药学英语第4版课后练习判断题翻译及答案

多媒体技术教程》(第三版)习题解答

第1章绪论

1.多媒体信息系统和多媒体计算机有什么不同?在概念上应如何看待两者之间的关系?多媒体信息系统是新一代高度集成的、功能强大的、智能化的计算机信息系统,它是提供多媒体信息、辅助人们对环境进行控制和决策的系统,是基于计算机、通信网络等现代化的工具和手段,服务于管理领域的信息处理系统。而多媒体计算机指的是硬件设施,多媒体计算机是多媒体信息系统得以应用的平台。

2.试归纳叙述多媒体关键特性以及这些特性之间的关系。

多媒体的关键特性主要包括信息载体的多样性、交互性和集成性这三个方面,这既是多媒体的主要特征,也是在多媒体研究中必须解决的主要问题。

信息载体的多样性是相对于计算机而言的,指的就是信息媒体的多样化,有人称之为信息多维化;多媒体的第二个关键特性是交互性,多媒体系统将向用户提供交互式使用、加工和控制信息的手段,为应用开辟更加广阔的领域,也为用户提供更加自然的信息存取手段;多媒体的集成性主要表现在两个方面,一是多媒体信息媒体的集成,二是处理这些媒体的设备与设施的集成。

信息载体的多样性是集成性的基础,没有多种信息媒体,也就无法进行多媒体信息的集成化处理;而处理多媒体的设备与设施的集成性是实现交互性的前提,没有系统、网络、软硬件设施的集成,就无法为用户交互式使用、加工和控制信息提供平台。

3.为什么说多媒体缩短了人类信息交流的路径?人类与计算机进行信息交流的目的是什么?

与以往的方法相比,计算机在数据处理方面有了很大的改善。计算机所提供的功能强大的数据组织和构造技术,如传统数据结构中的数组、向量、队列、堆栈、树和堆等,为动态地加工和处理数据提供了基础。高效的算法和高速的网络通信,大大地加强了用文字和数据表示概念的能力并加速了它的传递过程。但人类并不是仅仅依赖文本这一类单一的数据形式来传递所有的信息和接受概念的,图像、声音等多媒体信息都是人类获取和传递信息极为重要的渠道。图像的信息量最大,一幅画胜过千言万语,最直观、最能一目了然。而动态的影像视频和动画则更生动、更逼真、更接近客观世界的原型、更能反映事物的本质和内涵。声音和文字也是信息的重要媒体,综合应用不仅有利于接受,也有利于存储(记忆)和保留。这就意味着必须同时启动大脑的形象思维和逻辑思维,才能更好地获得更多更有用的信息。因此,通过多种感觉器官用多种信息媒体形式向人提供信息才算是更好的表达方法,它不仅加速和改善了理解,并且提高了信息接受的兴趣和注意力。多媒体正是利用各种信息媒体形式,集成地用声、图、文等来承载信息,也就是缩短信息传递的路径。

人类与计算机进行信息交流的目的是为了高效的获取、传递以及使用信息。计算机的发展使得人类的信息处理手段得到加强,高速的计算能力扩展了对数据进行重复计算的能力,大规模的存储扩展了记忆信息的范围,高速通信网使得我们可以同远在异地他乡的同事、朋友、亲人甚至陌生人进行快速的信息交换。这些机器成为我们与他人进行交流的中介。

第2章媒体及媒体技术

1.为什么说媒体具有不同的抽象层次?对媒体的抽象层次和性质进行小结。

在获得媒体语义的过程中,抽象起着十分重要的作用,这种抽象是复杂的,而且与任务有关。通常包括若干抽象层,每一个抽象层都包含着与具体的任务和问题域有关的模型。从接近具体感官的信息表示层到接近符号的信息表示层,信息的抽象程度递增,而数据量则递减。语义就是在从感官数据到符号数据的抽象过程中逐步形成的。对不同媒体来说,媒体的语义是处于不同层次上的。抽象的程度不同,语义的重点也就不同。

2.媒体的空间含义是指什么?媒体的时间含义是指什么?媒体的时空综合是指什么?什么是媒体的时空“上下文”?

