初一上英语期末考试题
北京市西城区2014-2015学年上学期初中七年级期末考试
英语试卷
试卷卷面共90分，口试10分，合计100分。
笔试时间共100分钟。
听力理解（共20分）
一、听对话。选出与对话内容相符的图片。每段对话读两遍。（共4分，每小题1分）
二、听句子。选择恰当的答语。每个句子读两遍。（共3分，每小题1分）
5. A. Beef. B. Oranges. C. Coffee.
6. A. Oh. Who is your grandma? B. Wow! Can I cook it? C. Really? How does it work?
7. A. I see. Here you are.
B. Yes. it’s a good idea to watch，TV.
C. Oh. thank God. We’ll have a blue sky.
三、听对话。选出最佳答案。每段对话读两遍。（共6分，每小题1分）
请听一段对话，完成第8至第9小题。
8. Where are they going?
A. Paris.
B. London.
C. New York.
9. When are they going there?
A. In January.
B. In February.
C. In March.
请听一段对话，完成第10至第11小题。
10. When can the students have breakfast at school?
A. At half past six.
B. At six.
C. At ten past six.
11. How many rules have they talked about?
A. One.
B. Two.
C. Three.
请听一段对话，完成第12至第13小题。
12. What can Steven do?
A. Play football.
B. Drive a car.
C. Cook.
13. What can we know about from the game?
A. A country.
B. A friend.
C. A school.
四、听短文，根据短文内容记录关键信息。短文读两遍。（共4分，每小题1分）Time to get up
At 14. __________a. m.
Things to do for her job
Work in a newspaper 15. __________and write something for most of the day.
Time to get up
At 5：45 a. m.
Things to do for his job
Walk about 12 miles. stop at about 90 buildings and 17. __________about 500 letters a day.
五、听短句。把句子填写补充完整。每个句子读两遍。（共3分，每小题1分）
18. I ____________________________.
19. _____________Australia?
20. _____________friend.
语言知识运用（共20分）
六、单项填空（共10分，每小题1分）
从下面各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
21. Mr. Brown has three children，and ___________names are Alex，Amy and Jane.
A. they
B. his
C. their
D. he
22. Emma's books ___________everywhere—on her bed. on the sofa and under the chair.
A. is
B. are
C. be
D. have
23. —Excuse me，can you tell me what the weather is like in Beijing in winter?
—It’s ___________，so put on your warm clothes.
A. warm
B. cold
C. hot
D. cool
24. —Look at the picture. Where is the frog?
—It is ___________the box.
A. in
B. under
C. on
D. next to
25. —Are there ___________vegetables in the fridge?
—No，there aren’t，but there are ___________fruits.
A. some；some
B. some；any
C. any；any
D. any；some
26. —Do you like this game?
—Yes，but I don’t like ___________one.
A. those
B. these
C. this
D. that
27. —What does your friend Carl do after school?
—He ___________chess in a club. He’s a good player.
A. play
B. plays
C. is playing
D. to play
28. Let’s go and help John. He ___________flowers in the garden.
A. watering
B. is watering
C. waters
D. water
29. —___________English classes do you have every week?
—Four.
A. How many
B. How much
C. Which
D. What
30. He has got ___________time to play because he often helps his mother with the housework.
A. many
B. much
C. few
D. little
七、完形填空（共10分，每小题1分）
阅读下面的短文，掌握其大意，然后从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择最佳选项。
What can a city do about litter（扔垃圾）? Garbage in the streets is a big problem. There are some answers to this problem. A city can buy more garbage cans（垃圾桶）. ___31___usually that doesn’t help much. In some cities，people don’t use garbage cans.
The police can ___32___. They can watch for litterbugs. Litterbugs are people who throw（扔）garbage on the ground. The police can tell them to ___33___! But sometimes even the police cannot help much. Some people don’t care（关心）. They ___34___throw garbage on the ground.
All people must want to keep parks and streets ___35___. Advertisements（广告）can help. People can talk about the problem ___36___the radio and television. They can ask for help. You can ask for help. You can ask your neighbours to care about the ___37___.
There is a popular saying，“Every little bit counts. ”In a city，every little bit of litter makes a difference. Every little bit of garbage makes a city ___38___. Every “litter” bit of garbage in a garbage can helps to ___39___a clean city.
