外文文献
如何查找外文文献

如何查找外文文献
查找外文文献是学术研究的重要环节之一,以下将介绍如何进行外文文献检索和查找的方法。
一、了解文献检索工具
1. 学术引擎:如Google学术、PubMed、Microsoft Academic等。
这些引擎提供了全球范围内的学术出版物,包括期刊文章、学位论文、会议论文等。
2. 文献数据库:如Web of Science、Scopus、IEEE Xplore、ScienceDirect等。
这些数据库提供了大量的学术出版物,并且可以进行更加精确和专业的文献检索。
3.图书馆索引和目录:如大学图书馆的在线目录、OPAC等。
图书馆的资源丰富,通常也有电子文献资源,可以通过图书馆网站进行检索。
二、选择合适的检索词和检索策略
1.检索词的选择:根据研究主题,选择合适的关键词进行检索。
关键词应与所研究的领域相关,可以包括专业术语、主题词、人名、地名等。
2.组合使用检索词:不同的检索词可以组合使用,使用布尔运算符(如AND、OR、NOT)构建逻辑关系,缩小或扩大检索范围,以获得更加精确的检索结果。
三、进行文献检索和筛选
1.首先选择一个合适的文献数据库或引擎,输入相关的检索词。
3.阅读和筛选文献全文,如果文献符合研究需求,可以进一步收集相
关的引用文献。
1.引文索引:在已经找到的高质量文献中,查找其中引用的其他文献。
通过查阅引文索引,可以找到相关的后续研究或者经典文献。
五、利用文献管理工具。
外文文献原稿和译文

外文文献原稿和译文原稿MechanicalandRegenerativeBrakingIntegrationforaHybridElectricVehicleAbstract,namelyanelectricmotorandinternalcombustionengine,whichallowtheelimina tionofidling,,theaddedcostofthehybridelectricsystemhashinderedthesalesofth esevehicles.JapanNorth America automotive companieshavedevelopedandreleasedforsaletheirownhybridelectric unpredictablegasprices,thesalesofhybridelectricvehicleshaveincreaseddramat ically inrecentyears.2.1.1HybridConfigurationsForthepast100yearstheobjectiveofthehybridhasbeentoextendtherangeofelec tricvehiclesandtoovercometheproblemoflongrechargingtimes35.Therearethree ,par allelhybridsandseries/parallelhybrids.Eachconfigurationhasitsadvantagesanddisadvantageswhichwillbediscussedi nthefollowingsections.SeriesHybridsInserieshybridsthemechanicaloutputfromtheinternalcombustionengineisuse dto driveageneratorwhichproduceselectricalpowerthatcanbestoredinthebatteriesor highpowersystemssuchaslargetrucksorlocomotivesbutcanalsobeusedforlowerpowe rpassengervehicles18.2.1.2‘degreeofhybridization’toquantifytheelectrica lpowerpotentialofthesevehicles.ThedegreeofhybridizationrangesfromDOH=0foraconventionalvehicletoDOH=1f oranallelectricvehicle25.Asthedegreeofhybridizationincreases,asmallerICEcanbeusedandoperatedclosertoitsoptimumefficiencyforagreaterproportionoftheti me,.MicroHybrid MicrohybridshavethesmallestdegreeofhybridizationandusuallyconsistofanintegratedstartergeneratorISG2.1.31500 kg100 km/h0 km/h0 km/h50 km/h2.1.42.1.5译文混合动力电动汽车机械和再生制动的整合摘要为了减少对环境的污染和车辆的燃油消耗,混合动力电动汽车已经成为汽车工业的首选方法;混合动力电动汽车通过使用由电动马达和内燃发动机组成的混合动力系统来达到减少环境污染和燃油消耗的目的;混合动力系统消除了怠速,使发动机以一种更有效的方式运行,增加了再生制动的使用;但是,混合动力的成本的增加阻碍了这些车辆的销售;在这里提出一个更具成本效益的电液制动系统的设计;该系统使用电控机械结合的控制方式控制制动助力器产生的推动力,并有足够的时间反应;这个系统使驾驶员清楚地了解机械和再生制动力矩的混合,使再生制动力系统得到有效的控制;一个系统化的设计过程是其次,重点在于展示概念设计方案的可行性和使用虚拟和实物模型的初步设计功用;虚拟和实物模型的结合使用成为验证和开发系统的强大工具,本文将介绍和讨论在设计过程中模型所起到的作用;因为在设计过程中设计者可以获得相关的经验,提倡学生设计实物模型,以提高学生的学习经验;很明显,这正是本文所要提出的;现代混合动力电动汽车随着油价的上涨和环境保护意识的提高,消费者和政府迫使汽车行业开始生产省油和对环境污染小的汽车;一个有前景的方法就是现在实行的混合动力电动汽车;混合动力汽车指的是有两个或两个以上动力来源的车辆;混合动力汽车动力的来源可能有很多的不同,但是现在混合动力汽车最常见的布局是由内燃发动机和电动马达,能量储存系统共同输出动力,这样的车辆就叫混合动力电动汽车;汽车可以同时使用发动机和电动马达输出的动力,从而可以提高汽车的使用性能和效率,进而又可以提高燃油经济性,减少废气的排放,同时还能满足消费者对汽车性能的要求;1997年,丰田成普瑞斯为了第一款混合动力电动汽车,在日本进行了批量生产;本田公司花费了三年的时间进行混合动力电动车的生产,然后进军北美市场;丰田普瑞斯在北美发行几个月后,本田Insight紧随其后也在北美进行发行;混合动力电动车具有再生制动系统的独特优势;在制动过程,通常用于动力输出的电动马达,可以起到发电机的功用,把汽车的动能转化为蓄电池的电能,而不会转化为热能浪费掉;转换的电能可以储存到蓄电池中,然后可以作为电动马达驱动汽车使用的能量;考虑到蓄电池能量密度时,动能转换为电能这个过程就更加重要了;能量密度是指单位体积或质量下能量储存系统所储存的能量;为了说明这一点,我们可以做个对比,4.5公升的汽油通常可以维持一辆汽车行驶50千米;而要把相同的能量储存到蓄电池中,则需要一个质量约为270千克的铅酸蓄电池;这就说明了在汽车行驶过程中能够有效地储存再生制动系统产生的能量的重要性,从而可以保证在提高混合动力电能车性能的前提下,不至使能量储存系统所占体积过大;再生制动系统研究范围本文所提出的再生系统的研究范围是研究再生制动系统和机械制动系统之间相互作用的关系,目的是设计开发出一个低成本的再生制动系统,从而可以应用到未来经济型的混合动力电动汽车上;这个系统可以根据驾驶员的需要进而控制再生制动系统和机械制动系统产生的制动力矩的结合,还应该保证这个过程的平顺性和安全性;再生制动力矩是通过使用的异步电动机的矢量控制算法进行控制的;但是,独立地控制制动踏板产生的机械制动力矩,同时又要保持机械制动系在再生制动系统失效后起到备用作用,这是一个很大的难题;为了解决这个问题,需要研究一个通过减少制动主缸内制动液压来来控制机械制动系统产生的制动力矩的制动系统;混合电动汽车概述混合动力电动车已经成为了可以在短时间内减少汽车污染排放和提高燃油经济型的解决方法之一;在过去的10年几乎所有的主要汽车公司都已经向公众发行销售自己的混合动力电动汽车,混合动力电动汽车的普及和销售在这个世纪有了很明显的增长,随着不可预测的汽油价格的增长和对环境保护的关注,混合动力电动汽车的销售将在最近几年内急剧增长;2.1.1混合动力装置在过去100年来混合动力的研究目标是延长电动汽车的使用寿命,解决蓄电池的长期充电问题;在目前市场,现在主要有三种混合动力装置,这些混合动力装置为串联混合动力,并联混合动力,串并联混合动力;每一种动力装置都有其优点和缺点,这将在以后的章节进行讨论;串联混合动力串联混合动力汽车使用发动机输出的动力来驱动发电机产生电能,这些电能可以储存在蓄电池中,也可以用来驱动电动马达来驱动汽车;在串联混合动力汽车上,发动机和驱动轮之间没有直接的机械连接,串联混合动力往往在高功率系统中使用,如大型货车或火车,也可以应用到低功率的客运车辆上;发动机输出的机械能和蓄电池输出的电能可以通过电子控制器进行控制接合,然后这个电子控制器通过比较驾驶员所需的动力和汽车车速,电动马达输出的转矩,从而决定每个动力源驱动汽车行驶所要输出的能量;在制动过程中,这个电子控制装置可以使电能输出模式转换为再生模式,直接把再生制动系统产生的电能储存在蓄电池内;按照这种布置方式进行设计有很多的优点