多媒体信息的空间意义有两种解释。第一种是指表现空间,尤其是指显示空间的安排,目前在大多数研究中指的都是这一类。第二种空间意义是把环境中各种表达信息的媒体按相互的空间关系进行组织,全面整体地反映信息的空间结构,而不仅仅是零散的信息片断。

2

媒体的时间也有两种含义。一是表现所需的时间,这是所有媒体都需要的。第二种时间意义即同媒体的空间一样,媒体的时间也可以包含媒体在时间坐标轴上的相互关系。

媒体的时间关系存在于同步、实时等许多方面。空间和时间组成了一个三维的时空坐标系统。时间与空间的联系构成了媒体的时空“上下文”。

3.媒体的结合为什么会产生“感觉相乘”的效果?试举几个例子对此加以说明。

多媒体的作用在很大程度上是媒体之间结合产生的影响。这种结合可以是低层次的,如在显示窗口中提供多种媒体信息片断,并将视觉、听觉相互结合,造成一种比较适合的媒体表现环境;也可以是高层次的,由各种媒体组成完全沉浸的虚拟空间,但应该如何结合现在还缺乏理论上的指导。媒体之间可以相互支持,也可以相互干扰。如果媒体之间是相互支持的关系,则这种媒体结合所产生的效果就是“感觉相乘”效应。

“感觉相乘”的例子很多,比如以视听并举的方式传递信息,比仅仅依靠观察或者解说能产生更好的效果;为了追求更强的沉浸感,虚拟现实环境的构建往往需要综合考虑视觉、听觉、触觉甚至嗅觉等多种感觉。

4.什么是媒体的语义?什么是隐喻?[不考]

各种媒体的信息在最低层次上都是二进制位流。如果仅仅作为信息的简单通道,系统不必了解媒体的语义,但如果要多媒体系统具有对媒体进行选择、合成等方面的能力,就必须赋予它媒体的语义知识,从而使得系统能在媒体之上对媒体进行比较、选择和合成。媒体被赋予的媒体的语义知识即为媒体的语义。

在与多媒体系统交互的过程中,人所依据的是关于这种交互的概念模型,也称心智模型(Mental Model)。这种概念模型的建立往往需要培训和经验,不易于被用户所接受。一种较好的方法是模拟人对其他事物的知识和技能,把它们挪到多媒体系统中使用,媒体的多样性为这种模拟提供了一个很好的基础,这种模拟,就是隐喻技术。

5.研究声音心理学对声音的处理会带来哪些好处?试举例加以说明。说明掩蔽、临界频带、相位对声音的影响。[不考]

各种声音可以互相掩蔽,也就是说一种声音的出现可能使得另一种声音难于听清。纸张的沙

沙声、鼓掌声、咳嗽声等往往会掩盖说话声和音乐声。一般说来,在掩蔽音条件下,要

听清被测量的测验音,就必须提高测验音的强度。由于声音的掩蔽效果,可以欺骗人的听觉。在频率的某一临界区里,各种声音强度是相互作用的,合成声音的响度由这些频率共同决定,但在临界区内不会改变。如果超出临界区,声音的响度不再相互作用,随频率而变。这个临界区就是临界频带,其宽度视其中心频率而定。

从声音的波形来看,声音的起点和方向也要反映声音的特性,这就是声音的相位。当两个声音相同而相位完全相反时,它们将相互抵消;当两个声音相同而且相位也相同时,声音就会得到加强。相位的确定对于多声道声音系统的设计非常重要,它可以应用在回声的消除、会议系统的声音设计上等。

6.声音的数字化过程是怎样的?什么是声音的符号化?

声音在真实世界是模拟的,时间和幅度上是连续的,声音的数字化主要包括采样、量化、编码等步骤。

波形声音可以把音乐、语音都进行数字化并表示出来,但这并没有将它看成音乐和语音。对声音的抽象化(即符号化)表示包括两种类型,一种是音乐、一种是语音。声音的符号化即将声音转变为符号序列的过程。

7.声音的三维化处理所基于的原理是什么?双工理论的作用在何时体现得较为明显、何时又会失效?耳廓模型的建立是为了达到什么样的目标?[不考]

声音的三维化处理基于的原理是双工理论。人耳对声音定位的特性,通过大脑的综合作用后,对有差别的声音信号进行了相对于空间位置的定位。很显然,如果按此方法使用计算机向人耳提供不同的声音,人的大脑也会综合出声音的位置信息。

双工理论过于简单,这一理论实际上是处于一个较理想的状态下,即无反射、无折射和单频率等,但实际上人耳所处的环境比双工理论描述的环境要复杂得多。按照双工理论,人耳应没有在垂直平面的定位能力,不能够区分前后,因为在这些情况下两耳间声音的到达时间差ITD和两耳间声音的强度差IID都几乎为零;而实际上,人耳确实具有这方面的能力,这就是耳廓的作用。

