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话题结构在汉语日常谈话中的类型及交际功能

话题结构在汉语日常谈话中的类型及交际功能

话题结构在汉语日常谈话中的类型及交际功能话题是人们在交际中所涉及的内容,是交际的基本要素之一。

在汉语日常谈话中,话题结构是一种重要的语言现象,它不仅涉及到语言的形式,还涉及到交际的功能。

本文将从话题结构的类型和交际功能两个方面进行探讨。

一、话题结构的类型1. 单一话题结构单一话题结构是指在谈话中只涉及一个话题的结构。

例如:“你昨天去哪里了?”“我去了图书馆。

”这个对话中,只涉及到一个话题,即“昨天去哪里了”。

2. 多话题结构多话题结构是指在谈话中涉及多个话题的结构。

例如:“你昨天去哪里了?”“我去了图书馆。

”“你借了什么书?”“我借了一本小说。

”这个对话中,涉及到两个话题,即“昨天去哪里了”和“借了什么书”。

3. 话题扩展结构话题扩展结构是指在谈话中,通过对话的方式扩展话题的结构。

例如:“你昨天去哪里了?”“我去了图书馆。

”“你去图书馆干什么?”“我去还书。

”这个对话中,通过对话的方式,将话题从“昨天去哪里了”扩展到“去图书馆干什么”。

二、话题结构的交际功能1. 话题引入话题引入是指在交际中,通过话题结构引入新的话题。

例如:“你昨天去哪里了?”这个问题就是通过话题结构引入了新的话题。

2. 话题维持话题维持是指在交际中,通过话题结构维持当前的话题。

例如:“你昨天去哪里了?”“我去了图书馆。

”这个对话中,通过话题结构维持了“昨天去哪里了”的话题。

3. 话题转移话题转移是指在交际中,通过话题结构将话题从一个话题转移到另一个话题。

例如:“你昨天去哪里了?”“我去了图书馆。

”“你去图书馆干什么?”这个对话中,通过话题结构将话题从“昨天去哪里了”转移到“去图书馆干什么”。

4. 话题结束话题结束是指在交际中,通过话题结构结束当前的话题。

例如:“你昨天去哪里了?”“我去了图书馆。

”“好的,谢谢你。

”这个对话中,通过话题结构结束了“昨天去哪里了”的话题。

总之,话题结构在汉语日常谈话中具有重要的语言形式和交际功能。

高考英语作文功能话题讲练 物品的描述

高考英语作文功能话题讲练 物品的描述

高考英语作文功能话题讲练物品的描述一、大小长短(一)常用句型:①某物+ is + 数词+ 名量词+ 形容词。

如:This rope is 100 meters long. 绳子100米长。

②某物+ is + 数词+ 名量词+ in length /width / height。

如:This cloth is 1.5 metres in width and 30 metres in length.这块布料1.5米宽,30米长。

③The length /width / height of +某物is +数词+ 名量词。

如:The length of this rope is 100 meters. 绳子100米长。

④This/It is a 基数词-名量词(单数)-形容词+某物。

This is a 20-metre-long plastic pipe. 这是一根二十米长的塑料管子。

(二)常用词汇:①形容词:long, wide, high, tall, deep. ②名词:length, width, height, depth。

二、面积体积(一)表示体积的句型:①某物+ is + 数词+ (度量词) + by +数词+ (度量词) + by + 数词+ 度量词。

某物长…宽…高…。

The box is 50 by 40 by 30 centimetres.这个箱子50厘米长40厘米宽30厘米高。

②某物is + 数词+ cubic + 度量词。

某物…立方…。

The bank is 20 cubic metres. 水箱20立方米大。

③The volume of + 某物is ... cubic +度量词。

某物的容量(体积)是…。

The volume of this containeris two cubic metres.这个容器的容量是两立方米。

表示面积的句型:①某物+ is + 数词+ square + 度量词。

初中英语话题功能结构汇总表

初中英语话题功能结构汇总表


邀请
谈论责任
谈论人物特征,比较人 六 个人特征
物,
结构
what do…?How often…? 频率副词;代词 all、 most、 some、 none
have…(problem);should、shouldn't 进行时表将来;where、when、how long How do…? How long…?How far…?
can you …?have to 进行时表将来
-er,-est 比较等级;more;both
七 在家做饭 描述工序;遵照说明
祈使句;How many、how much
八 学校旅行 九 钦佩的人
谈论过去事件 谈论名人
动词过去式(规则和不规则);过去时肯定、否定 句
被动语态;副词性从句(when 从句)
初中英语话题功能结构汇总表
七年级
单元 话题
一 交新朋友
二 教室物品
三 家庭成员
四 房间物品
五 度过时光

