Chapter 7 Association and Collocation
Chapter 7_4
Chapter 7On the morning appointed for her departure Tess was awake before dawn at the marginal minute of the dark when the grove is still mute, save for one prophetic bird who sings with a clear voiced conviction that he at least knows the correct time of day, the rest preserving silence as if equally convinced that he is mistaken. She remained upstairs packing till breakfast-time, and then came down in her ordinary weekday clothes, her Sunday apparel being carefully folded in her box.Her mother expostulated. `You will never set out to see your folks without dressing up more the dand than that?'`But I am going to work!' said Tess.`Well, yes,' said Mrs Durbeyfield, and in a private tone, `at first there mid be a little pretence o't... But I think it willbe wiser of lee to put your best side outward,' she added. `Very well; I suppose you know best,' replied Tess with calm abandonment.And to please her parent the girl put herself quite in Joan's hands, saying serenely `Do what you like with me, mother.' Mrs Durbeyfield was only too delighted at this tractability. First she fetched a great basin, and washed Tess's hair with such thoroughness that when dried and brushed it looked twice as much as at other times. She tied it with a broader pink ribbon than usual. Then she put upon her the white frock that Tess had worn at the clubwalking, the airy fullness of which, supplementing her enlarged coiffure, imparted to her developing figure an amplitude which belied her age, and might cause her to be estimated as woman when she was not much more than a child. `I declare there's a holes in your stockings-heel!' said Tess.`Never mind holes in your stockings - they don't speak! When I was a maid, so long as I had a pretty bonnet the devil might ha' found me in heels.Her mother's pride in the girl's appearance led her to step back, like a painter from his easel, and survey her work as a whole. `You must zee yourself!' she cried. `It is much better than you was t'other day.'As the looking-glass was only large enough to reflect a very small portion of Tess's person at one time, Mrs Durbeyfield hung a black cloak outside the casement, and so made a large reflector of the panes, as it is the wont of bedecking cottagers to do. After this she went downstairs to her husband, who was sitting in the lower room.`I'll tell 'ee what 'tis, Durbeyfield,' said she exultingly; `he'll never have the heart not to love her. But whatever youdo, don't zay too much to Tess of his fancy for her, and this chance she has got. She is such an odd maid that it mid zet her against him, or against going there, even now. If all goes well, I shall certainly be for making some return to that pa'son at Stagfoot Lane for telling us - dear, good man!'However, as the moment for the girl's setting out drew nigh, when the first excitement of the dressing had passed off, a slight misgiving found place in Joan Durbeyfield's mind. It prompted the matron to say that she would walk a little way - as far as to the point where the acclivity from the valley began its first steep ascent to the outer world. At the top Tess was going to be met with the spring-cart sent by theStoke-d'Urbervilles, and her box had already been wheeled ahead towards this summit by a lad with trucks, to be in readiness. Seeing their mother put on her bonnet the younger childrenclamoured to go with her.`I do want to walk a little ways wi' Sissy, now she's going to marry our gentleman-cousin, and wear fine cloze!'`Now,' said Tess, flushing and turning quickly, `I'll hear no more o' that! Mother, how could you ever put such stuff into their heads?'`Going to work, my dears, for our rich relation, and help get enough money for a new horse,' said Mrs Durbeyfield pacifically. `Good-bye, father,' said Tess, with a lumpy throat.`Good-bye, my maid,' said Sir John, raising his head from his breast as he suspended his nap, induced by a slight excess this morning in honour of the occasion. `Well, I hope my young friend will like such a comely sample of his own blood. And tell'n, Tess, that being sunk, quite, from our former grandeur, I'll sell him the title - yes, sell it - and at no onreasonablefigure.'