英语翻译论文开题报告精编版
开题报告范文英语翻译
开题报告范文英语翻译In recent years, there has been a growing concern about the impact of climate change on the environment. As global temperatures rise, the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, and heatwaves have increased. These changes pose a significant threat to the world’s ecosystems, biodiversity, and human livelihoods.One of the major consequences of climate change is the disruption of ecosystems. Rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns have caused shifts in plant and animal habitats, leading to the decline in certain species and the proliferation of others. For example, rising sea levels have resulted in the loss of coastal habitats and the destruction of coral reefs, which are vital breeding grounds for many marine species. This loss of biodiversity not only impacts ecosystems, but also affects human societies that depend on these ecosystems for food and resources.Another alarming consequence of climate change is the increased occurrence of extreme weather events. Hurricanes, floods, and droughts have become more frequent and severe in many parts of the world. These events not only cause immediate destruction and loss of lives, but also have long-term social and economic impacts. For instance, the destruction of infrastructure and agricultural lands due to floods can lead to food shortages and economic instability. Similarly, prolonged droughts can cause water scarcity and trigger conflicts over limited resources.Furthermore, climate change is also affecting human health. Rising temperatures and changing weather patterns create favorableconditions for the spread of infectious diseases such as malaria and dengue fever. Heatwaves and extreme temperatures also pose a risk to vulnerable populations, such as the elderly and those with pre-existing health conditions. Moreover, the displacement of communities due to climate-related events can lead to food insecurity, malnutrition, and mental health issues.In conclusion, climate change has far-reaching and detrimental effects on the environment and human societies. The disruption of ecosystems, the increase in extreme weather events, and the impact on human health are just a few examples of the consequences we are already witnessing. Urgent action is needed to mitigate and adapt to climate change, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions, transitioning to renewable energy sources, and implementing measures to protect vulnerable communities. Only through concerted global efforts can we hope to minimize the impacts of climate change and ensure a sustainable and resilient future for all.。
英文翻译及开题报告
北京建筑工程学院电气与信息工程学院电气工程系英文资料翻译PLC technique discussion and future development 可编程控制技术的未来发展与探讨指导教师栾茹学生姓名聂沐晗专业电气工程及自动化班级电083学号 2107170813231原文PLC technique discussion and future developmentAlong with the development of the ages, the technique that is nowadays is also gradually perfect, the competition plays more strong; the operation that list depends the artificial has already can't satisfied with the current manufacturing industry foreground, also can't guarantee the request of the higher quantity and high new the image of the technique business enterprise.The people see in produce practice, automate brought the tremendous convenience and the product quantities for people up of assurance, also eased the personnel's labor strength, reduce the establishment on the personnel. The target control of the hard realization in many complicated production lines, whole and excellent turn, the best decision etc., well-trained operation work, technical personnel or expert, governor but can judge and operate easily, can acquire the satisfied result. The research target of the artificial intelligence makes use of the calculator exactly to carry out, imitate these intelligences behavior, moderating the work through person's brain and calculators, with the mode that person's machine combine, for resolve the very complicated problem to look for the best pathWe come in sight of the control that links after the electric appliances in various situation, that is already the that time generation past, now of after use in the mold a perhaps simple equipments of grass-roots control that the electric appliances can do for the low level only; And the PLC emergence also became the epoch-making topic, adding the vivid software control through a very and stable hardware, making the automation head for the new high tide.The PLC biggest characteristics lie in: The electrical engineering teacher already no longer electric hardware up too many calculations of cost, as long as order the importation that the button switch or the importation of the sensors order to link the PLC up can solve problem, pass to output toorder the conjunction contact machine or control