重修chapter12
翻新桥梁英语作文

Bridge Renovation: A Vital Task for OurCommunitiesIn the heart of every community, bridges serve as not just connections between two points but also as symbols of unity, progress, and history. Over time, however, these bridges can become outdated, worn down, and unsafe, necessitating their renovation. Bridge renovation is not just about fixing broken parts or updating infrastructure; it's about preserving our community's identity, ensuring safety, and fostering economic growth.The process of bridge renovation begins with a thorough inspection. Engineers and experts inspect the bridge's structure, looking for any signs of damage, decay, or wear. This inspection is crucial as it helps identify the areas that need immediate attention and those that can wait. Based on the inspection report, a renovation plan is drafted, outlining the steps needed to restore the bridge to its former glory.One of the most significant aspects of bridge renovation is the use of modern technology and materials. By incorporating advanced materials like high-strengthsteel and durable concrete, engineers can ensure that the renovated bridge is stronger, safer, and more durable than before. At the same time, the use of technology like drones and sensors helps monitor the bridge's condition even after the renovation, ensuring its long-term safety.During the renovation process, safety is always a top priority. Workers are provided with the necessary safety equipment and trained to handle potential hazards. The work is usually done in stages, with certain areas being closed off to traffic while others remain open. This ensures that both the workers and the community members are safe during the renovation process.Bridge renovation not only benefits the community but also has a positive impact on the environment. By using sustainable materials and practices, engineers can reduce the environmental footprint of the renovation project. For instance, using recycled materials helps reduce waste, while energy-efficient construction methods lower the carbon emissions associated with the project.Once the renovation is complete, the community can enjoy the benefits of a safer, more modern bridge. Therenovated bridge not only improves the safety of commuters but also acts as a catalyst for economic growth. Withbetter connectivity, businesses can expand their reach, and tourists can easily explore the area, thus contributing to the local economy.In conclusion, bridge renovation is a crucial task that benefits not just the community but also the environment.By investing in modern technology, sustainable materials, and safety measures, we can ensure that our bridges remain strong, safe, and connected for generations to come.**桥梁翻新:社区的重要任务**在社区的每个角落,桥梁不仅是连接两地的通道,更是团结、进步和历史的象征。
南艺大学英语重修2翻译复习资料

Translation English-Chinese1 The more expensive kind of antique shop where rare objects are beautifully displayed in glass cases to keep them free from dust is usually a forbidding place.高档一点的古玩店,为了防尘,把文物漂亮地陈列在玻璃柜里,那里往往令人望而却步。
2. A truly dedicated bargain hunter must have patience, and above all, the ability to recognize the worth of something when he sees it.一个一心一意想要淘宝的人,首先要有耐心,最重要的是要有识货的能力。
3. It is the consumer, not the designer or manufacturer, who determines what will be in fashion by accepting one style and rejecting another.是消费者,而不是设计师或生产商,通过接受一种款式或拒绝另一种来决定时尚的流行。
4. Although advertising and other promotional efforts by manufacturers and retailers help to generate sales, they do not dictate what stales will be accepted by consumers.尽管生产商和零售商的广告以及其他促销手段有助于推动销售,但他们不能决定消费者接受哪一种款式。
5. If you had been a very successful banker or businessman during the 1980s, you might well have worn an Armani suit.如果你是二十世纪八十年代成功的银行家或商人,你身上穿的很可能就是阿曼尼的西装。
曳引机说明书

252# North Waihuan Load Changshu, Jiangsu, China
目录
CATALOGUE
第一章
曳引机工作条件
1
第二章
曳引机的搬运
1
第三章
曳引机的安装
1
第四章
编码器使用注意事项
1
第五章
制动器的调整、保养及使用
2
第六章
曳引机的润滑
3
第七章
曳引机的运行检查
第四章 编码器使用注意事项
4.1
编码器属于精密传感器,严禁强行拆装,更不能锤击,如果拆卸有困难时可借助图示
工装拆卸;
4.2
请不要在带电情况下接或拆装信号电缆,以免造成短路,损坏编码器和系统;
4.3
请不要用兆欧表测试编码器,以免造成损坏;
4.4
错误的配线将损害内部电路,配线后请务必参照使用说明书仔细确认。
检查润滑油清洁度可通过滤纸过滤发热的润滑油观察过滤后的金属微粒量来判定是否
该换油。
-3-
Operating and Maintenance Manual for Elevator Traction Machine
第七章 曳引机的运行检查
曳引机在运行时必须作如下检查:
7.1
润滑油是否加至油标指示位置,我们建议采用的润滑油牌号为兰炼飞天 33 # 电梯专用
4
第八章
曳引机的维保
4
第九章
故障或停电困人救援方法
4
第十章
常见故障处理方法
6
Chapter One
Conditions for Operation
7
Chapter Two
Unit 12 “Take Over, Bos’n!”课文翻译综合教程三

