毕业设计(论文)外文翻译
重庆理工大学文献翻译二级学院重庆汽车学院班级 107040202 学生姓名李凯学号 10704020215译文要求1、译文内容必须与课题（或专业）内容相关，并需注明详细出处。
2、外文翻译译文不少于2000字；外文参考资料阅读量至少3篇（相当于10万外文字符以上）。
3、译文原文（或复印件）应附在译文后备查。
译文评阅导师评语（应根据学校“译文要求”，对学生外文翻译的准确性、翻译数量以及译文的文字表述情况等作具体的评价）指导教师：年月日数控机床精度的检测摘要：随着制造业的快速发展，数控机床在机械制造业已得到广泛应用，且对数控机床的精度要求也越来越高。
如何检测数控机床的精度，正成为各行业用户在验收与维护数控机床时非常关注的问题。
关键词：数控机床几何精度检测螺距误差补偿现代数控机床集合了电子计算机、伺服系统、自动控制系统、精密测量系统及新型机构等先进技术，能够加工形状复杂、精密、小批量零件，并且具有加工精度高、生产效率高、适应性强等特点。
随着制造业的快速发展，数控机床在机械制造业已得到广泛应用，且对数控机床的精度要求也越来越高。
如何检测数控机床的精度，正成为各行业用户在验收与维护数控机床时非常关注的问题。
机床的精度主要包括机床的几何精度、机床的定位精度和机床的切削精度。
现，就这些精度的检测项目、检测方法及注意事项进行综合的说明。
1 数控机床的几何精度数控机床的几何精度反映机床的关键机械零部件（如床身、溜板、立柱、主轴箱等）的几何形状误差及其组装后的几何形状误差，包括工作台面的平面度、各坐标方向上移动的相互垂直度、工作台面X、Y坐标方向上移动的平行度、主轴孔的径向圆跳动、主轴轴向的窜动、主轴箱沿Z坐标轴心线方向移动时的主轴线平行度、主轴在Z轴坐标方向移动的直线度和主轴回转轴心线对工作台面的垂直度等。
常用检测工具有精密水平尺、精密方箱、千分表或测微表、直角仪、平尺、高精度主轴芯棒及千分表杆磁力座等。
1.1 检测方法：数控机床的几何精度的检测方法与普通机床的类似，检测要求较普通机床的要高。
1.2 检测时的注意事项：（1）检测时，机床的基座应已完全固化。
（2）检测时要尽量减小检测工具与检测方法的误差。
（3）应按照相关的国家标准，先接通机床电源对机床进行预热，并让沿机床各坐标轴往复运动数次，使主轴以中速运行数分钟后再进行。
（4）数控机床几何精度一般比普通机床高。
普通机床用的检具、量具，往往因自身精度低，满足不了检测要求。
且所用检测工具的精度等级要比被测的几何精度高一级。
（5）几何精度必须在机床精调试后一次完成，不得调一项测一项，因为有些几何精度是相互联系与影响的。
（6）对大型数控机床还应实施负荷试验，以检验机床是否达到设计承载能力；在负荷状态下各机构是否正常工作；机床的工作平稳性、准确性、可靠性是否达标。
另外，在负荷试验前后，均应检验机床的几何精度。
有关工作精度的试验应于负荷试验后完成。
2 数控机床的定位精度数控机床的定位精度，是指所测机床运动部件在数控系统控制下运动时所能达到的位置精度。
该精度与机床的几何精度一样，会对机床切削精度产生重要影响，特别会影响到孔隙加工时的孔距误差。
测量直线运动的检测工具有：标准长度刻线尺、成组块规、测微仪、光学读数显微镜及双频激光干涉仪等。
标准长度测量以双频激光干涉仪的测量结果为准。
回转运动检测工具有360齿精密分度的标准转台或角度多面体、高精度圆光栅和平行光管等。
目前通用的检测仪为双频激光干涉仪。
2.1 检测方法（用双频激光干涉仪时）（1）安装与调节双频激光干涉仪。
（2）预热激光仪，然后输入测量参数。
（3）在机床处于运动状态下对机床的定位精度进行测量。
（4）输出数据处理结果。
2.2 检测时的注意事项：（1）仪器在使用前应精确校正。
（2）螺距误差补偿，应在机床几何精度调整结束后再进行，以减少几何精度对定位精度的影响。
（3）进行螺距误差补偿时应使用高精度的检测仪器（如激光干涉仪），以便先测量再补偿，补偿后还应再测量，并应按相应的分析标准（VDI3441、JIS6330）对测量数据进行分析，直到达到机床的定位精度要求。
（4）机床的螺距误差补偿方式包括线性轴补偿和旋转轴补偿这两种方式，可对直线轴和旋转工作台的定位精度分别补偿。
3 切削精度检查机床切削精度的检查，是在切削加工条件下对机床几何精度和定位精度的综合检查，包括单项加工精度检查和所加工的铸铁试样的精度检查（硬质合金刀具按标准切削用量切削）。
检查项目一般包括：镗孔尺寸精度及表面粗糙度、镗孔的形状及孔距精度、端铣刀铣平面的精度、侧面铣刀铣侧面的直线精度、侧面铣刀铣侧面的圆度精度、旋转轴转900侧面铣刀铣削的直角精度、两轴联动精度等。
4 参考文献1. Week, M.，机床手册．约翰威利& 桑司．纽约，1984.2. 麻省理工学院工作底稿工业生产率委员会，麻省理工学院出版社, 坎布里奇, MA,1989.3. 兰格, K., 金属成型手册，麦格劳·希尔, 纽约,1985.4. 卡尔帕基安·S. ，机械制造，A^^ 版本，普伦蒂斯·霍尔，2000.译文原文On the accuracy of detection of CNC machine toolsAbstract With the rapid Development of manufacturing industry, CNC machine tools in the machinery manufacturing Industry has been widely used, and the accuracy of CNC machine tools are increasingly high requirements. How to detect the accuracy of CNC machine tools, various industries are becoming the user acceptance and maintenance of CNC machine tools much attention to problems.Keywords CNC·geometric accuracy·Detection·Pitch error·compensation Modern CNC machine tool combines computer, servo systems, automatic control systems, precision measurement systems and new types of institutions of advanced Technology to processing of complex shape, precision, small-volume parts, and has the processing of high precision, high production efficiency, adaptability and so on. With the rapid Development of manufacturing industry, CNC machine tools in the machinery manufacturing Industry has been widely used, and the accuracy of CNC machine tools are increasingly high requirements. How to detect the accuracy of CNC machine tools, various industries are becoming the user acceptance and maintenance of CNC machine tools much attention to problems.Accuracy of machine tools include the geometric accuracy of machine tools, machine tool