`Not for less than a thousand pound!' cried Lady Durbeyfield. `Tell'n - I'll take a thousand pound. Well, I'll take less, when I come to think o't. He'll adorn it better than a poor lammicken feller like myself can. Tell'n he shall hae it for a hundred. But I won't stand upon trifles - tell'n he shall hae it for fifty-for twenty pound! Yes, twenty pound - that's the lowest. Dammy, family honour is family honour, and I won't take a penny less!'Tess's eyes were too full and her voice too choked to utter the sentiments that were in her. She turned quickly, and went out. So the girls and their mother all walked together, a child on each side of Tess, holding her hand, and looking at her meditatively from time to time, as at one who was about to do great things; her mother just behind with the smallest; thegroup forming a picture of honest beauty flanked by innocence, and backed by simple souled vanity. They followed the way till they reached the beginning of the ascent, on the crest of which the vehicle from Trantridge was to receive her, this limit having been fixed to save the horse the labour of the last slope. Far away behind the first hills the cliff-like dwellings of Shaston broke the line of the ridge. Nobody was visible in the elevated road which skirted the ascent save the lad whom they had sent on before them, sitting on the handle of the barrow that contained all Tess's worldly possessions.`Bide here a bit, and the cart will soon come, no doubt,' said Mrs Durbeyfield. `Yes, I see it yonder!'It had come - appearing suddenly from behind the forehead of the nearest upland, and stopping beside the boy with the barrow. Her mother and the children thereupon decided to go no farther,and bidding them a hasty goodbye Tess bent her steps up the hill. They saw her white shape draw near to the spring-cart, on which her box was already placed. But before she had quite reached it another vehicle shot out from a clump of trees on the summit, came round the bend of the road there, passed the luggage-cart, and halted beside Tess, who looked up as if in great surprise. Her mother perceived, for the first time, that the second vehicle was not a humble conveyance like the first, but a spick-and-span gig or dogcart, highly varnished and equipped. The driver was a young man of three or four-and-twenty, with a cigar between his teeth; wearing a dandy cap, drab Jacket, breeches of the same hue, white 'neckcloth, stickup collar, and brown driving - gloves - in short, he was the handsome, horsey young buck who had visited Joan a week or two before to get her answer about Tess.Mrs Durbeyfield clapped her hands like a child. Then she looked down, then stared again. Could she be deceived as to the meaning of this?`Is dat the gentleman-kinsman who'll make Sissy a lady?' asked the youngest child.Meanwhile the muslined form of Tess could be seen standing still, undecided, beside this turnout, whose owner was talking to her. Her seeming indecision was, in fact, more than indecision: it was misgiving. She would have preferred the humble cart. The young man dismounted, and appeared to urge her to ascend. She turned her face down the hill to her relatives, and regarded the little group. Something seemed to quicken her to a determination; possibly the thought that she had killed Prince. She suddenly stepped up; he mounted beside her, and immediately whipped on the horse. In a moment they had passed the slow cartwith the box, and disappeared behind the shoulder of the hill. Directly Tess was out of sight, and the interest of the matter as a drama was at an end, the little ones' eyes filled with tears. The youngest child said, `I wish poor, poor Tess wasn't gone away to be a lady!' and, lowering the corners of his lips, burst out crying. The new point of view was infectious, and the next child did likewise, and then the next, till the whole three of them wailed loud.There were tears also in Joan Durbeyfield's eyes as she turned to go home. But by the time she had got back to the village she was passively trusting to the favour of accident. However, in bed that night she sighed, and her husband asked her what was the matter.`Oh, I don't know exactly,' she said. `I was thinking that perhaps it would ha' been better if Tess had not gone.'`Oughtn't ye to have thought of that before?'`Well, 'tis a chance for the maid------Still, if 'twere the doing again, I wouldn't let her go till I had found out whether the gentleman is really a good hearted young man and choice over her as his kinswoman.'`Yes, you ought, perhaps, to ha' done that,' snored Sir John. Joan Durbeyfield always managed to find consolation somewhere: `Well, as one of the genuine stock, she ought to make her way with 'en, if she plays her trump card aright. And if he don't marry her afore he will after. For that he's all afire wi' love for her any eye can see.'`What's her trump card? Her d'Urberville blood, you mean?' `No, stupid; her face - as 'twas mine.'在约好动身的那天早上，天还没亮苔丝就醒了——那时候正是黑夜即将天亮的时刻，树林里静悄悄的，只有一只先知先觉的鸟儿在用清脆嘹亮的声音歌唱着，坚信至少自己知道一天的正确时辰，但是其它的鸟儿却保持着沉默，仿佛也同样坚信那只唱歌的鸟儿把时辰叫错了。
英语专业词汇学第7章
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More Examples:
Feature deletion can also be applied to verbs. e.g.
such verbs as kill yields die, teach yields learn, feed yields eat, show yields see, etc. The deletion of the feature [+Volitive] from the verb listen yields hear, look yields see respectively. It should be noted that feature-deletion takes precedence over feature-additon.