;发动机可以保持高效率的运行,使发动机产生的电能在蓄电池和驱动马达之间得到分配;发动机在其最高效率的工况下运行,排放可以大大降低,燃烧每体积的燃料可以产生更多的电能;因为串联动力装置结构简单且成本低,这种动力装置很容在汽车上落实;并联混合动力在并联混合动力汽车中,发动机输出的机械功传到变速箱中;发动机输出的机械功和电动马达输出的功在变速箱内进行机械式的接合,混合的机械功用于驱动汽车行驶;在这种混合动力装置结构中,发动机和驱动轮之间有直接的机械连接;在串联混合动力装置中,电子控制器通过比较驾驶员所需的动力和汽车车速,电动马达输出的转矩,从而决定每个动力源驱动汽车行驶所要输出的能量,以满足汽车行驶性能,获得最佳的效率;正如串联混合装置一样,并联混合动力也以相似的方法控制再生制动;并联混合动力装置通常应用到低功率的电动车中,这两种驱动力可以同时使用,提供更高的行驶性能;与串联混合动力系统相比,并联混合动力系统有很多优势;其中最重要的一项优势是效率高,因为在并联混合动力中,电能和机械能只需转换一次,而在串联混合动力中,电能和机械能需要两次转换;由于并联混合动力可以使发动机和电动马大产生的动力同时结合起来,在不损失汽车行驶性能的前提下,可以使用体积小的电动马达,同时也降低了油耗和排放;最后,并联混合动力汽车在行驶过程中只需使发动机运行,而不需要另一个发电机为蓄电池充电;串、并联混合动力串并联混合动力装置结合了串联和并联动力装置的特点;这种混合方式汽车通过使用动力分配装置来控制双动力源电动马达输出动力,发动机输出动力或者两者同时输出驱动汽车行驶;虽然这种装置形式可以获得串联混合动力装置和并联混合动力装置的优点,因为考虑到汽车实际行驶可能性,这种装置的控制算法会变得非常复杂; 2.1.2混合度现在道路上行驶的混合动力电动汽车大多是串联混合动力,并联混合动力,或者串并联混合动力,因此定义一个‘混合度’变量来评价混合动力电动汽车的电能潜能是非常有意义的;混合度变从传统车辆DOH=0到所有电动车DOH=1之间变化,随着混合度的增加,在汽车上可以使用一个比较小的发动机,同时发动机可以在最接近最佳效率的工况下运行很长的时间,这样就可以减少燃油的消耗和废气的排放;电动马达输出的功用P表emP表示;示,发动机输出的功用ice微混合动力微混合指的是最小混合度,通常是由一个连接到发动机曲轴的综合起动发电机组成;在加速和怠速过程中,综合起动发电机使发动机处于关闭状态,从而节约燃油;加速时,在燃油喷入汽缸之前,综合起动发电机使发动机的曲轴加速旋转;在加速过程中,综合起动发电机对发动机起动协助的作用,在制动过程中,综合起动发电机还可以作为发电机向蓄电池充电;和非混合动力汽车相比,微混合动力汽车的燃油经济性可以提高10%左右;轻混合动力轻混合动力和微混合动力结构相似,有一点不同的是其综合起动发电机是经过改进的,其输出的动力可以超过20KW;但是,轻混合动力的能量储存系统只能储存1KWh左右的能量;轻混合动力汽车只有一个很短的纯电动续航能力,但是可以在加速过程中给发动机提供很大的辅助作用;轻混合动力中的电子元件要比微混合动力中的电子元件复杂的多,且在汽车行驶过程中发挥着更大的作用;和非混合动力的汽车相比,轻混合动力汽车的燃油经济性可以提高20%-25%左右;全混合动力在全混合动力汽车上不再使用综合起动发电机,取代它的是一个独立的电动马达和交流发电机、起动机,这些装置也可以起到综合起动发电机的作用;电动马达可以独立驱动汽车行驶,尤其是在城市道路上走走停停的行驶;能量储存系统也得到了改进,这样就提高了汽车纯电动续航能力,减少了发动机的体积,从而提高燃油经济性和减少排放;与非混合动力汽车相比,全混合动力汽车的燃油消耗量可以减少40%-50%;插电式混合动力插电式混合动力汽车在结构上和全混合动力汽车相似,不同的是插电式混合动力汽车有一个比较大的能量储存系统,可以通过与外部电源连接进行充电;在蓄电池储存能量范围内,可以通过电动马达来驱动汽车行驶,但是当蓄电池的能量降到一定水平后,其运行形势就和全混合动力一样了;2.1.3再生制动原理混合动力电动汽车最重要的特点是可以回收大量的制动能量;在制动过程中,电动马达可以作为发电机来运行操作,将制动过程中的动能转换为电能储存到蓄电池中,这些电能就可以被汽车重复使用;但是,车辆的制动性能就将影响到汽车的安全性;在紧急制动状态下,汽车的制动距离要尽可能的短,还要保证制动时汽车有较好的方向稳定性;汽车具有较好的方向稳定性,就需要控制车轮的制动力分配;一般来说,制动时所需的制动力矩比电动马达产生的制动力矩大得多;因此,机械制动系统需要和电子再生制动系统同时存在,这就需要适当的设计以保证制动时的操作稳定性,不至于影响到汽车的安全性;制动时能量消耗由公式可得,一个质量为1500Kg的汽车以100km/h初速度制动到完全停止,需要消耗的动能;如果这些能量的25%可以通过再生制动系统进行回收,当忽略制动和加速过程中的空气阻力,机械摩擦和滚动阻力,假设电动马达的工作效率100%,利用公式可以估算出,这些能量可以使汽车从0km/h加速到50km/h.这就表明,当汽车行驶在城市道路上,汽车不停加速和制动,混合动力电动车的燃油经济性可以大大增加;需要注意的是,制动能量的回收量受到马达的型号和能量转换率的限制;2.1.4再生制动系统目前,通常使用的有两种再生制动方法;这些方法通常称为串联再生制动和并联制动,每种制动策略都有其优点和缺点,本文对此将进行具体讨论;并联再生制动在并联再生制动系统中,电动马达和机械制动系统同时工作,从而使汽车减速;因为机械制动系统不能独立的控制制动力,使制动时的能量转换为热能而不是电能,因此这不是最有效地再生制动方法;但是并联再生制动结构简单成本低,这就成为其一大优势;并联再生制动的机械制动系统只需要稍加修改,而且电动马达的控制算法也可以很容易在汽车上实现;这种制动方法还有一个额外的优势,当再生制动系统发生故障时,机械制动系统可以起到备用的作用;串联再生制动在串联再生制动中,电动马达只有在制动时才起作用;只有当电动马达和能量储存系统无法接受更多制动时所需的能量时,再生制动系统才起作用;串联再生制动需要独立的控制制动力矩,串联再生制动可以高效率的把动能转换为电能,这是其一项优势;但是它的不足之处在于,制动系统结构复杂,成本高;这种制动方式需要制动踏板模拟器,制动系统也需要重新设计,这都会增加其制造成本;因为制动系统需要装有传感器和信息处理器,这就会增加了结构的复杂度;2.1.5目前的再生制动系统目前大多数混合动力电动汽车的再生制动系统都是比较昂贵的电液制动系统;再生制动系统使用制动踏板模拟器来建立驾驶者的制动需求,这个制动踏板模拟器与液压制动电路独立分开;这样再将制动需求按照一定比例转换为再生制动和机械制动需求,然后将机械制动需求发送到由高压液压泵,蓄能器和比例控制阀的系统;比例控制阀根据制动需求,控制制动液以一定的预定值流到每个车轮的制动轮缸中;。
外文文献 研究方法

外文文献研究方法
外文文献研究方法主要包括以下几种:
1. 文献回顾:这是外文文献研究的基础,主要是通过查阅大量的文献资料,了解相关领域的研究现状、研究问题、研究方法和研究成果等,为进一步的研究提供参考和依据。
2. 内容分析法:通过对文献内容进行系统分析和比较,探究文献中主题、观点、理论框架等方面的异同点,从而得出一定的结论。
3. 引文分析法:通过分析文献中的引文,了解文献之间的内在联系和知识结构,从而判断研究领域的发展趋势和研究动态。
4. 历史研究法:通过对相关历史资料的研究和分析,了解研究领域的背景和发展历程,从而更好地理解当前研究现状和未来发展方向。
5. 案例分析法:通过对具体案例的研究和分析,探究案例中存在的问题、解决方案和经验教训等,从而得出一般性的结论或提出相应的建议。
6. 问卷调查法:通过发放问卷的方式,了解相关人群对外文文献的认知程度、使用情况、评价和建议等方面的信息,从而为进一步的研究提供数据支持。
7. 比较分析法:通过对不同文献或同一文献的不同方面进行比较和分析,探究它们之间的异同点和优劣之处,从而更好地理解研究领域的特点和发展趋势。
以上是外文文献研究方法的主要内容,不同的研究方法各有优劣,应根据具体的研究需求和实际情况选择合适的方法。
常用的外文文献数据据库有

常用的外文文献数据据库有常用的外文文献数据据库有:一、Wiley Inter Science(英文文献期刊)Wiley Inter Science是John Sons公司创建的动态在线内容服务,1997年开始在网上开通。
通过Inter Science,Wiley公司以许可协议形式向用户提供在线访问全文内容的服务。
Wiley Inter Science收录了360多种科学、工程技术、医疗领域及相关专业期刊、30多种大型专业参考书、13种实验室手册的全文和500多个题目的Wiley学术图书的全文。
其中被SCI收录的核心期刊近200种。
期刊具体学科划分为:Business,Finance & Management (商业、金融和管理)、Chemistry (化学)、Computer Science(计算机科学)、Earth Science (地球科学)、Education (教育学)、Engineering (工程学)、Law(法律)、Life and Medical Sciences (生命科学与医学)、Mathematics and Statistics(数学统计学)、Physics (物理)、Psychology (心理学)。
二、ICPSRICPSR全称为 Inter一university Consortium for Political and Social Research,即美国校际社会科学数据共享联盟。
