翻译专业-开题报告新(1)
英语翻译方向的开题报告

英语翻译方向的开题报告英语翻译方向的开题报告一、选题背景及意义英语翻译作为一门重要的语言学科,对于促进不同国家和文化之间的交流与合作起着至关重要的作用。
随着全球化进程的加快,英语翻译的需求也越来越大,因此深入研究英语翻译方向的问题具有重要的理论和实践意义。
二、研究目的和研究问题本研究旨在探讨英语翻译方向的相关问题,包括翻译理论、翻译方法和翻译实践等方面。
具体研究问题如下:1. 英语翻译的理论基础是什么?2. 英语翻译的方法有哪些?各自的特点和适用场景是什么?3. 英语翻译实践中存在的问题有哪些?如何解决这些问题?通过对这些问题的研究,可以为英语翻译的发展提供理论指导和实践经验。
三、研究方法和步骤本研究将采用文献综述和实证研究相结合的方法,具体步骤如下:1. 收集相关文献,包括翻译理论、翻译方法和翻译实践方面的经典著作和最新研究成果。
2. 对文献进行综述和分析,总结英语翻译的理论基础和方法特点。
3. 结合实际案例,对英语翻译实践中存在的问题进行调研和分析。
4. 提出解决问题的建议和措施,为英语翻译实践提供参考和借鉴。
通过以上步骤,可以全面了解英语翻译方向的现状和问题,并提出有针对性的解决方案。
四、预期研究结果和创新点本研究预期将得出以下结果:1. 对英语翻译的理论基础进行梳理和总结,明确其核心概念和基本原则。
2. 对英语翻译的方法进行分类和评价,分析各自的特点和适用场景。
3. 对英语翻译实践中存在的问题进行深入分析,提出解决问题的建议和措施。
本研究的创新点在于对英语翻译方向的综合研究,将理论和实践相结合,旨在为英语翻译的发展提供理论指导和实践经验。
五、研究的局限性和可行性分析本研究的局限性主要体现在以下几个方面:1. 数据的获取和分析可能存在一定的困难,需要耗费一定的时间和精力。
2. 由于研究时间和资源的限制,无法对所有英语翻译方向的问题进行全面研究,可能只能选择一些典型问题进行深入分析。
然而,本研究的可行性较高,主要原因如下:1. 文献综述是一种常见的研究方法,相关文献资源丰富,易于获取和分析。
英语翻译专业开题报告

英语翻译专业开题报告英语翻译专业开题报告一、选题背景随着全球化的加速发展,跨国交流与合作日益频繁,英语作为一种全球通用语言的地位变得愈发重要。
在这样的背景下,英语翻译专业的需求也越来越大。
本文将探讨英语翻译专业的开题报告,以期能够更好地了解该专业的发展趋势和应对方法。
二、研究目的本研究的目的在于探究英语翻译专业的发展现状、面临的挑战以及未来的发展方向。
通过对该专业的深入研究,可以为相关学生和从业者提供有针对性的建议和指导,促进英语翻译专业的健康发展。
三、研究方法本研究将采用文献综述和问卷调查相结合的方法进行。
首先,通过查阅相关文献资料,了解英语翻译专业的发展历程、现状和问题。
其次,设计并发放问卷调查,以收集学生和从业者的意见和建议。
最后,通过对文献和问卷数据的分析,得出结论并提出相应的建议。
四、研究内容1. 英语翻译专业的发展历程英语翻译专业的发展可以追溯到上个世纪初,当时随着国际交流的增加,人们对翻译人才的需求也逐渐增加。
然而,由于当时对翻译专业的认识不够深入和系统,培养出来的翻译人才往往不能满足实际需求。
随着时间的推移,翻译教育逐渐规范化,并逐步与语言学、文学等学科相结合,形成了独立的英语翻译专业。
2. 英语翻译专业的现状与问题目前,英语翻译专业在我国的高等教育体系中已经得到了广泛的认可和重视。
然而,与此同时,也存在一些问题。
首先,由于英语翻译专业的特殊性,培养出来的学生往往在实践能力方面存在一定的不足。
其次,随着机器翻译技术的不断发展,传统的人工翻译面临着一定的挑战。
此外,英语翻译专业的教学内容和方法也需要不断更新和改进。
3. 英语翻译专业的未来发展方向为了适应时代的发展和需求的变化,英语翻译专业需要不断调整和改进。
首先,应该注重培养学生的实践能力,提高其翻译实际操作的技能。
其次,应该加强对新兴技术的学习和应用,如机器翻译、云翻译等。
此外,还应加强与行业的合作,提供实习机会和就业指导,以提高学生的就业竞争力。
翻译报告开题报告

翻译报告开题报告在如今全球化的背景下,翻译成为了一个重要的职业。
因为人们需要在不同的语言之间进行沟通和交流,而翻译作为一种能够将不同语言的信息转化为可理解的形式的技能,成为了很多领域不可或缺的一部分。
因此,在大学中开设翻译报告这一课程是很有必要的。
本文将讨论翻译报告的开题报告。
一、翻译报告的目的和背景翻译报告这一课程是为了帮助学生提高翻译技巧、拓展视野、增强意识、提高综合素质而设立的。
在当今社会,翻译的意义和作用越来越受到人们的关注和重视。
随着全球化的发展,多语言交流已成为世界各地不可避免的现象。
各国之间的文化和经济交流更是要求翻译人员具备优秀的翻译技巧以及高度的文化素养。
因此,翻译报告这一课程的教学意义和实际应用价值都非常重要。
二、翻译报告的教学内容和方法翻译报告课程的教学内容主要包括翻译原理、翻译方法、翻译流程、翻译技巧以及翻译实践等内容。
其中,翻译原理是翻译报告课程的第一个环节,它是翻译成功的关键。
学生必须掌握翻译的基本原理和方法,包括语言、文化、历史背景等等,才能够做好翻译。
其次是翻译方法。
在翻译过程中,学生需要掌握不同翻译方法的优缺点,从而选取最适合的方法进行翻译。
翻译流程是翻译过程中的一个重要环节,它包括翻译前准备、翻译过程和翻译后的审校工作。
在翻译前准备中,学生需要了解原文的内容和背景,从而明确翻译目的和需求。
在翻译过程中,学生需要根据原文的特点和翻译要求,灵活运用多种技巧和方法进行翻译。
在翻译后的审校中,学生需要通过对翻译结果的检查和修正,确保翻译结果的准确性和流畅性。
翻译报告的教学方法包括课堂讲授、实践教学和翻译案例分析等方法。
课堂讲授是翻译报告教学中的基本方法,通过讲解理论知识和实际案例,帮助学生掌握翻译的基本原理和技巧。
实践教学是翻译报告教学的重点,通过实际翻译任务的完成,帮助学生培养翻译技能和应对实际翻译任务的能力。
翻译案例分析是翻译报告教学的重要环节,通过对翻译案例的分析和讨论,帮助学生加深对翻译原理和方法的理解,提高翻译技能和水平。
英语翻译论文开题报告

英语翻译论文开题报告英语翻译论文开题报告一、引言翻译作为一种语言交流的方式,扮演着重要的角色。
随着全球化的发展,翻译在国际交流中的地位越来越重要。
本论文旨在探讨英语翻译的相关问题,并提出解决方案。
二、研究背景随着信息技术的快速发展,翻译工具和机器翻译的应用越来越广泛。
然而,机器翻译仍然存在一些问题,如语义理解、文化差异等。
因此,人工翻译的需求仍然存在。
三、研究目的本论文的目的是探讨英语翻译的问题,并提出解决方案。
通过研究,我们希望能够提高翻译质量,减少误差,并促进跨文化交流。
四、研究方法本论文将采用文献综述和实证研究相结合的方法。
首先,我们将回顾相关的文献,了解当前英语翻译的研究现状和存在的问题。
然后,我们将进行实证研究,通过对比机器翻译和人工翻译的结果,分析其差异和原因。
五、研究内容1. 翻译理论本论文将首先回顾翻译理论的发展,包括功能对等理论、文化转换理论等。
通过了解翻译理论的基本原理,我们可以更好地理解翻译的本质和目标。
2. 翻译质量评估翻译质量是翻译工作的核心问题。
本论文将探讨翻译质量评估的方法和标准,如BLEU、TER等。
通过评估翻译质量,我们可以了解翻译的准确性和流畅性,并找出改进的方向。
3. 机器翻译的问题与挑战尽管机器翻译在某些方面取得了很大的进展,但仍然存在一些问题和挑战。
本论文将分析机器翻译的问题,如语义理解、文化差异等,并提出解决方案。
4. 人工翻译的优势与局限与机器翻译相比,人工翻译具有一定的优势,如更好的语义理解和文化适应性。
然而,人工翻译也存在一些局限性。
本论文将探讨人工翻译的优势与局限,并提出改进的方法。
六、预期结果通过对英语翻译的研究,我们预期可以提出一些改进机器翻译和人工翻译的方法,以提高翻译质量。
我们还希望能够促进跨文化交流,减少误解和误译。
七、论文结构本论文将分为以下几个部分:1. 引言:介绍研究背景、目的和方法。
2. 翻译理论:回顾翻译理论的发展和基本原理。
翻译方向论文开题报告

翻译方向论文开题报告翻译方向论文开题报告一、研究背景和意义翻译作为一种跨文化交际工具,在国际交流中起着重要的作用。
随着全球化的发展和国际交往的频繁,翻译的需求不断增加。
然而,翻译并非简单的语言转换,而是一种复杂的文化传递过程。
因此,研究翻译方向对于提高翻译质量、促进跨文化交流具有重要意义。
二、研究目的和研究问题本研究旨在探讨翻译方向的相关问题,以提高翻译质量和效率。
具体研究问题包括但不限于:1. 翻译方向对翻译质量的影响;2. 翻译方向的选择与翻译效率的关系;3. 不同语言间翻译方向的异同。
通过对这些问题的研究,可以为翻译实践提供理论指导,提高翻译质量和效率。