the start equipments of the big power after the electric appliances, but the exportation equipments direct conjunction of the small power can.PLC internal containment have the CPU of the CPU, and take to have an I/ O for expand of exterior to connect a people's address and saving machine three big pieces to constitute, CPU core is from an or many is tired to add the machine to constitute, mathematics that they have the logic operation ability, and can read the procedure save the contents of the machine to drive the homologous saving machine and I/ Os to connect after pass the calculation; The I/ O add inner part is tired the input and output system of the machine and exterior link, and deposit the related data into the procedure saving machine or data saving machine; The saving machine can deposit the data that the I/ O input in the saving machine, and in work adjusting to become tired to add the machine and I/ Os to connect, saving machine separately saving machine RAM of the procedure saving machine ROM and dates, the ROM can do deposit of the data permanence in the saving machine, but RAM only for the CPU computes the temporary calculation usage of hour of buffer space.The PLC anti- interference is very and excellent, our root need not concern its service life and the work situation bad, these all problems have already no longer become the topic that we fail, but stay to our is a concern to come to internal resources of make use of the PLC to strengthen the control ability of the equipments for us, make our equipments more gentle.PLC language is not we imagine of edit collected materials the language or language of Cs to carry on weaving the distance, but the trapezoid diagram that the adoption is original after the electric appliances to control, make the electrical engineering teacher while weaving to write the procedure very easy comprehended the PLC language, and a lot of non- electricity professional also very quickly know and go deep into to the PLC.Is PLC one of the advantage above and only, this is also one part thatthe people comprehend more and easily, in a lot of equipments, the people have already no longer hoped to see too many control buttons, they damage not only and easily and produce the artificial error easiest, small is not a main error perhaps you can still accept; But lead even is a fatal error greatly is what we can't is tolerant of. New technique always for bringing more safe and convenient operation for us, make we a lot of problems for face on sweep but light, do you understand the HMI? Says the HMI here you basically not clear what it is, also have no interest understanding, change one inside text explains it into the touch to hold or man-machine interface you knew, and it combines with the PLC to our larger space.HMI the control not only is reduced the control press button, increase the vivid of the control, more main of it is can sequence of, and at can the change data input to output the feedback with data, control in the temperature curve of imitate but also can keep the manifestation of view to come out. And can write the function help procedure through a plait to provide the help of various what lies in one's power, the one who make operate reduces the otiose error. Currently the HMI factory is also more and more, the function is also more and more strong, the price is also more and more low, and the noodles of the usage are wide more and more. The HMI foreground can say that think ° to be good very.At a lot of situations, the list is a smooth movement that can't guarantee the equipments by the control of the single machine, but pass the information exchanges of the equipments and equipments to attain the result that we want. For example fore pack and the examination of the empress work preface, we will arrive wrapping information feedback to examine the place, and examine the information of the place to also want the feedback to packing. Pass the information share thus to make both the chain connect, becoming a total body, the match of your that thus make is more close, at each other attain to reflect the result that mutually flick.The PLC correspondence has already come more body now its value, at the PLC and correspondence between PLCs, can pass the communication of the information and the share of the dates to guarantee that of the equipments moderates mutually, the result that arrive already to repair with each other. Data conversion the adoption RS232 between PLC connect to come to the transmission data, but the RS232 pick up a people and can guarantee 10 meters only of deliver the distance, if in the distance of 1000 meters we can pass the RS485 to carry on the correspondence, the longer distance can pass the MODEL only to carry on deliver.The PLC data transmission is just to be called