成立于1962年,位于美国密西根大学安娜堡分校(University of Michigan 一 Ann Arbor, 1817一),储存超过17000种调查研究资料,如军队官兵总名册,遗嘱、遗嘱查验与税收纪录,是现在世界上最大的社会科学数据中心,拥有600多个成员机构,包括大学和各种研究中心。
其中400多个成员机构在美国,我国的国家人口发展研究战略课题组,北京大学,香港大学,香港科技大学,香港浸会大学也是成员之一。
外文文献的引用格式

外文文献的引用格式一、APA格式1. 文献列表作者姓,名字首字母.(出版年份). 文献. 期刊名称,卷号(期号),页码范围。
例如:Smith, J. (2020). The impact of climate change on biodiversity. Journal of Environmental Science, 35(2), 123145.2. 引用在中引用文献时,需要在相应内容后加上作者姓氏和出版年份,用括号括起来。
例如:According to Smith (2020), climate change has asignificant impact on biodiversity.二、MLA格式1. 文献列表作者姓,名字首字母. “文献.” 期刊名称,卷号(期号),页码范围,出版年份。
例如:Smith, J. “The impact of climate change on biodiversity.” Journal of Environmental Science 35, no. 2 (2020): 123145.2. 引用在中引用文献时,需要在相应内容后加上作者姓氏和页码,用括号括起来。
例如:According to Smith (123), climate change has asignificant impact on biodiversity.三、Chicago格式Chicago格式是美国芝加哥大学推荐的引用格式,广泛应用于历史、艺术、哲学等领域。
Chicago格式有两种引用方式:脚注和尾注。
具体格式如下:1. 脚注/尾注作者姓,名字首字母. 文献. 期刊名称,卷号(期号),页码范围,出版年份.例如:Smith, J. “The impact of climate change on biodiversity.” Journal of Environmental Science 35, no. 2 (2020): 123145.2. 引用在中引用文献时,需要在相应内容后加上脚注或尾注编号,如:1。
外文参考文献(带中文翻译)

外文资料原文涂敏之会计学 8051208076Title:Future of SME finance(c)Background – the environment for SME finance has changedFuture economic recovery will depend on the possibility of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to exploit their potential for growth and employment creation.SMEs make a major contribution to growth and employment in the EU and are at the heart of the Lisbon Strategy, whose main objective is to turn Europe into the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world. However, the ability of SMEs to grow depends highly on their potential to invest in restructuring, innovation and qualification. All of these investments need capital and therefore access to finance.Against this background the consistently repeated complaint of SMEs about their problems regarding access to finance is a highly relevant constraint that endangers the economic recovery of Europe.Changes in the finance sector influence the behavior of credit institutes towards Crafts, Trades and SMEs. Recent and ongoing developments in the banking sector add to the concerns of SMEs and will further endanger their access to finance. The main changes in the banking sector which influence SME finance are:•Globalization and internationalization have increased the competition and the profit orientation in the sector;•worsening of the economic situations in some institutes (burst of the ITC bubble, insolvencies) strengthen the focus on profitability further;•Mergers and restructuring created larger structures and many local branches, which had direct and personalized contacts with small enterprises, were closed;•up-coming implementation of new capital adequacy rules (Basel II) will also change SME business of the credit sector and will increase its administrative costs;•Stricter interpretation of State-Aide Rules by the European Commission eliminates the support of banks by public guarantees; many of the effected banks are very active in SME finance.All these changes result in a higher sensitivity for risks and profits in the financesector.The changes in the finance sector affect the accessibility of SMEs to finance.Higher risk awareness in the credit sector, a stronger focus on profitability and the ongoing restructuring in the finance sector change the framework for SME finance and influence the accessibility of SMEs to finance. The most important changes are: •In order to make the higher risk awareness operational, the credit sector introduces new rating systems and instruments for credit scoring;•Risk assessment of SMEs by banks will force the enterprises to present more and better quality information on their businesses;•Banks will try to pass through their additional costs for implementing and running the new capital regulations (Basel II) to their business clients;•due to the increase of competition on interest rates, the bank sector demands more and higher fees for its services (administration of accounts, payments systems, etc.), which are not only additional costs for SMEs but also limit their liquidity;•Small