Other frequent single-feature contrasts include:
B. The Feature-deletion and Feature-addition Rules
These are rules that either delete features from, or add features to, the end of the feature list. e.g. Deletion of features generally produces superordinates, like fruit from apple, Addition of features produces subordinates, like apple from fruit.
• On the lexical level, paradigmatic contrasts indicate which words
名著精读《傲慢与偏见》第七章?第2节
名著精读《傲慢与偏见》第七章第2节Their visits to Mrs. Philips were now productive of the most interesting intelligence. Every day added something to their knowledge of the officers' names and connections. Their lodgings were not long a secretand at length they began to know the officers themselves. Mr. Philips visited them alland this opened to his nieces a source of felicity unknown before. They could talk of nothing but officers; and Mr. Bingley's large fortunethe mention of which gave animation to their motherwas worthless in their eyes when opposed to the regimentals of an ensign.从此她们每次拜访腓力普太太都获得了最有趣的消息。
她们每天都会打听到几个军官的名字和他们的社会关系。
军官们的住宅不久就让大家知道了，再后来小姐们就直接跟他们搞熟了，腓力普先生一一拜访了那些军官，这真是替她的姨侄女们开辟了一道意想不到的幸福源泉。
她们现在开口闭口都离不开那些军官。
在这以前，只要提到彬格莱先生的偌大财产，她们的母亲就会眉飞色舞，如今跟军官们的制服对比起来，她们就觉得偌大的财产简直一钱不值了。
After listening one morning to their effusions on this subject Mr. Ben coolly observed一天早晨，班纳特先生听到她们滔滔不绝地谈到这个问题，他不禁冷言冷语地说："From all that I can collect by your manner of talkingyou must be o of the silliest girls in the country. I have suspected it some timebut I am now convinced."“看你们谈话的神气，我觉得你们真是些再蠢不过的女孩子。
Part 1 Chapter 7_3
Part 1 Chapter 7THE OFFICIALS OF THE COURT.At last Matthew Nikitich also arrived, and the usher, a thin man, with a long neck and a kind of sideways walk, his nether lip protruding to one side, which made him resemble a turkey, came into the jurymen's room.This usher was an honest man, and had a university education, but could not keep a place for any length of time, as he was subject to fits of drunkenness. Three months before a certain countess, who patronised his wife, had found him this place, and he was very pleased to have kept it so long."Well, sirs, is everybody here?" he asked, putting his pince-nez on his nose, and looking round."Everybody, I think," said the jolly merchant."All right; we'll soon see." And, taking a list from his pocket, he began calling out the names, looking at the men, sometimes through and sometimes over his pince-nez."Councillor of State, [grades such as this are common in Russia, and mean very little] J. M. Nikiforoff!""I am he," said the dignified-looking man, well versed in the habits of the law court."Ivan Semionovitch Ivanoff, retired colonel!""Here!" replied a thin man, in the uniform of a retired officer."Merchant of the Second Guild, Peter Baklasheff!""Here we are, ready!" said the good-humoured merchant, with a broad smile."Lieutenant of the Guards, Prince Dmitri Nekhludoff!" "I am he," answered Nekhludoff.The usher bowed to him, looking over his pince-nez, politely and pleasantly, as if wishing to distinguish him from the others."Captain Youri Demitrievitch-Dantchenko, merchant; Grigori Euphimitch Kouleshoff," etc. All but two were present. "Now please to come to the court, gentlemen," said the usher, pointing to the door, with an amiable wave of his hand.All moved towards the door, pausing to let each other pass. Then they went through the corridor into the court.The court was a large, long room. At one end there was a raised platform, with three steps leading up to it, on which stood a table, covered with a green cloth trimmed with a fringe of a darker shade. At the table were placed three arm-chairs, with high-carved oak backs; on the wall behind them hung a full-length, brightly-coloured portrait of the Emperor inuniform and ribbon, with one foot in advance, and holding a sword. In the right corner hung a case, with an image of Christ crowned with thorns, and beneath it stood a lectern, and on the same side the prosecuting attorney's desk. On the left, opposite the desk, was the secretary's table, and in front of it, nearer the public, an oak grating, with the prisoners' bench, as yet unoccupied, behind it. Besides all this, there were on the right side of the platform high-backed ashwood chairs for the jury, and on the floor below tables for the