England and Scotland 2009 - TEB Edukacja
2009 University Ranking League Table 2009英国大学排名
Graduate Prospects 72.3 81 76 71.8 74.9 60.9 75.3 75 73.7 63 68
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Total Score 706 701 696 696 682 680 657 657 650 647 646
14 15 16 16 18 19 20 20 22 23 24
Graduate Prospects 70.7 76.4 70.5 75.1 62 77.3 71.8 77.6 62.8 56.2 73.9 71 63.6 72.1 61.4 73.9 77.1 65,9 63.6 62.1
Total Score 610 604 601 594 593 582 581 578 576 560 559 550 546 542 531 528 509 502 498 487
96.4 95.2 95.8 93.2 94 94.8
78.8 74.7 78.4 72.1 67.4 79.8
75.9 70.5 81.5 80.4 73.2 68.5
760 736 724e 715 709 708
School Name
Student Research Satisfaction Quality 83% 75% 75% 79% 73% 78% 75% 78% 76% 82% 71% 4.5 5.2 5 5.4 5 5.4 4.4 4.3 4.5 5 5.3
Entry Standards 360 428 403 389 430 375 394 396 403 359 368
Completion Good Honours 92.9 95.3 96.2 90.7 92.2 92.5 92.3 85.5 92.4 91.2 84.4 69 77.3 75.7 74.8 79.9 68.8 71.1 68.4 71.9 67.5 73.4
British and America
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (U.K.)组成：England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland首都：London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and BelfastBen Nevis—the highest mountain in Britain （Scotland）（1343m）The UK flag is made up of the flags of England, Scotland, and N.Ireland.1.True: Population of China is about 20 times bigger than UK2.True: The south of England is richer than the northMain reason is that London is in the south3.False: The UK is a very mountainous country4.False: Over 95% of UK population is white5.False: The currency of the UK is the EuroUK currency - pound (£) [£1 10 rmb]6.False: There is only one language spoken in the UK (English!)Minor languages in Wales & Scotland7.True: There are no dangerous or poisonous animals in the UK8.True: In the UK more girls smoke than boys9.True: In the UK they drive on the left10.False: The British people are very religiousThis is one of the biggest differences between the British and American people…Less than 10% attend church11.False: London is a very foggy cityBut 50 years ago it was ‘smoggy’12.False: The British economy is the 2nd strongest in the worldIt is now 8th, but China is now 2nd .13.True: UK has the highest teenage pregnancy rate in Europe14.False: The British never eat with chopsticks15.False: All English men are gentlemen1、What is the geographical position of the UK?The English Channel separates the UK from the continent of EuropeThe North Sea separates the UK from Belgium and HollandThe UK is quite small in physical (about the size of Guanxi Province).2、What is the United Kingdom geographically and politically?England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and several overseas territories 3、Why can’t the term “English” be used to address all the people of the UK? England dominates Great Britain economically and culturally, but it forms only one part of the UK.4、What is the historical relationship between “Northern Ireland”and “Ireland”? In 1922, the Irish Free State declared its independence, leaving only six northeastern counties (the Province of Ulster) to the United Kingdom. Those counties are now called Northern Ireland. The Irish Free State became known as the “Republic of Ireland”in 1949 cutting any remaining connection with the British monarchy.5、What are the two major natural regions in the UK?the Highland Zone in the North and the Lowland Zone in the SouthHighland Zone: a region of high hills and mountains in the north and west that are frequently broken by valleys and plains. Scotland, Wales and parts of England are located in this zoneLowland Zone: lies in the south and east of Great Britain and occupies most of England, consists mostly of rolling plains broken up by chains of low hills. Most of Britain’s population live in the Lowland ZoneThe longest river are the Thames (346km) and the Severn (338km).The Lough Neagh is the largest lake in the UK and is found in Northern Ireland 。
英国大学排行榜2009：2009年TIMES英国大学排名
Canterbury Christ Church
81
The University of Worcester伍斯特大学
82
Sunderland University桑德兰大学
83
Salford University萨尔福德大学
84
Northampton University北安普顿大学
85
UWIC, Cardiff
36
University of Kent at Canterbury坎特伯雷肯特大学
37
Queen Mary and Westfield College伦敦大学玛利皇后学院
38
Sussex University萨塞克斯大学
39
Surrey University萨里大学
40
Stirling University斯德灵大学
69
Queen Margaret Edinburgh
70
University of Wales, Lampeter威尔士大学兰彼得分校
71
The University of Birmingham伯明翰大学
72
Bath Spa
73
University of Northumbria诺桑比亚大学
74
Coventry University考文垂大学
86
Portsmouth University朴次茅斯大学
87
Chester
88
Teesside University梯塞德大学
89
Bedfordshire
90
Huddersfield University哈德斯菲尔德大学
91
York St John
Scotland and England fine-weather friends 英语国家与文化
Scotland and England: fine-weather friends?From the beginning of 17 century to the mid of 18 century, Scotland had been longing to unit with England. However now SNP announced everyone submitting views on the referendum’s timing and number of questions will now have to provide “personal identification details”which is a clear sign for future disintegration.There is a significant background in the 17 century that capitalism was rapidly developing and England was the first country where the capitalism was born. As the capitalism was the major trend of the world, the globe commercial trades was the spring of the wealth. Therefore England and its great number of colonies was the apple of eyes for Scotland at that time. In addition, the Scotland was trapped in a kind of plight in the commercial trade. At last，the alien act is the direct reason why the combination between Scotland and England was brought in the time table so smoothly.Collaboration had the weakest chain. Since the union was bound by a temporary compromise for Scotland to gain more wealth, the terrible consequence would be doomed when the interests for the Scotland were no longer inviting. A simple interests confliction could tear this unionapart.Nowadays, the north oilfield problem bothers the decision-maker