enterprises will lose their personal relationship with decision-makers in local branches –the credit application process will become more formal and anonymous and will probably lose longer;•the credit sector will lose more and more i ts “public function” to provide access to finance for a wide range of economic actors, which it has in a number of countries, in order to support and facilitate economic growth; the profitability of lending becomes the main focus of private credit institutions.All of these developments will make access to finance for SMEs even more difficult and / or will increase the cost of external finance. Business start-ups and SMEs, which want to enter new markets, may especially suffer from shortages regarding finance. A European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs would have allowed at least more transparency in the relations between Banks and SMEs and UEAPME regrets that the bank sector was not able to agree on such a commitment.Towards an encompassing policy approach to improve the access of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to financeAll analyses show that credits and loans will stay the main source of finance for the SME sector in Europe. Access to finance was always a main concern for SMEs, but the recent developments in the finance sector worsen the situation even more.Shortage of finance is already a relevant factor, which hinders economic recovery in Europe. Many SMEs are not able to finance their needs for investment.Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to strengthen their efforts to improve the framework conditions for SME finance. Europe’s Crafts, Trades and SMEs ask for an encompassing policy approach, which includes not only the conditions for SMEs’ access to l ending, but will also strengthen their capacity for internal finance and their access to external risk capital.From UEAPME’s point of view such an encompassing approach should be based on three guiding principles:•Risk-sharing between private investors, financial institutes, SMEs and public sector;•Increase of transparency of SMEs towards their external investors and lenders;•improving the regulatory environment for SME finance.Based on these principles and against the background of the changing environment for SME finance, UEAPME proposes policy measures in the following areas:1. New Capital Requirement Directive: SME friendly implementation of Basel IIDue to intensive lobbying activities, UEAPME, together with other Business Associations in Europe, has achieved some improvements in favour of SMEs regarding the new Basel Agreement on regulatory capital (Basel II). The final agreement from the Basel Committee contains a much more realistic approach toward the real risk situation of SME lending for the finance market and will allow the necessary room for adaptations, which respect the different regional traditions and institutional structures.However, the new regulatory system will influence the relations between Banks and SMEs and it will depend very much on the way it will be implemented into European law, whether Basel II becomes burdensome for SMEs and if it will reduce access to finance for them.The new Capital Accord form the Basel Committee gives the financial market authorities and herewith the European Institutions, a lot of flexibility. In about 70 areas they have room to adapt the Accord to their specific needs when implementing itinto EU law. Some of them will have important effects on the costs and the accessibility of finance for SMEs.UEAPME expects therefore from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament:•The implementation of the new Capital Requirement Directive will be costly for the Finance Sector (up to 30 Billion Euro till 2006) and its clients will have to pay for it. Therefore, the implementation – especially for smaller banks, which are often very active in SME finance –has to be carried out with as little administrative burdensome as possible (reporting obligations, statistics, etc.).•The European Regulators must recognize traditional instruments for collaterals (guarantees, etc.) as far as possible.