a form to it in a piece of and continuous address that the data of the inner part delivers the other party, we, the PLC of the other party passes to read data in the watch to carry on the operation. If the data that data in the watch is a to establish generally, that is just the general data transmission, for example today of oil price rise, I want to deliver the price of the oil price to lose the oil ally on board, that is the share of the data; But take data in the watch for an instruction procedure that controls the PLC, that had the difficulty very much, for example you have to control one pedestal robot to press the action work that you imagine, you will draw up for it the form that a procedure combine with the data sends out to pass by.The form that information transport contain single work, the half a work and the difference of a workers .The meaning of the single work also is to say both, a can send out only, but a can receive only, for example a spy he can receive the designation of the superior only, but can't give the superior reply; A work of half is also 2 and can send out similar to accept the data, but can't send out and accept at the same time, for example when you make a phone call is to can't answer the phone, the other party also; But whole pair works is both can send out and accept the data, and can send out and accept at the same time. Be like the Internet is a typical example.The process that information transport also has synchronous and different step cent: The data line and the clock lines are synchronous when synchronous meaning lie in sending out the data, is also the data signal and the clock signals to be carry on by the CPU to send out at the same time, this needs to all want the specialized clock signal each other to carry on the transmission and connect to send, and is constrained, the characteristics of this kind of method lies in its speed very quick, but correspond work time of take up the CPU and also want to be long oppositely, at the same time the technique difficulty also very big. Its request lies in canting have an error margins in a dates deliver, otherwise the whole piece according to compare the occurrence mistake, this on the hardware is a bigger difficulty. Applied more and more extensive in some appropriative equipments, be like the appropriative medical treatment equipments, the numerical signal equipments...etc., in compare the one data deliver, its result is very good.And the different step is an application the most extensive, this receive benefit in it of technique difficulty is opposite and want to be small, at the same time not need to prepare the specialized clock signal, its characteristics to lie in, its data is partition, the long-lost send out and accept, be the CPU is too busy of time can grind to a stop sex to work, also reduced the difficulty on the hardware, the data throw to lose at the same time opposite want to be little, we can pass the examination of the data to observe whether the data that we send out has the mistake or not, be like strange accidentally the method, tired addition and eight efficacies method etc., can use to helps whether the data that we examine to send out have or not the mistake occurrence, pass the feedback to carry on the discriminator.A line of transmission of the information contains a string of and combine the cent of: The usual PLC is 8 machines, certainly also having 16 machines. We can be an at the time of sending out the data a send out to the other party, also can be 88 send out the data to the other party, an and 8 differentiations are also the as that we say to send out the data and combine sends out thedata. A speed is more and slowly, but as long as 2 or three lines can solve problem, and can use the telephone line to carry on the long range control. But combine the ocular transmission speed is very quick of, it is a string of ocular of 25600%, occupy the advantage in the short distance, the in view of the fact TTL electricity is even, being limited by the scope of one meter generally, it combine unwell used for the data transmission of the long pull, thus the cost is too expensive.Under a lot of circumstances we are total to like to adopt the string to combine the conversion chip to carry on deliver, under this kind of circumstance not need us to carry on to deposited the machine to establish too and complicatedly, but carry on the data exchanges through the data transmission instruction directly, but is not a very viable way in the correspondence, because the PLC of the other party must has been wait for your data exportation at the time of sending out the data, it can't do other works.When you are reading the book, you hear someone knock on door, you stop to start up of affair, open the door and combine to continue with the