位进入血液循环的过程。除直接注入血管者外,一般的给药方法都要经过细胞膜的转运。很多因素都可以影响药物的吸收,特别是口服药物的吸收,如药物本身的性质、剂型、食物、患者年龄等。药物在体内的分布多数是不均匀的,且处于动态平衡中,即随药物的吸收与排泄不断地变化着。

药物进入血液后或多或少地将与血浆蛋白结合,但这种结合是疏松的、可逆的,经常处于动态平衡。药物的起效取决于药物的吸收与分布,作用的终止则取决于药物的消除。

生物利用度是指不同剂型的药物能吸收进入体循环的相对分量及速度。它与药物作用的强度与速度有关。

Drugs Abuse

1.当个人的用药量足以使本人健康或社会安全受到危害时,我们便可界定这种状况为药物滥用。

2.确定某种药物的使用是否应被标定为药物滥用,社会认可并非是有效标准。

3.经常性使用一种药物的人容易形成药物依赖。

4.为使感觉正常,身体上的依赖便会产生对药物的需求,而为了感觉正常,心理上的依赖则也会产生对药物的需求。

5.在医院中濒临死亡的癌症患者可能被施以大剂量的麻醉药品以缓解病痛。

6.一般来说,麻醉药和酒精导致身体依赖,而镇定药和大麻则更可能导致心理依赖。

7.大多数受法律管制药物时常在未经医制的情况下被人们用于治疗一些小毛病,这往往都是不必要的。

8.有些“精神药物”以不同方式影响着神经系统,常常产生各种快感。

9.控制药物滥用作为世界范围内的公共健康问题已经引起了世界卫生组织的高度重视。

10.控制药物滥用的当务之急就是降低与非治疗性使用药物导致药物依赖的有关问题的发生率。

药学专业英语文章及翻译

Expression of livin in gastric cancer and induction of apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells by shRNA-mediated silencing of livin gene Background-Because of increased resistance to apoptosis in tumor cells, inhibition of specific antiapoptotic factors may provide a rational approach for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.Livin, a novel inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, has been found to be expressed in various malignancies and is suggested to have poorly prognostic significance. However, no data are available concerning the significance of livin in gastric cancer. In this study, we detected the expression of livin in human gastric carcinoma and investigated the apoptotic susceptibility of SGC-7901 cell by shRNAmediated silencing of the livin gene. Methods-The mRNA and protein expression of livin were analyzed by RT-PCR and western blot assay.The relationship between livin expression and clinical pathologic parameters was investigated. The small interfering RNA eukaryotic expression vector specific to livin was constructed by gene recombination, and the nucleic acid was sequenced. Then it was transfected into SGC-7901 cells by Lipofectamin 2000. RT-PCR and Western blot assay were used to validate gene-silencing efficiency of livin in SGC-7901 cells. Stable clones were obtained by G418 screening. The cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry (FCM). Cell growth state and 50 % inhibition concentration (IC50) of 5-FU and cisplatin was determined by MTT method. Results-The expression of livin mRNA and protein were detected in 19 of 40 gastric carcinoma cases (47.5%) and SGC-7901 cells. No expression of livin was detected in tumor adjacent tissues and benign gastric lesion. The positive correlation was found between livin expression and poor differentiation of tumors as well as lymph node metastases (P < 0.05). Four small interfering RNA eukaryotic expression vector specific to livin were constructed by gene recombination. And one of them can efficiently decrease the expression of livin, the inhibition of the gene was not less than 70% (P < 0.01). The recombinated plasmids were extracted and transfected gastric cancer cells. The stable clones were obtained by G418 screening, and were amplified and cultured. When livin gene was silenced, the reproductive activity of the gastric cancer cells was significantly lower than the control groups(P < 0.05). The study also showed that IC50 of 5-Fu and cisplatin on gastric cancer cells treated by shRNA was