•The European Commission and later the Member States should take over the recommendations from the European Parliament with regard to granularity, access to retail portfolio, maturity, partial use, adaptation of thresholds, etc., which will ease the burden on SME finance.2. SMEs need transparent rating proceduresDue to higher risk awareness of the finance sector and the needs of Basel II, many SMEs will be confronted for the first time with internal rating procedures or credit scoring systems by their banks. The bank will require more and better quality information from their clients and will assess them in a new way. Both up-coming developments are already causing increasing uncertainty amongst SMEs.In order to reduce this uncertainty and to allow SMEs to understand the principles of the new risk assessment, UEAPME demands transparent rating procedures –rating procedures may not become a “Black Box” for SMEs: •The bank should communicate the relevant criteria affecting the rating of SMEs.•The bank should inform SMEs about its assessment in order to allow SMEs to improve.The negotiations on a European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs , which would have included a self-commitment for transparent rating procedures by Banks, failed. Therefore, UEAPME expects from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament support for:•binding rules in the framework of the new Capital Adequacy Directive,which ensure the transparency of rating procedures and credit scoring systems for SMEs;•Elaboration of national Codes of Conduct in order to improve the relations between Banks and SMEs and to support the adaptation of SMEs to the new financial environment.3. SMEs need an extension of credit guarantee systems with a special focus on Micro-LendingBusiness start-ups, the transfer of businesses and innovative fast growth SMEs also depended in the past very often on public support to get access to finance. Increasing risk awareness by banks and the stricter interpretation of State Aid Rules will further increase the need for public support.Already now, there are credit guarantee schemes in many countries on the limit of their capacity and too many investment projects cannot be realized by SMEs.Experiences show that Public money, spent for supporting credit guarantees systems, is a very efficient instrument and has a much higher multiplying effect than other instruments. One Euro form the European Investment Funds can stimulate 30 Euro investments in SMEs (for venture capital funds the relation is only 1:2).Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to support:•The extension of funds for national credit guarantees schemes in the framework of the new Multi-Annual Programmed for Enterprises;•The development of new instruments for securitizations of SME portfolios;•The recognition of existing and well functioning credit guarantees schemes as collateral;•More flexibility within the European Instruments, because of national differences in the situation of SME finance;•The development of credit guarantees schemes in the new Member States;•The development of an SBIC-like scheme in the Member States to close the equity gap (0.2 – 2.5 Mio Euro, according to the expert meeting on PACE on April 27 in Luxemburg).•the development of a financial support scheme to encourage the internalizations of SMEs (currently there is no scheme available at EU level: termination of JOP, fading out of JEV).4. SMEs need company and income taxation systems, whichstrengthen their capacity for self-financingMany EU Member States have company and income taxation systems with negative incentives to build-up capital within the company by re-investing their profits. This is especially true for companies, which have to pay income taxes. Already in the past tax-regimes was one of the reasons for the higher dependence of Europe’s SMEs on bank lending. In future, the result of rating w ill also depend on the amount of capital in the company; the high dependence on lending will influence the access to lending. This is a vicious cycle, which has to be broken.Even though