药学英语翻译练习
药学英语翻译练习
I、Translate the following phrases and sentences into Chinese
A Phrases translation
1、Lidocaine hydrochloride
盐酸利多卡因
2、procaine sulph(f)ate
硫酸普鲁卡因
3、APC: ( Aspirin Phe n acetin Caffeine)
阿司匹林,非那西丁,咖啡因
4、Di a zepam
地西泮
B Sentences translation
1、Despite problems of cultural, ethical and regulatory differences, a growing number of foreign panies have begun multi-centre phase III clinical trials in China、
尽管由于文化,伦理与规定得不同,越来越多得国外公司开始在中国进行3期临床试验。
2、The interest by US and European pharmaceutical panies in doing something more than a small phase IV trial to meet China’s minimal licensing criteria was modest at best、
美国与欧洲医药企业在中国进行超越4期临床试验达到中国注册标准得兴趣并不大。
3、By law, the FDA has responsibility to oversee the purity, quality, safety, usefulness, and related characteristics of the nation’s food, drug, and cosmetic supply、
根据规定,FDA负责监督国家食品,药品与化妆品得纯度,质量安全,效果与相关特性。
4、The FDA must primarily rely on the voluntary pliance of those who operate within the professions and industries that are responsible for the products which the FDA has jurisdiction、
对于属于FDA监管范围得产品,FDA主要依靠那些负责生产得工厂与企业自觉遵守。
5、According to the government’s strategic plan for 2006—2050, China’s total drug sales are expected to reach RMB 700 billion by 2010, an average growth rate of just over 16% from 200
6、
根据2006-2050政府得战略计划,到2010年中国总体药物销售量期望达到7000亿元,也就就是说从2006年开始平均增长率超过16%。
6、The use of Western medicines in China is usually said to have begun in 1952, when the antibiotic chloram p henicol(氯霉素) was first synthesized and produced domestically、
人们通常说中国使用得西药始于1952年,当时中国首次生产氯霉素。
7、In fact over 1,500 bulk drugs, fine chemical ingredients and intermediates are currently made in China and sold in 3,500 finished formulations、
事实上有1500多种原料药,即化学原料与中间体在中国生产,并且有3500种成品药由中国销售。
III Fill in the blanks、
1、ZHP is a_____venture with Spanish Esteve Group、It is a national level Hi-technology __________ and demonstrating enterprise of innovation、ZHP has been focusing on being a reliable ________for APIs and ______________ intermediates and a strategic custom manufacture partner as well、
(Active pharmaceutical ingredient)
2、FDA is the federal agency responsible for ensuring that foods are _______ wholesome and sanitary; _______ and v eterinary drugs, biological products, and medical _______ are safe and __________、Cosmetics are safe, and electronic products that emit __________ are safe、FDA also ensures that these products are honestly, accurately and informatively represented to the ________、
请翻译下列专业术语
结晶固体
crystalline solid
无菌注射剂
sterile injection
有机溶剂
organic solvent
分子式
MF(molecular formula)
冻干粉末
西林瓶
无机化学
分子量
类白色素片
肝炎
热原
抗原
II、汉译英
1、本品为白色至类白色结晶固体,难溶于水﹑乙醇( ethanol ),易溶于氯仿(chloroform)与丙醇(acetone)中。
It occurs as a white to off-white crystalline solid, poorly s oluble in water or ethanol, easily soluble in chloroform and acetone、
2、本品就是一种很稳定得抗生素。其粉末置于密封容器中,在室温下保存二年以上,活性不减。
It is a very stable antibiotic, and its activity does not decrease when the powder is placed in an airtight container and kept at room temperatures for more than 2 years、CNS
BBB(blood-brain barrier )
LD50(Lethal Dose 50)
ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate)
EEG(electroen c ephalogram)
ECG(electro c ardiogram)
ia、(Intraarterial )
iv、(Intravenous )