positioning accuracy and precision cutting machine tools. On the basis of these precision of test items, test methods and precautions to conduct a comprehensive description.1 A geometric accuracy of CNC machine toolsThe geometric accuracy of CNC machine tools to reflect the key mechanical components (eg, bed, slide board, column, spindle boxes, etc.) the geometry of the error and its geometry after assembly errors, including the work surface flatness, each coordinate direction on the degree of perpendicular movement of the working table X, Y coordinates of the direction of movement parallel, radial runout spindle bore, spindle axial traverse, spindle boxesalong the z axis line of the direction of coordinates moving parallel to the main axis degrees, the spindle moving in the z-axis coordinates of the straightness and spindle rotation axis of the vertical line of the work table and so on.Common testing tools precision spirit level, precision square box, dial gauge or a micrometer table, right-angle instrument, flat feet, high-precision spindle mandrel and the dial gauge pole magnetic blocks and so on.1.1 Detection method:The geometric accuracy of CNC machine tools and general machine detection methods are similar to testing requirements to be higher than the general machine tools.1.2 detection of Note:(1) detection, the base of the machine should have been completely cured. (2) detection when detection tools and to minimize the error detection methods. (3) shall be in accordance with relevant national standards, first connected to the power of the machine tool preheating, and let all along the machine axis reciprocating motion several times to make medium-speed spindle in order to run for a few minutes before. (4) The geometric accuracy of CNC machine tools in general higher than normal. Ordinary machine tools used for inspection tools, measuring tools, often because of their low precision can not satisfy the testing requirements. And the detection tool used in the precision class of the geometric accuracy than the measured one. (5) The geometric accuracy of precision machine tools must be debugged once completed, shall not transfer a measured one, because some of the geometric precision of mutual contact and influence. (6) large-scale NC machine tools load test should be implemented to test whether the design of machine tool bearing capacity; in load state agencies is working properly; machine works steadily, accuracy, reliability and whether or compliance.In addition, load test before and after the geometric precision of machine tools should be tested. Test the accuracy of the work load test should be completed.2. the positioning accuracy of CNC machine toolsCNC machine tool positioning accuracy is defined as the measured moving parts in CNC machine tools under the control of movement can achieve position accuracy. The accuracy and precision of the machine geometry, as would have an important impact on precision cutting machine tools, in particular, will affect the processing time of the pitch error ofthe pore.Measurement of linear motion detection tools: standard length of the groove feet into blocks of rules, micrometer, optical reading microscope and dual-frequency laser interferometer and so on. Standard length measurement with dual-frequency laser interferometer measurement results shall prevail. Rotary motion detection tool 360 tooth precision indexing of the standard turntable or angle polyhedron, high-precision radial grating and parallel fluorescent tubes, etc.. At present a common detector for dual-frequency laser interferometer.2.1 Detection Method (using dual-frequency laser interferometer pm)(1) Installation and regulation of dual-frequency laser interferometer.