of two areas. As the importance of resources is second to none, everyone can resist the temptations from the benefits. According to report, the income from the oilfield is more than one billion dollars per year but the most of profits which should have been taken by the administration of the Scotland for the location of oilfield in the territorial sea of the Scotland were obtained by the central government. This kind of so-called injustice leads to the fury of the administration of the Scotland.The well-known movies brave heart illustrates another reason why the Scottish people are willing to part from the England. In the past, the English always bullied the Scottish because the strength of England is mightier and the differences origins between Scottish and English. Under centuries of pressures from England, a little confliction can spark the notion of independence of the society. With the foundations of the down classes, the upper class is completely fearless to bugle the horn of independence.A presently survey confirm the statement above. A survey from ICM shows that 52 percents of Scottish and 60 percents of English are delightful for the disintegration of the union. More than 60 percents of English complain the proportion of the public outlay in Scotland is totally unreasonable and unfair for a relatively small area to enjoy a considerableexpense despite the privilege in politics. It is not hard for everyone to conclude that the breakup of union is just matter of time. But it may happen later than everyone’s expectations.Although, it seems that the majority of the consistencies of the Great Britain are in favor of the idea of future breakdown, however, many people just express their frenzy about the current government in this quite extreme way. Fewer voters will actually stand for the coming proposal of independence. To everyone’s surprise, the elite of the Scottish and the English do not approve the latent breakdown for the obvious reason that the market and resources are mush larger now which ensure the wealth for them. Common Scottish also disagree with the breakdown when it really comes to action, because building a brand-new government is not a piece of cake. Compared to talking about independence, Scottish people want their leader to focus on the economy instead.In the end, I think that the union will not break down in foreseeable future, but the potential of the breakdown can be triggered by another confliction between Scotland and England.。
The United Kingdom 课文
PUZZLES IN GEOGRAPHYPeople may wonder why different words are used to describe these four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. You can clarify this question if you study British history.First there was England. Wales was linked to it in the thirteenth century. Now when people refer to England you find Wales included as well. Next England and Wales were joined to Scotland in the seventeenth century and the name was changed to "Great Britain". Happily this was accomplished without conflict when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as well. Finally the English government tried in the early twentieth century to form the United Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful way. However, the southern part of Ireland was unwilling and broke away to form its own government. So only Northern Ireland joined with England, Wales and Scotland to become the United Kingdom and this was shown to the world in a new flag called the Union Jack.To their credit the four countries do work together in some areas (eg, the currency and international relations), but they still have very different institutions. For example, Northern Ireland, England and Scotland have different educational and legal systems as well as different football teams for competitions like the World Cup!England is the largest of the four countries, and for convenience it is divided roughly into three zones. The zone nearest France is called the South of England, the middle zone is called the Midlands, and the one nearest to Scotland is known as the North. You find most of the population settled in the South, but most of the industrial cities in the Midlands and the North of England. Although, nationwide, these cities are not as large as those in China, they have famous-famous football teams and some of them even have two! It is a pity that the industrial cities built in the nineteenth century do not attract visitors. For historical architecture you have to go to older but smaller towns built by the Romans. There you will find out more about British history and culture.The greatest historical treasure of all is London with its museums, art collections, theatres, parks and buildings. It is the centre of national government and its administration. It has the oldest port built by the Romans in the first century AD, the oldest building begun by theAnglo-Saxons in the 1060s and the oldest castle constructed by later Norman rulers in 1066. There have been four sets of invaders of England. The first invaders, the Romans, left their towns and roads. The second, the Anglo-Saxons, left their language and their government. The third, the Vikings, influenced the vocabulary and place-names of the North of England, and the fourth, the Normans, left castles and introduced new words for food.If you look around the British countryside, you will find evidence of all these invaders. You must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to the United Kingdom enjoyable and worthwhile.。
j.K.rowling的简介
Honours & Awards
• Commencement speaker, Harvard University, USA, 2008 • The Edinburgh Award, 2008 • James Joyce Award, University College Dublin, 2008 • South Bank Show Award for Outstanding Achievement, 2008 • Chevalier de la Legion d’Honneur: France, 2009 • Hans Christian Andersen Award, Denmark, 2010
Volant J.K. Rowling supports a number of charities and causes through her charitable trust, Volant.