im、(intramuscular )
sc、(Subcutaneous)
Ab
Ag
V、Translate the following terminology and sentences into English、
半衰期
血药浓度
血浆浓度
血清浓度
耐受性
耐药性
临床药理
生物活性
感染
廓清率
强力速效剂
横纹肌
1、已证明青霉素具有消炎作用,就是疗效很好得抗生素。
Penicillin has been found to be a good therapeutic antibiotic and has highly effectiveness against inflammation、
2、本品具有杀菌作用,能耐酸,且口服或肌注吸收良好。
It is bactericidal, acid-stable and well absorbed by either the oral or the intramuscular route、
3、静脉注射后约30~60分钟之间环丙沙星(cipro f loxacin)得平均血药浓度达到高峰。
Mean peak drug plasma concentration of ciprofloxacin occur between 30 and about 60 minutes after intravenous administration、
4、在临床试验中该药显示其对于改善与恢复已改变了得高血压非常有效。
In clinical trials the drug was shown to be highly effective in improving and normalizing the alterated hypertension、
心(肾)功能不全
高血压
低血压
肝炎
肺结核
痉挛
关节炎
胃肠道溃疡
肝(肺、胃)癌
Ⅱ型糖尿病
癫痫
肾结石
痛风
贫血
心衰
便秘
肺水肿
病毒
革兰氏阳性菌
大肠杆菌
化疗
拮抗剂
妊娠期
过敏反应
细菌
革兰氏阴性菌
疾病
放疗
激动剂
哺乳期
胎盘屏障
胃肠道
发作
Ⅲ.汉译英
1.环丙沙星(Ciprofloxacin)适用于治疗下列由敏感微生物引起得感染。Ciprofloxacin is indicated for the treatment in the following infections caused by susceptible(易受感染得) microorganisms、
2.已证实本品对SARS引起得病症有预防与治疗作用。
It has been proved effective in prophylaxis and therapy of SARS、
3.头孢拉定(Cephf r adine)禁用于已知对头孢菌素(cephalo s porin)类抗生素过敏得患者。
Cephf r adine is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to cephalosporin group of antibiotics、
4.5岁以下得儿童不应当使用诺氟沙星(Norfloxacin)治疗。
Children under 5 years of age should not be treated with Norfoxacin、
5.有高血压病史得患者服用本品请遵医嘱。
The patients with a history of hypertension should use the drug under the direction of physician、
6.除非医生认为只有本品得治疗才有效之外,妊娠最初三个月以及哺乳期得妇女慎用本品。
During the first 3 months of pregnancy and lactation the drug should not be used unless the physician thinks it is irreplaceably effective in therapy、
•翻译下列症状名称
药物热
眩晕
胃肠道不适
恶心
呕吐
瘙痒
皮疹
潮红
感冒
喉咙痛
牙疼
腹痛
胃痛
昏迷
休克
腹泻
痉挛
不安
口渴
疲倦
肠梗塞
不良反应
副作用
并发症
过敏反应
耐受性
耐药性
毒性
活性
舌下含服
口服
剂量学
国际单位
成年人:静脉注射,每日10～20 mg/kg 体重,分2次注射。
For adults: The usual dose is 10 to 20 mg/kg/day total, given in two equally divided and spaced doses by intravenous injection、
医药上得剂量,dose与dosage都就是可以得。区别在于dose指一次性服药得剂量,dosage侧重配药时各个成分得剂量。
儿童:平均每日剂量就是每日2次,每次一片,等时间间隔给药。
For children: the average daily dose is 2 tablets, given in 2 equally divided and spaced doses、
老年人:建议开始剂量为每日3次,每次半片,饭前服用。
For olders: the suggested dose is a half tablet, 3 times daily, taken before a meal、
血小板
凝血时间
凝血酶原时间
血清浓度
血浆浓度
血药浓度
肌酸苷清廓率
血压
血象
血钙
血细胞计数
出血
肝功能
肾功能
血清谷-草转氨酶
血清谷-丙转氨酶
血液尿素氮
1、有高血压病史得患者慎用本品。
The patients with a history of hypertension should use the drug with caution、
2、哺乳期妇女只有在监护医生明确指导下方可使用本品。
During the lactation drugs should only be used on the express direction of the attendant physician、
3、避免本品与酒精同服。
Avoid the conitant(伴随得) use of alcohol、
•请翻译下列专业术语
铝塑包装
贮存
剂型
制剂
西林瓶
室温
药效
澄明度
密闭容器
1、铝塑包装,每板12粒,每盒2板。
Blister pack, 12 capsules each plate, two plates each box、
2、勿使儿童接触本品。
Keep out of the reach of children、
3、本品应于阴凉干燥处避光保存。
The product should be kept in a cool and dry place, protected from light、
4、本化学粉末应于密闭容器中室温保存。
The chemical powder should be stored in the airtight container at room temperature、
5、本生物制剂应于5°C以下冷藏保存。
The biological preparation should be stored under 5°C in the refrigerator、
药学专业英语文章及翻译