People can make a city clean or dirty. In fact，only ___40___can make the difference between clean and dirty.
31. A. But B. So C. Or D. And
32. A. use B. answer C. help D. save
33. A. leave B. stop C. stay D. 1ie
34. A. also B. too C. never D. still
35. A. quiet B. clean C. different D. traditional
36. A. on B. in C. with D. to
37. A. school B. park C. house D. city
38. A. clean B. dirty C. special D. green
39. A. sweep B. search C. make D. visit
40. A. people B. police C. parents D. students
阅读理解（共26分）
八、阅读选择（共20分，每小题2分）
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择最佳选项。
A
41. What does Michael Black do?
A. A singer.
B. A student.
C. A football player.
D. A nurse.
42. What is the nineteen-year-old boy’s family name?
A. Black.
B. Brown.
C. Klassz.
D. Ryder.
43. Who are from the same country?
A. Steven and Jenny.
B. Annie and Jenny.
C. Michael and Annie.
D. Jenny and Michael.
B
My Dog Mandy
This is Mandy. She is the best dog! I got her a few months ago when she was just a little puppy（baby dog）. She has grown a lot since then! She is a small，brown and white dog with a cute nose and ears.
Over the past few months we have become good friends. We have spent lots of time together having fun. We go to the park almost every day. We have friends that we meet at the park, so Mandy has other dogs to play with. They run and bark（犬吠）together. Mandy is a small dog but she barks quite loudly. Mandy has learned how to catch a ball. Her favorite toy is a small blue and yellow ball that she can catch in her mouth very easily. She has short legs but she can jump high! It is a game that she likes to play，so we have played it a lot! She is happy and wags （摇）her tail when she catches the ball.
She has been good company. Mandy has learned how to jump up on my lap（大腿）when we are at home. Mandy and I have become very close friends and I love her a lot.
44. What does Mandy look like?
A. She has a small nose.
B. She has big ears.
C. She is large，black and white.
D. She is small，brown and white.
45. The writer often takes Mandy to the park because ___________.
A. Mandy likes to bark
B. Mandy likes jumping
C. Mandy wants to have fun
D. The park is beautiful
46. What can we learn about the writer and Mandy?
A. They often run together.
B. They work in the same company.
C. They often watch games together.
D. They are good friends.
C
Come to the library. Please come in. Are you a student? This is a good place to study. Please，close the door softly. Everyone is quiet here. Students study in quiet places.
There are many books here. There are many different kinds. You can use them for your classes. There
are books about other countries，like Japan and Mexico. You can find history books，too. Take one. Read about the old days. Or read a literature（文学）book. Read stories. Stories are one kind of literature. The library is a quiet place. So it is a good place to study. Many students come here. They use the computers. They read school books of all kinds. For example，they read science books. The students study their lessons. They find answers to questions in books. There is a big dictionary，too. It is on a special little table. It’s in the corner. There is information at the library for students’ papers.
There are librarians here. Librarians help students. They know all about books. They can find information fast. They help students with their work.
One librarian is Bill Church. Bill is a quiet man. But you can talk to him. You can even call him on the telephone. You can ask him questions. He will help you. He finds answers to questions. He uses the computers in the library. He knows answers to many questions. He can find books and information fast.
There are many things to do. You can read for fun. You can look at pictures. You can play on the computers. But don’t talk loud! Libraries are quiet places for people to read. A person must not talk loud in
a library. A person must whisper. Go to the library and enjoy it. But please，be quiet for other people.
47. Students come to the library ____________.
A. to make friends
B. to read for fun
C. to make phone calls
D. to talk with librarians
48. What does the underlined word “whisper” mean?
A. Talk quietly.
B. Speak loudly.
C. Be quiet.
D. Read fast.
49. What does a librarian do to help students?
A. He reads books for students.
B. He saves some documents for students.
C. He finds books fast for students.
D. He writes down the students’ names.
50. What is the best title?
A. Let’s Read Together
B. Come To The Library
C. A Good Place To Work At
D. Libraries Have Big Dictionaries
九、阅读短文，根据短文内容回答问题。（共6分，每小题2分）
There are many interesting holidays in the United States. In fact，there are holidays in almost every month. Take January for example. The first day of January is New Year’s Day. Like the Chinese people，American people also celebrate the beginning of each year. People sometimes spend this day watching football games.