(2) preheating laser device, and then enter the measurement parameters.(3) in the machine in motion under the positioning accuracy of machine tools to measure.(4) The output data processing results.2.2 The detection of Note:(1) The instrument should be accurate calibration before use.(2) The pitch error compensation, should be adjusted after completion of the geometric precision machine carried out in order to reduce the geometric precision of the positioning accuracy.(3) for pitch error compensation of high-precision testing instruments should be used (eg laser interferometer) for measuring first and then the compensation should be re-compensated measurements and should be the appropriate analytical standards (VDI3441, JIS6330) on the measurement data analysis, until it reaches the machine tool positioning accuracy. Reposted elsewhere in the paper for free download.(4) machine tools, pitch error compensation methods, including linear shaft rotary axis compensation and compensation for these two methods can be right linear axis and rotary table positioning accuracy of compensation, respectively.3 Cutting AccuracyChecking the accuracy of machine tool cutting checks, under the conditions in the cutting tool geometry on the accuracy and positioning accuracy of a comprehensiveexamination, including the individual machining accuracy and the processing of checking the accuracy of the cast iron specimen examination (standard carbide cutting tools use cutting) . Examination items generally include: boring hole dimensional accuracy and surface roughness boring shape and pitch accuracy, precision flat end milling cutters, side milling cutter on the side of a straight line accuracy, side milling cutter on the side of roundness accuracy, axis of rotation switch 900 side of the right-angle milling cutter precision, two-axis accuracy.4 References1. Week, M., Handbook of Machine Tools, John Wiley & Sons, New York ,1984.2. The Working Papers of the MIT Commission on Industrial Productivity,MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 1989.3. Lange, K., Handbook of Metal Forming, McGraw Hill, New York,1985.4. Kalpakjian, S., Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, A^^ Edition,Prentice Hall, 2000.。
毕业论文(设计)外文文献翻译及原文
金融体制、融资约束与投资——来自OECD的实证分析R．SemenovDepartment of Economics，University of Nijmegen，Nijmegen（荷兰内梅亨大学，经济学院）这篇论文考查了OECD的11个国家中现金流量对企业投资的影响.我们发现不同国家之间投资对企业内部可获取资金的敏感性具有显著差异,并且银企之间具有明显的紧密关系的国家的敏感性比银企之间具有公平关系的国家的低.同时，我们发现融资约束与整体金融发展指标不存在关系.我们的结论与资本市场信息和激励问题对企业投资具有重要作用这种观点一致，并且紧密的银企关系会减少这些问题从而增加企业获取外部融资的渠道。
一、引言各个国家的企业在显著不同的金融体制下运行。
金融发展水平的差别(例如，相对GDP的信用额度和相对GDP的相应股票市场的资本化程度），在所有者和管理者关系、企业和债权人的模式中，企业控制的市场活动水平可以很好地被记录.在完美资本市场,对于具有正的净现值投资机会的企业将一直获得资金。
然而，经济理论表明市场摩擦，诸如信息不对称和激励问题会使获得外部资本更加昂贵，并且具有盈利投资机会的企业不一定能够获取所需资本.这表明融资要素，例如内部产生资金数量、新债务和权益的可得性，共同决定了企业的投资决策.现今已经有大量考查外部资金可得性对投资决策的影响的实证资料（可参考，例如Fazzari（1998）、 Hoshi(1991)、 Chapman（1996）、Samuel(1998））.大多数研究结果表明金融变量例如现金流量有助于解释企业的投资水平。
这项研究结果解释表明企业投资受限于外部资金的可得性。
很多模型强调运行正常的金融中介和金融市场有助于改善信息不对称和交易成本，减缓不对称问题,从而促使储蓄资金投着长期和高回报的项目,并且提高资源的有效配置（参看Levine（1997)的评论文章）。
因而我们预期用于更加发达的金融体制的国家的企业将更容易获得外部融资.几位学者已经指出建立企业和金融中介机构可进一步缓解金融市场摩擦。