Expression of livin in gastric cancer and induction of apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells by shRNA-mediated silencing of livin gene Background-Because of increased resistance to apoptosis in tumor cells, inhibition of specific antiapoptotic factors may provide a rational approach for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.Livin, a novel inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, has been found to be expressed in various malignancies and is suggested to have poorly prognostic significance. However, no data are available concerning the significance of livin in gastric cancer. In this study, we detected the expression of livin in human gastric carcinoma and investigated the apoptotic susceptibility of SGC-7901 cell by shRNAmediated silencing of the livin gene. Methods-The mRNA and protein expression of livin were analyzed by RT-PCR and western blot assay.The relationship between livin expression and clinical pathologic parameters was investigated. The small interfering RNA eukaryotic expression vector specific to livin was constructed by gene recombination, and the nucleic acid was sequenced. Then it was transfected into SGC-7901 cells by Lipofectamin 2000. RT-PCR and Western blot assay were used to validate gene-silencing efficiency of livin in SGC-7901 cells. Stable clones were obtained by G418 screening. The cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry (FCM). Cell growth state and 50 % inhibition concentration (IC50) of 5-FU and cisplatin was determined by MTT method. Results-The expression of livin mRNA and protein were detected in 19 of 40 gastric carcinoma cases (47.5%) and SGC-7901 cells. No expression of livin was detected in tumor adjacent tissues and benign gastric lesion. The positive correlation was found between livin expression and poor differentiation of tumors as well as lymph node metastases (P < 0.05). Four small interfering RNA eukaryotic expression vector specific to livin were constructed by gene recombination. And one of them can efficiently decrease the expression of livin, the inhibition of the gene was not less than 70% (P < 0.01). The recombinated plasmids were extracted and transfected gastric cancer cells. The stable clones were obtained by G418 screening, and were amplified and cultured. When livin gene was silenced, the reproductive activity of the gastric cancer cells was significantly lower than the control groups(P < 0.05). The study also showed that IC50 of 5-Fu and cisplatin on gastric cancer cells treated by shRNA was
药学英语课后翻译
Unit 1 1. A full appreciation of the physiology of a living organism must be based on a sound knowledge of its anatomy. Anatomy does not merely study the separation of parts, but the accurate description of the morphologies and functions of different organs. 对生物生理学的全面了解必须基于解剖学的系统知识;解剖学不仅仅是研究 人体各部分的分离；还要准确的描述各个器官的形态和生理功能; 2. Our daily food intake must match requirements and any excess must be excreted for balance to be maintained. 我们每天摄入的事物必须满足需要；任何多余的东西必须排出体外才能维持 平衡; 3. The process of stabilization of the internal environment is called homeostasis and is essential if the cells of the body are to function normally. 内环境稳定的过程称之为体内平衡；体内平衡也是机体的细胞正常发挥作用所必 不可少的; 4. Human cells have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller ones to liberate sufficient energy for their activities. 