17
The Speech of J.K Rowling at Harvard University
18
In 2010, J.K. Rowling made a substantial donation for the foundation of a new clinic at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. In addition to conducting major research into neuro-regeneration, the Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic will support patients with Multiple Sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandTo the west and off the European Continent , the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is made up of Great Britain , Northern Ireland , and some smaller islands around them. And the Great Britain consist of England , Scotland and Wales.It is the founder of the known as the constitutional monarchy. It is a unitary country with its government composed of three tiers---- the central governrnent , the county government ,and the district government. The seat of the British government is in the House of Parliament , officially, the New Palace of Westminster, while Buckingham Palace is the official London residence of the British sovereign.The United Kingdom has a population of 59.6 million(2001) and it is known that its people are sensitive to privacy , so the weather become what they usually talking about. And British law protects religious freedom.Talking about its complicated history ,we have to start from the native Celts who began to arrive about 700 B.C . After that this country has come through several difficult periods which are Roman Britain(55B.C---410AD) , the Anglo-Saxon Conquest(446—871), the Norman Conquest(1066). The Norman Conquest was the last invasion of England by foreigners .As we all known that the Industrial Revolution turned Britain into “theworkshop of the world .”, and the Foreign Expansion turned it become the so called empire “on which the sun never set”. And it is the two World Wars which cause the fall of it.。
Scotland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Scotland (English / Scots)Alba (Scottish Gaelic)Flag Royal StandardMotto: In My Defens God Me Defend (Scots)(often shown abbreviated as IN DEFENS )Anthem: None (de jure )Various de facto - see note 1Capital Edinburgh55°57′N 3°12′WLargest city GlasgowOfficial language(s)English, Scottish Gaelic 2Recognisedregional languages Scottish Gaelic, Scots Ethnic groups 89% Scottish, 7% English,Irish, Welsh, 4% other [1]Demonym Scots, Scottish 3GovernmentDevolved Government within a Constitutional monarchy 4 - Monarch Elizabeth II- First Minister (Head of Scottish Government)Alex Salmond MSP - Prime Minister of the United KingdomDavid Cameron MPScotlandFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaScotland (Gaelic/Gàidhlig: Alba ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.[7][8][9] Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland includes over 790 islands [10]including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.Edinburgh, the country's capital and second largest city, is one of Europe's largest financial centres.[11] Edinburgh was the hub of the Scottish Enlightenment of the 18th century, which transformed Scotland into one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe. Glasgow, Scotland's largest city, was once one of the world's leading industrial cities and now lies at the centre of the Greater Glasgow conurbation. Scottish waters consist of a large sector [12] of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third largest city in Scotland, the title of Europe's oil capital.[13]The Kingdom of Scotland was an independent sovereign state before 1707, although it had been in a personalunion with the Kingdom of England since James VI and I succeeded to the English throne in 1603. On May 1, 1707Scotland entered into an incorporating political union with England to create the united Kingdom of Great Britain.[14][15] This union resulted from the Treaty of Union agreed in 1706 and enacted by the twin Acts of Union passed by the Parliaments of both countries,despite widespread protest across Scotland.[16][17]Scotland's legal system continues to be separate from those of England, Wales, and Northern Ireland and Scotland still constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in public and in private law.[18]The continued existence of legal, educational andreligious institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the Union.[19]Although Scotland is no longer a separate sovereign state,issues surrounding devolution and independence continue to be debated. After the creation of the devolved Scottish Parliament in 1999, the first ever pro-independence Scottish Government was elected in 2007 when theLocation of Scotland (orange)– in the European continent (camel & white)– in the United Kingdom (camel)Legislature Scottish Parliament EstablishmentEarly Middle Ages; exact date of establishment unclear or disputed;traditional 843, by King Kenneth MacAlpin [2] Area - Total 78,772 km 2 30,414 sq mi - Water (%) 1.9Population - mid-2009 estimate 5,194,000[3] - 2001 census 5,062,011 - Density 65.9/km 2 170.8/sq miGDP (PPP)2006 estimate - Total US$194billion [citation needed ] - Per capita US$39,680[citation needed ] Currency Pound sterling (GBP )Time zoneGMT (UTC0) - Summer (DST)BST (UTC+1)Internet TLD .uk 5Calling code 44Patron saintSt Andrew [4]St Margaret St ColumbaFlower of Scotland , Scotland the Brave and Scots Wha Hae have been used in lieu of an official anthem.Both Scots and Scottish Gaelic are officially recognised as autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages;[5] the Bòrd na Gàidhlig is tasked, under the Gaelic Language(Scotland) Act 2005, with securing Gaelic as an official language of Scotland, commanding "equal respect" with English.