食物
功能
介绍自己;问候; 问答电话号码 辨别物主
介绍、辨别人物 物品位置
谈论归属;提出建议 喜欢…,不喜欢……
结构
一般现在时;to be;what;my、your、his、her
指示代词 this,that 人称代词 I、he、she;指代词 these, those 人称代词 they;介词 on、in、under;where

天气
七 身体外貌

食物
九 周末活动

假期
十一 履行文化 十二 规矩
描述天气;正在干… 描述长相 饭馆点菜
谈论过去事件
谈论过去事件 给出观点;谈论喜恶

PEP小学英语功能意念、话题项目表

PEP小学英语功能意念、话题项目表
2.What’s the weather like in spring ? it’s rainy in spring.
3.Is it rainy in fall? Yes, it is. / No, it’s windy.
4.What’s the weather like inGuangzhou? It’s hot.
2.What’s that? It’s a pink lamp.
3.Is this a panda? Yes, it is / No, it isn’t.
4.Is that a black pillow? Yes, it is / No, it isn’t.
5.What are these / those? They’re pears.
U1,U5-U6, B1
U5, B1
★★★
3
询问姓名、年龄等
1.what’s your (his, her)name ?
2.How old are you? I’m ten.
3.How old is he / your brother(sister)? He (she ) is seven.
U6,B1
U10,B1
★★★
4
询问能力
1.Can you read? Yes,Ican. What about you?
No,Ican’t. ButIcan fly.
U3,B1
★★★
5
谈论职业
1.Whatdo you do? I’m a nurse.
2.What does she do? She’s a doctor.
We’re going to stay in a hotel.
U10,B8

英语交际功能话题

英语交际功能话题

7. – Sorry I forgot to finish the homework. -- It’s OK. But you need to finish it this afternoon. 8. – Thank you for your advice. -- You are welcome. 9. – I apologize for what I said. -- It’s all right. We are still good friends. 10. – Sorry I made a mistake. -- Please be careful next tim
二、引荐与介绍 (Introducing oneself and others)
1. -- How do you spell your name? -- It’s ***. 2. -- Who is the girl in white over there? -- She is my English teacher ***. 3. -- Could you introduce me to her? -- Sure, let’s go. 4. -- Rose, let me introduce my friend to you. He is Tom, my classmate. -- Nice to meet you. -- Nice to meet you, too. 5. - -Let me introduce myself. I am ***. Just call me ***. -- How do you do? -- How do you do. -- Me too.
8. – Hello, Mary. Will you be free this evening? -- Yes, why? -- I have got two film tickets of AVANTAR. Would you like to see the movie with me? -- Yes, I’d love to. 9. – Hello, is that Doctor Smith? Can I have an examination on Tuesday? -- I’m afraid I have no spare time on Tuesday. What about Thursday? -- OK, I will go to your clinic on Thursday. 10. – I have something to say with the manager. Can I have an appointment with him? --Yes, Sure. You can meet him at 2 o’clock this afternoon. He will be free at that time.

功能话题扩展

功能话题扩展

功能话题扩展Invitations and Responses 邀请和应答Expressing Invitations 表达邀请1. Will you come to …? 你愿意来……吗?2. Would you like to …? 你想……吗?3. I’d like to invite you to… 我想邀请你去……4. Would you care for sth. / to do sth.? 你愿意……吗?5. I was wondering if you might like … 不知你是否想……6. We should be very pleased if you could come and have dinner with us this evening.如果你今晚能来和我们一起吃饭,我们将非常高兴。

7. What / How about …? 你认为……怎么样啊?8. Shall we …? 我们……好吗?9. Won’t you join us? 为什么不加入我们的行列呢?10. Why don’t you go with us? 为何不跟我们一起去呢?11. Why not come and join in our game? 为什么不来和我们一起玩呢?12. We’d like you to… 我们很希望你……13. May I invite you to …? 可以请你……吗?Accepting Invitations 接受邀请1. Yes, I’d like / love to. 好的,我很乐意。