In January or February，many people in the U. S. celebrate the Chinese New Year. On this day, many families will clean their homes and get ready for the New Year. They will wear new clothes and share
delicious food. They will give each other red envelops with money for good luck in the coming year. They will also light firecrackers to chase away bad luck.
The second Sunday in May is Mother’s Day. Children and fathers will buy beautiful presents for mothers. On that day，all mothers will be very happy.
Different from China. the American Labor Day is in September，not in May. It is on the first Monday in September. On that day，people will honor all the working people in the U.S.
Thanksgiving Day is the 4th Thursday in November. On this day，people will remember how the Indians helped the Pilgrims by teaching them how to farm and hunt. On this day，people will give thanks for food, for their country，and for their families.
51. Are there holidays in almost every month in the US?
52. Who will buy presents for mothers on Mother's Day?
53. What does the passage mainly talk about?
书面表达（共24分）
十、根据句意和音标填写单词。（共4分，每小题1分）
54. —What’s in your __________[b?eg]?
—Some books.
55. My friend likes to ________[me?k] birthday cards.
56. The tiger is a very ________[lɑ:d?] animal and usually lives alone.
57. His mother works in a hospital，and she is a _______['d?kt?].
十一、根据中文所给意思完成句子。（共10分，每小题2分）
58. 我是一名学生，她呢?
I’m a student. __________________ her?
59. 让我们看《星际穿越》电影吧。
__________________ the movie“Interstellar”.
60. 公交车站在医院的右边。
The bus station is __________________ of the hospital.
61. 你愿意和我们一起去游泳吗?
__________________ go swimming with us?
62. 你需要为你的演讲做一下准备吗?
Do you need to __________________ your speech?
十二、文段表达（共10分）
63. 假如你是李华，你的美国笔友Tom要来北京和你一起过寒假。请你写信告诉他北京的天气情况、你通常在假期都做什么以及你的感受。（图片信息仅供参考）
要求：50个词左右。
Dear Tom，
I am glad that you will come to Beijing!
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Best wishes.
Yours，
Li Hua
十一、完成句子。
58. I’m a student. What about her?
59. Let’s watch the movie “Interstellar”.
60. The bus station is on the right of the hospital.
61. Would you like to go swimming with us?
62. Do you need to get ready for your speech?
十二、文段表达（共10分）
参考例文：
63. Dear Tom，
I’m gla d that you will come to Beijing!
Beijing is a modern and beautiful city. It’s cold and windy in winter，so you had better wear your warm coats.
I like playing basketball with my good friends in the morning during winter vacation. That helps me full of energy. In the afternoon I often play chess or watch TV to relax. I usually do my homework and read books in the evening. I love winter vacation because I have time to relax.
I can’t wait to meet you in Beijing.
Best wishes.
Yours，
Li Hua 评分标准
说明：先根据文章整体内容确定档次，然后在该档次内评出分数。
第一档：（10-8分）
1. 所写内容完全符合要求，叙述清楚，内容丰富，语意连贯；
2. 语言通顺，并恰当运用连词；
3. 单词拼写及大小写、标点、语法等错误不超过4个。
第二档：（7-5分）
1. 所写内容符合要求，叙述基本清楚，内容完整，语意基本连贯；
2. 语言基本通顺；有少量句子表达错误，但不影响整体理解；
3. 单词拼写及大小写、标点、语法等错误不超过7个。
第三档：（4-3分）
1. 部分内容符合要求，叙述不清楚，内容不完整；
2. 语言不通顺；句子表达错误较多，影响整体理解；
3. 单词拼写及大小写、标点、语法等错误不超过10个
第四档：（2-0分）请酌情给分。
听力录音稿
一、听对话。选出与对话内容相符的图片。每段对话读两遍。
1. M：Which present do you like better，CD or T-shirt?
W：CD. Music makes me feel relaxed.
2. M：Can I have a look at your new book. Lingling?
W：Sure，here you are.
3. M：Gosh，I’m tired! What time is it?
W：It’s half past ten.
4. M：Excuse me, could you tell me how to get to the post office?
W：Certainly, but it’s a long way from here.