[6]Historically, the use of "Scotch" as an adjectivecomparable to "Scottish" was commonplace, particularly outwith Scotland. However, the modern use of the term describes only products of Scotland, usually food or drink related.Scotland's head of state is the monarch of the United Kingdom, currently Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952).Scotland has limited self-government within the United Kingdom as well as representation in the UK Parliament.It is also a UK electoral region for the EuropeanParliament. Executive and legislative powers have been devolved to, respectively, the Scottish Government and the Scottish Parliament at Holyrood in Edinburgh.Also .eu, as part of the European Union. ISO 3166-1 isGB, but .gb is unused.Scottish Government was elected in 2007 when theScottish National Party formed a minority administration.Contents1 Etymology2 History2.1 Early history 2.2 Roman influence 2.3 Medieval period 2.4 Modern history3 Government and politics3.1 Administrative subdivisions 3.2 Scotland within the UK 4 Law and criminal justice5 Geography and natural history5.1 Geology and geomorphology5.1.1 Highlands and islands 5.1.2 Central lowlands 5.1.3 Southern uplands5.2 Climate5.3 Flora and fauna 6 Economy and infrastructure6.1 Currency 6.2 Transport 7 Demography7.1 Education 7.2 Religion 7.3 Health care 8 Military 9 Culture9.1 Sport9.2 National symbols 10 Food 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External linksEtymologyMain article: Etymology of ScotlandScotland is from the Latin Scoti , the term applied to Gaels, people from what is now Scotland and Ireland,both pirates and the Dal Riada who had come from Ireland to reside in the Northwest of what is nowScotland, in contrast, for example, to the Picts.[20]Accordingly, the Late Latin word Scotia (land of theGaels ) was initially used to refer to Ireland.[21] However, by the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being12345The founders of Scotland of late medieval legend, Scotawith Goídel Glas, voyaging from Egypt, as depicted in a 15th century manuscript of the Scotichronicon ofWalter Bower.Skara Brae, a neolithic settlement, located in the Bay of Skaill, Orkney.used to refer to (Gaelic-speaking) Scotland north of the river Forth, alongside Albania or Albany , bothderived from the Gaelic Alba .[22] The use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages.[14]HistoryMain article: History of ScotlandEarly historyMain article: Prehistoric ScotlandRepeated glaciations, which covered the entire land-mass of modernScotland, destroyed any traces of human habitation that may have existed before the Mesolithic period. It is believed that the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, as the ice sheet retreated after the last glaciation.[23][24]Groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the Mainland ofOrkney dates from this period. Neolithic habitation, burial and ritual sites are particularly common and well-preserved in the Northern Isles and Western Isles, where a lack of trees led to most structures being built of local stone.[25]A four thousand year old tomb with burial treasures was discovered at Forteviot, near Perth, the capital of a Pictish Kingdom in the eighth/ninth century AD. Unrivalled anywhere in Britain, it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark, with possessions including a bronze and gold dagger, a wooden bowl, leather bag, and plant matter, later found to be flowers. This is the first evidence that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves.[26][27]Scotland may have been part of a Late Bronze Age maritime trading-networked culture called the Atlantic Bronze Age that also included the other Celtic nations, England, France, Spain and Portugal.[28][29][30]Roman influenceMain article: Scotland during the Roman EmpireThe written protohistory of Scotland began with the arrival of the Roman Empire in southern and central Great Britain, when the Romans occupied what is now England and Wales, administering it as a province called Britannia . Roman invasions and occupations of southern Scotland were a series of brief interludes.In AD 83–84 the general Gnaeus Julius Agricola defeated the Caledonians at the Battle of Mons Graupius, and Roman forts were briefly set along the Gask Ridge close to the Highland line (only Cawdor near Inverness is known to have been constructed beyond that line). Three years after the battle the Roman armies had withdrawn to the Southern Uplands.[31]The Romans erected Hadrian's Wall to control tribes on both sides of the wall,[32] and the LimesBritannicus became the northern border of the empire, although the army held the Antonine Wall in the Central Lowlands for two short periods—the last of these during the time of Emperor Septimius SeverusA replica of the PictishHilton of Cadboll Stone. from 208 until 210.[33]The extent of Roman military occupation of any significant part of northern Scotland was limited to a total of about 40 years, although their influence on the southern section of the country occupied by Brythonic tribes such as the Votadini and Damnonii would still have been considerable between the first and the fifth century.