三、研究方法本研究将采用多种研究方法,包括文献综述、实证研究和对比分析等。
首先,通过文献综述,了解翻译方向的相关理论和研究现状。
然后,进行实证研究,通过实际翻译案例,分析翻译方向对翻译质量的影响,并探讨翻译方向的选择与翻译效率的关系。
最后,进行对比分析,比较不同语言间翻译方向的异同,寻找共性和差异。
四、预期结果本研究预期将得出以下结果:1. 翻译方向对翻译质量有一定影响,不同方向可能存在优劣之分;2. 翻译方向的选择与翻译效率有一定关系,不同方向可能影响翻译速度和准确度;3. 不同语言间翻译方向存在一定的异同,可能受到语言结构和文化差异的影响。
五、研究意义和应用前景本研究的意义在于提高翻译质量和效率,促进跨文化交流。
通过深入研究翻译方向的相关问题,可以为翻译实践提供理论指导,帮助翻译人员更好地选择翻译方向,提高翻译质量。
同时,研究结果还可为翻译工具和机器翻译的开发提供参考,提高翻译效率。
六、研究计划本研究计划分为以下几个阶段:1. 阶段一:文献综述。
对翻译方向的相关理论和研究现状进行综述,明确研究问题和研究目标。
2. 阶段二:实证研究。
通过实际翻译案例,分析翻译方向对翻译质量的影响,并探讨翻译方向的选择与翻译效率的关系。
3. 阶段三:对比分析。
翻译专业开题报告

翻译专业开题报告翻译专业开题报告1How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese TranslationI. Purpose and SignificanceWith the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omittedare words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.II. Literature ReviewLong before, some people began to learn other countries’languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate LaoTses works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator.(Ye Lang, 20xx) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 20xx) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 20xx). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, manyunsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiationsand similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,20xx)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsisin English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.III. Feasibility AnalysisThis academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis intranslation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked outa detailed outline of this thesis.5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.IV. Problems of the research and solutions1. ProblemsDespite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation fromthe point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.2. Solutions(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.V. Necessary conditions1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.VI. OutlineI. IntroductionA. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in TranslationB. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with EllipsisC. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence StructureII. The Principles of EllipsisA. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated WorksB. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the TestC. Omitted Words Which Are Self-EvidentШ. The Functions and Applications of EllipsisA. The Coherence of the Meaning of ExpressionB. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression1. Ellipsis of Articlesa. Ellipsis of Definite Articlesb. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles2. Ellipsis of Prepositions3. Ellipsis of Pronounsa. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronounsb. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronounsc. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns4. Ellipsis of Conjunctionsa. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctionsb. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions5. Ellipsis of Rhetorica. Ellipsis of Repeated Wordsb. Ellipsis of Synonyms翻译专业开题报告2选题的原因、基本内容:英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。
英语翻译专业本科生毕业论文开题报告(共9篇)

英语翻译专业本科生毕业论文开题报告(共9篇):开题本科生毕业论文英语翻译报告论文开题报告怎么写开题报告范文本科生毕业论文多少字篇一:英语专业本科毕业论文开题报告选题论证一、题目:The C-E Translation of Chinese Typical Expressions in theGovernment Work Reports from the Perspective of Skopos Theory二、我国研究现状中国政府每年都要在“两会”上向与会代表和委员发布《政府工作报告》,总结前一年或者前五年中国在建设具有中国特色的社会主义道路上所取得的新成就,同时部署来年或者未来五年中国政府对中国国情所作出的各项方针政策,涉及政治、经济、文化和人民生活等各个领域。
该报告也因此成为国际社会了解中国国情、中国发展、中国政府的政策和主张的尤为重要的途径之一,受到全世界各国政府和人民的普遍关注。
因此,其翻译的好坏直接影响到中国的国际声誉和国际地位。
政府工作报告是一种特殊的文体,兼有口头语和书面语的双重特征,其翻译实属政论文体翻译。