药学英语课后翻译

Unit 1 1. A full appreciation of the physiology of a living organism must be based on a sound knowledge of its anatomy. Anatomy does not merely study the separation of parts, but the accurate description of the morphologies and functions of different organs. 对生物生理学的全面了解必须基于解剖学的系统知识;解剖学不仅仅是研究 人体各部分的分离;还要准确的描述各个器官的形态和生理功能; 2. Our daily food intake must match requirements and any excess must be excreted for balance to be maintained. 我们每天摄入的事物必须满足需要;任何多余的东西必须排出体外才能维持 平衡; 3. The process of stabilization of the internal environment is called homeostasis and is essential if the cells of the body are to function normally. 内环境稳定的过程称之为体内平衡;体内平衡也是机体的细胞正常发挥作用所必 不可少的; 4. Human cells have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller ones to liberate sufficient energy for their activities. 人类细胞有将大分子分解成小分子的能力;从而为自身活动释放足够的能量; 5. As long as normal conditions are maintained in this internal environment, the cells of the body continue to live and function properly. 只要这种内环境正常的条件得以维持;机体的细胞就能继续生存并发挥正常 功能; Unit 2 1. Biochemistry asks how the thousands of different biomolecules interact with each other to confer the remarkable properties of living organisms. 生物化学探寻的是数千种不同的生物分子如何相互作用;以赋予生物体具备显着的特性; 2. Enzymes are catalysts that accelerate the rates of biological reactions. Each enzyme is very specific in its function and acts only in a particular metabolic reaction. 酶是能加速生物学反应速率的催化剂;每一种酶都有专一的功能并且仅在特定代谢反应中发挥作用; 3. One of the most fruitful approaches to understand biological phenomena has been to purify an individual chemical component, such as a protein, from a living organism and to characterize its chemical structure or catalytic activity. 用以了解生物学现象的最有效的方法之一是从生物体中纯化出单一化学成分;例如蛋白质;并对其化学结构或催化活性进行表征; 4. The chemical principles that govern the properties of biological molecules include the covalent bonding of carbon with itself and with other elements and the functional groups that appear in common biological molecules, etc. 决定生物分子特性的化学原理包括碳与自身或其他元素的共价结合和一般生物分子中出现的功能基团等; 5. The basic unit of DNA is a linear polymer of four different monomeric subunits,

(完整版)药学英语第五版原文翻译

Introduction to Physiology Introduction Physiology is the study of the functions of living matter. It is concerned with how an organism performs its varied activities: how it feeds, how it moves, how it adapts to changing circumstances, how it spawns new generations. The subject is vast and embraces the whole of life. The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite machines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry. Although some processes are similar across the whole spectrum of biology —the replication of the genetic code for or example specific to particular groups of organisms. For this reason it is necessary to divide the subject into various parts such as bacterial physiology, plant physiology, and animal physiology. To study how an animal works it is first necessary to know how it is built. A full appreciation of the physiology of an organism must therefore be based on a sound knowledge of its anatomy. Experiments can then be carried out to establish how particular parts perform their functions. Although there have been many important physiological investigations on human volunteers, the need for precise control over the experimental conditions has meant that much of our present physiological knowledge has been derived from studies on other animals such as frogs, rabbits, cats, and dogs. When it is clear that a specific physiological process has a common basis in a wide variety of animal species, it is reasonable to assume that the same principles will apply to humans. The knowledge gained from this approach has given us a great insight into human physiology and endowed us with a solid foundation for the effective treatment of many diseases. The building blocks of the body are the cells, which are grouped together to form tissues. The principal types of tissue are epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular, each with its own characteristics. Many connective tissues have relatively few cells but have an extensive extracellular matrix. In contrast, smooth muscle consists of densely packed layers of muscle cells linked together via specific cell junctions. Organs such as the brain, the heart, the lungs, the intestines, and the liver are formed by the aggregation of different kinds of tissues. The organs are themselves parts of distinct physiological systems. The heart and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system; the lungs, trachea, and bronchi together with the chest wall and diaphragm form the respiratory system; the skeleton and skeletal muscles form the musculoskeletal system; the brain, spinal cord, autonomic nerves and ganglia, and peripheral somatic nerves form the nervous system, and so on. Cells differ widely in form and function but they all have certain common characteristics. Firstly, they are bounded by a limiting membrane, the plasma membrane. Secondly, they have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller ones to liberate energy for their activities. 生理学简介 介绍 生理学是研究生物体功能的科学。它研究生物体如何进行各种活动,如何饮食,如何运动,如何适应不断改变的环境,如何繁殖后代。这门学科包罗万象,涵盖了生物体整个生命过程。生理学成功地解释了生物体如何进行日常活动,基于的观点是生物体好比是结构复杂而灵巧的机器,其操作受物理和化学规律控制。 尽管从生物学整个范畴看,生物体某些活—动m过a程ny是ar相e 似的——如基因编码的复制——但许多过程还是某些生物体群组特 有的。鉴于此有必要将这门学科分成不同部分研究,如细菌生理学、植物生理学和动物生理学。 要研究一种动物如何活动,首先需要了解它的构成。要充分了解一个生物体的生理学活动就必须掌握全面的解剖学知识。一个生物体的各部分起着什么作用可通过实验观察得知。尽管我们对志愿者进行了许多重要的生理调查,但是实验条件需要精确控制,所以我们当前大多生理知识还是源于对其它动物如青蛙,兔子,猫和狗等的研究。当我们明确大多数动物物种的特定生理过程存在共同之处时,相同的生理原理适用于人类也是合理的。通过这种方法,我们获得了大量的知识,从而让我们对人类生理学有了更深入的了解,为我们有效治疗许多疾病提供了一个坚实的基础。 机体的基本组成物质是细胞,细胞结 合在一起形成组织。组织的基本类型有上皮组织,结缔组织,神经组织和肌组织,每类组织都有各自的特征。许多结缔组织中细胞量相对较少,但是有大量的细胞外基质。相比而言,光滑的肌组织由大量密密麻麻的肌细胞通过特定的细胞连接组成。各种器官如脑,心脏,肺,小肠和肝等由不同种类的组织聚集而成。这些器官是不同生理系统的组成部分。心脏和血管组成心血管系统;肺,器官,支气管,胸壁和膈肌组成呼吸系统;骨骼和骨骼肌组成骨骼肌系统;大脑,脊髓,自主神经和神经中枢以及周围躯体神经组成神经系统等等。 细胞在形体和功能上差异很大,但是它们有某些共同的特征。第一,它们由限制