one who knock on door a dialogue, the telephone of this time rang, you signal hint to connect a telephone, after connecting the telephone through, return overdo come together knock on door to have a conversation, after dialogue complete, you continue again to see your book, this kind of circumstance we are called the interruption to it, it has the authority, also having sex of have the initiative, the PLC had such function .Its characteristics lie in us and may meet the urgently abrupt affairs in the operation process of the equipments, we want to stop to start immediately up of work, the whereabouts manages the more important affair, this kind of circumstance is we usually meet of, PLC while carry out urgent mission, total will keep the current appearance first, for example the address of the procedure, CPU of tired add the machine data etc., be like to stick down which the book that we see is when we open the door the page or simply make a mark, because we treat and would still need to continue immediately after book of see the behind. The CPU always does theaffair that should do according to our will, but your mistake of give it an affair, it also would be same to do, this we must notice.The interruption is not only a, sometimes existing jointly with the hour several inside break, break off to have the preferred Class, they will carry out the interruption of the higher Class according to person's request. This kind of breaks off the medium interruption to also became to break off the set. The Class that certainly break off is relevant according to various resources of CPU with internal PLC, also following a heap of capacity size of also relevant fasten.The contents that break off has a lot of kinds, for example the exterior break off, correspondence in of send out and accept the interruption and settle and the clock that count break off, still have the WDT to reset the interruption etc., they enriched the CPU to respond to the category while handle various business. Speak thus perhaps you can't comprehend the internal structure and operation orders of the interruption completely also, we do a very small example to explain.Each equipment always will not forget a button, it also is at we meet the urgent circumstance use of, which is nasty to stop the button. When we meet the Human body trouble and surprised circumstances we as long as press it, the machine stops all operations immediately, and wait for processing the over surprised empress recover the operation again. Nasty stop the internal I/ O of the internal CPU of the button conjunction PLC to connect up, be to press button an exterior to trigger signal for CPU, the CPU carries on to the I/ O to examine again, being to confirm to have the exterior to trigger the signal, CPU protection the spot breaks off procedure counts the machine turn the homologous exterior I/ O automatically in the procedure to go to also, be exterior interruption procedure processing complete, the procedure counts the machine to return the main procedure to continue to work. Have 1:00 can what to explain is we generally would nasty stop the button of exterior break offto rise to the tallest Class, thus guarantee the safety.When we are work a work piece, giving the PLC a signal, counting PLC inner part the machine add 1 to compute us for a day of workload, a count the machine and can solve problem in brief, certainly they also can keep the data under the condition of dropping the electricity, urging the data not to throw to lose, this is also what we hope earnestly.The PLC still has the function that the high class counts the machine, being us while accept some dates of high speed, the high speed that here say is the data of the in all aspects tiny second class, for example the bar code scanner is scanning the data continuously, calculating high-speed signal of the data processor DSP etc., we will adopt the high class to count the machine to help we carry on count. It at the PLC carries out the procedure once discover that the high class counts the machine to should of interruption, will let go of the work on the hand immediately. The trapezoid diagram procedure that passes by to weave the distance again explains the high class for us to carry out procedure to count machine would automatic performance to should of work, thus rise the Class that the high class counts the machine to high one Class.You heard too many this phrases perhaps:" crash", the meaning that is mostly is a workload of CPU to lead greatly, the internal resources shortage etc. the circumstance can't result in procedure circulate. The PLC also has the similar circumstance, there is a watchdog WDT in the inner part of PLC, we can establish time that a procedure of WDT circulate, being to appear the procedure to jump to turn the mistake