外文翻译
衢州学院本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译译文：屋顶的液体施加的机械性能防水系统João Feiteira; J. Grandão Lopes; and J. de Brito, Ph.D.摘要：本研究的特点是无筋力学性能及钢筋屋面防水系统应用于液体（LARWS）基于几种聚合物的类型和链接的行人辅助的屋顶。
厚度和配筋的影响对系统的性能对水泥，丙烯酸，硅橡胶，液体橡胶无液体的薄膜样品进行了评估，并基于聚氨酯系统、耐动态和静态压痕测定的拉伸性能。
用于将进一步验证了健身低温试验水密性和灵活性的评估。
产品类型对机械性能的LARWS是最有影响力的参数。
水泥和聚氨酯为基础的系统最好有一个比其他所有的更高的抗压痕，这是只有适合不可测的屋顶。
内部加强件的使用可以提高动态或静态的压痕阻力。
使用一个额外的大衣的产品产生较高的耐药性动态压痕。
变形或僵硬不能直接连接到一个系统的抗压痕。
在低温（-5°C）柔韧性测试发现，机械性能的LARWS是不受这些条件的严重影响。
DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000314. ©2013美国土木工程师学会数据库主题词：涂层；聚合物；屋顶；力学性能关键词：防水；涂层；聚合物；屋顶；液体；力学性能引言：屋面系统的防水涂料，传统上一直由沥青材料，尽管几十年来有其它防水系统的存在，大多数安装在世界各地的屋面防水系统(Delgado et al. 2005)仍然是建筑和单层沥青系统。
然而，越来越多的冷屋面防水系统应用于液体（LARWS）基于聚合物在过去的几十年里已经成为可用。
虽然聚合物改性沥青产品存在使用冷液体(D’Annunzio 2000)，LARWS通常是基于聚合物改性水泥砂浆或柔性聚合物水分散体和几种类型的乳液，与溶剂型产品在大多数发达国家由于健康和安全政策被淘汰。
液态聚合物涂层和聚合物改性水泥砂浆弹性由于其防水性能和抗氯离子渗透(Al-Zahrani et al. 2002; Kosednar and Mailvaganam 2005; Ohama 1996),防水车库甲板(Litvan 1996;Mailvaganam 1996),或管内衬修复材料(Morgado et al. 2012)被用来保护钢筋混凝土结构。
毕设三项文档之-外文翻译
本科生毕业设计 (论文)
外文翻译
原文标题
Worlds Collide:
Exploring the Use of Social Media Technologies for
Online Learning
译文标题
世界的碰撞：
探索社交媒体技术在在线学习的应用
作者所在系别计算机科学与工程系作者所在专业计算机科学与技术作者所在班级
作者姓名
作者学号
指导教师姓名
指导教师职称讲师
完成时间2013年2月
北华航天工业学院教务处制
注：1. 指导教师对译文进行评阅时应注意以下几个方面：①翻译的外文文献与毕业设计（论文）的主题是否高度相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业设计（论文）的参考文献；②翻译的外文文献字数是否达到规定数量（3 000字以上）；③译文语言是否准确、通顺、具有参考价值。
2. 外文原文应以附件的方式置于译文之后。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译
毕业设计(论文）外文文献翻译院系：财务与会计学院年级专业：201＊级财务管理姓名:学号：132148*＊*附件: 财务风险管理【Abstract】Although financial risk has increased significantly in recent years risk and risk management are not contemporary issues。
The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market。
Information is available instantaneously which means that change and subsequent market reactions occur very quickly。
The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates interest rates and commodity prices。
Counterparties can rapidly become problematic。
As a result it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management。
【Key Words】Financial risk，Risk management，YieldsI. Financial risks arising1.1What Is Risk1.1.1The concept of riskRisk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss while exposure is the possibility of loss although they are often used interchangeably。
毕业设计外文文献翻译范文
毕业设计外文文献翻译专业学生姓名班级学号指导教师优集学院外文资料名称：Knowledge-Based Engineeri--ng Design Methodology外文资料出处：Int.J.Engng Ed.Vol.16.No.1附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文2.外文原文基于知识工程(KBE)设计方法D. E. CALKINS1.背景复杂系统的发展需要很多工程和管理方面的知识、决策，它要满足很多竞争性的要求。
设计被认为是决定产品最终形态、成本、可靠性、市场接受程度的首要因素。
高级别的工程设计和分析过程(概念设计阶段)特别重要，因为大多数的生命周期成本和整体系统的质量都在这个阶段。
产品成本的压缩最可能发生在产品设计的最初阶段。
整个生命周期阶段大约百分之七十的成本花费在概念设计阶段结束时，缩短设计周期的关键是缩短概念设计阶段，这样同时也减少了工程的重新设计工作量。
工程权衡过程中采用良好的估计和非正式的启发进行概念设计。
传统CAD工具对概念设计阶段的支持非常有限。
有必要，进行涉及多个学科的交流合作来快速进行设计分析(包括性能，成本，可靠性等)。
最后，必须能够管理大量的特定领域的知识。
解决方案是在概念设计阶段包含进更过资源，通过消除重新设计来缩短整个产品的时间。
所有这些因素都主张采取综合设计工具和环境，以在早期的综合设计阶段提供帮助。
这种集成设计工具能够使由不同学科的工程师、设计者在面对复杂的需求和约束时能够对设计意图达成共识。
那个设计工具可以让设计团队研究在更高级别上的更多配置细节。
问题就是架构一个设计工具，以满足所有这些要求。
2.虚拟(数字)原型模型现在需要是一种代表产品设计为得到一将允许一产品的早发展和评价的真实事实上原型的过程的方式。
虚拟样机将取代传统的物理样机，并允许设计工程师，研究“假设”的情况，同时反复更新他们的设计。
真正的虚拟原型，不仅代表形状和形式，即几何形状，它也代表如重量，材料，性能和制造工艺的非几何属性。
