主旨大意题

阅读理解专题三----主旨大意题一．主旨大意题命题形式大致可以概括为三类：选择段落或文章的主题思想、标题和写作目的。

【常见考法】1．大意类常见的主题型题干：1) This passage chiefly deals with____________.2) What is mainly discussed in the text/ paragraph？__________3) What is the main idea of the passage？__________2．标题类常见的标题型题干：4)The best title/ headline for this passage might be_____________.5)The text (passage) could be entitled ______________.6)What is the best title for the passage? ______________.3．目的主旨大意题7)The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is______________.8)The passage is meant to ______________.9)The purpose of this article is______________.二．主旨大意题的错误选项有以下特点：1．以偏盖全。

只是局部信息或者是一句没有展开论述的话。

2．过于笼统。

即归纳的主题太宽泛，与细节脱节或者是没有对细节加以充分论述。

3．把观点强加于作者。

读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解。

4．无关信息，即在文章中没有提到或者是找不到语言依据的信息。

三．解题技巧1. 根据转折连词或部分标志性词句来总结文章主题。

一般而言，作者常常借用转折连词来引出文章或段落的主旨大意，如but，yet，however。

需要注意的是转折连词后面的内容往往是作者真实的写作目的或基本观点，而这又常常是文章中心主旨的关键所在。

还要格外注意部分标志性词句，如：on the whole, as a result, in short, therefore, thus, I agree with the opinion that….;Given all thes e points above, I would support the idea that….; For all the reasons mentioned above, I would prefer…2．“主题句定位法”也是一种行之有效的方法。

文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况：①正三角形写作法：（△）即中心主题句出现在文首。

开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。

这是英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式。

②倒三角形写作法：（▽）即主题句出现在文尾。

在表述细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。

这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式。

③圆形写作法：（○）即首尾呼应的写作方法。

突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见。

通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。

④菱形写作法：（◇）即主题句出现在文章的中间，通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、支撑或发展。