人类细胞有将大分子分解成小分子的能力；从而为自身活动释放足够的能量; 5. As long as normal conditions are maintained in this internal environment, the cells of the body continue to live and function properly. 只要这种内环境正常的条件得以维持；机体的细胞就能继续生存并发挥正常 功能; Unit 2 1. Biochemistry asks how the thousands of different biomolecules interact with each other to confer the remarkable properties of living organisms. 生物化学探寻的是数千种不同的生物分子如何相互作用；以赋予生物体具备显着的特性; 2. Enzymes are catalysts that accelerate the rates of biological reactions. Each enzyme is very specific in its function and acts only in a particular metabolic reaction. 酶是能加速生物学反应速率的催化剂;每一种酶都有专一的功能并且仅在特定代谢反应中发挥作用; 3. One of the most fruitful approaches to understand biological phenomena has been to purify an individual chemical component, such as a protein, from a living organism and to characterize its chemical structure or catalytic activity. 用以了解生物学现象的最有效的方法之一是从生物体中纯化出单一化学成分；例如蛋白质；并对其化学结构或催化活性进行表征; 4. The chemical principles that govern the properties of biological molecules include the covalent bonding of carbon with itself and with other elements and the functional groups that appear in common biological molecules, etc. 决定生物分子特性的化学原理包括碳与自身或其他元素的共价结合和一般生物分子中出现的功能基团等; 5. The basic unit of DNA is a linear polymer of four different monomeric subunits,
2012药学英语翻译
Unit 1 Green pharmacy-herbal medicine 1) Plant kingdom once was mere pharmacy of the human race, but now when you get into the modern pharmacy, plant-derived drugs have been hardly found. 2) Although today the number of plant-based drugs has been decreased, the effective chemicals in many tables, capsule and bottle-contained drugs are originated from plant kingdom. 3) Among chemical substances contained in plants, some must be toxic, but some must be drugs available to us. 4) During the millions of years since man came to the earth, he has been doing experiments on a variety of plants about him. 5) There exist mistrust, suspicion and hostility between the orthodox medicine and herbal practitioners for many years, which are threatening the possibility of establishing good working relationship. 6) When we think of the effectiveness of quinine, the great contributions made by herbal medicine to medical science are quite evident. 7) However, in the past few decades, the number of newly-introduced drugs has obviously decreased. 8) The medical legacy of our motherland is an inexhaustible new-drug treasure, which remains us to tap with new methods. 9) If pharmacological method had not been introduced to the study of vinca rosea, the discovery of vincaleukoblastine would have been postponed by many years. 10) Western medicine hardly believes that someone who knows nothing of a disease mechanism could be capable of curing it. Unit 2 How does human body fight disease? People tend to believe that antibiotics were invented by human being, but in fact, they are purely natural products. Since Alexander Fleming, a British biologist discovered anti-microbial substance released by the Penicillium fungi in 1928, it has been learned that this substance can produce powerful antibiotic effect. In fact, antibiotics, are exactly manufactured by organisms, namely, bacteria and fungi, which