advocates. All this was in the front part of the court, divided from the back by a grating.The back was all taken up by seats in tiers. Sitting on the front seats were four women, either servant or factory girls, and two working men, evidently overawed by the grandeur of the room, and not venturing to speak above a whisper.Soon after the jury had come in the usher entered, with his sideward gait, and stepping to the front, called out in a loud voice, as if he meant to frighten those present, "The Court is coming!" Every one got up as the members stepped on to the platform. Among them the president, with his muscles and fine whiskers. Next came the gloomy member of the Court, who was now more gloomy than ever, having met his brother-in-law, who informed him that he had just called in to see his sister (the member's wife), and that she had told him that there would be no dinner there."So that, evidently, we shall have to call in at a cook shop," the brother-in-law added, laughing."It is not at all funny," said the gloomy member, and became gloomier still.Then at last came the third member of the Court, the sameMatthew Nikitich, who was always late. He was a bearded man, with large, round, kindly eyes. He was suffering from a catarrh of the stomach, and, according to his doctor's advice, he had begun trying a new treatment, and this had kept him at home longer than usual. Now, as he was ascending the platform, he had a pensive air. He was in the habit of making guesses in answer to all sorts of self-put questions by different curious means. Just now he had asked whether the new treatment would be beneficial, and had decided that it would cure his catarrh if the number of steps from the door to his chair would divide by three. He made 26 steps, but managed to get in a 27th just by his chair.The figures of the president and the members in their uniforms, with gold-embroidered collars, looked very imposing. They seemed to feel this themselves, and, as if overpowered bytheir own grandeur, hurriedly sat down on the high backed chairs behind the table with the green cloth, on which were a triangular article with an eagle at the top, two glass vases--something like those in which sweetmeats are kept in refreshment rooms--an inkstand, pens, clean paper, and good, newly-cut pencils of different kinds.The public prosecutor came in with the judges. With his portfolio under one arm, and swinging the other, he hurriedly walked to his seat near the window, and was instantly absorbed in reading and looking through the papers, not wasting a single moment, in hope of being ready when the business commenced. He had been public prosecutor but a short time, and had only prosecuted four times before this. He was very ambitious, and had firmly made up his mind to get on, and therefore thought it necessary to get a conviction whenever he prosecuted. He knewthe chief facts of the poisoning case, and had already formed a plan of action. He only wanted to copy out a few points which he required.The secretary sat on the opposite side of the platform, and, having got ready all the papers he might want, was looking through an article, prohibited by the censor, which he had procured and read the day before. He was anxious to have a talk about this article with the bearded member, who shared his views, but wanted to look through it once more before doing so.玛特维终于来了。
语言学第三章
affixation
1. a-in the state of / in the process of E.g. New York City, already aclutter with
candidates for mayor, got one with a difference last week. ---the corridor outside the Congressman’s office was asquish with trod-upon fruit.
free morpheme( lexical free morpheme/ functional free morpheme)
functional morpheme( derivational morpheme/ flectional morpheme)
2. identification of words 3. classification of words
synonyms and antonyms, etc.
Learning objectives: 1. the definition of word 2. the formation of word ( The form) 3. Word meaning
P. 55
1. What is word? Hard to define scientifically. Three senses of Word
But sometimes being face is too much. I see a friend and her ringing laughter is intolerable---the noise of conversation in the restaurant, unbearable. I make my excuses and flee. I re-enter my apartment and run to the computer as though it were a place of safety.