目前,国内学者对政论文的翻译研究较少,对政府工作报告的翻译更少。
本文作者通过在知网和万方数据中输入关键词搜索关于对政府工作报告中具有中国特色词汇英译研究的书籍、论文、期刊,发现从目的论的角度对政府工作报告中具有中国特色词汇英译进行的研究相对特别少。
本文尝试从功能翻译理论中的目的论的角度对政府工作报告中具有中国特色词汇的英译进行进一步的研究。
三、研究的原因及意义随着对外交流的不断扩大以及中国国际地位的不断提升,《政府工作报告》日益受到世界瞩目,因此该报告的翻译对中国的发展具有深远的影响和重大的意义。
但是《政府工作报告》的翻译难度颇大,因为该报告具有极强的政治性和政策性,对译文的准确性和忠实性要求极高,而且报告中包含了大量的具有中国特色的词汇,很难在英语中找到完全对应的表达方式。
翻译类论文开题报告

翻译类论文开题报告一、选题背景。
随着全球化的深入发展,跨文化交流和合作日益频繁,翻译作为沟通的桥梁和文化的传播者发挥着重要作用。
翻译类论文的研究和探讨对于提高翻译质量、促进文化交流具有重要意义。
本论文选题的背景是当前全球化背景下,翻译行业的迅速发展以及翻译质量和效率的不断提升,因此有必要对翻译类论文进行深入研究和探讨。
二、选题意义。
翻译类论文是翻译专业学生的重要学习和训练内容,对于提高学生的翻译能力和水平具有重要意义。
同时,翻译类论文的研究也可以为翻译行业的发展提供理论支持和实践指导,促进翻译质量的提升和翻译技术的创新。
因此,对翻译类论文进行开题研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。
三、研究内容。
本论文拟围绕翻译类论文的特点、翻译技巧和翻译策略展开研究,重点探讨以下几个方面:1. 翻译类论文的特点,翻译类论文与其他类型的翻译有何不同?在翻译类论文中需要注意哪些特点和技巧?2. 翻译技巧,如何提高翻译类论文的翻译质量和效率?有哪些常见的翻译技巧和方法?3. 翻译策略,在翻译类论文中应该采用怎样的翻译策略?如何根据不同类型的翻译类论文采取相应的翻译策略?四、研究方法。
本论文拟采用文献资料法、调查问卷法和实地调研法相结合的研究方法,通过查阅相关文献资料,设计调查问卷并对翻译专业学生进行问卷调查,以及实地观察和实践操作,获取翻译类论文的相关数据和信息,从而全面深入地了解翻译类论文的特点、翻译技巧和翻译策略。
五、预期成果。
通过对翻译类论文的研究,本论文预期可以得出一些关于翻译类论文特点、翻译技巧和翻译策略的结论和建议,为翻译专业学生提供一些实用的翻译指导,同时也可以为翻译行业的发展提供一些理论支持和实践指导。
六、论文结构。
本论文拟分为绪论、研究背景与意义、研究内容、研究方法、预期成果、论文结构等六个部分展开论述。
以上为本论文开题报告的初步内容,希望能够得到指导老师和专家的指正和建议,以便在后续的研究中能够更加深入和全面地开展研究工作。
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大连大学本科毕业论文(设计)开题报告论文题目:《关于生物能源原料生产的潜在热带多年生牧草种植情景的碳预算》翻译实践报告学院:英语学院专业、班级:翻译152学生姓名:刘奎指导教师(职称):郑希彬2018年 11 月 18 日填毕业论文(设计)开题报告要求开题报告既是规范本科生毕业论文工作的重要环节,又是完成高质量毕业论文(设计)的有效保证。
为了使这项工作规范化和制度化,特制定本要求。
一、选题依据1.论文(设计)题目及研究领域;2.论文(设计)工作的理论意义和应用价值;二、论文(设计)研究的内容1.重点解决的问题;2.拟开展研究的几个主要方面(论文写作大纲或设计思路);3.本论文(设计)预期取得的成果。
三、论文(设计)工作安排1.拟采用的主要研究方法(技术路线或设计参数);2.论文(设计)进度计划。
四、文献查阅及文献综述学生应根据所在学院及指导教师的要求阅读一定量的文献资料,并在此基础上通过分析、研究、综合,形成文献综述。
必要时应在调研、实验或实习的基础上递交相关的报告。
综述或报告作为开题报告的一部分附在后面,要求思路清晰,文理通顺,较全面地反映出本课题的研究背景或前期工作基础。
五、其他要求1.开题报告应在毕业论文(设计)工作开始后的前四周内完成;2.开题报告必须经学院教学指导委员会审查通过;3.开题报告不合格或没有做开题报告的学生,须重做或补做合格后,方能继续论文(设计)工作,否则不允许参加答辩;4.开题报告通过后,原则上不允许更换论文题目或指导教师;5.开题报告的内容,要求打印并装订成册(部分专业可根据需要手写在统一纸张上,但封面需按统一格式打印)。
附:1000字原文及译文翻译原文Carbon budgets of potential tropical perennial grass cropping scenarios for bioenergy feedstock production AbstractBackground: The environmental costs of fossil fuel consumption are globally recognized, opening many pathways for the development of regional portfolio solutions for sustainable replacement fuel and energy options. The purpose of this study was to create a baseline carbon (C) budget of a conventionally managed sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) production system on Maui, Hawaii, and compare it to three different future energy cropping scenarios: (1) conventional sugarcane with a 50% deficit irrigation (sugarcane 50%), (2) ratoon harvested napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.) with 100% irrigation (napier 100%), and (3) ratoon harvested napiergrass with a 50% deficit irrigation (napier 50%).Results: The differences among cropping scenarios for the fossil fuel-based emissions associated with agricultural inputs and field operations were small compared to the differences associated with pre-harvest burn emissions and soil C stock under ratoon harvest and zero-tillage management. Burn emissions were nearly 2000 kg Ceq ha−1 year−1 in the conventional sugarcane; whereas soil C gains were approximately 4500 kg Ceq ha−1 year−1 in the surface layer of the soil profile for napiergrass. Further, gains in deep soil profile C were nearly three times greater than in the surface layer. Therefore, net global warming potential was greatest for conventional sugarcane and least for napier 50% when deep profile soil C was included. Per unit of biomass yield, the most greenhouse gas (GHG) intensive scenario was sugarcane 50% with a GHG Index (GHGI, positive values imply a climate impact, so a more negative value is preferable