people aim to destroy. After Fleming’s discovery of penicillin, Selma Walksman in 1943 isolated Streptomycin from a soil bacterium, Streptomycus griseus. Scientists have not made it clear completely why organisms can produce antibiotics. This question has become the topic for discussion. Why antibiotics are useful in medicine is that they can not only kill microbes, but also not kill the body cells as they do to the microbes, body cells are entirely different from those of bacteria cells, so that they can avoid being destroyed at the same time. Thus, antibiotics are called “magic bullet”because they may be particularly used to aim at certain microbes. This feature of antibiotics also makes them essentially different from anti-microbial agents: the latter tends to have poison to a majority of cells, whether the cells of bacteria or the body cells. Unit 3 Drug dependence Studies indicate that drug dependencies both a health problem and a social concern. The drug dependence affects not only individual’s health but also the public health at the same time. The drug use has obviously and severely negative effects on the human brain and physical health. But drug abuse and addiction have huge and potential threat, because whether the drug is used directly
药学英语翻译练习
药学英语翻译练习 I. Translate the following phrases and sentences into Chinese A Phrases translation 1. Lidocaine hydrochloride 盐酸利多卡因 2. procaine sulph(f)ate 硫酸普鲁卡因 3. APC: ( Aspirin Phe n acetin Caffeine) 阿司匹林，非那西丁，咖啡因 4. Di a zepam 地西泮 B Sentences translation 1. Despite problems of cultural, ethical and regulatory differences, a growing number of foreign companies have begun multi-centre phase III clinical trials in China. 尽管由于文化，伦理和规定的不同，越来越多的国外公司开始在中国进行3期临床试验。 2. The interest by US and European pharmaceutical companies in doing something more than a small phase IV trial to meet China’s minimal licensing criteria was modest at best. 美国和欧洲医药企业在中国进行超越4期临床试验达到中国注册标准的兴趣并不大。 3. By law, the FDA has responsibility to oversee the purity, quality, safety, usefulness, and related characteristics of the nation’s food, drug, and cosmetic supply. 根据规定，FDA负责监督国家食品，药品和化妆品的纯度，质量安全，效果和相关特性。 4. The FDA must primarily rely on the voluntary compliance of those who operate within the professions and industries that are responsible for the products which the FDA has jurisdiction. 对于属于FDA监管范围的产品，FDA主要依靠那些负责生产的工厂和企业自觉遵守。 5. According to the government’s strategic plan for 2006—2050, China’s total drug sales are expected to reach RMB 700 billion by 2010, an average growth rate of just over 16% from 200 6. 根据2006-2050政府的战略计划，到2010年中国总体药物销售量期望达到7000亿元，也就是说从2006年开始平均增长率超过16%。 6. The use of Western medicines in China is usually said to have begun in 1952, when the antibiotic chloram p henicol(氯霉素) was first synthesized and produced domestically. 人们通常说中国使用的西药始于1952年，当时中国首次生产氯霉素。 7. In fact over 1,500 bulk drugs, fine chemical ingredients and intermediates are currently made in China and sold in 3,500 finished formulations. 事实上有1500多种原料药，即化学原料和中间体在中国生产，并且有3500种成品药由中国销售。
药学英语第四版课后翻译