7.现代英语词汇学(第七章)
with the stimulus. Stated in terms of semantic features, the rule would go as follows: “Change the sign of only one feature.” The word man, for example, hason with the word woman: [+Noun], [+Human], [+Adult]. But these two words differ in the last feature [+ Male]. If [+Male] is changed to [- Male], the stimulus man yields the response woman. The antonymous adjectives longshort elicit each other with a change of the feature [+ Polar]. Other frequent single-feature contrasts include [+ Plural] in verbs (is - are, was – were, has – have, etc.); [ + Past] among strong verbs (is – was, are- were, has- had, take- took, etc.) [+ Nominative] among pronouns (he- him, she- her, we- us, they- them, etc.); and [+ Proximal] among the deictic /daitik/ words (here-
词汇学--词的联想与搭配verb+on+for+from+of
Chapter 7 Association and CollocationPart I Verb + on + doing sth.Part II Verb + forPart III Verb + fromPart I Verb + on + doing sth.Verbs Followed by the Preposition On and GerundTo be bent on doing …To be keen on doing …T o compliment sb. on doing …To count on doing …To embar k on doing …To concentrate on doing …She is bent on becoming a film star when she grows up.commendatory term/word == complimentary sense→→derogatory term: convey a derogatory senseOne man’s meat is another man’s poison.One Man’s Job, Another Man’s HobbySome of my friends often compliment me on my abilities to make everything a hit. They even speak highly of my being able to concentrate on doing the things I am keen on doing. They are singing my praises (= praise sb.) and applauding my success. And when they ask me what has made my career so successful, I will proudly tell them that the secret lies in my ability to embark on doing the thing I aim at and that I am often bent on doing it well.In doing things, I seldom, or never, count on anyone else for the completion and success of the thing I have already embanked on. In many cases, I am often keen on doing it all myself, without ever asking anyone else to give me a hand. It may be because of this personality of mine that I’m often able to hit the target and achieve what I wanted.Since my childhood, I have been keen on many things, but the things I am most interested in are no more than reading, writing, thinking, and driving, if I have time. Many people regard those things as their jobs, but I see them as my hobbies, for I get a great kick out of (= be very willing to do …) doing them and I can hardly tear myself away from them. But by most people’s standards, driving can be my true hobby. I would seek every opportunity and spend an hour or two sitting in my car, or driving to the country. As a matter of fact, this hobby helpsme a great deal in my profession. And if I owe my success to anything else, I would owe it to this great hobby, for it helps me relax and prepare me in doing my real business.To gamble on doing …To bet on doing …To stake on doing …To wager on …To lay / make / place a wager on …To insist on doing …To persist / persevere in doing …To adhere / stick / cling to doing …To hold on to doing …To pride oneself on doing …== be proud of doing sth.== take a pride in doing sth.To rely on doing …To spend money on doing …Luck is Not Always on Your SideHave you ever gambled on starting a business? Or have you gambled on taking a risk in doing a particular thing? Whatever the answer, I guess almost everybody has done that one or twice. Among these people, some might be on the gravy train(= getting a lot of money without much effort, e.g. through corruption) and succeed in the attempt; others might be unlucky and suffered a heavy loss in the end. In the case of the former, they might pride themselves on riding the gravy train, and in the latter, they might curse their fate and insist on not trying again.Indeed, if we say everything we do is a gamble, there are always the lucky dogs, whose sun is shining right on them. For these people, they don’t have to rely on working hard, and they don’t have to toil and moil (= work hard). All they need to do is start, and success is theirs. But for the unlucky ones, they may have to spend a whole year’s savings on having made a gamble. All they get is to draw a blank, or even a broken heart.E.g. Some people get rich by fraud, others by relying on seeking assistance.I became rich five years ago, not by ungracious means but by perspiration and inspiration.To focus attention on doing …cf. to pay attention to …To concentrate on doing …To harp on doing … → talk repeatedly and tiresomely about sth.