Unit 12“Take Over, Bos’n!”Oscar Schisgall1 Hour after hour I kept the gun pointed at the other nine men. From the lifeboat’s stern, where I’d sat most of the twenty days of our drifting, I could keep them all covered. If I had to shoot at such close qu arters, I wouldn’t miss. They realized that. Nobody jumped at me. But in the way they all glared I could see how they’d come to hate my guts.2 Especially Barrett, who’d been bos’n’s mate; Barrett said in his harsh, cracked voice, “You’re a fool, Snyder. Y-you can’t hold out forever! You’re half asleep now!”3 I didn’t answer. He was right. How long can a man stay awake? I hadn’t dared to shut my eyes in maybe seventy-two hours. Very soon now I’d doze off, and the instant that happened they’d jump on the li ttle water that was left.4 The last canteen lay under my legs. There wasn’t much in it after twenty days. Maybea pint. Enough to give each of them a few drops. Yet I could see in their bloodshot eyes that they’d gladly kill me for those few drops. As a man I didn’t count any more. I was no longer third officer4 of the wrecked Montala. I was just a gun that kept them away from the water they craved. And with their tongue swollen and their cheeks sunken, they were half crazy.5 The way I judged it, we must be some two hundred miles east of Ascension. Now that the storms were over, the Atlantic swells were long and easy, and the morning sun was hot –so hot it scorched your skin. My own tongue was thick enough to clog my throat. I’d have given the rest of my life for a single gulp of water.6 But I was the man with the gun — the only authority in the boat — and I knew this: once the water was gone we’d have nothing to look forward to but death. As long as we could look forward to getting a drink later, there was something to live for. We had to make it last as long as possible. If I’d given in to the curses, we’d have emptied the last canteen days ago. By now we’d all be dead.7 The men weren’t pulling on the oars. They’d stopped that long ago, too weak to go o n. The nine of them facing me were a pack of bearded, ragged, half-naked animals, and Iprobably looked as bad as the rest. Some sprawled over the gunwales, dozing. The rest watched me as Barrett did, ready to spring the instant I relaxed.8 When they were n’t looking at my face they looked at the canteen under my legs.9 Jeff Barrett was the nearest one. A constant threat. The bos’n’s mate was a heavy man, bald, with a scarred and brutal face. He’d been in a hundred fights, and they’d left their marks on him.10 Barrett had been able to sleep —in fact, he’d slept through most of the night – and I envied him that. His eyes wouldn’t close. They kept watching me, narrow and dangerous.11 Every now and then he taunted me in that hoarse, broken voice:12 “Why don’t you quit? You can’t hold out!”13 “Tonight,” I said. “We’ll ration the rest of the water tonight.”14 “By tonight some of us’ll be dead! We want it now!”15 “Tonight ,” I said.16 Couldn’t he understand that if we waited until night the few drops wouldn’t be sweated out of us so fast? But Barrett was beyond all reasoning. His mind had already cracked with thirst. I saw him begin to rise, a calculating look in his eyes. I aimed the gun at his chest – and he sat down again.17 I’d grabbed my Luger on inst inct, twenty days ago, just before running for the lifeboat. Nothing else would have kept Barrett and the rest away from the water.18 These fools —couldn’t they see I wanted a drink as badly as any of them? But I was in command here — that was the difference. I was the man with the gun, the man who had to think. Each of the others could afford to think only of himself; I had to think of them all.19 Barrett’s eyes kept watching me, waiting. I hated him. I hated him all the more because he’d slept. He had that advantage now. He wouldn’t keel over.20 And long before noon I knew I couldn’t fight any more. My eyelids were too heavy to lift. As the boat rose and fell on the long swells, I could feel sleep creeping over me like paralysis. I bent my head. It fil led my brain like a cloud. I was going, going …21 Barrett stood over me, and I couldn’t even lift the gun. In a vague way I could guess what would happen. He’d grab the water first and take his drop. By that time the others would be screaming and tearing at him, and he’d have to yield the canteen. Well, there was