company and income taxation falls under the competence of Member States, UEAPME asks the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to publicly support tax-reforms, which will strengthen the capacity of Crafts, Trades and SME for self-financing. Thereby, a special focus on non-corporate companies is needed.5. Risk Capital – equity financingExternal equity financing does not have a real tradition in the SME sector. On the one hand, small enterprises and family business in general have traditionally not been very open towards external equity financing and are not used to informing transparently about their business.On the other hand, many investors of venture capital and similar forms of equity finance are very reluctant regarding investing their funds in smaller companies, which is more costly than investing bigger amounts in larger companies. Furthermore it is much more difficult to set out of such investments in smaller companies.Even though equity financing will never become the main source of financing for SMEs, it is an important instrument for highly innovative start-ups and fast growing companies and it has therefore to be further developed. UEAPME sees three pillars for such an approach where policy support is needed:Availability of venture capital•The Member States should review their taxation systems in order to create incentives to invest private money in all forms of venture capital.•Guarantee instruments for equity financing should be further developed.Improve the conditions for investing venture capital into SMEs•The development of secondary markets for venture capital investments in SMEs should be supported.•Accounting Standards for SMEs should be revised in order to easetransparent exchange of information between investor and owner-manager.Owner-managers must become more aware about the need for transparency towards investors•SME owners will have to realise that in future access to external finance (venture capital or lending) will depend much more on a transparent and open exchange of information about the situation and the perspectives of their companies.•In order to fulfil the new needs for transparency, SMEs will have to use new information instruments (business plans, financial reporting, etc.) and new management instruments (risk-management, financial management, etc.).外文资料翻译涂敏之会计学 8051208076题目:未来的中小企业融资背景:中小企业融资已经改变未来的经济复苏将取决于能否工艺品,贸易和中小企业利用其潜在的增长和创造就业。
毕业论文外文文献

毕业论文外文文献文献1:Title: The Impact of Education on Economic GrowthEducation is widely recognized as one of the key drivers of economic growth and development. This is supported by various studies that have examined the relationship between education and economic outcomes. In particular, investment in education has been found to have a positive impact on productivity, wages, and overall economic performance.One study conducted by Barro and Lee (2013) examined the relationship between educational attainment and economic growth across a large number of countries over a long period of time. The study found that there is a positive correlation between the average number of years of education and economic growth rates. Specifically, each additional year of education for the average worker is associated with an increase in the annual growth rate of GDP per capita by about 0.37%.Another study conducted by Hanushek and Woessmann (2015) focused on the quality of education, rather than just the quantity. The study found that countries with higher-quality education systems, as measured by student achievement scores, tend to have higher economic growth rates. Specifically, a one standard deviation increase in a country's student test scores is associated with an increase in the average annual growth rate of GDP per capita by about 1.5%.These studies provide evidence for the significant impact of education on economic growth. They suggest that both the quantity and quality of education play a crucial role in determining economic outcomes. Investment in education can lead to improved productivity and innovation, which in turn drive economic growth.Furthermore, education also has a direct impact