毕业设计论文 外文文献翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献翻译计算机科学与信息工程系系（院）2008 届题目企业即时通Instant Messaging for Enterprises课题类型技术开发课题来源自选学生姓名许帅专业班级 04计算机科学与技术指导老师王占中职称工程师完成日期：2008年4 月 6 日目录I NSTANT M ESSAGING FOR E NTERPRISE (1)1. Tips (1)2. Introduction (1)3. First things first (2)4.The While-Accept loop (4)5. Per-Thread class (6)6. The Client class (7)企业即时通 (9)1.提示 (9)2.简介 (9)3.首先第一件事 (10)4.监听循环 (11)5.单线程类 (13)6.用户端类 (14)Instant Messaging for Enterprise1. TipsIf Java is, in fact, yet another computer programming language, you may question why it is so important and why it is being promoted as a revolutionary step in computer programming. The answer isn’t immediately obvious if you’re coming from a tr aditional programming perspective. Although Java is very useful for solving traditional standalone programming problems, it is also important because it will solve programming problems on the World Wide Web. What is the Web?The Web can seem a bit of a mys tery at first, with all this talk of “surfing,”“presence,” and “home pages.” It’s helpful to step back and see what it really is, but to do this you must understand client/server systems, another aspect of computing that is full of confusing issues. The primary idea of a client/server system is that you have a central repository of information，some kind of data, often in a database。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(学生用)
毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：信息科学与工程学院专业：软件工程姓名： XXXXX学号： XXXXXXXXX外文出处： Think In Java (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文网络编程历史上的网络编程都倾向于困难、复杂，而且极易出错。
程序员必须掌握与网络有关的大量细节，有时甚至要对硬件有深刻的认识。
一般地，我们需要理解连网协议中不同的“层”（Layer）。
而且对于每个连网库，一般都包含了数量众多的函数，分别涉及信息块的连接、打包和拆包；这些块的来回运输；以及握手等等。
这是一项令人痛苦的工作。
但是，连网本身的概念并不是很难。
我们想获得位于其他地方某台机器上的信息，并把它们移到这儿；或者相反。
这与读写文件非常相似，只是文件存在于远程机器上，而且远程机器有权决定如何处理我们请求或者发送的数据。
Java最出色的一个地方就是它的“无痛苦连网”概念。
有关连网的基层细节已被尽可能地提取出去，并隐藏在JVM以及Java的本机安装系统里进行控制。
我们使用的编程模型是一个文件的模型；事实上，网络连接（一个“套接字”）已被封装到系统对象里，所以可象对其他数据流那样采用同样的方法调用。
除此以外，在我们处理另一个连网问题——同时控制多个网络连接——的时候，Java内建的多线程机制也是十分方便的。
本章将用一系列易懂的例子解释Java的连网支持。
15.1 机器的标识当然，为了分辨来自别处的一台机器，以及为了保证自己连接的是希望的那台机器，必须有一种机制能独一无二地标识出网络内的每台机器。
早期网络只解决了如何在本地网络环境中为机器提供唯一的名字。
但Java面向的是整个因特网，这要求用一种机制对来自世界各地的机器进行标识。
为达到这个目的，我们采用了IP（互联网地址）的概念。
IP以两种形式存在着：(1) 大家最熟悉的DNS（域名服务）形式。
我自己的域名是。
所以假定我在自己的域内有一台名为Opus的计算机，它的域名就可以是。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译【范本模板】
南京理工大学紫金学院毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译系：机械系专业：车辆工程专业姓名:宋磊春学号:070102234外文出处：EDU_E_CAT_VBA_FF_V5R9(用外文写)附件：1。
外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文.附件1：外文资料翻译译文CATIA V5 的自动化CATIA V5的自动化和脚本：在NT 和Unix上：脚本允许你用宏指令以非常简单的方式计划CATIA。
CATIA 使用在MS –VBScript中(V5.x中在NT和UNIX3。
0 )的共用部分来使得在两个平台上运行相同的宏。
在NT 平台上：自动化允许CATIA像Word/Excel或者Visual Basic程序那样与其他外用分享目标。
ATIA 能使用Word/Excel对象就像Word/Excel能使用CATIA 对象。
在Unix 平台上:CATIA将来的版本将允许从Java分享它的对象。
这将提供在Unix 和NT 之间的一个完美兼容。
CATIA V5 自动化：介绍（仅限NT）自动化允许在几个进程之间的联系:CATIA V5 在NT 上：接口COM：Visual Basic 脚本(对宏来说)，Visual Basic 为应用（适合前:Word/Excel )，Visual Basic。
COM（零部件目标模型)是“微软“标准于几个应用程序之间的共享对象。
Automation 是一种“微软“技术,它使用一种解释环境中的COM对象。
ActiveX 组成部分是“微软“标准于几个应用程序之间的共享对象,即使在解释环境里。
OLE（对象的链接与嵌入）意思是资料可以在一个其他应用OLE的资料里连结并且可以被编辑的方法(在适当的位置编辑）.在VBScript,VBA和Visual Basic之间的差别：Visual Basic(VB）是全部的版本。
它能产生独立的计划,它也能建立ActiveX 和服务器。
它可以被编辑。
VB中提供了一个补充文件名为“在线丛书“(VB的5。
毕业设计(论文)外文翻译
华南理工大学广州学院本科生毕业设计（论文）翻译外文原文名Agency Cost under the Restriction of Free Cash Flow中文译名自由现金流量的限制下的代理成本学院管理学院专业班级会计学3班学生姓名陈洁玉学生学号200930191100指导教师余勍讲师填写日期2015年5月11日外文原文版出处：译文成绩：指导教师（导师组长）签名：译文：自由现金流量的限制下的代理成本摘要代理成本理论是资本结构理论的一个重要分支。
自由现金流代理成本有显着的影响。
在这两个领域相结合的研究，将有助于建立和扩大理论体系。