nothing more I could do about it.22 I whispered, “Take over, bos’n.”23 Then I fell face down in the bottom of the boat. I was asleep before I stopped moving…24 When a hand shook my shoulder, I could hardly raise my head. Jeff Barrett’s hoarse voice said, “Here! Take your share o’ the water!”25 Somehow I propped myself up on my arms, dizzy and weak. I looked at the men, andI thought my eyes were going. Their figures were dim, shadowy; but then I realized it wasn’t because of my eyes. It was night. The sea was black; there were stars overhead, I’d slept the day away.26 So we were in our twenty-first night adrift —the night in which the tramp Croton finally picked us up – but now, as I turned my head to Barrett there was no sign of any ship. He knelt beside me, holding out the canteen, his other hand with gun steady on the men.27 I stared at the canteen as if it were a mirage. Hadn’t they finished that pint of water this morning? When I looked u p at Barrett’s ugly face, it was grim. He must have guessed my thoughts.28 “You said, ‘Take over, bos’n,’ didn’t you?” he growled. “I’ve been holding off these apes all day.” He hefted the Luger in his hand. “When you’re boss-man,” he added, “in command and responsible for the rest — you —you sure get to see things different, don’t you?”“水手长,接手吧!”奥斯卡·希斯高尔1. 一小时又一小时,我用枪指着其他九个人。
写一遍整形整坏的之章的作文

写一遍整形整坏的之章的作文英文回答:The Broken Chapter of My Life.Life is like a book, with each chapter representing a different stage or experience. And just like any book, there are bound to be some chapters that are broken or damaged. In my life, there is one particular chapter that stands out as the most challenging and difficult.It all began when I was in high school. I had just moved to a new city and started attending a different school. At first, I was excited about the change and the opportunity to make new friends. However, things quickly took a turn for the worse.I found it difficult to fit in and make friends. The students in my new school seemed to have their own cliques and were not very welcoming to newcomers. I felt isolatedand lonely, like an outsider looking in. This made me lose confidence in myself and my abilities.Academically, I also struggled. The curriculum at mynew school was more advanced than what I was used to, and I found it hard to keep up. I was constantly playing catch-up and felt overwhelmed by the workload. This affected my grades and further added to my feelings of inadequacy.On top of all this, I experienced personal problems within my family. My parents were going through a divorce, and the constant arguments and tension at home took a toll on me emotionally. I felt like I had nowhere to turn to for support and guidance.During this broken chapter of my life, I often found solace in books. Reading became my escape from reality, a way to transport myself to different worlds and forgetabout my own problems for a while. It was through reading that I discovered the power of resilience and determination.I remember coming across a quote by Winston Churchillthat said, "Success is not final, failure is not fatal: It is the courage to continue that counts." These words resonated with me and became my mantra during thisdifficult time. I realized that setbacks and failures are a part of life, but what truly matters is how we respond to them.I decided to take control of my own narrative and not let this broken chapter define me. I sought help from teachers and mentors who believed in my potential and encouraged me to keep pushing forward. I also joined extracurricular activities that allowed me to pursue my passions and connect with like-minded individuals.Slowly but surely, things started to change. I made friends who accepted me for who I was, and my academic performance improved. I learned to embrace my failures as learning opportunities and to keep striving for success.Looking back, I can now see that this broken chapter of my life was a turning point. It taught me resilience, perseverance, and the importance of seeking support whenneeded. It made me stronger and more determined to overcome challenges in the future.中文回答:我生命中的坏章节。
BOSE ControlSpace Designer 软件 5.5 用户指南