on individual economic outcomes. A study conducted by Card (1999) found that individuals with higher levels of education tend to earn higher wages compared to those with lower levels of education. The study estimated that each additional year of education is associated with an increase in wages by about 10%.Overall, the evidence suggests that education is crucial for achieving sustainable economic growth. Investing in education not only benefits individuals by improving their economic outcomes, but also benefits society as a whole by driving innovation, productivity, and economic prosperity.References:- Barro, R. J., & Lee, J. W. (2013). A New Dataset of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950–2010. Journal of Development Economics, 104, 184–198.- Hanushek, E. A., & Woessmann, L. (2015). The Knowledge Capital of Nations: Education and the Economics of Growth. MIT Press.- Card, D. (1999). The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings. Handbook of Labor Economics, 3, 1801-1863.Word Count: 398文献2:Title: The Role of Education in Reducing PovertyEducation plays a crucial role in reducing poverty and promoting social and economic development. It is widely recognized that access to quality education can help individuals escape the cycle of poverty and improve their socio-economic status.Several studies have examined the relationship between education and poverty reduction. One study conducted by Psacharopoulos and Patrinos (2004) analyzed data from a large number of countries and found that increasing the average years of schooling by one year can lead to a significant decrease in the poverty rate. The study estimated that a one-year increase in schooling can reduce the poverty rate by about 1.2 percentage points.Another study conducted by Glewwe and Kremer (2006) focused on the impact of quality education on poverty reduction. The study found that providing children with access to quality education can significantly improve their chances of escaping poverty in adulthood. Specifically, the study estimated that a one-year increase in schooling can lead to a 10% increase in future income for individuals living in poverty.These findings highlight the importance of both access to education and the quality of education in poverty reduction efforts. It is not just about ensuring that individuals have the opportunity to attend school, but also about providing them with the necessaryskills and knowledge to succeed in the labor market.Furthermore, education also has a positive impact on other dimensions of poverty, such as health and well-being. A study conducted by Patrinos and Velez (2014) found that education can lead to better health outcomes, lower fertility rates, and improved access to basic services, all of which contribute to poverty reduction.In conclusion, education plays a crucial role in reducing poverty and promoting social and economic development. It not only provides individuals with the skills and knowledge needed to escape poverty, but also improves their overall well-being. Therefore, investing in education is essential for achieving sustainable poverty reduction goals.References:- Psacharopoulos, G., & Patrinos, H. (2004). Returns to Investment in Education: A Further Update. Education Economics, 12(2),111–134.- Glewwe, P., & Kremer, M. (2006). Schools, Teachers, and Education Outcomes in Developing Countries. In E. A. Hanushek & F. Welch (Eds.), Handbook of the Economics of Education (Vol. 2, pp. 945–1017). Elsevier.- Patrinos, H. A., & Velez, E. (2014). How Does Education Affect Employment and Earnings in Developing Countries? The World Bank Research Observer, 29(2), 202–234.Word Count: 403。
毕业设计外文参考文献

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基于单片机USB接口的数据采集系统M.波帕“,IEEE会员,M. Marcu2,A.与Popa3计算机和软件工程系,自动化和计算机学院,大学Polianite蒂米什瓦拉,罗马尼亚电子邮件:Pompano@ CS.butt.rew,mmarcu@cs.utt.rew机电系,力学系,Timisoara,罗马尼亚大学Politicaster电子邮件:agligor@mec.utt.ro摘要一个广泛的传播行动,成立于premonitorily ,控制和指挥应用MATLAB环境收购。
从外部世界 dispread 的数据,处理,决策,并最终由一个数字系统记忆。
也许电脑专用接口或 microelectronically 的系统的数字化系统。
本文描述与interjacency 的USB数据 acquisition system 的。
它是基于 theP89C51RD2微控制器。