⑤正方形写作法：（□）即中心主题句隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句。

在这种情况下，我们的注意力主要放在两个方面：1. 文章的主要内容；2. 选项之间的区别。

也就是说能涵盖文章的全部或主要内容的选项才是正确答案。

正三角形写作法：（△）（A）People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they haven't eaten a meal unless theyhave had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti(意大利面), eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.1. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the paragraph?______A. Some people like steak and others red meat.B. Vegetables are very healthy for you.C. How food is prepared has a lot to do with how well a person may like it.D. Different people have different tastes in food.倒三角形写作法：（▽）（B）(07年全国E篇) Most people want to know how things are made. They honestly admit, however, that they hardly know a thing when it comes to understanding how a piece of music is made. Where a composer (作曲家) begins, how he manages to keep going -- in fact, how and where he learns his trade--all are covered in complete darkness. The composer, in short, is a man of mystery (神秘).2. What would be the best title for the text? ______A. Composer: a man of mysteryB. Practice makes good musicC. Relation between sleeping and musicD. Music: product of nature圆形写作法：（○）（C）Lacrosse(曲棍球) is a popular sport in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it to train for war. They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World.People play lacrosse outdoors. The lacrosse field is seven meters long. At each end of the field there is a goal. The goal is…There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the lacrosse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio.At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada. Today it is still popular with Canadians.3. The passage is mainly about _______.A. How to Play LacrosseB. Lacrosse in CanadaC. The History of LacrosseD. Lacrosse—A Popular Game in Canada 菱形写作法：（◇）(D)Fat on human beings is distributed(分布) in different ways. Some fat people have a large stomach and no waistline—which makes them look round, rather like apples. Others are fatter below the waist, which makes them appear pear-shaped.There are two types of fat: external fat (fat under the skin) and internal fat (fat inside the body wall). Doctors, who have been examining the relationship between health and fatness, have found that the ‘pears’ have less internal fat, but the ‘apples’ have more internal fat than external fat. This seems to be what causes the health problems.The best treatment for fatness is to reduce the internal fat. But unfortunately it seems that dieting (节食) simply makes an apple-shaped person into a smaller apple and a pear-shaped person into a smaller pear. At the moment there is no known way of reducing the internal rather than external fat.4. The text is mainly about ______.A. fatness and healthB. ways to lose weighC. people’s figuresD. distribution of fat正方形写作法：（□）（E）Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred(转学到) to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.5. What is the main idea of the passage?＿＿＿＿A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.B. Bingham is a diligent student.C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.D. A good lawyer needs good education.四．巩固练习：（F）On the Internet, we can read news at home and abroad and get as much information as we can. We often send e-mails or make telephone calls to our families as well as to our friends by Internet. What’s more, we can go to school on the net, read a lot of books and even teach ourselves foreign languages. We also enjoy music, watch ball matches on the net and play computer games. With the help of the net, we can do shopping even without leaving our homes. The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.6. What’s the main idea of the passage？________A. Keep away from the Internet.B. Surf the net.C. The Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.D. We can entertain ourselves on the Internet.（G）（1998NMET）As prices and building costs keep rising, the "do-it-yourself"(DIY) trend（趋势）in the U.S.continues to grow. "We needed furniture（家具）for our living room," says John Ross," and we just didn't have enough money to buy it. So we decided to try making a few tables and chairs." John got married six months ago, and like many young people these days, they are struggling to make a home at a time when the cost of living is very high. The Rosses took a 2-week course for $ 280 at a night school. Now they build all their furniture and make repairs around the house. Jim Hatfield has three boys and his wife died. Hs has a full-time job at home as well as in a shoe making factory. Last month, he received a car repair bill for $ 420." I was deeply upset about it. Now I've finished a car repair course,I should be able to fix the car by myself." John and Jim are not unusual people. Most families in the country are doing everything they can to save money so the can fight the high cost of living. If you want to become a "do-it-yourselfer", you can go to DIY classes. And for those who don't have time to take a course, there are books that tell you how you can do things yourself.7. What would be the best title for the text? _________A. the Joy of DIYB. You Can Do It Too!C. Welcome to Our DIY Course!D. Ross and Hatfield:Believers in DIY.(H)Coffee is a universal beverage(饮料) that is served in different ways around the world. In London, for example, some Englishmen dip mustard(芥末) into their coffee, while in Denver, a person might add a dash of ketchup(番茄酱). Strips of orange and lemon peel, cloves(丁香) and cinnamon(肉桂) sticks are not unusual additions to the brew(饮料) in Europe. An Asian delightconsists of coffee brewed in boiling sugar. perhaps the richest cup of coffee can be enjoyed in Ireland where whiskey and whipped(生的) cream are important ingredients. In Australia a waitress will ask, "Do you want black or white?" Black is plain black coffee, but white is half coffee and half warm milk. If an Australian orders iced coffee, he will be served a cup of steaming coffee with a scoop of ice cream. It sounds like the Australian version of a "snowball in hell."8. The paragraph could be entitled______.A. Some Like It Hot.B. Coffee Around the World.C. Oriental Delights.D. A Snowball in Hell.(I)(广东高考题) In 1901, H.G. Wells, an English writer, wrote a book describing a trip to the moon. When the explorers (探险者) landed on the moon, they discovered that the moon was full of underground cities. They expre ssed their surprise to the “moon people” they met. In turn, the “moon people” expressed their surprise. “Why,” they asked, “are you traveling to outer space when you don’t even use your inner space?”H.G. Wells could only imagine travel to the moon. In 1969, human beings really did land on the moon. People today know that there are no underground cities on the moon. How ever, the question that the “moon people” asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.Underground systems are already in place. Many cities have underground car parks. In some cities, such as Tokyo, Seoul and Montreal, there are large underground shopping areas. The “Chunnel”, a tunnel(隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete.But what about underground cities? Japan’s Taisei Corporation is designing a network of underground system, called “Alice Cities.” The designers imagine using surface space for public parks and using underground space for flats, offices, shopping, and so on. A solar dome(太阳能穹顶) would cover the whole city.Supporters of underground development say that building down rather than building up is a good way to use the earth’s space. The surface, they say, can be used for farms, parks, gardens, and wil derness. H.G. Wells’ “moon people” would agree. Would you?9. What would be the best title for the text?________A. Alice Cities—cities of the futureB. Space travel with H.G. WellsC. Enjoy living undergroundD. Building down, not up(J)(全国高考题) Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes. “It was seeing people with snake bites that led me to this career,” he said.In 1963, after his army service, Shu entered a medical school and later became a doctor of Chinese medicine. As part of his studies he had to work in the mountains. There he often heard of people who had their arms and legs cut off after a snake bite in order to save their lives.“I was greatly upset by the story of an old farmer I met. It was a very hot afternoon. The old man was pulling grass in his fields when he felt a pain in his left hand. He at once realized he had been bitten by a poisonous snake. In no time he wrapped a cloth tightly around his arm to stop the poison spreading to his heart. Rushing home he shouted ‘Bring me the knife!’ Minutes later the man lost his arm forever.”“The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes,” Shu said.10. The best headline for this newspaper article is ______.A. Astonishing MedicineB. Farmer Loses ArmsC. Dangerous BitesD. Snake Doctor（A）这段文章的第一句就是主题句，确切地表明了本段的中心思想。