耳廓模型的建立,主要为了模拟出人耳的听觉特性,具体来讲,就是模拟如何解析声源的本身信

3

号特征、声源的空间三维位置、声源所处的环境这3个因素。建立正确的耳廓模型有利于创造三维的虚拟听觉空间。

8.视觉心理学对视觉信息的处理辅助体现在哪些地方?如何利用这些心理学特性?[不考]

虽然光的物理特性与心理知觉有关,但并不是线性的。把物理波的强度加倍,感受到的亮度却并不加倍。对光的色调和亮度的感觉不仅和它的频率与强度有关,而且还和它出现的背景有关,和同时出现的周围光有关。即使是最简单的物理因素也要受到神经系统的复杂分析,从而产生出复杂的心理知觉反应。将物理性质和心理知觉区分开来,就是十分重要的。在多媒体信息系统的设计过程中,充分考虑视觉心理学特性,能提供更好的人机交互方式。

第3章多媒体数据压缩

1.如何衡量一种数据压缩方法的好坏?多媒体数据存在哪些类型的冗余?

评价一种数据压缩技术的性能好坏主要有3个关键的指标:压缩比、图像质量、压缩和解压的速度。希望压缩比要大,即压缩前后所需的信息存储量之比要大;恢复效果要好,尽可能地恢复原始数据;实现压缩的算法要简单,压缩、解压速度快,尽可能地做到实时压缩解压。除此之外还要考虑压缩算法所需要的软件和硬件。

一般而言,多媒体数据中存在的数据冗余类型主要有以下几种。(1)空间冗余在同一幅图像中,规则物体和规则背景的表面物理特性具有相关性,这些相关性的光成像结果在数字化图像中就表现为数据冗余。

(2)时间冗余

时间冗余反映在图像序列中就是相邻帧图像之间有较大的相关性,一帧图像中的某物体或场景可以由其他帧图像中的物体或场景重构出来。音频的前后样值之间也同样有时间冗余。(3)信息熵冗余

信源编码时,当分配给第i个码元类的比特数b(yi)= .lgpi时,才能使编码后单位数据量等于其信源熵,即达到其压缩极限。但实际中各码元类的先验概率很难预知,比特分配不能达到最佳。实际单位数据量d>H(S),即存在信息冗余熵。

(4)视觉冗余

人眼对于图像场的注意是非均匀的,人眼并不能察觉图像场的所有变化。事实上人类视觉的一般分辨能力为26灰度等级,而一般图像的量化采用的是28灰度等级,即存在着视觉冗余。(5)听觉冗余

人耳对不同频率的声音的敏感性是不同的,并不能察觉所有频率的变化,对某些频率不必特别关注,因此存在听觉冗余。

(6)其他冗余

包括结构冗余、知识冗余等。

2.数据压缩技术可分为几大类?每类有何主要特点?

根据解码后数据与原始数据是否完全一致进行分类,压缩方法可被分为有失真编码和无失真编码两大类。

有失真压缩法压缩了熵,会减少信息量,而损失的信息是不能再恢复的,因此这种压缩法是不可逆的。无失真压缩法去掉或减少了数据中的冗余,但这些冗余值是可以重新插入到数据中的,因此冗余压缩是可逆的过程。有失真压缩法的冗余压缩取决于初始信号的类型、前后的相关性、信号的语义内容等。由于允许一定程度的失真,可用于对图像、声音、动态视频等数据的压缩。如采用混合编码的JPEG标准,它对自然景物的灰度图像,一般可压缩几倍到十几倍,而对于自然景物的彩色图像,压缩比将达到几十倍甚至上百倍。采用ADPCM编码的声音数据,压缩比通常也能做到4∶1~8∶1。压缩比最为可观的是动态视频数据,采用混合编码的DVI多媒体系统,压缩比通常可达50∶1~100∶1。

无失真压缩法不会产生失真,从信息语义角度讲,无失真编码是泛指那种不考虑被压缩信息的性质的编码和压缩技术,它是基于平均信息量的技术,并把所有的数据当作比特序列,而不是根据压缩信息的类型来优化压缩。也就是说,平均信息量编码忽略被压缩信息语义内容。