for climate change mitigation) of 0.11 and the least intensive was napiergrass 50% when a deep soil profile was included (GHGI = − 0.77).Conclusion: Future scenarios for energy or fuel production on former sugarcane land across the Pacific Basin or other volcanic islands should concentrate on ratoon-harvested crops that maintain yields under zero-tillage management for long intervals between kill harvest and reduce costs of field operations and agricultural input requirements. For napiergrass on Maui and elsewhere, deficit irrigation maximized climate change mitigation of the system and reduced water use should be part of planning a sustainable, diversified agricultural landscape.Keywords: Global warming potential, Greenhouse gas index, Napiergrass, Ratoon crop, SugarcaneInterest in the production of renewable biofuel from lignocellulosic crops is gaining global recognition as a leading alternative energy scenario in future fuel markets. Te negative environmental costs associated with fossil fuel consumption are being recognized and accounted on an international level due primarily to the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol in 2005. Since then, the development of alternative fuel sources has been a major concern fornations like the United States that rely heavily on imported fossil fuel. Test pressures can result in a shift from the conventional food-crop agriculture to bioenergy systems in the United States and production of renewable biomass sources has been accelerated in recent years due to government regulations. More specifically, regulations such as the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 have mandated that fossil fuel sources must be mixed with at least 36 billion gallons of renew-able fuel by the year 2022, meeting approximately 25% of liquid-based fuel needs by 2050. In support of national policy, Hawaii is under similar pressure resulting from the 2008 Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative (HCEI), which mandates a local, efficient, and renewable source of fuel be developed for Hawaii by the year 2030. The HCEI specifically requires that 40% of the states fossil energy be replaced with “locally generated renewable sources” over the next 17 years. These increasing fuel demands may place additional stress on already exploited agricultural lands resulting in land intensification and conversion if not managed conservatively. Agricultural intensification can negatively impact soil carbon (C) storage, increase greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and offset the overall ecosystem C balance if managed incorrectly. The energy sector en masse converted annual croplands into perennial biomass systems over the past decade, which was thought to provide GHG mitigation potential through an improvement in soil quality and a reduction in nutrient amendments. In recent years, however, conflicting results about the mitigation potential of these systems raised questions about the true system-level GHG offset . Shortages in the world’s productive croplands and the impending scarcity of water made worse by climate change lead to additional uncertainty in the sustainability of increasing the world’s biofuel acreage. Due to the wide range of conflicting viewpoints on the bioenergy issue, documentation of local and regional data sets that quantify these uncertainties are of the utmost importance.The total GHG balance of biofuel production is difficult to capture because of the large variation in cropping practices, land management, and equipment usage across these agricultural systems. Additionally, many recent studies focused on single-species scenarios that are specific to Brazilian ethanol production and are not entirely applicable to addressing