2. Yes, it’s/ that’s very kind / nice of you. 好的,谢谢你的好意。

3. That sounds like a good idea. 那是个好主意。

4. Thank you for inviting me. 谢谢你邀请我。

5. It would be nice to join you in the party. 能参加你们的聚会真是太好了。

新课标功能意念与话题项目表

新课标功能意念与话题项目表

《普通高中英语课程标准》功能意念项目表1.社会交往〔Social Communications〕〔1〕问候〔Greetings〕〔2〕介绍〔Introduction〕〔3〕告别〔Farewells〕〔4〕感谢〔Thanks〕〔5〕道歉〔Apologies〕〔6〕邀请〔Invitation〕〔7〕请求允许〔Asking for permission〕〔8〕祝愿和祝贺〔Expressing wishes and congratulation s〕〔9〕提供帮助〔Offering help〕〔10〕接受或拒绝〔acceptance and refusal〕〔11〕约会〔Making appointments〕〔12〕打〔Making telephone calls〕<13〕就餐〔Having meals〕〔14〕就医〔Seeing the doctor〕〔15〕购物〔Shopping〕〔16〕问路〔Asking the way〕〔17〕谈论天气〔Talking about weather〕〔18〕语言交际困难〔Language difficulties incommunication〕〔19〕提醒注意〔Reminding〕〔20〕警告和禁止〔Warning and prohibition〕〔21〕劝告〔Advice〕〔22〕建议〔Suggestions〕2.态度〔Attitudes〕〔23〕同意和不同意〔Agreement and disagreement〕〔24〕喜欢和不喜欢〔likes and dislikes〕〔25〕肯定和不肯定〔Certainty and uncertainty〕〔26〕可能和不可能〔Possibility and impossibility〕〔27〕能够和不能够〔Ability and inability〕〔28〕偏爱和优先选择〔Preference〕〔29〕意愿和打算〔Intentions and plans〕〔30〕希望和愿望〔Hopes and Wishes〕〔31〕表扬和鼓励〔Praise and encourage〕〔32〕责备和抱怨〔Blame and complain〕〔33〕冷淡〔Indifference〕〔34〕判断与评价〔Judgment and evaluation〕 3.情感〔Emotions〕〔35〕高兴〔Happiness〕〔36〕惊奇〔Surprise〕〔37〕忧虑〔Worries〕〔38〕安慰〔Reassurance〕〔39〕满意〔Satisfaction〕〔40〕遗憾〔Regret〕〔41〕同情〔Sympathy〕〔42〕恐惧〔Fear〕〔43〕愤怒〔Anger〕4.时间〔Time〕〔44〕时刻〔Point of time〕〔45〕时段〔Duration〕〔46〕频度〔Frequency〕〔47〕时序〔Sequence〕5.空间〔Space〕〔48〕位置〔Position〕〔49〕方向〔Direction〕〔50〕距离〔Distance〕6.存在〔Existence〕〔51〕存在与不存在〔Existence and non-existence〕 7.特征〔Features〕〔52〕形状〔Shape〕〔53〕颜色〔color〕〔54〕材料〔material〕〔55〕价格〔Price〕〔56〕规格〔Size〕〔57〕年龄〔Age〕8.计量〔Measurement〕〔58〕长度〔Length〕〔59〕宽度〔Width〕〔60〕高度〔Height〕〔61〕数量〔Number〕9.比较〔Comparison〕〔62〕同级比较〔Equal comparison〕〔63〕差别比较〔Comparative and superlative〕〔64〕相似和差别〔Similarity and difference〕10.逻辑关系〔Logical relations〕〔65〕原因和结果〔Cause and effect〕〔66〕目的〔Purpose〕11.职业〔Occupations〕〔67〕工作〔Jobs〕〔68〕单位〔Employer〕四、话题项目表说明:标*号的项目为八级要求。