药学英语翻译

1.每一种药物都有其固有的药理作用特点。如果给药剂量,给药次数,给药途径恰当,大多数病人可以产生预期的药理效应。但对具体的病人来说,药理效应可有一定的甚至是非常明显的差异。病人体质,药物质量,病原微生物,以及各种环境条件都可能影响药物作用。它们可以使药物效应减弱或增强。产生个体差异的主要原因是药物的吸收,分布,生物转化和排泄的差异。要保证每个病人都能达到最大疗效、最小不良反应的治疗目的,单纯根据药理作用选药和用药显然是不够的,还必须掌握影响各种药物的因素,结合病人具体情况,决定适当的治疗方案,并在用药过程中不断根据变化及时适当地作出调整,直至病人痊愈。Each medicine has its inherent the pharmacological function characteristics. If the administration dosage, to therapy, delivery methods appropriate, most patients can produce the desired pharmacological effect. But to specific patients for, pharmacological effect can have certain even very clear differences. Patients constitution, drug quality, pathogenic microbes, and various environmental conditions may affect drug interactions. They can make the effects of drugs increase or decrease. Produce individual difference is the main reason of the drug absorption, distribution, biological transformation and excretion of differences. To ensure that every patient can achieve maximum efficacy, minimum adverse reaction of therapeutic purposes, pure according to choose medicine and pharmacology drug it is not enough, still must master the influence of the factors of different drugs, patients with specific situations, to determine the appropriate treatment, and in the process of drug use in time according to change constantly adjust properly, until the patient recover. 2、构成的解决方案 干燥固体颗粒从这些正是构成方案准备注射熊的标题形式(药品注射。由于这些剂型构成的保健医生使用,测试和标准制定有关管理的解决方案是不包括在个人专著在固体或液体无菌干精矿。然而,在保证质量的兴趣注射制剂作为他们实际上是管理,以下无损检测提供了展示了合适的解决方案时,他们构成准备之前使用。 CONSTITUTED SOLUTIONS Dry solids from which constituted solutions are prepared for injection bear titles of the form [DRUG] for Injection. Since these dosage forms are constituted at the time of use by the health care practitioner, tests and standards pertaining to the solution as constituted for administration are not included in the individual monographs on sterile dry solids or liquid concentrates. However, in the interest of assuring the quality of injection preparations as they are actually administered, the following nondestructive tests are provided for demonstrating the suitability of constituted solutions when they are prepared just prior to use. 3.当事人cosponsoring他们对这次会议re-affirmed增加国际协调,旨在保证良好的质量、安全、有效的药物开发,注册于上海最有效率和最经济的方式。这些活动均以消费者的利益和公共卫生,防止不必要的重复的人类临床试验,并尽量避免妨碍使用动物试验没有妥协的规章的义务的安全性和有效性。The Parties cosponsoring this Conference re-affirmed their commitment to increased international harmonisation, aimed at ensuring that good quality, safe and effective medicines are developed and registered in the most efficient and cost-effective manner. These activities are pursued in the interest of the consumer and public health, to prevent unnecessary duplication of clinical trials in humans and to minimise the use of animal testing without compromising the regulatory obligations of safety and effectiveness。 4.我很高兴的宣布它将与认证标准开发组织(sdo)关联起来,以便利用发展我e-Inititatives 技术标准。这个决定遵循一系列的讨论结果在提高效率的过程,开始我督导委员会会议于