Unit One 1. A full appreciation of the physiology of a living organism must be based on a sound knowledge of its anatomy. Anatomy does not merely study the separation of parts, but the accurate description of the morphologies and functions of different organs. 2.Our daily food intake must match requirements and any excess must be excreted for balance to be maintained. 3.The process of stabilization of the internal environment is called homeostasis and is essential if the cells of the body are to function normally. 4.Human cells have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller ones to liberate sufficient energy for their activities. 5.As long as normal conditions are maintained in this internal environment, the cells of the body continue to live and function properly. Unit Two 1.Biochemistry asks how the thousands of different biomolecules interact with each other to confer the remarkable properties of living organisms. 2.Enzymes are catalysts that accelerate the rates of biological reactions. Each enzyme is very specific in its foundation and acts only in a particular metabolic reaction. 3.One of the most fruitful approaches to understand biological phenomena has been to purify an individual chemical component, such as protein, from a living organism and to characterize its chemical structure or catalytic activity. 4.The chemical principles that govern the properties of biological molecules include the covalent bonding of carbon with itself and with other elements and the functional groups that appear in common biological molecules, etc. 5.The basic unit of DNA is a linear polymer of four different monomeric subunits, deoxyribonucleotides, arranged in a precise linear sequence. Unit Four 1.The science of the effects on the body is called pharmacology, and the scientists who study it are pharmacologists. Pharmacology is not a science that can be studied on its own, but that closely related to other branches of science. Pharmacologists should not only understand he normal processes that take place in the body, but know how the functions of the body are affected by disease. 2.For physicians and medical students, the scope of pharmacology is not so expansive as its common definition. The clinician is interested primarily in drugs that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human disease, or in the prevention of pregnancy. 3.All physicians should share the responsibility to resolve kinds of sociological problems caused by the abuse of drugs. Properly used, drugs are great blessing to mankind; improperly used, they could destroy human race. When a patient, particular the elderly is prescribed frequently to take more than one therapeutic agent, drug interactions resulting in toxicity will occur. 4.At one time, it was essential for the physician to have broad botanical knowledge, because they had to possess the ability and skill to select proper plants from which to prepare his own
药学英语第4版课后练习判断题翻译及答案