唠唠叨叨地反复讲To reckon on doing …Association: depend on …;rely on …;count on …;draw on …To calculate on doing …To set one’s heart on doing …To be intent on doing …To congratulate… on doing …To have an influence / effect / impact on …To place / put / lay emphasis on …To impose / put / levy / tax … on …To impinge on …Make a Start NowHave you set your heart on doing business or are you ready for a new pursuit? The chances are that you may have made the decision to go in for business. You may reckon on the business for making big bucks. Well, if that is your target, focus your attention on carrying out your plan and be persist in doing it well. But if you are fed up with competing in the dog-eat-dog world of business, you may like to call it quiz and start a new pursuit in a branch of learning. Anyway, you can’t afford to be in two minds. You will have to make the decision as what you are going to do. You can’t reckon on livi ng a better life by twiddling the thumbs (to move one’s thumbs round each other with one’s fingers or waste one’s time doing nothing).You may then complain that you are not on the gravy train. You may think that other people are luckier than you are. But believe me, the sun is not always shining on the same person. If you can make a start on doing a particular thing, you may have undreamed luck going for you. You may be blessed with chances to make your business a hit. Anyway, make a start now instead of twiddling your thumbs. God won’t reward those that are not brave enough to make a start.Ex. Can you recall other verb phrases with preposition on as possible as you can?E. g.Part II Verb + forVerbs Followed by the Preposition For and gerundTo account for doing …To answer for doing …To arrest sb. for doing …To admire sb. for doing …To apologize to sb. for doing …To be celebrated for doing …To be renowned for doing …To be distinguished for doing …To be well-known for doing …To be noted for doing …To be notorious for doing …To be sorry for doing …To be in the mood for doing …The Celebrated and the NotoriousWe can always remember some figures in history and their names won’t be erased from the memories of people from generation to another. There are always people who are celebrated for making contributions to human progress and renowned for their accomplishments in science and technology. But there is another kind of people whose names will also be remembered. Although I am not in the mood for talking about these people, they do make us feel terribly sorry for what they have done. Hitler is such a man who is notorious for all the nasty things he had done to the world. Of course, there are notorious people everywhere. Although all their manes can be remembered, the celebrated can be remembered with fondness whereas/while the notorious with hatred. That’s the difference between the celebrated and the notorious.To claim damages for doing … → 因……要求索赔To compensate for doing …To criticize sb. for doing …To forgive sb. for doing …To give sb. credit for doing …To have a gift for doing …To have an eye/ear for doing …To have a flair (鉴别力)for doing …To have a talent for doing …To have a weakness for doing …特别喜欢，过分喜欢干某事John used to have a weakness for boasting, to which he paid a lot and thus he was left in isolation. （weakness: uncountable noun）To justify oneself for doing …To make allowances for doing …To have many opportunities for doing …To be responsible for doing …To blame sb. for doing …To chide sb. for doing …To commend sb. for doing …To condemn sb. for doing …To despise sb. for doing …To find an excuse for doing …To pardon sb. for doing …To punish sb. for doing …To p rosecute /sue sb. for doing …To charge … with …To accuse … of …To rebuke sb. for doing …指责,谴责To reprimand sb. for doing …To reproach sb. for doing …To scold sb. for doing …To reward sb. for doing …To suffer for doing …It will be unjust to let me suffer for the folly of other people.让我因他人的愚昧而受罪是不公平的。
大学英语阅读教程-Unit7--how-to-be-a-scientist---全文翻译
How to be a scientistG ina KolataA sk most people– even students majoring in science – to describe the typical life of a successful scientist, and chances are they will describe a dedicated existence: long hours in the laboratory, toiling alone among racks of test tubes and beakers.B ut researchers say that nothing could be further from the truth. I ndeed, they say, the irony is that to succeed in science, most people have to leave the lab completely. L eading biologists and chemists say they spend no time in the laboratory. I nstead they write grant proposals, travel and give talks on their group‟s research; they think up ideas for their staff of graduate students and postdoctoral fellows to work on, and try their best to motivate and encourage staff members to be creative and productive.D r. Shirley, Tilghman, a molecular biologist at Princeton University, says that most people have no idea of the skills needed to succeed in science. “I get these undergraduates in my office saying they are trying to decide between medicine and science,” Dr. Tilghman said. “They say, …I really want to go into medicine because I want to be involved with people.‟I just say, …my God.