regional issues outside of their study areas. Although these studies can be a powerful tool to advance the global implications of bioenergy production under a large agricultural infrastructure, additional small-scale studies are required to assess the trade of between these systems and provide alternative management options on a local scale. To do this, a GHG balance needs to be created based on site-specific data that incorporates the energy inputs (fossil and non-fossil fuel) required to establish and maintain a bioenergy cropping system. For the majority of these GHG assessments, fossil energy inputs are converted using emission factors to carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2eq). Referred to as a global warming potential (GWP), these CO2eq are comparable on an international scale. This kind of GHG accounting allows for a direct comparison between the GHGs emitted by agricultural operations and the GHGs saved by the production of a renewable fuel sources. For the purposes of GHG accounting, all emissions were converted into a similar C equivalent (Ceq) in order to make a direct comparison with the amount of soil C stored under each cropping practice. This C budget related the GWP of each of these systems to their crop production, which allows for estimation of the overall GHG intensity (GHGI) of a production system .To date, there has been no known C budget specific to the agricultural operations in Hawaii,which makes comparing future cropping scenarios against current practices impossible. With over 11,000 ha−1 of Maui being state designated and protected agricultural land, the future sustainability of this region may lie with the adoption of an energy crop scenario that is able to displace fossil fuel based GHG emissions. The purpose of this study was to create a baseline C budget for a conventionally managed sugarcane production system on (100% irrigation) Maui and compare it to three different future energy cropping scenarios: [1] conventional sugarcane with a 50% deficit irrigation (sugarcane 50%), [2] ratoon harvested napiergrass with 100% irrigation (napier 100%), and [3] ratoon harvested napiergrass with a 50% deficit irrigation (napier 50%). This comparison will help identify, in terms of their agricultural C budgets, the best-case scenario for future biofuel production in Hawaii and other Pacific Basin island nations.MethodsSite description and experimental designThe field experiment was conducted in central Maui, Hawaii (20.89°N, 156.41°W) on Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar Company (HC&S) land. At the time of the study, HC&S was the only remaining sugarcane plantation in Hawaii. The experimental plots were within a highly weathered, very-fine, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic Typic Eutrotorrox of the Molokai series in field, which is approximately 100 meters above sea level and has a total commercial area of 72 ha. The soil is well drained, rocky, and has deep, well-defined horizons below the plow layer . Soil pH was 7.97, and C concentration was 1.37% on average in the top 40 cm with a mean bulk density of 1.51 g cm3 as assessed by the baseline soil collection in 2011. During the trial period, average annual air temperature was 23.4℃and annual precipitation was 241 mm, which are consistent with long-term averages for the area.The experiment was a strip-plot, group-balanced design with two factors, irrigation and species with three replicates (blocks) (please see [16] for additional details). Irrigation was applied at the standard plantation rate (100%), and two deficit irrigation rates (75% and 50% of plantation standard). The original trial included four species, sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), energycane (Saccharum officinarum x Saccharum spontaneum), napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.), and sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). For this study, two crops (sugarcane and napiergrass) were evaluated at two irrigation levels (50% and 100%). On June 26, 2011 the field plots were established in a recently harvested sugarcane field that had been in a cane-on-cane rotation for over 100 years. The sugarcane plots were planted with seed cane from an adjacent field within the HC&S plantation and napiergrass seed crop was supplied from a harvested population at the University of Hawaii’s research station in Waimanalo, Oahu.Deficit irrigation treatments were applied to the field from November 13, 2011 depending on water availability across the plantation and were controlled with automated timers. From November 2011–October 2012, 1245 mm water ha−1 were applied to the 100% plots and 633 mm water ha−1 were applied to the 50% plots, for an actual deficit treatment of 50.8%. During the study period, the napiergrass plots were harvested every 6 months (a time interval that maximizes yield) on March 13, 2012 and September 25, 2012. The sugarcane crop was under a 2-year growth rotation and did not reach maturity during the scope of this study period and was not harvested.Developing a baseline system for sugarcaneSugarcane is a high-yielding, tropical C4 perennial grass of South Pacific origin. Tropical sugarcane biomass yields are up to 40 Mg dry wt ha−1 year−1 in Hawaii and 26 Mg dry wt ha−1 year−1 in Brazil. The species supports a drought resistant, robust root system that can improve soil structure and accumulate C on marginal lands.However, Hawaiian sugarcane has been grown on a 2- year crop cycle, reaching maturity after 24 months and then harvested after a low intensity burn followed by deep tillage and mechanized planting. Commercial sugarcane production existed on Maui for over 125 years. However, in January 2016 HC&S, the last remaining large-scale sugar producer, announced a wholesale transition on their 14,000 ha plantation to diversified agriculture including perennial grasses for forage, pasture, and bioenergy feedstock.The development of a C budget or GHG analysis includes a detailed accounting of the agricultural inputs required to produce a specific crop. This includes quantifying the fossil fuel and non-fossil fuel based emissions. Fossil emissions are considered emissions resulting from fuel use during field preparation, planting, application of agrochemicals, harvesting, and maintenance. Non-fossil emissions are considered biogenic GHG emissions that consider the production of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) as a result of the production system and are primarily a result of preharvest burn operations, soil GHG exchange, and residue management. This baseline system will be referred to as the sugarcane 100% scenario for future comparisons.Fossil emissions from fuel consumption and agricultural inputsField operationsField operations (i.e., field preparation, harvest, fabrication and maintenance, seed propagation, and irrigation) often are considered to be hidden sources of emissions because of their indirect contribution to GHG flux. These emissions are caused by the burning of fossil fuel during equipment operation and accounting can be challenging partly because of large variation in the descriptive energy units. A standard unit of kg Ceq was used to assess the contribution of field operations to the total C budget. Emissions factors (EF) were used to convert the fuel use requirements of each operation to Ceq. The EFs used in this analysis represent a synthesis of the best-available and current values found in the literature. Specific information