二、听句子。选择恰当的答语。每个句子读两遍。
5. What kind of fruit do you want?
6. Here’s a photo of my family.
7. It’s windy outside.
三、听对话，选出最佳答案。每段对话读两遍。
请听一段对话，完成第8至第9小题。
M：Where are you going on holiday this winter?
W：I don’t know yet. I'm thinking about Paris.
M：Really? I’m going to Paris.
W：Are you? January or February?
M：In February. Let’s go together.
W：Oh，that’s a good idea.
M：Have you ever been there before?
W：Yes，I went there in January three years ago. There are a lot of places to visit and the food there is delicious.
M：Great. I’m sure we’ll enjoy ourselves there.
W：Me too。
请听一段对话，完成第10至第11小题。
M：Excuse me. I’m new in this school. Could I ask you what some of the rules are here?
W：Yes，of course.
M：First，about the breakfast. Is it OK to have breakfast at school?
W：Sure. You can have breakfast at half past six every morning in our dining hall.
M：And what about when I need some help?
W：Well，the teachers’ office building is over there. They can help you if you need help.
M：I see. Finally，what about the school uniform?
W：You should wear it every day. And if you need a new one，you call buy it on the Internet.
M：All right. Thank you very much. Are you a student in our school?
W：No，my school is next to yours.
请听一段对话，完成第12至第13小题。
M：Good evening，I’m John Cliff. Welcome to the game “How much do you know?” It’s a game to see how much you really know about a friend or a family member. Tonight our guests are Linda and her boyfriend，Steven. Linda，you’re going to answer questions about Steven. Are you ready?
W：Yes，John，I'm ready.
M：Ok, first question. Can he cook?
W：That’s easy. Yes, he can. He’s a really good cook.
M：Correct. Ok. next question…Can he sing?
W：Yes…But not very well.
M：Yes，that’s right. That’s what Steven says，too. Ok…next question…Can he drive a car?
W：No，he can’t. He doesn’t know anything about ears.
M：Correct. Ok, how about sports? Does he like sports?
W：Oh yes. he loves sports.
M：Ok, then…Can he play football?
W：Umm…I’m not sure…I don’t know. I think he can. Yes, he can.
M：Are you sure? Is that your answer?
W：Yes，yes，it is.
M：Oh no，Linda. Steven can’t play football.
四、听短文，根据短文内容记录关键信息。短文读两遍。
I’m Judy Brown. J-U-D-Y，Judy，B-R-O-W-N，Brown. I get up at 6：00 a. m. on weekdays. I do some exercise and then I go to work. I have breakfast at work. I don't take a lunch break. I eat lunch at my desk. I work in a newspaper office and write stories for most of the day. I read or watch TV in the evening. I go to bed at 11：00 p. m.
My name is Martin Green. M-A-R-T-I-N，Martin，G-R-E-E-N，Green. I get up at 5：45 in the morning and have breakfast at 6：15. I start work at 7：00 a. m. I send letters for most of the morning. I have lunch from 12：00 to 2：00 p. m. I walk about 12 miles a day and stop at about 90 buildings. I send about 500 letters a day. I finish work at 7：00 p. m.
五、听短句，把句子填写补充完整。每个句子读两遍。
18. I love my school.
19. Are you from Australia?
20. The boy on the left is my best friend.
初一英语上册期中试卷及答案
昆明三中、滇池中学2012——2013学年上学期期中考试 初一英语试卷 一．听力。（20%） （一）听对话或句子，选出与所听句子相关的图画。(每个句子听两遍。) 1. A B C 2. A B C 3. A B C 4. A B C 5. A B C （二）听句子，选出能回答该句子的正确答语。(每个句子听两遍。) 6. A. I’m fine. B. He is my father. C. Yes, I’m good. 7. A. J-A-C-K-E-T. B. It’s a jacket. C. They are blue. 8. A. It’s yellow. B. I’m OK. C. It’s a key. 9. A. No, she isn’t. B. No, I am. C. No, I’m not. I’m Helen. 10. A. Yes, it is. B. No, it is. C. It’s hers. （三）听对话，选出能回答该问题的正确选项。(每个对话听两遍。) 11. Is this Bob’s pen? A. Yes, it is. B. No, it isn’t. C. It’s Helen’s. 12. What color is the key? A. Red. B. Black. C. Black and white. 13. Who’s the girl? A. Cindy’s sister. B. Cindy’s cousins. C. Tom’s friend. 14. What’s Grace’s cousin’s name? A. Jenny. B. Grace. C. Linda.