‟ The extraordinary thing about being a principal scientific investigator is that I should have been a psychology major. I do nothing but try to motivate people, try to figure out why they‟re not working hard. M ost of biology is a profession where success depends to a large extent on how you work with people.”S ome researchers say that the most valuable course work for scientists may not even be science.Dr. Ponzy Lu, a chemist at the University of Pennsylvania, says his worst memories of his days as an undergraduate at the California Institute of Technology were the humanities courses he and every other science major were forced to take. “We hadto write 500 to 1,000 words a week in essays,” Dr. Lu said. “I wasn‟t good at that kind of stuff.”But as soon as he become a successful scientist, Dr. Lu said he found that rather than puttering around the laboratory conducting experiments, he had to spend his time writing grant proposals, meeting deadlines. Dr. Lu said, writing “is about all I do.”A nd the dreaded essay writing at Cal Tech was “the most useful thing I learned.”S ome scientist s are delighted to leave the laboratory and find that they can finally shine when they are judged by their ideas and their administrative skills. Y et even people who feel this way are often loath to admit it, Dr. Lu said, because it is part of the mystique of science to say you love the lab. “It‟s like Jimmy Carter saying he lusted after women,” Dr. Lu said. “You can get in a lot of trouble saying things like that.”B ut no matter what they think of laboratory work, most researchers say that it was not until they were in graduate school, well on their way to becoming scientists, that they realized what the career path actually is.Dr. Kenneth Gross, a molecular geneticist at Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, N.Y., remembers well his epiphany. I t happened when he was a graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. O ne day, Dr. Gross was working happily in the lab next to a postdoctoral fellow, Dr. Arthur Skoultchi, who is now at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. F ull of enthusiasm, Dr. Gross said, he remarked that “the most incredible thing is that hey paid you to work in a lab.” Dr. Skoultchi, he said, replied, “Enjoy it while you can,”and explained to Dr. Gross what lay ahead. Y oung scientists move up the ladder from graduate student to postdoctoral fellow to assistant professor to, they hope, recipient of a federal grant. F rom then on, their time in the lab rapidly dwindles to nothing.Dr. Lu explained that it was not so surprising that most successful scientists ended up as thinkers rather than doers. “That‟s the whole problem with big science,” he said. “You have to have an army of people to do the work.”B ut, he added, “Part of what makes a person become a scientist is the desire for influence and power. A nd the only way you can have that is to have a group of people working on your ideas.”A typical research group at a leading university has about a dozen people, paid for mainly by grant money either from the federal government, private groups like the American Cancer Society or companies, that the principal investigator raises.D r. Lu said that although his salary is paid by the university, he must bring in ＄300,000 a year to run his lab. T his includes paying for equipment and paying the budding scientists who perform the experiments. Graduate students earn about ＄12,000 a year, some of which, is paid by fellowship; the rest comes from grant money. P ostdoctoral fellows receive about ＄20,000 a year.S ome scientist s run huge groups that have budgets equal to those of small corporations.D r. Jerome Groopman, an AIDS researcher at Brigham and Women‟s Hospital in Boston, said his group of about 50 people had an operating budget of ＄2 million a year.“It‟s clearly a major problem for a lot of people,”said Dr. Tom Maniatis, a molecular biologist at Harvard. “Nowhere in your education are you trained to be a manager or administer. S uddenly you are faced with writing grants and keeping track of spending. B ut the most difficult challenge is managing people. I don‟t think scientist s are prepared to do that at all.”From the new york times , april 4,1993.怎样成为一名科学家问大多数人- 即使在科学专业的学生- 来形容一个成功的科学家的典型生活，和机会，他们将在实验室中描述了一个专用的存在：时间长，独自之间的试管和烧杯架劳作。
商务英语阅读(第三版)Chapter_7
Political-Legal Environment The political environment includes regulatory burden and red tape, taxes, levels of political corruption, public works services, labor market regulation, policy predictability, property rights, contract enforcement, regulations controlling startup and bankruptcy, competition law, and entry to finance and infrastructure markets.
The macro environment consists of factors which are beyond the control of the business (STEP) - Sociocultural, Technological, Economic and PoliticalLegal. Changes in the micro environment will directly affect and impinge on the firm's activities. Changes in the macro environment will indirectly affect the business but will nonetheless affect it. For example, a change in legislation such as the smoking ban indirectly affects pubs and restaurants.