in the procedure movement process or the procedure is busy, movement time of the procedure exceeds WDT constitution time, the CPU turn but the WDT reset the appearance. The procedure restarts the movement, but will not carry on the breakage to the interruption.The PLC development has already entered for network ages of correspondence from the mode of the one, and together other works control the net plank and I/ O card planks to carry on the share easily. A state software can pass allse hardwires link, more animation picture of keep the view to carries on the control, and cans pass the Internet to carry on the control in the foreign land, the blast-off that is like the absolute being boat No.5 is to adopt this kind of way to make airship go up the sky.The development of the higher layer needs our continuous effort to obtain. The PLC emergence has already affected a few persons fully, we also obtained more knowledge and precepts from the top one experience of the generation, coming to the continuous development PLC technique, push it toward higher wave tide.Knowing the available PLC network options and their best applications will ensure an efficient and flexible control system design.The programmable logic controller's (PLC's) ability to support a range of communication methods makes it an ideal control and data acquisition device for a wide variety of industrial automation and facility control applications. However, there is some confusion because so many possibilities exist. To help eliminate this confusion, let's list what communications are available and when they would be best applied.To understand the PLC's communications versatility, let's first define the terms used in describing the various systems.ASCII: This stands for "American Standard Code for Information Interchange." As shown in Fig. 1, when the letter "A" is transmitted, for instance, it's automatically coded as "65" by the sending equipment. The receiving equipment translates the "65" back to the letter "A." Thus, different devices can communicate with each other as long as both use ASCII code.ASCII module: This intelligent PLC module is used for connecting PLCs to other devices also capable of communicating using ASCII code as a vehicle.Bus topology: This is a linear local area network (LAN) arrangement, as shown in Fig. 2A, in which individual nodes are tapped into a main communications cable at a single point and broadcast messages. These messages travel in both directions on the bus from the point of connection until they are dissipated by terminators at each end of the bus.CPU: This stands for "central processing unit," which actually is that part of a computer, PLC, or other intelligent device where arithmetic and logical operations are performed and instructions are decoded and executed.Daisy chain: This is a description of the connection of individual devices in a PLC network, where, as shown in Fig. 3, each device is connected to the next and communications signals pass from one unit to the next in a sequential fashion.Distributed control: This is an automation concept in which portions of an automated system are controlled by separate controllers, which are located in close proximity to their area of direct control (control is decentralized and spread out over the system).Host computer: This is a computer that's used to transfer data to, or receive data from, a PLC in a PLC/computer network.Intelligent device: This term describes any device equipped with its own CPU.I/O: This stands for "inputs and outputs," which are modules that handle data to the PLC (inputs) or signals from the PLC (outputs) to an external device.Kbps: This stands for "thousand bits per second," which is a rate of measure for electronic data transfer.Mbps: This stands for "million bits per second."Node: This term is applied to any one of the positions or stations in a network. Each node incorporates a device that can communicate with all other devices on the network.Protocol: The definition of how data is arranged and coded for transmission on a network.Ring topology. This is a LAN arrangement, as shown in Fig. 2C, in which each node is connected to two other nodes, resulting in a continuous, closed, circular path or loop for messages to circulate, usually in one direction. Some ring topologies have a special "loop back" feature that allows them to continue functioning even if the main cable is severed.RS232. This is an IEEE standard for serial communications that describes specific wiring connections, voltage levels, and other operating parameters for electronic data communications. There also are several other RS standards defined.Serial: This is an electronic data transfer scheme in which information is transmitted one bit at a time.Serial port: This the communications access point