初一英语期末考试试题以及答案人教版
笔试部分（100分） Ⅰ. 单项选择。(15分) ( )1. Lucy and Lily _____ China next week. A. is visit B. are visiting C. visit D. visits ( )2. —How do you go to work? —I usually go to work _____. A. by a car B. in a car C. on a car D. by cars ( )3. —Must I finish my homework now? —No, you _____. A. may not B. mustn’t C. can’t D. needn’t ( )4. They each _____ a CD in their bags. A. have B. has C. is D. are ( )5. It is a good time _____. A. sing B. to sing C. singing D. sang ( )6. Find the answer _____ the question, please. A. of B. with C. to D. for ( )7. —_____ do you go for a picnic? —Once a month. A. How long B. How many times C. How often D. How many time ( )8. —_____ will you stay in America? —About two months. A. How many B. How often C. How long D. How ( )9. She’s good at _____. A. read B. reading C. to read D. reads ( )10. —Mum, I’ m going to Ann’ s party this evening. —_____. A. Why not B. Have a good time C. Come back early D. Good idea ( )11. —I’m going to Hawaii with my aunt this month for my holiday. —_____! A. Have a good time B. Best wishes to them C. Thand you very much D. It’s OK ( )12. —Excuse me, which is the way to the post office? —Sorry. I’m new here. —_____. A. Not at all B. Bad luck C. Thank you all the same D. Thank you ( )13. —Would you like to go for a picnic with us? —_____, but I’m too busy. A. No, I can’t B. I’d like C. Yes, I’d love to D. Why not ( )14. Leo likes _____, but he doesn’t like _____ now. A. hike; hiking B. hikes; hiking C. hiking; to hike D. hiking; hiking ( )15. The flowers smell _____. A. well B. badly C. good D. much well Ⅱ. 完形填空。（15分） One day there was an argument (争论) between the wind and the sun. “ I’m much 1 than you, ”said the wind.“No, I don’t agree with you!”said the sun. While they were arguing, they saw a man 2 along the road. He is wearing a heavy coat. The sun said to the wind, “Now, let 3 see who can make the man take 4 his coat. Then we will know who is stronger.” First the wind tried. It began to blow very hard. It blew 5 hard that the man pulled (拉)his coat around him. The wind was 6 with the man. Then it said to the sun，“Now, it’s your 7 . ” The sun started to 8 on the man. Soon it got very 9 ! The man took off his coat. The argument was over. We know the 10 was stronger now. （）1.A. strong? B. strongly C. stronger
人教版七年级英语下期中测试卷(含参考答案)
姓名 ********************************************************************************* 一、根据所述内容，选出正确答案，每个问题读两遍（每小题1分，共10分）。 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A.My name is Sandy. B. It is an eraser. C. Yes, I can. D. It is thirty yuan. E. I like oranges. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. A.How do you do? B. 10:45 C. On foot D. having dinner. E. 7:30 二、听句子，选择正确的答语（每小题1.5分，共15分）。 ( )11. A: My mother is happy. B: My mother is cooking. C: My mother is ill. ( )12. A: You can have a good time. B: Yes, it is. C: It’s sunny and warm. ( )13. A: An English book. B: A Chinese book. C: A newspaper. ( )14. A: Peter is reading B: Peter is watching TV. C: Peter is writing a letter. ( )15. A: They’re interesting. B: They’re clever. C: They’re cute. ( )16. A: At school. B: At restaurant. C: At home. ( )17. A: wear the uniforms. B. Clean the classroom. C: Don’t run in classroon. ( )18. A: Tow miles. B: One kilometer. C: on hundred meter. ( )19. A: Get up. B: Go to bed. C: Go to school. ( )20. A: Sports club. B: Art club. C: Chess club.