[32] In the 400s, Gaels from Ireland established the kingdom of Dál Riata.[34][35]Medieval periodMain articles: Picts, Scotland in the High Middle Ages, Scotland in theLate Middle Ages, and Scottish clanThe Kingdom of the Picts (based in Fortriu by the 6th century) was the statewhich eventually became known as "Alba" or "Scotland". The developmentof "Pictland", according to the historical model developed by Peter Heather,was a natural response to Roman imperialism.[36] Another view placesemphasis on the Battle of Dunnichen, and the reign of Bridei m. Beli (671–693), with another period of consolidation in the reign of Óengus macFergusa (732–761).[37]The Kingdom of the Picts as it was in the early 8th century, when Bede waswriting, was largely the same as the kingdom of the Scots in the reign ofAlexander (1107–1124). However, by the tenth century, the Pictish kingdomwas dominated by what we can recognise as Gaelic culture, and haddeveloped a traditional story of an Irish conquest around the ancestor of thecontemporary royal dynasty, Cináed mac Ailpín (KennethMacAlpin).[2][38][39]From a base of territory in eastern Scotland north of the River Forth and south of the River Oykel, the kingdom acquired control of the lands lying to the north and south. By the 12th century, the kings of Alba had added to their territories the English-speaking land in the south-east and attained overlordship of Gaelic-speaking Galloway and Norse-speaking Caithness; by the end of the 13th century, the kingdom had assumed approximately its modern borders. However, processes of cultural and economic change beginning in the 12th century ensured Scotland looked very different in the later Middle Ages.The impetus for this was the reign of King David I and the Davidian Revolution. Feudalism, government reorganisation and the first legally defined towns (called burghs) began in this period. These institutions and the immigration of French and Anglo-French knights and churchmen facilitated a process of cultural osmosis, whereby the culture and language of the low-lying and coastal parts of the kingdom's original territory in the east became, like the newly acquired south-east, English-speaking, while the rest of the country retained the Gaelic language, apart from the Northern Isles of Orkney and Shetland, which remained under Norse rule until 1468.[40][41][42]The death of Alexander III in March 1286, followed by the death of hisgranddaughter Margaret, Maid of Norway, broke the succession line ofScotland's kings. This led to the intervention of Edward I of England, whomanipulated this period of confusion to have himself recognised as feudaloverlord of Scotland. Edward organised a process to identify the person withthe best claim to the vacant crown, which became known as the Great Cause,and this resulted in the enthronement of John Balliol as king. The Scots wereresentful of Edward's meddling in their affairs and this relationship quicklybroke down. War ensued and King John was deposed by his overlord, whotook personal control of Scotland. Andrew Moray and William WallaceThe Wallace Monumentcommemorates William Wallace, the 13th-century Scottish hero.David Morier's depiction of theBattle of Culloden.initially emerged as the principal leaders of the resistance to English rule in what became known as the Wars of Scottish Independence.The nature of the struggle changed dramatically when Robert de Brus, Earl of Carrick, killed rival John Comyn on 10 February 1306 at Greyfriars Kirk in Dumfries.[43] He was crowned king (as Robert I) less than seven weeks after the killing. Robert I battled to win Scottish Independence as King for over 20years, beginning by winning Scotland back from the English invaders piece bypiece. Victory at The Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 proved that the Scots had won their kingdom, but it took 14 more years and the production of the world's first documented declaration of independence, the Declaration of Arbroath, in 1320 to finally win legal recognition by the English.However war with England was to continue for several decades after the death of Bruce, and a civil war between the Bruce dynasty and their long-term Comyn-Balliol rivals lasted until the middle of the 14th century. Although the Bruce dynasty was successful, David II's lack of an heir allowed his nephew Robert II to come to the throne and establish the Stuart Dynasty.[41][44] The Stewarts ruled Scotland for the remainder of the Middle Ages. The country they ruled experienced greater prosperity from the end of the 14th century through the Scottish Renaissance to the Reformation. This was despite continual warfare with England, the increasing division between Highlands and Lowlands, and a large number of royal minorities.[44][45]Modern historyIn 1603, James VI King of Scots inherited the throne of theKingdom of England, and became King James I of England, and left Edinburgh for London.[46] With the exception of a short period under the Protectorate, Scotland remained a separate state, but there was considerable conflict between the crown and the Covenanters over the form of church government. After the Glorious Revolution,the abolition of episcopacy and the overthrow of the Roman Catholic James VII by William and Mary, Scotland brieflythreatened to select a different Protestant monarch from England.