代理成本理论基础上，本研究首先分类自由现金流以及统计方法的特点。
此外，投资自由现金流代理成本的存在证明了模型。
自由现金流代理成本理论引入限制，分析表明，它会改变代理成本，进而将影响代理成本和资本结构之间的关系，最后，都会影响到最优资本结构点，以保持平衡。
具体地说，自由现金流增加，相应地，债务比例会降低。
关键词：资本结构，现金流，代理成本，非金钱利益1、介绍代理成本理论，金融契约理论，信号模型和新的啄食顺序理论，新的资本结构理论的主要分支。
财务con-道的理论侧重于限制股东的合同行为，解决股东和债权人之间的冲突。
信令模式和新的啄食顺序理论中心解决投资者和管理者之间的冲突。
这两种类型的冲突是在商业组织中的主要冲突。
代理成本理论认为，如何达到平衡这两种类型的冲突，资本结构是如何形成的，这是比前两次在一定程度上更多的理论更全面。
……Agency Cost under the Restriction of Free Cash FlowAbstractAgency cost theory is an important branch of capital structural theory. Free cash flow has significant impact on agency cost. The combination of research on these two fields would help to build and extend the theoretical system. Based on agency cost theory, the present study firstly categorized the characteristics of free cash flow as well as the statistical methodologies. Furthermore, the existence of investing free cash flow in agency cost was proved by a model. Then free cash flow was introduced into agency cost theory as restriction, the analysis shows that it will change agency cost, in turn, will have an impact on the relationship between agency cost and capital structure, finally, will influence the optimal capital structure point to maintain the equilibrium. Concretely, with the increasing free cash flow, correspondingly, debt proportion will decrease.Keywords:Capital Structure,Free Cash Flow,Agency Cost,Non-Pecuniary Benefit1. IntroductionAgency cost theory, financial contract theory, signaling model and new pecking order theory are the main branches of new capital structure theory. Financial con-tract theory focuses on restricting stockholders’ behavior by contract and solving the conflict between stockholders and creditors. Signaling model and new pecking order theory center on solving the conflict between investors and managers. These two types of conflict are the main conflict in business organizations. Agency cost theory considers how equilibrium is reached in both types of conflict and how capital structure is formed, which is more theory is more comprehensive than the previous two to some degree.……。
土木工程-毕业设计-论文-外文翻译-中英文对照
英文原文：Concrete structure reinforcement designSheyanb oⅠWangchenji aⅡⅠFoundation Engineering Co., Ltd. Heilongjiang DongyuⅡHeilongjiang Province, East Building Foundation Engineering Co., Ltd. CoalAbstract：structure in the long-term natural environment and under the use environment's function, its function is weaken inevitably gradually, our structural engineering's duty not just must finish the building earlier period the project work, but must be able the science appraisal structure damage objective law and the degree, and adopts the effective method guarantee structure the security use, that the structure reinforcement will become an important work. What may foresee will be the 21st century, the human building also by the concrete structure, the steel structure, the bricking-up structure and so on primarily, the present stage I will think us in the structure reinforcement this aspect research should also take this as the main breakthrough direction.Key word：Concrete structure reinforcement bricking-up structure reinforcement steel structure reinforcement1 Concrete structure reinforcementConcrete structure's reinforcement divides into the direct reinforcement and reinforces two kinds indirectly, when the design may act according to the actual condition and the operation requirements choice being suitable method and the