pertaining to type of equipment and usage has been obtained from personal communication with plantation staff.When EFs found in the literature were inadequate to describe the operation on Maui, they were generated independently to best reflect current plantation practices. For example, irrigation emissions were calculated based on the average energy required to pump water across the plantation at a rate specific to Maui, 0.0057 L/ kWh (personal communication with L. Jakeway, Chemical Engineer at HC&S, 2013). Additionally, this value was adjusted to account for the total amount of water applied to a field in the 2011–2012 year to correctly reflect the amount of renewable energy used on the plantation for these operations (approximately 3:1 renewable to fossil energy ratio). An additional input to the baseline scenario was a calculation of fossil emissions related to seed cane production, which were adjusted for the weight of seed cane used in planting operations.Agricultural inputsEmissions from agricultural inputs (i.e., fertilizer, herbicide, and lime) are a result of the energy required to produce, transport, and distribute these items. A pre-emergence herbicide mix containing atrazine (1-chloro-3-ethylamino-5-isopropylamino-2, 4,6-triazine), 2, 4-D (2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), Prowl ((N-1- ethylpropyl)-3, 4-dimethyl-2, 6 dinitroben-zenamine), Rife (3, 6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid), and Velpar (3-cyclohexyl- 6-dimethylamino-1-methyl-1, 3, 5-triazine-2, 4(1H,3H)-dione) was applied once three weeks after planting. Each plot received 345 kg N ha−1 (as liquid urea: 46-0-0) applied through the drip irrigation system. The fertilizer was applied monthly once the crops were established and concluded after 10 months. The timing and rate of urea application were optimized for the 2-year sugarcane crop and were based on current HC&S plantation practices. Deficit irrigation treatments were postponed during all fertilizer application events.Quantification of the C emissions resulting from agricultural inputs in Maui sugarcane production was based on application rate and converted to Ceq with reported EF. An EF of 0.97 was used to convert the fertilizer application rate to Ceq. Lime (CaCO3) was applied at a rate of 2569 kg ha−1 prior to field planting and converted to Ceq using an EF of 0.12. Individual emission factors were identified for each chemical used in the herbicide mix reported by HC&S. These factors were averaged and a new EF (5.64) was developed for herbicide application specific to Maui.Non fossil emissionsLitter decompositionEmissions from litter decomposition is a function of residue management. For example, N2O emissions can increase due to decomposition of leaf material following harvest and are greater in intact compared to burned fields. The goal on Maui sugarcane fields has been to maintain 15% of total field biomass for crop residue. Using this percentage, litter Ceq were calculated based on an average biomass production of 80.4 Mg ha−1 year−1 reported by HC&S. Emission factors for litter decomposition are based on the amount of N in crop residues following harvest.Pre-harvest burn emissionsConventional cultivation of sugarcane in Hawaii included a pre-harvest, low intensity burn to remove unwanted leafy material prior to harvesting. Pre-harvest burning significantly increases GHG emissions through the production of CH4 and N2O and the release of black carbon (BC) to the environment. The values used for the cropping scenarios in Maui were based on a 15% residue retention rate of total field biomass. Current IPCC values outlined in the Guide-lines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories assessment in 2006 suggest an EF of 0.07 kg