[47]On 22 July 1706, the Treaty of Union was agreed between representatives of the Scots Parliament and the Parliament ofEngland and the following year twin Acts of Union were passed by both parliaments to create the united Kingdom of Great Britain with effect from 1 May 1707.[15]The deposed Jacobite Stuart claimants had remained popular in the Highlands and north-east, particularly amongst non-Presbyterians. However, two major Jacobite risings launched in 1715 and 1745 failed to remove the House of Hanover from the British throne. The threat of the Jacobite movement to the United Kingdom and its monarchs effectively ended at the Battle of Culloden, Great Britain's last pitched battle.This defeat paved the way for large-scale removals of the indigenous populations of the Highlands and Islands, known as the Highland Clearances.[15] Scotland had known many famines in the past.[48] As late as the 1690s, the country experienced famine which reduced the population of parts of Scotland by at least 20 percent.[49] The Highland potato famine caused many people to leave Scotland during the period 1846–52.The Scottish Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution made Scotland into an intellectual, commercial and industrial powerhouse.[50] Almost 700,000 Scots served in the World War I,[51] mostly on the Western Front,[52] with at least 74,000 losing their lives.[53] In addition to this, between 1830 and 1930, 2 million Scots emigrated to seek better lives elsewhere.[54] After World War II, Scotland experienced an industrial decline which was particularly severe.[55] Only in recent decades has the country enjoyed something of aScotlandThis article is part of the series:Politics and government ofScotlandFirst Minister: Alex SalmondDeputy First Minister: Nicola Sturgeon CabinetCrown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service Lord Advocate: Elish Angiolini Executive agencies Public bodies ActsPresiding Officer: Alex Fergusson Scottish Parliament BuildingMembers (MSPs): 1999, 2003, 2007Constituencies and electoral regions Elections: 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011Legislative Consent Motion Her Majesty's GovernmentSecretary of State: Danny Alexander Under Secretary: David Mundell Scotland Office Reserved mattersAdvocate General: Jim WallaceParliament of the United KingdomConstituencies Grand CommitteeThe cabinet of the ScottishGovernmentcultural and economic renaissance. Economic factors which have contributed to this recovery include a resurgent financial services industry, electronics manufacturing, (see Silicon Glen),[56] and the North Sea oil and gas industry.[57]Following a referendum on devolution proposals in 1997, the Scotland Act 1998[58] was passed by the United Kingdom Parliament to establish a devolved Scottish Parliament.Government and politicsMain articles: Politics of Scotland, Scottish Parliament, and Scottish Government Scotland's head of state is the monarch of the United Kingdom,currently Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952). The title Elizabeth II caused controversy around the time ofthe queen's coronation, as there had never been an Elizabeth I in Scotland. A legal case, MacCormick v.Lord Advocate (1953 SC 396), was taken to contest the right of the Queen to title herself Elizabeth II within Scotland, arguing that to do so would be a breach of Article 1 of the Treaty of Union.The case was lost and it was decided that future British monarchs would be numbered according to either their English or Scottish predecessors, whichever number is higher.[59] Hence, any future King James would bestyled James VIII (since the last Scottish King James was James VII (also James II of England, etc.)) while the next King Henry would be King Henry IX throughout the UK despite the fact that there have been no Scottish kings of the name.Scotland has partial self-government within the United Kingdom as well as representation in the UK Parliament.Executive and legislative powers have been devolved to,respectively, the Scottish Government and the Scottish Parliament at Holyrood in Edinburgh. The UnitedKingdom Parliament retains power over a set list of areas explicitly specified in the Scotland Act 1998 as reserved matters, including, for example, levels of UK taxes,social security, defence, international relations and broadcasting.[60]The Scottish Parliament has legislative authority for all other areas relating to Scotland, as well as limited power to vary income tax, a power it has yet to exercise. TheScottish GovernmentScottish ParliamentScotland in the UKGrand CommitteeSelect CommitteeElections: 1997, 2001, 2005, 2010Lists of Scottish MPsSupreme courtsSheriff CourtsLand CourtsDistrict CourtsLord Lyon CourtEuropean ParliamentEuropean Parliament constituencyElections: 2004, 2009Subdivisions of ScotlandConvention of Scottish Local AuthoritiesPolitical make-up of local councils in ScotlandOther countries ·AtlasPolitics portalThe debating chamber of theScottish Parliament BuildingPrime Minister, in a BBC Scotland interview, hasindicated that the Scottish Parliament could be givenmore tax-raising powers.