1.much of our present physiological knowledge has been found from the experiments and studies on human beings. 我们目前的生理知识已经发现从实验和研究人类。F 2.the cell are grouped together to form tissues which,thus,consist of a lot of cells. 细胞被组合在一起形成的组织，因此，包括大量的细胞。F 3.living cells break down glucose and fats to provide energy for other activities,which are called catabolism. 活细胞分解葡萄糖和脂肪提供能量等活动，被称为分解代谢。F 4.the white cells play an important role in defense against infection. 白细胞在抗 感染防御中起重要作用。Y 5.the right atria pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it absorbs oxygen from the air. 右心房缺氧血液泵至肺部，它吸收空气中的氧气。F 6.the nervous system uses electrical signals to transmit information very rapidly to specific cells. 神经系统利用电信号将信息传送到特定的细胞。T 7.the level of sodium increases in the extracellular fluid, the cardiac muscle cells become too excitable and may contract. 细胞外液中的钠水平升高，心肌细胞的兴奋性，可能成为合同。F 8.the secretions of insulin fall with the decreasing of the concentration of glucose. 胰岛素的分泌量随葡萄糖浓度的降低而下降。T 9. a negative feedback loop is a control system that acts to maintain the level of some variable within a given range following a disturbance. 负反馈回路是一种控制系统，该控制系统在给定的范围内，在给定的范围内保持一定的变量的水平。T 10.once homeostatic conditions lose the maintenance, the body will suffer. 一旦失 去维持稳态条件，全身遭殃。T 11.the American mass media has done a good job to make antibiotics popular among people. 美国大众媒体做了一个很好的工作，使抗生素在人们中流行。 T 12.the inadequacies and potential dangers of antibiotics are not as widely known as their virtues. 抗生素的不足之处和潜在的危险也不普遍被称为他们的美德。T 13.an antibiotics-minded doctor is one who is often hesitant to prescribe antibiotics for his patients. 一个有抗生素的医生是一个经常为病人开药的人。F 14.not all antibiotics are prescription drugs. 并非所有抗生素都是处方药。T 15.over-the-counter products of antibiotics often give people more troble as they can be easily available. 抗生素处方产品往往会给人更多的烦恼，因为他们可以很容易获得。F 16.mumps,meales and common colds are all virus infections and can not be cured by antibiotics. 流行性腮腺炎、麻疹和感冒都是病毒感染，不能用抗生素治愈。 T 17.microorganisms resistant to antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic drugs can be divided into two types:natural and acquired. 耐抗生素和其他化学药物的微生物可以分为2种类型：天然和获得。F 18.the duration and extent of use of a certain antibiotics in a given location would result in strains of bacteria resistant to the antibiotics. 特定部位使用抗生素的
《中医英语》 课后练习题 之短语翻译
中医英语短语翻译 1-10单元 Unit 1 1.中国医药学traditional Chinese medicine; TCM 2中医基础理论basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine 3临床经验clinical experience 4辨证论治treatment based on syndrome differentiation 5杂病miscellaneous diseases 6中药学Chinese pharmacy 7四气五味four properties and five tastes 8针灸acupuncture and moxibustion; acumox 9古代中国哲学classical Chinese philosophy 10汗法sweating therapy; diaphoresis 11下法purgation 12吐法vomiting therapy; emetic therapy 13补土派the School of Reinforcing the Earth 14病因学etiology 15方剂prescription; formula 16医疗实践medical practice 17治疗原则therapeutic principles 18寒凉药物herbs cold and cool in nature 19滋阴降火 nourishing yin and reducing fire
20瘀血治病diseases caused by blood stagnation Unit2 1五脏five zang-organs; five zang-viscera 2六腑six fu-organs 3经络系统system of meridians and collaterals 4整体观念holism 5有机整体organic wholenss 6社会属性social attribute 7开窍(of the five zang-organs) open into 8生长化收藏sprout, grow, transform, ripen and store 9诊断学diagnostics 10邪正关系relationship between pathogenic factors and healthy qi 11治疗学therapeutics 12风寒感冒common cold due to wind and cold 13同病异治different therapeutic methods used to treat the same disease 14异病同治the same therapeutic method used to treat different diseases 15水液代谢平衡balance of water metabolism 16清心火 clearing away heart fire 17疾病本质nature of disease 18以左治右 treating the left side for curing diseases located on the right side