人教版初一英语上册期中测试题
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人教版初一英语期末考试试题以及标准答案
人教版初一英语期末考试试题以及答案
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笔试部分（100分） Ⅰ. 单项选择。(15分) ( )1. Lucy and Lily _____ China next week. A. is visit B. are visiting C. visit D. visits ( )2. —How do you go to work? —I usually go to work _____. A. by a car B. in a car C. on a car D. by cars ( )3. —Must I finish my homework now? —No, you _____. A. may not B. mustn’t C. can’t D. needn’t ( )4. They each _____ a CD in their bags. A. have B. has C. is D. are ( )5. It is a good time _____. A. sing B. to sing C. singing D. sang ( )6. Find the answer _____ the question, please. A. of B. with C. to D. for ( )7. —_____ do you go for a picnic? —Once a month. A. How long B. How many times C. How often D. How many time ( )8. —_____ will you stay in America? —About two months. A. How many B. How often C. How long D. How ( )9. She’s good at _____. A. read B. reading C. to read D. reads ( )10. —Mum, I’ m going to Ann’ s party this evening. —_____. A. Why not B. Have a good time C. Come back early D. Good idea ( )11. —I’m going to Hawaii with my aunt this month for my holiday. —_____! A. Have a good time B. Best wishes to them C. Thand you very much D. It’s OK ( )12. —Excuse me, which is the way to the post office? —Sorry. I’m new here. —_____. A. Not at all B. Bad luck C. Thank you all the same D. Thank you ( )13. —Would you like to go for a picnic with us? —_____, but I’m too busy. A. No, I can’t B. I’d like C. Yes, I’d love to D. Why not ( )14. Leo likes _____, but he doesn’t like _____ now. A. hike; hiking B. hikes; hiking C. hiking; to hike D. hiking; hiking ( )15. The flowers smell _____.
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人教版七年级下册期中考试试卷七年级英语 （满分：140分；时间：110分钟） 二、单项选择（共15小题；每小题１分，计15分） 21.There is old TV in the sitting room . TV is made in China. A. a, The B an , The C an, a D the ,the 22. We will arrive _________Sunshine Town__________ the afternoon of March 3rd. A. at, in B. in, on C. in, in D. at, at 23.The Smiths always have a rest in the___ _after dinner. A. bedroom B. kitchen C. bathroom D. sitting room 24. the road and you’ll see the hospital. A. Crossing B. Walk cross C. Walk across D. Across 25. It____ Tom twenty minutes to get to the nearest town every day. A. pays B. costs C. spends D. takes 26. Why_______ the modern city with us ? A. not to visit B. don’t visit C. not visit D. not visiting 27. --- Which floor does Anna live ______? --- The _____ floor A. in; nineteenth B. in; nineteen C. on; nineteenth D. on; nineteen 28. ______ nice weather it is today! A. What B. What a C. How D. How a 29. This book is really interesting. Could you ________ it with me? A. give B. share C. tell D. show 30. I don’t like this shirt. Could you show me ________ one? A. the other B. other C. another D. the others 31．--- How are you going to the Summer Palace? --- We’re going there ________ A. on bike B. with bike C. by bike. D. by my bike 32. We read 10,206 like this:_____________ A.one thousand, two hundred and six B. one thousand two hundreds and six C. ten thousand, two hundred and six D. ten thousands, two hundreds and six
人教版2019-2020学年初一英语上册期中测试卷(含答案)
2019-2020学年初一英语上册期中测试卷 听力部分（25分） I 句子理解。听句子选出你所听到的图片。（共5分） A. B. C. D. E. 1.___________ 2.___________ 3.____________ 4.____________ 5.____________ II 小对话理解。听五段小对话选择正确的答案。（共5分） 6. What color is Betty’s schoolbag? A. blue B. green C. yellow 7. What’s Lingling’s favourite subject? A. History B. Chinese C. Geography 8. When do we have classes? A. 8:00 B. 7:50 C. 8:10 9. What food should they buy for the party? A. Bread B. Cake C. Candy 10. Where do they do sports? A. In the library B. In the sports hall C. In the playground III长对话理解。听一段对话回答以下问题。（共5分） 11. Tony and his father want to go shopping for _________ A. food B. drink C. food and drink 12. _________thinks too much chocolate isn’t good for health. A. Tony B. Tony’s father C. Tony’s mother 13. There are some ___________ at home. A. pears B. apples C. oranges 14. Tony’s mum likes drinking _________