药学英语第四版课后翻译

Unit One 1. A full appreciation of the physiology of a living organism must be based on a sound knowledge of its anatomy. Anatomy does not merely study the separation of parts, but the accurate description of the morphologies and functions of different organs. 2.Our daily food intake must match requirements and any excess must be excreted for balance to be maintained. 3.The process of stabilization of the internal environment is called homeostasis and is essential if the cells of the body are to function normally. 4.Human cells have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller ones to liberate sufficient energy for their activities. 5.As long as normal conditions are maintained in this internal environment, the cells of the body continue to live and function properly. Unit Two 1.Biochemistry asks how the thousands of different biomolecules interact with each other to confer the remarkable properties of living organisms. 2.Enzymes are catalysts that accelerate the rates of biological reactions. Each enzyme is very specific in its foundation and acts only in a particular metabolic reaction. 3.One of the most fruitful approaches to understand biological phenomena has been to purify an individual chemical component, such as protein, from a living organism and to characterize its chemical structure or catalytic activity. 4.The chemical principles that govern the properties of biological molecules include the covalent bonding of carbon with itself and with other elements and the functional groups that appear in common biological molecules, etc. 5.The basic unit of DNA is a linear polymer of four different monomeric subunits, deoxyribonucleotides, arranged in a precise linear sequence. Unit Four 1.The science of the effects on the body is called pharmacology, and the scientists who study it are pharmacologists. Pharmacology is not a science that can be studied on its own, but that closely related to other branches of science. Pharmacologists should not only understand he normal processes that take place in the body, but know how the functions of the body are affected by disease. 2.For physicians and medical students, the scope of pharmacology is not so expansive as its common definition. The clinician is interested primarily in drugs that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human disease, or in the prevention of pregnancy. 3.All physicians should share the responsibility to resolve kinds of sociological problems caused by the abuse of drugs. Properly used, drugs are great blessing to mankind; improperly used, they could destroy human race. When a patient, particular the elderly is prescribed frequently to take more than one therapeutic agent, drug interactions resulting in toxicity will occur. 4.At one time, it was essential for the physician to have broad botanical knowledge, because they had to possess the ability and skill to select proper plants from which to prepare his own