on a device that is set up for serial communications.Star topology. This is a LAN arrangement in which, as shown in Fig. 2B, nodes are connected to one another through a central hub, which can be active or passive. An active hub performs network duties such as message routing and maintenance. A passive central hub simply passes the message along to all the nodes connected to it.Topology: This relates to a specific arrangement of nodes in a LAN inrelation to one another.Transparent: This term describes automatic events or processes built into a system that require no special programming or prompting from an operator.Now that we're familiar with these terms, let's see how they are used in describing the available PLC network options.PLC network optionsPLC networks provide you with a variety of networking options to meet specific control and communications requirements. Typical options include remote I/O, peer-to-peer, and host computer communications, as well as LANs. These networks can provide reliable and cost-effective communications between as few as two or as many as several hundred PLCs, computers, and other intelligent devices.Many PLC vendors offer proprietary networking systems that are unique and will not communicate with another make of PLC. This is because of the different communications protocols, command sequences, error-checking schemes, and communications media used by each manufacturer.However, it is possible to make different PLCs "talk" to one another; what's required is an ASCII interface for the connection(s), along with considerable work with software.Remote I/0 systemsA remote I/O configuration, as shown in Fig. 4A, has the actual inputs and outputs at some distance from the controller and CPU. This type of system, which can be described as a "master-and-slave" configuration, allows many distant digital and analog points to be controlled by a single PLC. Typically, remote I/Os are connected to the CPU via twisted pair or fiber optic cables.Remote I/O configurations can be extremely cost-effective control solutions where only a few I/O points are needed in widely separated areas. In this situation, it's not always necessary, or practical for that matter, to have a controller at each site. Nor is it practical to individually hard wire each I/O point over long distances back to the CPU. For example, remote I/O systems can be used in acquiring data from remote plant or facility locations. Information such as cycle times, counts, duration or events, etc. then can be sent back to the PLC for maintenance and management reporting.In a remote I/O configuration, the master controller polls the slaved I/O for its current I/O status. The remote I/O system responds, and the master PLC then signals the remote I/O to change the state of outputs as dictated by the control program in the PLC's memory. This entire cycle occurs hundreds of times per second.Peer-to-peer networksPeer-to-peer networks, as shown in Fig. 4B, enhance reliability by decentralizing the control functions without sacrificing coordinated control. In this type of network, numerous PLCs are connected to one another in a daisy-chain fashion, and a common memory table is duplicated in the memory of each. In this way, when any PLC writes data to this memory area, the information is automatically transferred to all other PLCs in the network. They then can use this information in their own operating programs.With peer-to-peer networks, each PLC in the network is responsible for its own control site and only needs to be programmed for its own area of responsibility. This aspect of the network significantly reduces programming and debugging complexity; because all communications occur transparently to the user, communications programming is reduced to simple read-and-write statements.In a peer-to-peer system, there's no master PLC. However, it's possibleto designate one of the PLCs as a master for use as a type of group controller. This PLC then can be used to accept input information from an operator input terminal, for example, sending all the necessary parameters to other PLCs and coordinating the sequencing of various events.Host computer linksPLCs also can be connected with computers or other intelligent devices. In fact, most PLCs, from the small to the very large, can be directly connected to a computer or part of a multi drop host computer network via RS232C or RS422 ports. This combination of computer and controller maximizes the capabilities of the PLC, for control and data acquisition, as well as the computer, for data processing, documentation, and operator interface.In a PLC/computer network, as shown in Fig. 4C, all communications are initiated by the host computer, which is connected to all the PLCs in a daisy-chain fashion. This computer individually