BOSE ProfessionalControlSpace®Designer™ software 5.5June 4, 2019Revision: 1.4GeneralThis release of ControlSpace Designer and firmware adds the following features:1.Support for EX-1280, EX-440C, EX-12AEC2.Support for CC-1D, CC-2D, and CC-3D digital zone controllers3.Updated ArrayEQ for ArenaMatch4.Updated SpeakerEQ files for ArenaMatchThis release of ControlSpace Designer and firmware fixes various issues including:Various CSD I/O Issues1.Fixed an issue where CSD was showing that it was still in the "online" state when the connected PC isdisconnected from the ControlSpace network.2.Fixed an issue where changing the Project Address automatically reset the Dante Endpoints and theyneeded to be updated manually.3.If a Parameter Set is changing Levels on an EX1280C Inputs, Outputs or Gains, the Levels not be setcorrectly if the channels are muted.4.Fixed issue where the ESP-880A and ESP-1240A were showing Dante Inputs and Outputs in the "SPToolkit" even though Dante is not available for these devices.5.If the CSD Project Address is changed, and new Dante Devices added to the Project, those devices willnow be assigned addresses consistent with the Project Address.6.Hardware Manager now displays the correct network mode (Static / DHCP) for the MSA12X7.Notes saved within a Logic Design Window are now saved.8.Fixed an issue where Control Space Designer was showing more Input Channels for a PowerMatch devicethan actually physically exist.9.Fixed issue where ControlSpace Designer Hardware Manager was not showing the correct FirmwareVersion for PowerShare Amplifiers.10.Fixed issue when updating the IP Address of multiple devices at one time (such as changing theControlSpace Designer Project Address) did not update and reboot CC-64s.11.Fixed issue where user was unable to add Dante I/O to Parameter Sets.12.Line drawn in project view from the Amplink output on DSP will now connect to any of the Amplinkinputs on amplifiers.13.CSD now displays more than 10 user defined channel names for Dante Output modules.14.Dante Endpoint IP addresses are changed to match updated Project Address.15.Fixed an issue where PowerMatch entered a Fault mode when uploading a design more than 21 times.3rd Party Mics1.Fixed an issue where the "Mute" function for the SHURE-310 Control Panel did not function correctly andmute the Mic.General Issues1.Grouped Input/Output Levels on PowerMatch devices can no longer be set to non-rounded values.2.Change channel count is now available for matrix mixer in right-click menu.3.Fixed an issue where a CC-16 connected to an EX-1280C would display duplicate characters whencontrolling a selector.4.Fixed an issue where designs created in CSD5.4 that included a CC16 generated a red power LED (systemfault) on EX-1280C.5.Grouped Dante Outputs are now functioning with the Master Fader while on line with CSD.6.Dynamic Routing has been fixed for the EX-1280C.ControlSpace Remote1.If the loaded .csp file used by Control Space Remote is changed and saved, ControlSpace Remote Builderwill now prompt the user notifying them the file has been updated.2.ControlSpace Remote now updates changes made to Group Level Sliders outside of Control SpaceRemote.3.When loading a file into ControlSpace Remote builder, the Level Bar now shows the actual level.FirmwareFirmware included in this release:CSRVersion 2.6 Builder and app are required.Known Issues, Defects and LimitationsThe following are the known issues and defects with this release. Information included here can be useful when troubleshooting issues with software or hardware operation.General Issues1.Duplicating objects can crash CSD and/or corrupt design file2.Modules that have been created by the "Duplicate" command will be shown in reverse order.3.When uploading a design file to an EX-1280C, if there is Audio applied to a Meter above itsthreshold before the upload, the Logic for that Channel will not trigger. The audio must be dropped below the threshold and then back to its original level.4.Muting Grouped Dante Modules while online with CSD does not work correctly.5.CSD does not allow grouping of more than 32 single channel Dante Output channels. Attempting toupload with this programming will result in an error.6.If a USB Input Module is not wired to an Output Module, that Module will not show Metering data.7.For the Variable Equalizer Module, the value for Q/BW will always display the "Q" value, not theBW value.8.If an Acoustic Echo Cancelling Module is deleted from CSD, adding a new AEC Module will retainthe settings of the deleted Module, rather than setting to default values.9.There are some issues deleting