necessary technology.1.1the direct reinforcement's general method1）Enlarges the section reinforcement lawAdds the concretes cast-in-place level in the reinforced concrete member in bending compression zone, may increase the section effective height, the expansion cross sectional area, thus enhances the component right section anti-curved, the oblique section anti-cuts ability and the section rigidity, plays the reinforcement reinforcement the role.In the suitable muscle scope, the concretes change curved the component right section supporting capacity increase along with the area of reinforcement and the intensity enhance. In the original component right section ratio of reinforcement not too high situation, increases the main reinforcement area to be possible to propose the plateau component right section anti-curved supporting capacity effectively. Is pulled in the section the area to add the cast-in-place concrete jacket to increase the component section, through new Canada partial and original component joint work, but enhances the component supporting capacity effectively, improvement normal operational performance.Enlarges the section reinforcement law construction craft simply, compatible, and has the mature design and the construction experience; Is suitable in Liang, the board, the column, the wall and the general structure concretes reinforcement; But scene construction's wet operating time is long, to produces has certain influence with the life, and after reinforcing the building clearance has certain reduction.2) Replacement concretes reinforcement lawThis law's merit with enlarges the method of sections to be close, and after reinforcing, does not affect building's clearance, but similar existence construction wet operating time long shortcoming; Is suitable somewhat low or has concretes carrier's and so on serious defect Liang, column in the compression zone concretes intensity reinforcement.3) the caking outsourcing section reinforcement lawOutside the Baotou Steel Factory reinforcement is wraps in the section or the steel plate is reinforced component's outside, outside the Baotou Steel Factory reinforces reinforced concrete Liang to use the wet outsourcing law generally, namely uses the epoxy resinification to be in the milk and so on methods with to reinforce the section the construction commission to cake a whole, after the reinforcement component, because is pulled with the compressed steel cross sectional area large scale enhancement, therefore right section supporting capacity and section rigidity large scale enhancement.This law also said that the wet outside Baotou Steel Factory reinforcement law, the stress is reliable, the construction is simple, the scene work load is small, but is big with the steel quantity, and uses in above not suitably 600C in the non-protection's situation the high temperature place; Is suitable does not allow in the use obviously to increase the original component section size, but requests to sharpen its bearing capacity large scale the concrete structure reinforcement.4) Sticks the steel reinforcement lawOutside the reinforced concrete member in bending sticks the steel reinforcement is (right section is pulled in the component supporting capacity insufficient sector area, right section compression zone or oblique section) the superficial glue steel plate, like this may enhance is reinforced component's supporting