addresses each of its networked PLCs and asks for specific information. The addressed PLC then sends this information to the computer for storage and further analysis. This cycle occurs hundreds of times per second.Host computers also can aid in programming PLCs; powerful programming and documentation software is available for program development. Programs then can be written on the computer in relay ladder logic and downloaded into the PLC. In this way, you can create, modify, debug, and monitor PLC programs via a computer terminal.In addition to host computers, PLCs often must interface with other devices, such as operator interface terminals for large security and building management systems. Although many intelligent devices can communicate directly with PLCs via conventional RS232C ports and serial ASCII code, some don't have the software ability to interface with individual PLC models. Instead, they typically send and receive data in fixed formats. It's the PLCprogrammer's responsibility to provide the necessary software interface.The easiest way to provide such an interface to fixed-format intelligent devices is to use an ASCII/BASIC module on the PLC. This module is essentially a small computer that plugs into the bus of the PLC. Equipped with RS232 ports and programmed in BASIC, the module easily can handle ASCII communications with peripheral devices, data acquisition functions, programming sequences, "number crunching," report and display generation, and other requirements.Access, protocol, and modulation functions of LANsBy using standard interfaces and protocols, LANs allow a mix of devices (PLCs, PCs, mainframe computers, operator interface terminals, etc.) from many different vendors to communicate with others on the network.Access: A LAN's access method prevents the occurrence of more than one message on the network at a time. There are two common access methods.Collision detection is where the nodes "listen" to the network and transmit only if there are no other messages on the network. If two nodes transmit simultaneously, the collision is detected and both nodes retransmit until their messages get through properly.Token passing allows each node to transmit only if it's in possession of a special electronic message called a token. The token is passed from node to node, allowing each an opportunity to transmit without interference. Tokens usually have a time limit to prevent a single node from tying up the token for a long period of time.Protocol: Network protocols define the way messages are arranged and coded for transmission on the LAN. The following are two common types.Proprietary protocols are unique message arrangements and coding。
英语翻译方向的开题报告
英语翻译方向的开题报告英语翻译方向的开题报告一、选题背景及意义英语翻译作为一门重要的语言学科，对于促进不同国家和文化之间的交流与合作起着至关重要的作用。
随着全球化进程的加快，英语翻译的需求也越来越大，因此深入研究英语翻译方向的问题具有重要的理论和实践意义。
二、研究目的和研究问题本研究旨在探讨英语翻译方向的相关问题，包括翻译理论、翻译方法和翻译实践等方面。
具体研究问题如下：1. 英语翻译的理论基础是什么？2. 英语翻译的方法有哪些？各自的特点和适用场景是什么？3. 英语翻译实践中存在的问题有哪些？如何解决这些问题？通过对这些问题的研究，可以为英语翻译的发展提供理论指导和实践经验。
三、研究方法和步骤本研究将采用文献综述和实证研究相结合的方法，具体步骤如下：1. 收集相关文献，包括翻译理论、翻译方法和翻译实践方面的经典著作和最新研究成果。
2. 对文献进行综述和分析，总结英语翻译的理论基础和方法特点。
3. 结合实际案例，对英语翻译实践中存在的问题进行调研和分析。
4. 提出解决问题的建议和措施，为英语翻译实践提供参考和借鉴。
通过以上步骤，可以全面了解英语翻译方向的现状和问题，并提出有针对性的解决方案。
四、预期研究结果和创新点本研究预期将得出以下结果：1. 对英语翻译的理论基础进行梳理和总结，明确其核心概念和基本原则。
2. 对英语翻译的方法进行分类和评价，分析各自的特点和适用场景。
3. 对英语翻译实践中存在的问题进行深入分析，提出解决问题的建议和措施。
本研究的创新点在于对英语翻译方向的综合研究，将理论和实践相结合，旨在为英语翻译的发展提供理论指导和实践经验。
五、研究的局限性和可行性分析本研究的局限性主要体现在以下几个方面：1. 数据的获取和分析可能存在一定的困难，需要耗费一定的时间和精力。
2. 由于研究时间和资源的限制，无法对所有英语翻译方向的问题进行全面研究，可能只能选择一些典型问题进行深入分析。
然而，本研究的可行性较高，主要原因如下：1. 文献综述是一种常见的研究方法，相关文献资源丰富，易于获取和分析。
英语翻译类开题报告
英语翻译类开题报告英语翻译类开题报告一、研究背景和意义随着全球化进程的加速和国际交流的不断深化，英语作为全球通用语言的地位日益重要。
在这一背景下，英语翻译扮演着桥梁的角色，促进不同语言和文化之间的交流和理解。
然而，由于语言本身的复杂性和文化差异的存在，英语翻译面临着许多挑战和困难。
因此，研究英语翻译的方法和技巧，提高翻译质量和效率，具有重要的理论和实践意义。
二、研究目标和内容本研究旨在探讨英语翻译中的一些关键问题，包括语义转换、文化适应、语法结构等方面。
具体内容包括以下几个方面：1. 语义转换：探讨英语翻译中词义的转换和表达方式的差异。
通过分析不同语言之间的词汇和表达方式的差异，研究如何准确地传达原文的意思，并在翻译过程中保持语义的一致性。
2. 文化适应：研究英语翻译中的文化适应问题。
不同语言和文化之间存在着差异，翻译过程中需要考虑到这些差异，以确保译文在目标文化中能够被理解和接受。
3. 语法结构：探讨英语翻译中的语法结构问题。
英语和其他语言在语法结构上存在较大差异，研究如何在翻译过程中处理这些差异，以确保译文的语法正确性。
三、研究方法和步骤本研究将采用多种研究方法，包括文献综述、案例分析和实证研究。
具体步骤如下：1. 文献综述：对相关领域的文献进行综述，了解当前研究的进展和研究方法，为本研究提供理论基础和参考。
2. 案例分析：选择一些具有代表性的文本进行案例分析，分析其中的语义转换、文化适应和语法结构等问题。
通过对这些案例的分析，总结出一些通用的翻译方法和技巧。
3. 实证研究：通过实际的翻译实验，验证所提出的方法和技巧的有效性和可行性。
选择一些翻译难度较高的文本，进行翻译和评估，以验证所提出的方法和技巧的实际效果。
四、预期成果和应用价值本研究的预期成果包括以下几个方面：1. 理论贡献：通过对英语翻译中的关键问题进行深入研究，提出一些新的理论观点和方法，丰富和完善英语翻译的理论体系。
2. 实践指导：通过实证研究和案例分析，总结出一些通用的翻译方法和技巧，为英语翻译实践提供指导和参考。
英语翻译论文开题报告
英语翻译论文开题报告英语翻译论文开题报告一、引言翻译作为一种语言交流的方式，扮演着重要的角色。
随着全球化的发展，翻译在国际交流中的地位越来越重要。
本论文旨在探讨英语翻译的相关问题，并提出解决方案。
二、研究背景随着信息技术的快速发展，翻译工具和机器翻译的应用越来越广泛。
然而，机器翻译仍然存在一些问题，如语义理解、文化差异等。
因此，人工翻译的需求仍然存在。
三、研究目的本论文的目的是探讨英语翻译的问题，并提出解决方案。
通过研究，我们希望能够提高翻译质量，减少误差，并促进跨文化交流。
四、研究方法本论文将采用文献综述和实证研究相结合的方法。
首先，我们将回顾相关的文献，了解当前英语翻译的研究现状和存在的问题。