两个USB接口,实现了由一个ISPI181电路和数据通过 acquisition is TLCO820模拟 - 由微控制器执行的数字converters.The软件分为5级:0硬件的抽象水平,1硬件抽象级别,中断服务例程,标准的USB请求级别和主回路,每一个具体行动。
一、导言数字系统的快速发展,导致他们对外部世界的监测,控制和命令的频繁使用。
一些例子是:监测参数,如温度,压力在封闭的空间,为不同的执行单元等,在许多情况下,数字系统的传感器和执行机构之间的指挥系统,系统。
上述申请成立一个广泛的操作是数据采集,[1]。
从外部世界中的数据被读取,处理,使用的决策,并最终记忆。
数据来from sensors,或直接数字,最便捷的方式或模拟形式。
在第二种情况下,模拟到数字转换器(ADC),将在数字系统所必需的。
数字系统可能是电脑专用接口或基于微控制器的系统。
第一个解决方案是更加昂贵,PC有很大的尺寸和显着的功耗,但它提供了所有的PC机软件的力量。
第二种方案是便宜,尺寸和功耗低,但它具有灵活性的编程方式,只有当从一台PC,预测。
也有很多的应用中的灵活性是没有必要和有编程方式缺乏(一个很好的例子是被称为“嵌入式系统”的领域)。
2种解决方案之间的组合也是在监测,控制和指挥应用广泛的传播,即基于微控制器的系统连接到电脑。
在这样一个系统是非常有用的应用程序类型的数据采集与记忆和强大的处理需求(一个例子是在PC上的示波器)。
有一些连接到PC controvertible基于系统的方法:在ISA或PCI接口,串口,并口或USB端口。
第一个解决方案强加的PC,这是一个危险的操作,以下两种解决方案提供了有限的表演开幕。
最后的解决方案是最有吸引力由于USB端口的速度和方便。
本文介绍了一种带有USB接口的数据采集系统。
它是基于P89C51RD2的微控制器。
第二部分提出了一个简短的USB审查,第三部分显示了其他类似的成就,下一节介绍了建议的解决方案,并在最后一节概述的结论和发展方向。
二、USB简介USB是一种串行总线,外围设备连接到PC的方便和可扩展的方式构思。
其最终目的是建立独特的PC外设接口。
以同样的方式,使用相同的电缆和连接器连接不同的外设。
每个外设的具体特点,被认为所承担的责任。
USB分2类串行兼容设备:集线器和功能。
集线器连接,称为端口,可连接功能。
函数是一个外围设备,达到一定的操作类型。
例如:键盘,鼠标,打印机,扫描仪等USB多设备总线类型的连接。
所有互联设备使用相同的信号。
总线作为数据包的信息流通和每个函数接收每个数据包。
PC加入到对应地址的数据包访问某个功能。
更多的功能,可以连接到集线器。
它是连接到其他集线器端口,被允许的5个级别。
因此,一个USB拓扑结构是一棵树或一个多层次的明星,所谓的主机的根。
图1给出了典型的USB的拓扑结构。
虽然USB规格预见唯一的主机系统中的最后一个变种,USB2.0,2台主机共存,是允许的。
坐落在PC主机控制器控制主机。
USB电缆是由4条线:V +接地,数据+和数据。
在过去两年进行的数据,在微分形式,从而提高了速度和数据的完整性。
有3个传输速率和3个USB 规格:1,S Bits / s 的低速模式,通过USB1.0定义;12兆位/小号在全速模式,USB 1.1和480Mbits / s 的定义,在高速模式下,定义通过USB2.0。
图1一个USB 拓扑三、类似的案例这样的系统中,如将要描述的存在。
参考文献[3]介绍了一种基于一个PIC16F877单片机通过USB 端口连接到主机PC 上的数据采集系统。
从PIC 的ADC 用于一个缓慢的事件所提出的系统必须处理一个快速的外部事件不同。
[4]中的其他类似的系统,基于相同的微控制器提出。
不同的解决方案在[5I 描述的,基于DSP 电路,并在[6],其中一个更复杂的数据采集系统的基础上,比较少用的单片机,MSP430F149,德州仪器,使用。
这两种解决方案的USB 接口。
最后,在[7]的更通用的解决方案被提出,其中,自可重构功能集中。
四、新系统PC Host (Hub Root) Hub Function Hub Function Hub Function Function Function Function Function在接下来的主电路的新系统将在短期内描述。
之后,系统结构和软件将详细说明。
A. ISPI181它是一个USB接口,可以很容易地通过一个并行接口连接微处理器和微控制器。
它对应的USB 1.1规格,并实现了所有USB协议的含义:同步数据包的识别,并行 - 串行转换,位识别,CRC生成和评估,PID(包标识符“)的产生和鉴定,地址识别和握手代和评价。
仅通过2个电阻的电路连接到USB数据线。
它可以与微控制器通过一个16位或8位数据总线和在正常或DMA模式单一地址线。
该软件完全控制其运作内部配置寄存器编程。
命令是由一个代码字节,可以由一个或多个字节的数据。
一个完整的访问是由2个阶段:命令阶段,当A0= 1和ISPll81电路解释其数据总线作为命令代码和数据相配置,A0 = 0时,电路传输数据。
该电路具有内部FIFO RAM作为缓冲区之间的传输速度从USB,12 Mb its / s 的内存管理单元,并行微控制器线的传输速度,最大的11,9兆字节/秒。
微控制器可以将自己的速度,而无需等待后的USB协议与USB数据包。
B. P89CSIRD2微控制器飞利浦P89C51RD2的电路是一个众所周知的80C51内核的微控制器。
其指令集完全兼容80C51单片机,包括所有的80C51功能,并有很多人增加其权力。
它具有64 KB的内部闪存程序存储器和1 KB的SRAM存储器。
快闪记忆体具有ISP和IAP 功能在串行编程和在应用编程的意义。
ISP允许无需从电路系统和IAP许可证向用户编写和执行其自己的编程例程Flash编程。
为此,用户需要低层次的编程例程可以发现在位于第1千字节的哈希内存引导空间。
如果想使用所有的闪存空间,引导空间可灭活。
国际检察官联合会是通过并口线和ISP使用串口TXD和RXD线。
ISP 的基本软件内部包含自由由飞利浦提供的编程快闪记忆体与PC和Windows应用程序。
P89C51RD2微控制器是速度比80C51的可能性,使用更快的时钟和机器周期,一半的州(高达20 MHz的6个州/周期和高达33MHz的正常周期12个国家/),它具有7个不同的4个优先级的中断,全双工UART,具有错误检测和自动贩卖机地址识别,补充DPTR寄存器,掉电模式:空闲,POWERDOWN停止并重新启动时钟和可编程时钟输出的可能性。
C. TLCO820它是由德州仪器,相当于ADC0820 ADI公司以下207主要特点,ADC:8位分辨率,快速转换(1,5或2.5 PS),低的介质错误(K易LSB或F 1的LSB),8位三 - 规定的数据总线完全兼容微控制器的数据总线和Overflow输出。
对于一个快速传输它把转换后的数据,在数据总线上,而无需任何命令立即。
通过读取转换后的数据传输,可以固定电路之前宣布手术结束D. 系统图2给出了集团系统图。
P89C51RD2的微控制器控制整个数据采集操作。
它控制通过命令和配置的话ISPll81运作。
芯片选择/CS地址A0和命令/RD和/WR ISP1181输入连接线从单片机端口输出获得。
微控制器不访问外部存储器和港行有通用的I/0端口的含义。
在PSEN线将仅用于规划目的。
交换机存在的地面,如果它被按下复位信号前降将启动闪存的ISP。
确保USB接口ISP1181电路。
它宣布抵达中断请求,请求,命令或包上的USB 微控制器。
有USB请求,必须在预定的时间内处理,这就是为什么单片机的中断系统不能被停用时间超过一个特定的时间。
用2个 TLC0820电路实现模拟A-D数字转换。
他们的8位数据总线连接到单片机的PO和P1线。
软件开始转换。
一个RS232接口与TC232CPE电压电平转换器实现,该系统预计。
它的TTL EIA 水平转换。
这是其他连接到PC的方式。
数据采集是实现以下步骤:单片机中断程序被停用收购操作不中断;写缓冲区命令发送到ISP1181电路;将在写入缓冲区的字节数,发送到ISPll81电路;缓冲区中的数据被写入;缓冲区验证;单片机的中断服务程序被激活。
设计中数据收集实时收集的,代码为:for(I = O,I <51升; I + +){CONV-RD=/ / Conversationalist COM到A / DD13WRPN=// Read Data命令的到ISPD13WR - N= 1;// Preadaptation,ISPCONV-RD= L// Stop Conversion COM。
到A / D}该代码显示,将在1022字节的缓冲区转移。
的Start conversion和Stop Conversion命令将被发送到两个转换器,这意味着一个微控制器 - 转换器的转移将是16位宽。
在汇编代码中的一个快速的观察表明,激活和失活的转换和写入数据的命令,需要4个机器周期。
要递增计数器,核实,并跳回需要更多5个机器周期。
因此连续两个Start conversion命令可以考虑后,才9个机器周期,即4,5 PS 模拟 - 数字转换器。
因此,最大采集速度是222,22千赫。
奈奎斯特定理表明,用这种速度,LL111 kHz信号进行采样。
通过USB端口将数据传送到PC机,这个支持率必须至少444,44Kbytesl的S,这是很容易实现系统。
与PC的传输是通过ISP1181电路。
它宣布的微控制器,通过一个中断,转移完成。
E. 软件由微控制器执行的软件将被描述。
它被分为5个等级:0硬件抽象水平,1硬件抽象水平,中断服务程序,标准的USB请求级别和主回路。