[61]The Scottish Parliament can give legislative consent overdevolved matters back to Westminster by passing aLegislative Consent Motion if United Kingdom-widelegislation is considered to be more appropriate for acertain issue. The programmes of legislation enacted bythe Scottish Parliament have seen a divergence in theprovision of public services compared to the rest of theUnited Kingdom. For instance, the costs of a universityeducation, and care services for the elderly are free atpoint of use in Scotland, while fees are paid in the rest ofthe UK. Scotland was the first country in the UK to bansmoking in enclosed public places.[62]The ScottishParliament is aunicamerallegislaturecomprising 129Members, 73 ofwhom representindividualconstituencies and are elected on a first past the post system; 56 areelected in eight different electoral regions by the additional membersystem, serving for a four year period. The Queen appoints oneMember of the Scottish Parliament, (MSP), on the nomination of theParliament, to be First Minister. Other Ministers are also appointed by the Queen on the nomination of the Parliament and together with the First Minister they make up the Scottish Government, the executive arm of government.[63]In the 2007 election, the Scottish National Party (SNP), which campaigns for Scottish independence, won the election by a one seat majority. The leader of the SNP, Alex Salmond, was elected First Minister on 16 May 2007 as head of a minority government. The Labour Party became the largest opposition party, with the Conservative Party, the Liberal Democrats, and the Green Party are also represented in the Parliament. Margo MacDonald is the only independent MSP sitting in Parliament.[64]Scotland is represented in the British House of Commons by 59 MPs elected from territory-based Scottish constituencies. The Scotland Office represents the UK government in Scotland on reserved matters and represents Scottish interests within the UK government.[65] The Scotland office is led by the Secretary of State for Scotland, who sits in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom, the current incumbent being Michael Moore.Administrative subdivisionsMain article: Subdivisions of ScotlandHistorical types subdivisions of Scotland include the mormaerdom,Scots lawScotland in the EULocal governmentGlasgow City Chambers viewedfrom George SquareParliament House, in Edinburgh, is the home of the Court of Session.Historical types subdivisions of Scotland include the mormaerdom,stewartry, earldom, burgh, parish, county and regions and districts.The names of these areas are still sometimes used as geographical descriptors.Modern Scotland is subdivided in various ways depending on the purpose. For local government, there have been 32 council areas since 1996,[66] whose councils are unitary authorities responsible for the provision of all local government services. Community councils are informal organisations that represent specific sub-divisions of a council area.For the Scottish Parliament, there are 73 constituencies and eightregions. For the Parliament of the United Kingdom, there are 59 constituencies. The Scottish fire brigades and police forces are still based on the system of regions introduced in 1975. For healthcare and postal districts, and a number of other governmental and non-governmental organisations such as the churches,there are other long-standing methods of subdividing Scotland for the purposes of administration.City status in the United Kingdom is determined by letters patent.[67] There are six cities in Scotland:Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, most recently Inverness, and Stirling.[68]Scotland within the UKA policy of devolution had been advocated by the three main UK parties with varying enthusiasm during recent history. The late Labour leader John Smith described the revival of a Scottish parliament as the "settled will of the Scottish people".[69] The constitutional status of Scotland is nonetheless subject to ongoing debate. In 2007, the Scottish Government established a "National Conversation" on constitutional issues, proposing a number of options such as increasing the powers of the Scottish Parliament, federalism,or a referendum on Scottish independence from the United Kingdom. In rejecting the last option, the three main opposition parties in the Scottish Parliament have proposed a separate Scottish ConstitutionalCommission to investigate the distribution of powers between devolved Scottish and UK-wide bodies.[70]In August 2009 the SNP proposed a Referendum Bill in order to hold a referendum on independenceplanned for November 2010, although because of immediate opposition from all other major parties, it was expected to be defeated.[71][72]Law and criminal justiceMain article: Scots lawScots law has a basis derived from Roman law,[73] combining features of both uncodified civil law, dating back to the Corpus Juris Civilis , and common law with medieval sources. The terms of the Treaty of Union with England in 1707 guaranteed the continued existence of a separate legal system in Scotland from that ofEngland and Wales.[74] Prior to 1611, there were several regional law systems in Scotland, most notably Udal law in Orkney and Shetland, based on old Norse law. Various other systems derived from common Celtic or Brehon laws survived in the Highlands until the 1800s.