capacity, and constructs conveniently.This law construction is fast, the scene not wet work or only has the plastering and so on few wet works, to produces is small with the life influence, and after reinforcing, is not remarkable to the original structure outward appearance and the original clearance affects, but the reinforcement effect is decided to a great extent by the gummy craft and the operational level; Is suitable in the withstanding static function, and is in the normal humidity environment to bend or the tension member reinforcement.5) Glue fibre reinforcement plastic reinforcement lawOutside pastes the textile fiber reinforcement is pastes with the cementing material the fibre reinforcement compound materials in is reinforced the component to pull the region, causes it with to reinforce the section joint work, achieves sharpens the component bearing capacity the goal. Besides has glues the steel plate similar merit, but also has anticorrosive muddy, bears moistly, does not increase the self-weight of structure nearly, durably, the maintenance cost low status merit, but needs special fire protection processing, is suitable in each kind of stress nature concrete structure component and the general construction.This law's good and bad points with enlarge the method of sections to be close; Is suitable reinforcement which is insufficient in the concrete structure component oblique section supporting capacity, or must exert the crosswise binding force to the compressional member the situation.6) Reeling lawThis law's good and bad points with enlarge the method of sections to be close; Is suitable reinforcement which is insufficient in the concrete structure component oblique section supporting capacity, or must exert the crosswise binding force to the compressional member the situation.7) Fang bolt anchor lawThis law is suitable in the concretes intensity rank is the C20~C60 concretes load-bearing member transformation, the reinforcement; It is not suitable for already the above structure which and the light quality structure makes decent seriously. 1.2The indirect reinforcement's general method1)Pre-stressed reinforcement law(1)Thepre-stressed horizontal tension bar reinforces concretes member in bending,because the pre-stressed and increases the exterior load the combined action, in the tension bar has the axial tension, this strength eccentric transmits on the component through the pole end anchor (, when tension bar and Liang board bottom surface close fitting, tension bar can look for tune together with component, this fashion has partial pressures to transmit directly for component bottom surface), has the eccentric compression function in the component, this function has overcome the bending moment which outside the part the load produces, reduced outside the load effect, thus sharpened component's anti-curved ability. At the same time, because the tension bar passes to component's pressure function, the component crack development can alleviate, the control, the oblique section anti-to cut the supporting capacity also along with it enhancement.As a result of the horizontal lifting stem's function, the original component's section stress characteristic by received bends turned the eccentric compression, therefore, after the reinforcement, component's supporting capacity was mainly decided in bends under the condition the original component's supporting capacity 。