objects from the CC-16 Smart Simulator.10.If connecting a PC directly to an EX-1280C, if the network cable is disconnected while CSD isrunning, the device will not be recognized, and CSD will need to be restarted.11.Having 30+ PowerMatch amplifiers with digital I/O cards in one project may corrupt design file.12.PowerShare outputs cannot be added to CC-16 and CC-64. Groups can be used as a workaround.13.The Dial Key and Make Call (PSTN/VoIP) command value (e.g. MA"VoIP In 1">1="0"<CR>) needs tobe entered without the quote (MA"VoIP In 1">1=0<CR>)14.If serial output strings are assigned to a Parameter Set and you then load a preset serial list, it willoverwrite the string in the Parameter Sets.CSD I/O Issues1.When CSD flags a Project Address mismatch it will show the "should be" address incorrectly.2.Logic Module "Parameter Set Recall" cannot be changed to a value higher than 16 with the ContextMenu item "Change Channel Count".B Output Logic does not function when using Logic Routes across multiple devices.4.It has been observed that some files do not merge correctly.CSD Logic Blocks1.If a set of Logic Blocks are set up incorrectly, such as an OR Block looped back to itself, whichcauses an "infinite loop", Control Space Designer will crash.2.For some Logic Wiring, vertices cannot be added.3.CSD is not saving settings for Control Points with Logic Wiring.4.CSD is not saving settings for Wire Label Colors and Backgrounds for Logic Wiring.5.It has been observed that the settings for "Pulse" Pulse Logic Modules cannot be set while onlinewith CSD.6.Assigning a Logic Action from an ESP-00 to a Trigger on an EX-1280 will result in an error.7.The states of Logic Connectors within the Logic Wiring View may sometimes show the incorrectstate. This does not affect the functionality.8.Pulse Logic does not function when used with OR logic while CSD is online.Conference Room Router/Combiner1.Deleting a room from a Room Combining Group will remove that room from the “Room Number”dropdown list.ing "Undo" with Conference Room Combiner can cause CSD to not undo the changes correctly.3.Changing the Label of Port in a Conference Room Router will not change the Label in the CRRMatrix view.4.Changing the names of Outputs for CRR does not update those changes in the CRR Matrix View.5.When adding a Conference Room Router to an existing Conference Room Combiner will result inthe Audio Routes not being completely populated, and the Routes will need to be added manually Under Table Boxes1.It is possible that EX-8ML may boot up with a Link Local address upon first use, rather than DHCP.Rebooting the device will then revert the address to DHCP.2.EX UTB, when programmed in DHCP mode, may be shown as “Static” in CSD Hardware Manager. Telephone Call Functionality1.It has been observed that incoming calls to PSTN will not display full caller ID when calling fromsome countries.2.The Call Timer will incorrectly start when dialing rather than when the call is Active.3.PSTN and VoIP Ring and Voice Levels are not being properly set. There is no difference in audiblelevel between 0 dB and +10 dB.Logic1.It has been observed that some Logic events may Log to Serial Output twice, but this does notaffect performance.ControlSpace Remote1.ControlSpace Remote will show 8 Far End Sources regardless of how many exist in the CSD DesignFile.2.The "Flash" functionality in CSR is works differently that it does in CSD when making ConferenceCalls. In CSR, the call is immediately dialed, rather than hitting the "Dial" button in CSD.3.When entering digits via CSR while in an active VoIP call, there will be no audible DTMF tones.4.It is not possible to end a VoIP call with CSR when the Far End is in a “Hold” state.5.If using ControlSpace Remote to control AmpLink, if the number of channels is changed, theAmpLink Block will need to be deleted and re-done in CSR.3rd Party Mics1.The “Load Preset” function for the SHURE-MXA910 Mic Control Panel is not functioning correctly inControlSpace Designer.Other Issues1.When programming Selectors, Gains, Analog Inputs/Outputs for GPI digital, they may not functionwhen using EX-1280C with Legacy devices.2.If performing Firmware Updates on multiple EX-1280Cs, the Front Panel display may go to "sleep",and the "Updating Firmware" message may not be seen.3. A CC-16 connected to an EX-1280C may display duplicate characters when controlling a selector.4. A