在多媒体技术中一般

药学英语课后翻译

Unit 1 1. A full appreciation of the physiology of a living organism must be based on a sound knowledge of its anatomy. Anatomy does not merely study the separation of parts, but the accurate description of the morphologies and functions of different organs. 对生物生理学的全面了解必须基于解剖学的系统知识;解剖学不仅仅是研究 人体各部分的分离;还要准确的描述各个器官的形态和生理功能; 2. Our daily food intake must match requirements and any excess must be excreted for balance to be maintained. 我们每天摄入的事物必须满足需要;任何多余的东西必须排出体外才能维持 平衡; 3. The process of stabilization of the internal environment is called homeostasis and is essential if the cells of the body are to function normally. 内环境稳定的过程称之为体内平衡;体内平衡也是机体的细胞正常发挥作用所必 不可少的; 4. Human cells have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller ones to liberate sufficient energy for their activities. 人类细胞有将大分子分解成小分子的能力;从而为自身活动释放足够的能量; 5. As long as normal conditions are maintained in this internal environment, the cells of the body continue to live and function properly. 只要这种内环境正常的条件得以维持;机体的细胞就能继续生存并发挥正常 功能; Unit 2 1. Biochemistry asks how the thousands of different biomolecules interact with each other to confer the remarkable properties of living organisms. 生物化学探寻的是数千种不同的生物分子如何相互作用;以赋予生物体具备显着的特性; 2. Enzymes are catalysts that accelerate the rates of biological reactions. Each enzyme is very specific in its function and acts only in a particular metabolic reaction. 酶是能加速生物学反应速率的催化剂;每一种酶都有专一的功能并且仅在特定代谢反应中发挥作用; 3. One of the most fruitful approaches to understand biological phenomena has been to purify an individual chemical component, such as a protein, from a living organism and to characterize its chemical structure or catalytic activity. 用以了解生物学现象的最有效的方法之一是从生物体中纯化出单一化学成分;例如蛋白质;并对其化学结构或催化活性进行表征; 4. The chemical principles that govern the properties of biological molecules include the covalent bonding of carbon with itself and with other elements and the functional groups that appear in common biological molecules, etc. 决定生物分子特性的化学原理包括碳与自身或其他元素的共价结合和一般生物分子中出现的功能基团等; 5. The basic unit of DNA is a linear polymer of four different monomeric subunits,

2012药学英语翻译

Unit 1 Green pharmacy-herbal medicine 1) Plant kingdom once was mere pharmacy of the human race, but now when you get into the modern pharmacy, plant-derived drugs have been hardly found. 2) Although today the number of plant-based drugs has been decreased, the effective chemicals in many tables, capsule and bottle-contained drugs are originated from plant kingdom. 3) Among chemical substances contained in plants, some must be toxic, but some must be drugs available to us. 4) During the millions of years since man came to the earth, he has been doing experiments on a variety of plants about him. 5) There exist mistrust, suspicion and hostility between the orthodox medicine and herbal practitioners for many years, which are threatening the possibility of establishing good working relationship. 6) When we think of the effectiveness of quinine, the great contributions made by herbal medicine to medical science are quite evident. 7) However, in the past few decades, the number of newly-introduced drugs has obviously decreased. 8) The medical legacy of our motherland is an inexhaustible new-drug treasure, which remains us to tap with new methods. 9) If pharmacological method had not been introduced to the study of vinca rosea, the discovery of vincaleukoblastine would have been postponed by many years. 10) Western medicine hardly believes that someone who knows nothing of a disease mechanism could be capable of curing it. Unit 2 How does human body fight disease? People tend to believe that antibiotics were invented by human being, but in fact, they are purely natural products. Since Alexander Fleming, a British biologist discovered anti-microbial substance released by the Penicillium fungi in 1928, it has been learned that this substance can produce powerful antibiotic effect. In fact, antibiotics, are exactly manufactured by organisms, namely, bacteria and fungi, which people aim to destroy. After Fleming’s discovery of penicillin, Selma Walksman in 1943 isolated Streptomycin from a soil bacterium, Streptomycus griseus. Scientists have not made it clear completely why organisms can produce antibiotics. This question has become the topic for discussion. Why antibiotics are useful in medicine is that they can not only kill microbes, but also not kill the body cells as they do to the microbes, body cells are entirely different from those of bacteria cells, so that they can avoid being destroyed at the same time. Thus, antibiotics are called “magic bullet”because they may be particularly used to aim at certain microbes. This feature of antibiotics also makes them essentially different from anti-microbial agents: the latter tends to have poison to a majority of cells, whether the cells of bacteria or the body cells. Unit 3 Drug dependence Studies indicate that drug dependencies both a health problem and a social concern. The drug dependence affects not only individual’s health but also the public health at the same time. The drug use has obviously and severely negative effects on the human brain and physical health. But drug abuse and addiction have huge and potential threat, because whether the drug is used directly

药学英语课文翻译 课后翻译节选 中英双语对照 第四版

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