然后，我们将进行实证研究，通过对比机器翻译和人工翻译的结果，分析其差异和原因。
五、研究内容1. 翻译理论本论文将首先回顾翻译理论的发展，包括功能对等理论、文化转换理论等。
通过了解翻译理论的基本原理，我们可以更好地理解翻译的本质和目标。
2. 翻译质量评估翻译质量是翻译工作的核心问题。
本论文将探讨翻译质量评估的方法和标准，如BLEU、TER等。
通过评估翻译质量，我们可以了解翻译的准确性和流畅性，并找出改进的方向。
3. 机器翻译的问题与挑战尽管机器翻译在某些方面取得了很大的进展，但仍然存在一些问题和挑战。
本论文将分析机器翻译的问题，如语义理解、文化差异等，并提出解决方案。
4. 人工翻译的优势与局限与机器翻译相比，人工翻译具有一定的优势，如更好的语义理解和文化适应性。
然而，人工翻译也存在一些局限性。
本论文将探讨人工翻译的优势与局限，并提出改进的方法。
六、预期结果通过对英语翻译的研究，我们预期可以提出一些改进机器翻译和人工翻译的方法，以提高翻译质量。
我们还希望能够促进跨文化交流，减少误解和误译。
七、论文结构本论文将分为以下几个部分：1. 引言：介绍研究背景、目的和方法。
2. 翻译理论：回顾翻译理论的发展和基本原理。
英语翻译的开题报告
英语翻译的开题报告英语翻译的开题报告一、研究背景随着全球化的不断发展，英语作为一种国际通用语言，在各个领域的应用越来越广泛。
而翻译作为沟通不同语言和文化的桥梁，扮演着重要的角色。
因此，对英语翻译的研究具有重要意义。
二、研究目的本研究的目的是探讨英语翻译的方法和技巧，以提高翻译的质量和准确性。
通过对不同领域的翻译案例进行分析和比较，寻找最佳的翻译策略，进而为英语翻译的实践提供指导和参考。
三、研究内容1. 翻译的定义和分类本部分将介绍翻译的基本概念和定义，以及翻译的分类方法。
通过对翻译的不同角度和层次的划分，可以更好地理解翻译的复杂性和多样性。
2. 翻译的方法和技巧本部分将探讨翻译的具体方法和技巧。
包括但不限于：语义转换、语法调整、文化适应等。
通过对不同语言和文化之间的差异进行分析和比较，可以找到更合适的翻译方式，提高翻译的质量。
3. 领域翻译的特点和挑战本部分将针对不同领域的翻译进行分析和比较。
比如科技领域、医学领域、法律领域等。
不同领域的翻译具有不同的特点和挑战，需要采用不同的翻译策略和技巧。
4. 机器翻译的发展和应用本部分将介绍机器翻译的发展历程和应用情况。
随着人工智能技术的发展，机器翻译在某些领域已经取得了不错的效果。
但是机器翻译仍然存在一些问题和局限性，需要进一步的改进和研究。
5. 翻译的评价和质量控制本部分将讨论如何评价翻译的质量和进行质量控制。
通过对翻译结果的评估和分析，可以发现其中的问题和不足之处，从而提出改进建议和措施。
四、研究方法本研究将采用文献综述和案例分析的方法。
通过查阅相关文献和实际翻译案例，收集和整理相关数据，并进行分析和比较。
五、预期结果本研究预期可以总结出一套有效的英语翻译方法和技巧，为翻译实践提供指导和参考。
同时，也可以发现机器翻译的优势和不足之处，为机器翻译的改进提供建议。
六、研究意义本研究的意义在于提高英语翻译的质量和准确性，促进不同语言和文化之间的交流和理解。
英语翻译专业本科生毕业论文开题报告（共9篇）
英语翻译专业本科生毕业论文开题报告(共9篇)：开题本科生毕业论文英语翻译报告论文开题报告怎么写开题报告范文本科生毕业论文多少字篇一：英语专业本科毕业论文开题报告选题论证一、题目：The C-E Translation of Chinese Typical Expressions in theGovernment Work Reports from the Perspective of Skopos Theory二、我国研究现状中国政府每年都要在“两会”上向与会代表和委员发布《政府工作报告》，总结前一年或者前五年中国在建设具有中国特色的社会主义道路上所取得的新成就，同时部署来年或者未来五年中国政府对中国国情所作出的各项方针政策，涉及政治、经济、文化和人民生活等各个领域。
该报告也因此成为国际社会了解中国国情、中国发展、中国政府的政策和主张的尤为重要的途径之一，受到全世界各国政府和人民的普遍关注。
因此，其翻译的好坏直接影响到中国的国际声誉和国际地位。
政府工作报告是一种特殊的文体，兼有口头语和书面语的双重特征，其翻译实属政论文体翻译。
目前，国内学者对政论文的翻译研究较少，对政府工作报告的翻译更少。
本文作者通过在知网和万方数据中输入关键词搜索关于对政府工作报告中具有中国特色词汇英译研究的书籍、论文、期刊，发现从目的论的角度对政府工作报告中具有中国特色词汇英译进行的研究相对特别少。
本文尝试从功能翻译理论中的目的论的角度对政府工作报告中具有中国特色词汇的英译进行进一步的研究。
三、研究的原因及意义随着对外交流的不断扩大以及中国国际地位的不断提升，《政府工作报告》日益受到世界瞩目，因此该报告的翻译对中国的发展具有深远的影响和重大的意义。
但是《政府工作报告》的翻译难度颇大，因为该报告具有极强的政治性和政策性，对译文的准确性和忠实性要求极高，而且报告中包含了大量的具有中国特色的词汇，很难在英语中找到完全对应的表达方式。
翻译实践开题报告(5篇)
翻译实践开题报告(5篇)翻译实践开题报告(5篇)翻译实践开题报告范文第1篇关键词翻译硕士专业学位论文写作导师角色0 引言到目前为止翻译硕士专业学位（MTI）的培育单位已达158所，其中40所院校已产生（或即将产生）毕业生。
在这过程中，很多与MTI教学亲密相关的问题也日渐凸显，例如教学课程的设置、师资队伍的建设、教学方式的创新、实习基地的建设、毕业论文的模式、就业方向的扩展等。
对于一门新兴的专业，其进展必经受借鉴和探究，需接受社会现实的各种挑战。
对于初接触这个专业的同学而言，导师的存在就有了更重要的意义。
《翻译硕士专业学位讨论生指导性培育方案》提出了三种论文形式：（1）项目：同学在导师的指导下选择中外文本进行翻译，字数不少于10000字，并依据译文就翻译问题写出不少于5000字的讨论报告；（2）试验报告：同学在导师的指导下就口译或笔译的某个环节绽开试验，并就试验结果进行分析，写出不少于10000字的试验报告；（3）讨论论文：同学在导师的指导下撰写翻译讨论论文，字数不少于15000字。
穆雷依据翻译行业的职业特点，借鉴其他专业学位中关于学位论文的要求并结合翻译行业的实际操作流程提出将MTI的三种学位论文形式调整为四种，即重要岗位的实习报告、翻译实践报告、翻译试验报告和翻译调研报告。
之后，穆雷、邹兵在此基础上综合归纳了MTI学位论文的五种方式：重要岗位的实习报告、翻译实践报告、翻译试验报告、翻译调研报告和翻译讨论论文。
由于没有先例可循、没有常规的写作模式，在从选题到答辩的整个论文完成过程中，师生都有很多怀疑和彷徨。
笔者在翻译硕士专业学位所处的大环境下，从学位论文实际完成过程入手，探讨导师在“设计者、诱导者、讨论者和管理者”宏观角色下的微观角色。
1 论文完成过程中导师的角色1.1 选题、开题——掌舵人毕业论文作为对同学在校学习、讨论、实践成果与素养力量的检测方式，其重要性不言而喻。
选题、开题，作为论文的第一步将直接影响整个论文的成败。
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英语翻译论文开题报告
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英语翻译论文开题报告
时间:2015-03-
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李琏.?英式显性词性转换与英语写作[J].?新疆教育学学
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叶海燕.?翻译中的词性转换及换形[J].?安徽工业大学学报(社会科学
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三、对英文翻译中词类转换的引入
从语言的角度来分析，对一门语言中的词性以及在语句中的成分进行分析，?从转喻理论的相关知识出发，来探讨英汉语言翻译中词类转换的概念和知识，并就其异同和特性进行对比，不仅是当前国内外学者研究的重点问题，也是大学英语教学中始终关注的热点。
?为?此?，从英文翻译的实践中，?通过例证或典型问题的互译，从语言结构及表达习惯上进行探讨英文翻译中的转换方法，以增强语言翻译的可读性和准确性，并从中探讨出词类转换的规律，帮助更多的学生从中获得有益的指
导。
1.对词类转换的定义及其特点从定义来看，对词类转换就是在不改变单词的形态的同时，对其涵义进行词性的转变，如名词转换成动词、名词转换成副词、动词转换成形容词、动词转换成副词等。
?比如句子：Could?you?skin?the?banana?对单词?skin?的转换，就是将名词转换成动词的意思：把香蕉的皮剥掉。
为此，在英文翻译实践中，类似的词性转换是比较常见的，正确地实现对词性的转换，不仅关系到对英文的原文意思的有效把握，也对汉语的表达习惯的认识提出了更高的要求。
?所以，只有从基本的练习和实践，逐步掌握词性转换在英文翻译中的变化，才能实现自身翻译能力的提升。
?否则的话，要么难以全面地理解英语的意义，要么难以全面翻译原文的意思，?又如例子：The?value?of?anopportunity?，?我们对单词?Value?的理解可以从本意上说是“?价值”?，也可以从段落中来译作“?珍惜”?，所不同的是，词性的转换让翻译在语言表达习惯上更加准确。
2.对词类转换的技巧分析在英文翻译中，很多学生拘泥于原文的篇幅及章句的语法结构，很容易从生搬硬套中来翻译，造成词义、词性的颠倒和不通顺，?难以实现对原文意思的有效表达。
比如对于上下文不连贯的现象，语句翻译不符合语境要求，出现死译现象，同时，对语体结构特点和语言表达方式的联系不够紧密，以致于出现逻辑顺序混乱，语言语法意义模糊。
?为此，在对英文翻译时，要从两种语言的表达习惯和语言形式中进行比较。
?英语是以形式为主的语言，而汉语是以含义为主的语言，两者在结句表意时都必须按照其自身的逻辑性和语言特点来翻译，切忌将英文句子进行无谓的断句，?形成支离破碎的意思堆砌，偏离了英文翻译中的思维缜密性和结构严谨性的要求。
同时，在对英文翻译学习过程中，要对两种语言的特点进行系统的学习，从语法规范、遣词造句的习惯，以及对特殊语言的语气、风格的变换等都要进行全面的学习，从中总结出两种语言的异同，并能够在英文翻译中从其差异性出发，在保证原文的基础上，实现对词类转换的有效处理，使得翻译既通顺又契合语言表达习惯。
另外，?对于在词类转换中出现的词性或词序变化，要分清英文中词汇之间的关系。
?在英文单词中，词性的变化多以词缀来实现，比如加前缀或后缀，以构成不同的词性如在单词?character?作名词时，译为“?特征”?，而在加上后缀?ize?时，就变成动词“?具有……的特征”?的意思了，而在其后
加?istic?时，其意义又变成了“?有特点的”?的形容词了。
而与汉语的词性相比较，汉语多使用动词，英语中多使用名词、形容词，以及介词词组等，这些差异都会对英文翻译起到一定的影响。
为此，在翻译学习中，必须从其整个语境中来探讨其翻译中的具体技巧和实践，并从中来逐步培养自己的翻译能力。