CC-16 mapped to a selector may continue to show (*) after the selection is made.5.If illegal Serial commands are sent to EX-1280C, it’s possible that doing so may cause the device toreboot.6.It’s not possible to create long device names in “Properties” view.7.CSD Hardware Manager may show that a new version of Dante Firmware is available, but the“Update” button is greyed and n ot functioning. If so, run the “FUM.exe”from to “/bin” directory to update Dante Firmware.8.The EX-1280C LED Display may show incomplete digits for Dante Firmware Versions.9.If a value is changed in the Standard Room Combine Control Panel(BGM/Input/Output/Gain/Mute), those changes are not shown in the dropdown “Room Control”for the STRC Wizard.10.If combining Rooms across EX-1280C and other devices using Standard Room Combine, CSD will notcreate automatic subscriptions on the non-EX-1280C devices.11.When Merging files, the wiring between Signal Processing Modules is lost.12.When muting Grouped Input/Output Levels on PowerMatch devices, the Group Levels will becomeout of sync when the Groups are Muted.13.PowerMatch will not alert the user to a Digital Audio failure. If there is Audio loss on Dante,ESPLink, CobraNet or other Digital Audio Sources, this issue will be seen.Legacy Devices1.Fixed IO DSP analog Inputs and Outputs may not be set correctly by Timers.2.For the ESP-00 II, the indicators for the Gated AMM Control Panel do not display correctly. TheseModules function accurately on all other devices.3.For the ESP-00 II, the Crosspoints of a Standard Mixer cannot be set via Serial Command.4.Grouped Levels do not change via Serial command if the Group is Muted.5.Not all fixed IO DSP output channels Mute/Unmute when triggered with GPI Input.。
新标准大学英语综合教程3U2AR1省公开课金奖全国赛课一等奖微课获奖课件

1/19
Active reading 1: Resources
Difficult sentences
• 1.I marveled at the moving beacons on the runway and watched …I dreamed of flying.(Para 2)
More
9/19
Active reading 1: Resources
draft
•Work in pairs.Translate the following into Chinese.
决议草案
•1.a draft resolution
NBA选秀
•2.NBA draft •3.To help her f为at帮he助r父a兄nd, 木br兰o应th征e入r, 伍M。ulan was
drafted. 那是我学位论文初稿。 •4.That is my first draft of the dissertation.
他们正在为国家起草一部新宪法。
•5.They are drafting a new constitution for the10/19
Active reading 1: Resources
(计划、信件或绘画等)初稿, 草案
2) a system in which professional teams in some
sports choose players each year from among
college students 运动员选拔制(一些职业运动队每 年在大学生中选拔新队员)
marvel at
find sth.surprising and fascinating
课程重修课程置换流程

课程重修课程置换流程英文回答:Course Repeat and Course Substitution Process.Before Requesting a Course Repeat or Course Substitution:Ensure you have met the pre-requisite(s) for the course you wish to repeat or replace.Review the course syllabus to understand the course content and requirements.Consult with your academic advisor to discuss your request and explore alternative options, such as academic support or tutoring.Course Repeat Process:1. Complete the Course Repeat Request Form.2. Submit the completed form to the Office of the Registrar or your academic department.3. Pay the required fee.4. If approved, you will be enrolled in the course and the previous grade will be replaced with the new grade.Course Substitution Process:1. Complete the Course Substitution Request Form.2. Attach a course description or syllabus for the proposed substitution course.3. Submit the completed form to your academic department.4. Your department will review the request and make a decision.5. If approved, the substitution course will be added to your academic record and count towards your degree requirements.Additional Notes:Not all courses are eligible for repeat or substitution.There may be limits on the number of times a course can be repeated.Course repeat or substitution requests must be submitted before the end of the add/drop period.Approved course repetitions or substitutions will appear on your transcript.中文回答:课程重修课程置换流程。
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2
x x c' ( x) sin x c( x) cos x c 1 故, y ( cos x c ) x
代入原方程得
另解
直接代公式 ( 5) ye
1 dx x
si n x ( e x
1 dx x
dx c )
1 ( cos x c ) x
xy' y sin x 例1 求解初值问题: y 1 x 2 y 解 先求齐次方程 y ' 0的解. x 1 1 1 分离变量 dy dx ln y ln x ln c y c y x x
1 用常变易法 令 y c( x ) x c' ( x) c( x)
代入初始条件 y x 1得
2
c
2
1 y ( cos x ) x 2
例2
dy 1 解方程: dx x y
解 改 写 原 方 程 dx :x y dy
xe
( 1 ) dy
c ye ( 1 ) dy dy
e y ( c ye y dy)
2.解法
常数变易法 把齐次方程通解中的常数变易为待定函数的方法.