新视野大学英语第三版读写译第二册unit7课文及翻译
Unit 7 section A Woman at the management level 女性管理者1When Monica applied for a job as an administrative assistant in 1971, she was asked whether she would rather work for a male or a female attorney. "I immediately said a man," she says. "I felt that a male-boss/female-employee relationship was more natura l, needing no personal accommodation whatsoever." But 20 years later, when she was asked the same question, she said, "I was pleasantly surprised that female bosses are much more accessible to their employees; they're much more sensitive and intimate w ith their employees."1 当莫妮卡 1971 年申请一个行政助理的工作时，有人问她想与男律师共事还是与女律师共事。
“我马上说想与男律师共事，”她说。
“我认为男老板和女雇员的关系更自然，丝毫不需互相调整。
”但 20 年后，有人问她同样的问题时，她说：“令我感到惊喜的是，对员工来说，女上司更容易接近，她们更能理解人，员工更亲密。
”preclude, discard, abandon, eliminate, abolish, dismisspreclude 排除discard 丢弃，抛弃（可指人也可指物）abandon 放弃（某物）eliminate 消除，淘汰abolish （依法）废除dismiss 解雇2 Female bosses today are still finding they face subtle resistance. There is still a seg ment of the population, both men and, surprisingly, women who report low tolerance f or female bosses. The growing presence of femalebosses has also provoked two major questions that revolve around styles: Do men and women manage differently, and, if so, is that a good thing?2 今天的女上司仍然发现，她们面临着不易察觉的阻力。
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• For example: the word sequence of a, big and room are considered to be in syntagmatic relation, and further, for the phrase “a big room”, we can substitute ‘the’, ‘that’, ‘my’, ‘his’, etc. for ‘a’; ‘small’, ‘clean’, ‘bright’ for ‘big’; ‘hall’, ‘house’, ‘hole’ for ‘room’, thus forming paradigmatic relation.
• From a logical point of view, we could perhaps refer to * a complete moon, but we don’t, we refer to a full moon. We can refer to a flock of sheep, but a herd of cows, a school of whales, a pride of lions, and a group of people. In some cases the association is so close that we may well be able to anticipate it; most of us would, for example, expect She has blond … to be followed by ____. • White coffee and white wine are only relatively white. In the case of white lies and blue jokes the logical link with a colour is less apparent still.
• With white coffee we are dealing with aast be guessed at on the basis of the two constituent words. But for “white lie” and “blue joke”, even if you know the respective meanings of the constituent words, you could not probably know what the meaning of the whole phrase. When a phrase can only be understood as a whole, it is an idiom.
• These two dimensions are often presented as 'axes', where the horizontal axis is the syntagmatic and the vertical axis is the paradigmatic. The plane of the syntagm is that of the combination of 'this-and-thisand-this' (as in the sentence, 'the man cried') whilst the plane of the paradigm is that of the selection of 'this-or-this-or-this' (e.g. the replacement of the last word in the same sentence with 'died' or 'sang').
• Collocation Word tends to occur with other words. If you ask a thousand people what they think of when you say hammer, more than half will say ___. If you say table, they’ll mostly say ____ and for butter____, for needle____. One way we seem to organize our knowledge of words is simply in terms of collocation. When a word becomes closely associated with a particular context to the exclusion of other words with a similar meaning such that they form what is almost a set phrase, we have what linguists call collocation.
Chapter 7 Association and Collocation
• syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations （横组合 关系与纵聚合关系） Structural linguistics assumes that the elements which constitute language are related to one another by their very nature and thus form interrelated systems. Essentially the relations between linguistic elements are of two kinds of dimensions, usually designated syntagmatic and paradigmatic. syntagmatic relations are those holding between elements forming serial structures, in other words, elements which combine to form a larger unit are said to be in syntagmatic relations.
• Halliday (1966) 还比较了“strong”和 • “powerful”形容词的搭配情况。列举了实例, 如可以说: “strong arguments and powerful argument”, 能说“strong tea”, 但是不能说“powerful tea”, 可以说“a powerful car” 不可以说“a strong car”. • So collocation refers to the acceptable combination between individual lexical items. From the syntagmatic point of view, collocation is an issue of co-occurrence, i.e. which lexical items are habitually used together with another.This is also termed by Firth as “mutual expectancy of words’, meaning that when a native speaker of a language comes across one lexcial item, he or she always expects the occurrece of another.