N2O per ton of dry matter burnt and an EF of 2.7 kg CH4 per ton of dry matter burnt. Black C has a GWP that is 500 times greater than CO 2 on a 100- year time horizon and it is estimated that 1 kg of BC is created for every kg of trash burnt.Soil N2O and CH 4 emissionsField measurement of soil fluxes in CH4, and N2O began in October of 2011 and were sampled at least monthly until October of 2012 following the GRACEnet sampling protocols , as previously reported in detail (Pawlowski et al. in review). Mid-morning measurements were collected from sealed static PVC chambers affixed to permanent collars installed in the sugarcane and napiergrass rows and inter-rows. Samples were collected by sealing each chamber and using a 10 mL polypropylene syringe and extracting 8 mL of headspace air through a septum on the styrene lid at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min after chamber closure. Each gas sample was immediately injected into an evacuated Exetainer® (Labco Limited, UK) fitted with a Doubled Wadded Tefon/Silicon septa (Labco Limited,UK) for short-term storage. Samples were analyzed using a Shimadzu GC-2014 Gas Chromatograph (Shimadzu Scientifc Instruments, Inc.), which used a fame ionization detector to measure the concentration of CH4 and CO2 after methanization, and an electrical conductivity detector for N2O analysis. Flux rates were calculated by assuming a linear change in gas concentration over time. Cumulative annual emissions of N2O and CH4 were interpolated from daily fluxes and summer over the first year and reported in terms of kg CH4 ha−1 year−1 and kg N2O ha−1 year−1. To discuss N2O and CH4 emissions in terms of a C balance, annual rates were converted into CO2eq using the IPCC 100-year horizon factors for calculating GWP. Therefore, when CO2=1 on a 100 year−1 time scale, then the GWP for N2O and CH4 are 298 and 25 respectively. For the purposes of making direct comparisons with soil C storage on these plots, the GWP values were converted to Ceq relative to C in CO2.Soil C quantificationThen baseline soil cores were collected in June 2011 using 20cm depth increments up to a vertical depth of 2.4 m. Cores were extracted using a standard wet core diamond tipped drill bit with an internal diameter of 7 cm (Diamond Products Core Borer, Elyria, Ohio, USA). Each core barrel was inserted into the soil by a rotating hydraulic drill to minimize compaction within the barrel and to ensure accurate depth measurements. Soil samples were frozen at field moisture conditions until laboratory analysis. The cores were sieved at<2 mm and dried for 48 h at 105 ℃. Subsamples were ground to pass through a 250 micron sieve for heterogeneity, weighed, and analyzed for C concentration by combustion using a Costech ECS 4010 CNH Analyzer (Costech Analytical Technologies, Inc., Valencia, CA, USA). Soil C stock was determined with the equivalent soil mass method in increments of 3600 Mg ha−1 and a mean value for the baseline cores was determined at the 7200 and 18,000 Mg ha−1 reference masses, which represent the surface layer (25–40 cm) and deep profile (1–1.4 m) of soil.Three soil cores (65-mm inner diameter bucket auger) were collected annually to a depth of 120 cm in 20 cm increments from each of the experimental plots. Samples were processed as noted above for the baseline cores for C concentration and soil C stock determination at the 18,000 Mg ha−1 reference mass. The change (∆) in soil C stock was made for each plot by subtracting the mean baseline value from the mean of the three cores for each plot and was previously reported. The mean ∆values for experimental years 1 and 2 were reported here as an annualized ∆.翻译译文关于生物能源原料生产的潜在热带多年生牧草种植情景的碳预算摘要背景:化石燃料消耗的环境成本得到全球承认,这为开发可持续替代燃料和能源选择的区域组合解决方案开辟了许多途径。