1 分离变量后, dy P ( x )dx y
dy P( x) y 0 dx
两端积分 ln y P ( x )dx ln c
y ce
P ( x ) dx
— (3) — 方程(2)的通解.
dy P ( x ) y Q( x ), (Q( x ) 0) dx
i )r1 r2 y c1 e
r1 x
c2e
r2 x r1 x
ii )r1 r2 y (c1 c 2 x )e
iii )r1, 2 i y e x (c1 cos x c 2 sinx )
例1 求微分方程 y"2 y'3 y 0的通解 解 i)
解 观 察 : y * x 2 2,
由定理3, 求非齐次方程 (2)的通解步骤: (1) 求对应于(1)的齐次方程通解 Y; ( 2) 求( 3)的一个特解y * ( 3) y Y y * 。
定理 4
* *
设非齐次方程(2) 的右端 f ( x ) 是几个函
数之和, 如 y P ( x ) y Q( x ) y f 1 ( x ) f 2 ( x ) 而 y1 与 y 2 分别是方程,
si n x 又 tan x 常 数, 线 性 无 关 cos x 故y c1 cos x c2 si n x是 原 方 程 的 通 解 .
2.二阶非齐次线性方程的解的结构:
定理 3 设 y * 是二阶非齐次线性方程
y P ( x ) y Q( x ) y f ( x )
( 2)
的一个特解, Y 是与(2) 对应的齐次方程(1)的通解, 那么 y Y y * 是二阶非齐次线性微分方程 (2) 的 通解.
例3
y" y x 2 非齐次方程
由 例2得 : Y c1 cos x c 2 si n x 通 解 : y c1 cos x c2 si n x x 2 2
e (c ye e )
y
y
y
ce y y 1
n阶线性微分方程的一般形式 函数组的线性相关与无关概念
二阶线性微分方程解的结构
一、n阶线性微分方程的一般形式
y
( n)
P1 ( x ) y
( n 1 )
Pn1 ( x ) y Pn ( x ) y f ( x ).
定理 2 如果 y1 ( x )与 y 2 ( x ) 是方程(1) 的两个线 性无关的特解, 那么 y C1 y1 C 2 y2 就是方程 (1) 的通解.