药学英语第4版课后练习判断题翻译及答案

1.much of our present physiological knowledge has been found from the experiments and studies on human beings. 我们目前的生理知识已经发现从实验和研究人类。F 2.the cell are grouped together to form tissues which,thus,consist of a lot of cells. 细胞被组合在一起形成的组织,因此,包括大量的细胞。F 3.living cells break down glucose and fats to provide energy for other activities,which are called catabolism. 活细胞分解葡萄糖和脂肪提供能量等活动,被称为分解代谢。F 4.the white cells play an important role in defense against infection. 白细胞在抗 感染防御中起重要作用。Y 5.the right atria pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it absorbs oxygen from the air. 右心房缺氧血液泵至肺部,它吸收空气中的氧气。F 6.the nervous system uses electrical signals to transmit information very rapidly to specific cells. 神经系统利用电信号将信息传送到特定的细胞。T 7.the level of sodium increases in the extracellular fluid, the cardiac muscle cells become too excitable and may contract. 细胞外液中的钠水平升高,心肌细胞的兴奋性,可能成为合同。F 8.the secretions of insulin fall with the decreasing of the concentration of glucose. 胰岛素的分泌量随葡萄糖浓度的降低而下降。T 9. a negative feedback loop is a control system that acts to maintain the level of some variable within a given range following a disturbance. 负反馈回路是一种控制系统,该控制系统在给定的范围内,在给定的范围内保持一定的变量的水平。T 10.once homeostatic conditions lose the maintenance, the body will suffer. 一旦失 去维持稳态条件,全身遭殃。T 11.the American mass media has done a good job to make antibiotics popular among people. 美国大众媒体做了一个很好的工作,使抗生素在人们中流行。 T 12.the inadequacies and potential dangers of antibiotics are not as widely known as their virtues. 抗生素的不足之处和潜在的危险也不普遍被称为他们的美德。T 13.an antibiotics-minded doctor is one who is often hesitant to prescribe antibiotics for his patients. 一个有抗生素的医生是一个经常为病人开药的人。F 14.not all antibiotics are prescription drugs. 并非所有抗生素都是处方药。T 15.over-the-counter products of antibiotics often give people more troble as they can be easily available. 抗生素处方产品往往会给人更多的烦恼,因为他们可以很容易获得。F 16.mumps,meales and common colds are all virus infections and can not be cured by antibiotics. 流行性腮腺炎、麻疹和感冒都是病毒感染,不能用抗生素治愈。 T 17.microorganisms resistant to antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic drugs can be divided into two types:natural and acquired. 耐抗生素和其他化学药物的微生物可以分为2种类型:天然和获得。F 18.the duration and extent of use of a certain antibiotics in a given location would result in strains of bacteria resistant to the antibiotics. 特定部位使用抗生素的

药学英语课文翻译

药学英语课文翻译 Unit1药品 根据他们的产品或来源药物可以被分为三种: Ⅰ、全合成 Ⅱ、天然产物和 Ⅲ、由部分合成产物(半合成产物) 本书的重点是关于最重要化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ——这类药物合成。然而,这并不意味天然产物和其他的药物就不重要。它们可以被用作有价值的先导化合物,并且它们通常被用作起始原料或作为重要合成产物的中间体。 合成而更加经济的。 在过去的几年里发酵,即微生物工程,已经变得极其重要。通过现代技术和基因的选择结果,导致了微生物高突变体演变的产生,发酵已经变成了对物质广泛围的选择方式。真核细胞(酵母和霉菌)和原核细胞(单细菌细胞和放线菌)都被用作微生物。以下为可获得的生产形式: 1.细胞原料(单细胞蛋白质) 2.酶 3.初级的降解产物(初级酶代物) 4.次级的降解产物(次级的代物) 在次级代物中,必先提起的是抗生素,以下五种药代表了每年世界围价值170亿美元的药物: 青霉素,头孢菌素,四环素,红霉素,氨基糖苷类。 大约有5000种抗生素已经从微生物中分离出来了,但在这些中仅有那些少于100种用于治疗使用。然而,一定知道,那些衍生物通过部分合成被改进用于治疗。在过去十年中,单单从β-酰胺半合成的就有五万种药物。发酵在容积大于400m3的不锈钠发酵罐中进行,避免了微生物噬菌体的污染等等,整个过程必须在无菌条件下进行。 (倒数第五段开始) 大量使用的试剂不仅仅是酸(盐酸、硫酸、硝酸、醋酸),还有无机和有机碱(氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、碳酸钾、重碳酸钾、铵碱、三乙胺、吡啶)。还有辅助化学物质包括活性炭和催化剂。所有这些补充的化学物质(比如中间体)在最终产物中可能是杂志的来源。 在1969年,世界卫生组织出版了关于“药品安全质量保护”的论述。目录2是有关“药品赔偿和安全保护质量的规定”(世界卫生组织,1969年第418号技术报告,目录2;

药学英语第4版课后练习判断题翻译及答案

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