[75]Scots law provides for three types of courts responsible for theadministration of justice: civil, criminal and heraldic. The supreme civil court is the Court of Session,Map of Scotland Loch Tummel in Perth and Kinross.although civil appeals can be taken to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (or before 1 October 2009, the House of Lords). The High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court in Scotland. The Court of Session is housed at Parliament House, in Edinburgh, which was the home of the pre-Union Parliament of Scotland with the High Court of Justiciary and the Supreme Court of Appeal currently located at Lawnmarket. The sheriff court is the main criminal and civil court, hearing most of the cases.There are 49 sheriff courts throughout the country.[76] District courts were introduced in 1975 for minor offences and small claims. The Court of the Lord Lyon regulates heraldry.For many decades the Scots legal system was unique for a period in being the only legal system without a parliament. This ended with the advent of the Scottish Parliament which legislates for Scotland. Many features within the system have been preserved. Within criminal law, the Scots legal system is unique in having three possible verdicts: "guilty", "not guilty" and "not proven ". Both "not guilty" and "not proven"result in an acquittal with no possibility of retrial.[77] Many laws differ between Scotland and the rest of Britain, whereas many terms differ. Manslaughter, in England and Wales, becomes culpable homicide in Scotland, and arson becomes wilful fireraising. Procedure also differs. Scots juries consist of fifteen, not twelve jurors as is more common in English-speaking countries.The civil legal system has however attracted much recent criticism from a senior Scottish Judge who referred to it as being "Victorian" and antiquated.[78]The Scottish Prison Service (SPS) manages the prisons in Scotland which contain between them over 8,500prisoners.[79] The Cabinet Secretary for Justice is responsible for the Scottish Prison Service within the Scottish Government.Geography and natural historyMain article: Geography of ScotlandThe main land of Scotland comprises the northern third of the land mass of the island of Great Britain, which lies off the northwest coast of Continental Europe. The total area is 78,772 km 2 (30,414 sq mi),[80] comparable to the size of the Czech Republic, making Scotland the 117th largest country in the world.[citation needed ] Scotland's only land border is with England, and runs for 96 kilometres (60 mi) between the basin of the River Tweed on the east coast and the Solway Firth in the west. The Atlantic Ocean borders the west coast and the North Sea is to the east. The island of Ireland lies only 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the southwestern peninsula of Kintyre;[81]Norway is 305 kilometres (190 mi) to the east and the Faroes,270 kilometres (168 mi) to the north.The territorial extent of Scotland is generally that established by the 1237 Treaty of York betweenScotland and Kingdom of England [82] and the 1266 Treaty of Perth between Scotland and Norway.[15] Important exceptions include the Isle of Man, which having been lost to England in the 14th century is now a crown dependency outside of the United Kingdom; the island groups Orkney and Shetland, which wereacquired from Norway in 1472;[80] and Berwick-upon-Tweed, lost to England in 1482.The geographical centre of Scotland lies a few miles from the。
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England and Scotland
2009
By Magda Serwadczak
2c
This May 2nd and 3rd classes from our school went on the trip to England (London) and
Scotland
Day first –21.05.09
We started! We were traveling by bus for about 18 hours. We were really tired, but it was an interesting journey. We started at 12:30 and from Poland we came to Germany then to France (Calais) and then (by ferry) to England (Dover)
Day second –22.05.09
At 6:30 we were in England. Dover’s white clifs are so amazing. If you have never seen it –you have to! That day we spent in London –it’s really amazing and beautiful city, really modern but with soul. We ate in Chinatown, real Chinese food.
Today we left London and we went to York. It’s such a romantic place with lots of old houses. We were on The Shambles –old and really magic street in York. Then we went to Scotland.
We were in Melrose, the place where the heart of Robert I Bruce is burried. We also visited Edinburgh. It’s a beautiful city with lots of interesting people. I can say –the art city. Then we went to Scone Palace.
Today we were in a famous Loch Ness! And we saw a true monster! After this we went to Urquhart Castle. Here we made a lots of photos –amazing! We were sleeping in Oban –a very nice town. Here we ate fish and chips –traditional English food.
We went to Inveraray Castle and near Loch Lomond. For me it was really beautiful lake. Scotland is amazing! The mountains and meadows and pastures. And lots of lambs. I took hundreds of photos! After that we went to Liverpool.
Today we were in Windsor –amazing castle. We didn’t see the Queen, but… maybe some other time. We were in Guildhall –the place of Prince Carol and Camille Parker Bowels. We came back to London.
All day in London. We saw Harrods –exclusive shop and Big Ben. We were in Buckingham Palace and we saw London Eye –really, really big! We took a boat on the river Thames . Nice day!
Day 9th –28.05.09
It was the end. We came back home. Again long journey by bus. We were so happy. Maybe the same trip next year? I hope!
Our photos: That’s us!
Boys from 2b and 2a, girls from 3rd class and our history teacher
I hope You like that!。