注 定理2可推广到n阶方程的情形。
例2 解
y" y 0(二阶齐次方程 )
观 察y1 cos x y2 si n x是 方 程 的 解 ,
y py qy 0
二阶常系数非齐次线性方程的标准形式
y py qy f ( x )
本节和下节主要讨论常系数线性方程的解法。
方法:代数的方法
二、二阶常系数齐次线性方程解法
二阶常系数齐次线性方 程: y" py' qy 0 (1) ( p, q为常数)
例3 求方程y"2 y'3 y 0的通解
解
i ) 特征方程 : r 2r 3 0
2
2 4 12 ii ) r 1 2 i 2 r1 1 2i , r2 1 2i
iii ) 通解: y (c1 cos 2 x c2 sin 2 x)e
Qm ( x)(系数待定 )与Pm ( x)同次的多项式
求解 y" py' q Pm ( x )e 的步骤 :
1. 求与 (1)相对应的齐次方程的特 征根
2. 设Q( x ) x k Q m ( x ) 代 入Q" ( x ) ( 2 p)Q' ( x ) ( 2 p q )Q( x ) Pm ( x ) 比较同次幂的系数 , 求 出bi ( i 0,1, m )得, Q m ( x )
2 3
k i 0, i 2,3,4, 线性相关的 2 1, x , x x ( , )
k1 k2 x k3 x 2 0,至多只有二个根,
线性无关
注
y1 ( x ) 两个函数的情形 k y2 ( x ) y1 ( x ), y2 ( x )无关
三、二阶线性微分方程解的结构
1.二阶齐次方程解的结构:
y P ( x ) y Q( x ) y 0
(1)
定理 1 如果函数 y1 ( x ) 与 y2 ( x )是方程(1) 的两个 解, 那末 y C1 y1 C 2 y2 也是(1)的解.(C1 , C 2 是常 数)
问题:
y C1 y1 C2 y2一定是通解吗?
二、函数组的线性相关与无关概念
定义 在I内 定 义 的 一 组 函 数 ( A) : y1 ( x ), y2 ( x ),
, yn ( x ), 若不 全 为 0的 常 数 k1 , k 2 , k n , k1 y1 k 2 y2 k n yn 0 x I ,则 称( A)在I内 是 线 性 相 关 的 ;否 者 称 线 性 无 关 .
其 中: 非 齐 次 指 Q( x ) 0, Q( x ) 0为 齐 次 。 线性指关于 y' , y均 为 一 次 的 .
dy dx 2 2 y x , x sin t t dx dt
一阶非齐次线性方程 .
yy 2 xy 3,
y cos y 1
一阶非线性方程
其中: P1 ( x ), P2 ( x ) Pn ( x )是系数函数 , f ( x )为自由项
当f(x)≠0时,称为n 阶非齐次线性方程 当f(x)=0时,称为n 阶齐次线性方程
线性方程的特点 : (1)关 于y , y' , y ( n )均 是 一 次 的 ( 2)系 数 函 数 和 自 由 项 均 x 是 的函数
y ce
x2
(c 取任意常数 )
例2
解
解微分方程( x xy )dx ( y x y )dy 0
2 2
原微分方程为: x(1 y 2 )dx y(1 x 2 )dy 0
y x 分离变量后 : dy 2 dx 2 1 y x 1
ln( 1 y ) ln(x 1) lnc
解法
找两个线性无关的特解
定义 由常系数齐次线性方程的特征方程的根 确定其通解的方法称为特征方程法.
求y" py'qy 0 (1)的通解的步骤如下 :
1.写 出 (1)的 特 征 方 程 : r pr q 0 ( 2)
2
2.求 出 ( 2)的 特 征 根 r1 , r2 3.根 据 特 征 根 的 情 况 ,通解分为三种情况
x
f ( x ) e Pm ( x ) 型
x
一、f ( x ) e x Pm ( x ) 型
方程 y" py'q Pm ( x)e x 具有如下形式的解:
y x Qm ( x )e
* k
x
其中
0 不是特征根 k 1 是特征单根 2 是特征重根
例1 判断下列函数组是否线性相关
1, sin x, cos x,x (,)
2 2
1 sin x cos x 0
2
取k1 1, k 2 k 3 1, 是线性相关的
0, x , x 2 , x 3,x ( , )
1 0 0 x 0 x 0 x 0, 取k1 1,
举例
一、可分离变量的微分方程
定义 若
y' f ( x , y ) (1)
能化成 g( y )dy f ( x )dx (2 ) 则原方程称为可分离变 量的微分方程。
解法 :
将 ( 2) 两 边 求 积 分
g( y )dy f ( x )dx C
确 定 的 函 数 就 是 (1)的 通 解
一阶线性非齐次微分方程的通解为:
P ( x ) dx P ( x ) dx y Q( x )e dx C e
Ce
P ( x ) dx
e
P ( x ) dx