药学英译短语
Unit One Vitamins 1维生素vitamin 2水溶性维生素water-soluble vitamin 3脂溶性维生素fat-soluble vitamin 4复合维生素compound vitamins 5维生素以字母命名V itamins are named by the letters of the alphabet. 6预防坏血病的维生素C scurvy –preventing vitamin C 7治疗脚气病的维生素B1 vitamin B1 for curing beriberi 8维生素A与生长、发育vitamin A and growth and development 9维生素A缺乏与眼疾vitamin A deficiency and eye disease 10维生素D缺乏与佝偻病lack of vitamin A and rickets 11维生素B2与皮肤、眼睛和毛发vitamin B2 and the skin, eye and hair 12有机营养物organic nutrients 13维生素为生长、健康所必需V itamins are essential for growth and good health 14维生素含量高high vitamin content 15维生素缺乏症vitamin deficiency syndrome 16新鲜水果、蔬菜、蛋、奶、鱼肝油、米糠、豆子、谷类等富含多种维生素Fresh fruits, vegetables, eggs, milk, fish liver oil, rice husks beans, cereals, etc. are rich in vitamins. Unit 3 Anesthetics 1麻醉剂和镇静药anesthetic and sedative 2针刺麻醉acupuncture anesthesia 3在脂肪和水中的溶解度solubility in fats and water 4作用于神经having effect on the nerves 5物理和化学性质physical and chemical property 6对痛不敏感insensitive to pain 7无信号通过神经传至大脑No message are transmitted to the brain through nerves 8通过呼吸道给麻醉药administration through respiratory tract 9注入脊柱射(给药) be injected into spine 10麻醉作用anesthetic action 11过多地破坏脂肪和神经组织destruction of too much fatty and nerve tissue 12不同麻醉剂的不同生理作用varying physiological effects of the different anesthetics 13吸入乙醚inhalation of ether 14深度松弛deep relaxation 15失去知觉，术后恢复知觉loss of consciousness/ unconscious, to regain consciousness after operation 16无术后恶心症状free from postoperative nausea Unit 4 How does the human body fight diseases? 1肺炎、肺结核pneumonia and tuberculosis 2 细菌释放毒素germs giving off a toxin 3皮肤和粘膜skin and mucous membranes 4炎症inflammation 5聚集在感染部位gather at the place of infection 6红、肿、热、痛redness, swelling, heat and pain
药学英语第4版课后练习判断题翻译及答案
多媒体技术教程》（第三版）习题解答 第1章绪论 1．多媒体信息系统和多媒体计算机有什么不同？在概念上应如何看待两者之间的关系？多媒体信息系统是新一代高度集成的、功能强大的、智能化的计算机信息系统，它是提供多媒体信息、辅助人们对环境进行控制和决策的系统，是基于计算机、通信网络等现代化的工具和手段，服务于管理领域的信息处理系统。而多媒体计算机指的是硬件设施，多媒体计算机是多媒体信息系统得以应用的平台。 2．试归纳叙述多媒体关键特性以及这些特性之间的关系。 多媒体的关键特性主要包括信息载体的多样性、交互性和集成性这三个方面，这既是多媒体的主要特征，也是在多媒体研究中必须解决的主要问题。 信息载体的多样性是相对于计算机而言的，指的就是信息媒体的多样化，有人称之为信息多维化；多媒体的第二个关键特性是交互性，多媒体系统将向用户提供交互式使用、加工和控制信息的手段，为应用开辟更加广阔的领域，也为用户提供更加自然的信息存取手段；多媒体的集成性主要表现在两个方面，一是多媒体信息媒体的集成，二是处理这些媒体的设备与设施的集成。 信息载体的多样性是集成性的基础，没有多种信息媒体，也就无法进行多媒体信息的集成化处理；而处理多媒体的设备与设施的集成性是实现交互性的前提，没有系统、网络、软硬件设施的集成，就无法为用户交互式使用、加工和控制信息提供平台。 3．为什么说多媒体缩短了人类信息交流的路径？人类与计算机进行信息交流的目的是什么？ 与以往的方法相比，计算机在数据处理方面有了很大的改善。计算机所提供的功能强大的数据组织和构造技术，如传统数据结构中的数组、向量、队列、堆栈、树和堆等，为动态地加工和处理数据提供了基础。高效的算法和高速的网络通信，大大地加强了用文字和数据表示概念的能力并加速了它的传递过程。但人类并不是仅仅依赖文本这一类单一的数据形式来传递所有的信息和接受概念的，图像、声音等多媒体信息都是人类获取和传递信息极为重要的渠道。图像的信息量最大，一幅画胜过千言万语，最直观、最能一目了然。而动态的影像视频和动画则更生动、更逼真、更接近客观世界的原型、更能反映事物的本质和内涵。声音和文字也是信息的重要媒体，综合应用不仅有利于接受，也有利于存储（记忆）和保留。这就意味着必须同时启动大脑的形象思维和逻辑思维，才能更好地获得更多更有用的信息。因此，通过多种感觉器官用多种信息媒体形式向人提供信息才算是更好的表达方法，它不仅加速和改善了理解，并且提高了信息接受的兴趣和注意力。多媒体正是利用各种信息媒体形式，集成地用声、图、文等来承载信息，也就是缩短信息传递的路径。 人类与计算机进行信息交流的目的是为了高效的获取、传递以及使用信息。计算机的发展使得人类的信息处理手段得到加强，高速的计算能力扩展了对数据进行重复计算的能力，大规模的存储扩展了记忆信息的范围，高速通信网使得我们可以同远在异地他乡的同事、朋友、亲人甚至陌生人进行快速的信息交换。这些机器成为我们与他人进行交流的中介。 第2章媒体及媒体技术 1．为什么说媒体具有不同的抽象层次？对媒体的抽象层次和性质进行小结。 在获得媒体语义的过程中，抽象起着十分重要的作用，这种抽象是复杂的，而且与任务有关。通常包括若干抽象层，每一个抽象层都包含着与具体的任务和问题域有关的模型。从接近具体感官的信息表示层到接近符号的信息表示层，信息的抽象程度递增，而数据量则递减。语义就是在从感官数据到符号数据的抽象过程中逐步形成的。对不同媒体来说，媒体的语义是处于不同层次上的。抽象的程度不同，语义的重点也就不同。