lecture 1 汉英语言类型对比与翻译(综合语与分析语)

III. 汉语和英语的形态学分类
• 相反，作为屈折语的英语则表现为：
Hale Waihona Puke 1. 语法关系主要以词本身的形态变化予以表达，词的曲折形 态变化相对丰富，用以标示语法范畴，表达语法意义（名词 有单复数形式，形容词和副词有比较级和最高级形式，代词 有主格、宾格和所有格等形态），并集中体现在动词的时态、 体态和语态等形态变化上，形成了以动词形态变化为主轴的 句法结构模式，表意与句法形态紧密结合。 词缀变化（affixation）突出，词缀种类齐全且灵活多变，构 词法上以派生构词（derivation）为主。 词类分明，结构形式严谨，语法和逻辑意义的表达呈显性 （overt） ，结构上主要遵循形式一致性原则，表现为形式和 意义的基本对应。


IV. 形态学分类视角下的汉英互译

以上对比分析表明，汉语和英语在表意手段上，前者以词汇 手段为主，后者以形态手段为主，汉英互译时就要充分发挥 译语优势，选用符合译语（target language）语言习惯的表 意手段，灵活变通，兼容互补，恰当再现源语（source language）的语法和逻辑意义。例如： 1. I was a modest, good-humored boy; it is Oxford that has made me insufferable. 【原译】我本来是一个谦虚谨慎、人见人爱的孩子，是牛津 大学将我弄得这么人见人嫌。 【试译】我原本谦逊尔雅、人见人爱，是牛津大学教得我人 见人嫌。
II. Important Concepts
• For example, the generation of the English plural dogs from dog is an inflectional rule, while compound phrases and words like dog catcher or dishwasher are examples of word formation. • Informally, word formation rules form "new" words, while inflection rules yield variant forms of the "same" word, which may be different in grammatical sense. • Accordingly, morphology is generally divided into two fields: inflectional morphology and derivational morphology. And There is a further distinction between two types of word formation: derivation and compounding.
III. 汉语和英语的形态学分类
• 形态分类学研究表明：汉语是分析型（analytic）为主的语言 （分析语），英语是从综合语（synthetic）向分析型发展的 语言（综合-分析语）。具体而言， 1. 汉语缺乏能表示语法意义的形态体系，语法关系的表示主 要不是借助词本身的形态变化，而是采用语序、虚词（助词） 等手段，语法和逻辑意义的表达呈隐性（covert）； 2. 概念意义及语法意义主要依靠词汇表意手段； 3. 现代汉语（Modern Standard Chinese or Mandarin)）用词 主要以词根的形式出现，多数词根为粘着语素 （bound morpheme），构词以复合构词（compounding）为主； 4. 古汉语（Classical Chinese）几乎没有形态变化 （very little morphology），纯粹使用作为自由语素（free morpheme）的字（Chinese Character）和语序表意，属于 传统分类学上典型的孤立语（isolating language）。
• Compounding is a process of word formation that involves combining complete word forms into a single compound form. Dog catcher, therefore, is a compound, as both dog and catcher are complete word forms (free morphemes) in their own right but are subsequently treated as parts of one form.
II. Important Concepts
• Depending on the preferred way of expressing noninflectional notions, languages may be classified as analytic (分析型语言) (using syntactic phrases) and synthetic languages (综合型语言) (using word formation) . • Analytic languages contain very little inflection, instead relying on features like word order and auxiliary words to convey meaning. • Synthetic languages are further divided into two categories: agglutinative languages (粘着语), which rely primarily on discrete particles such as prefixes, suffixes, and infixes for inflection, and fusional or inflectional languages (屈折语), which “fuse” inflectional categories together, often allowing one word ending to contain several categories, such that the original root can be difficult to extract.
• 【讨论】汉语和英语在语法意义的表达上具有不同取向：汉 语偏向采用词汇手段，以词汇表意；英语偏向采用词的曲折 变化形式，以形态表意，包括名词的单复数，动词的时态、 体态、语态，形容词和副词的比较级，代词的格等。
II. Important Concepts
• 1. Linguistic typology (语言类型学) is a field of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural and functional features. Its aim is to describe and explain the common properties and the structural diversity of the world's languages. • 2. Morphology (形态学；词态学) is the study of words (how they are formed) and their relationship to other words in the same language. It analyzes the structure of words and parts of words, such as stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes. Morphology also looks at parts of speech, intonation and stress, and the ways context can change a word's pronunciation and meaning. • In other words, morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies patterns of word formation (构词) within and across languages and attempts to formulate rules that model the knowledge of the speakers of those languages. Rules of the first kind are inflectional rules, while those of the second kind are rules of word formation.



IV. 形态学分类视角下的汉英互译

2. Few follow the advice of Isabella Beeton, the guru of British cooks in the 19th century, who decreed in an early edition of her book that “a good meal, if enjoyed and digested, gives the support necessary for the morning’s work. 【原译】19世纪英国烹饪大师伊莎贝拉.比顿曾在其著作的一 个早期版本里说过：“受用一顿美餐，能使整个上午工作精 力充沛。”这番高见，现在很少有人领教了。 【试译 】19世纪英国烹饪大师伊莎贝拉.比顿，在其著述的 早期版本就有忠告：“早餐吃得好，消化好，保你整上午事 事精神好。”而今鲜有遵从的了。
II. Important Concepts