语法、功能与话题

语法、功能与话题

新课标话题要求(24个话题,86个话题点)1.个人情况(Personal information)(1) 个人情况(Personal data) (2) 家庭信息(Family data)(3) 学校信息(School data) (4) 兴趣与爱好(Interests and hobbies) (5) 工作与职业(Jobs and careers)2.家庭、朋友与周围的人(Family, friends and people around)(6) 家人和亲友(Family and relatives) (7) 朋友(Friends)(8) 其他人(Other people)3.周围的环境(Personal environment)(9) 房屋与住所(Kinds of homes) (10) 居室(Rooms in homes) (11) 家具和家庭用品(Furniture & household items) (12) 社区(Community) 4.日常活动(Daily routines)(13) 家庭生活(Life at home) (14) 学校生活(School life)(15) 周末活动(Weekend activities)5.学校(School)(16) 学校设施(School facilities) (17) 学校人员(People at school) (18) 学习科目(School subjects) (19) 学校活动(School activities) 6.个人兴趣(Personal interests)(20) 游戏与休闲(Games and leisure) (21) 爱好(Hobbies)(22) 娱乐活动(Entertainments) (23) 旅游(Tourism)7.情感与情绪(Feelings and emotions)(24) 描述情感(Describing feelings)(25) 表达情感(Expressing emotions)8.人际交往(Interpersonal communications)(26) 社会行为(Social behaviors)(27) 合作与交流(Cooperation and communication)9.计划与安排(Plans and arrangements)(28) 计划(Planning) (29) 安排(Arranging)10.节假日活动(Festivals, holidays and celebrations)(30) 节日与假日(Festivals and holidays)(31) 个人庆典(Personal celebrations) 11.购物(Shopping)(32) 计划(Planning)(33) 商品(Products)(34) 选择(Selecting)(35) 付款(Paying)(36) 个人喜好(Personal preference)12.饮食(Food and drink )(37) 食物(Food)(38) 饮料(Drinks)(39) 饮食习俗(Eating customs)(40) 点餐(Ordering food and drink)13.卫生与健康(Hygiene and health)(41) 身体部位(Parts of body)(42) 体育健身(Physical fitness and exercise) (43) 个人卫生(Personal hygiene)(44) 疾病(Illnesses)(45) 健康饮食(Health diet) (46) 医疗(Medical care)14.安全与救护(Safety and first aid)(47) 安全守则(Safety rules) (48) 意外(Accidents)(49) 急救(First aid) (50) 自我保护(Self protection)15. 天气(Weather)(51) 描述天气情况(Describing weather) (52) 天气预报(Weather report) (53) 衣着与天气(Dressing for the weather)16.文娱与体育(Recreation and sports)(54) 电影与戏剧(Movies and theatre) (55) 音乐与舞蹈(Music and dance) (56) 体育与赛事(Sports and matches)17.旅游与交通(Travel and transport)(57) 旅行(Travel) (58) 交通运输方式(Modes of transportation) (59) 问路(Asking the way) (60) 交通标志(Road signs)(61) 使用地图(Reading maps)18.通讯(Communications)(62) 写信(Writing letters) (63) 打电话(Making phone calls)(64) 使用互联网(Using the Internet)19. 语言学习( Language learning)(65) 语言学习经历(Language learning experiences)(66) 语言与文化(Language and culture)(67) 语言学习的策略(Language learning strategies)(68) 体态语(Body language)20.自然(Nature)(69) 动物和植物(Animals and plants)(70) 山川与河流(Mountains and rivers)(71) 季节(Seasons) (72) 宇宙(Universe)(73) 人与自然(Man and naure) 21.世界与环境(The world and the environment)(74) 国家与民族(Countries and nationalities)(75) 环境保护(Environmental protection) (76) 人口(Population)22.科普知识与现代技术(Popular science and modern technology)(77) 数字与数据(Numbers and data) (78) 科普知识(Popular science)(79) 发明与技术(Inventions and technological advances)(80) 信息技术(Information technology)23.历史与社会(History and society)(81) 中国历史与世界历史(History of China and the world)(82) 著名人物(Famous people)24.故事与诗歌(Stories and poems)(83) 故事(Stories)(84) 诗歌(Poems)(85) 短剧(Short plays)(86) 作家(Writers)语法项目表1.名词(1)可数名词及其单复数(2)不可数名词(3)专有名词(4)名词所有格2.代词(1)人称代词(2)物主代词(3)反身代词(4)指示代词(5)不定代词(some, any, no) (6)疑问代词3.数词(1)基数词(2)序数词4.介词和介词短语5.连词6.形容词(比较级和最高级)7.副词(比较级和最高级)8.冠词9.动词(1)动词的基本形式(2)系动词(3)及物动词和不及物动词(4)助动词(5)情态动词(6)时态①现在进行时②一般现在时③一般过去时④一般将来时⑤过去进行时⑥现在完成时(7)被动语态(一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时)(8)非谓语动词(动词不定式做宾语、宾语补足语、目的状语)(9)动词短语10. 构词法(前缀、后缀,转化、合成)11.句子种类(1)陈述句(肯定式和否定式)(2)疑问句(一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句)(3)祈使句(4)感叹句12.简单句的基本句型(1)主语+系动词+表语(2)主语+不及物动词(3)主语+及物动词+宾语(4)主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(5)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(6)there be句型13.并列复合句14.主从复合句(1)宾语从句(2)状语从句(3)定语从句(能辨认出带有由that, which, who引导的限定性定语从句,并能理解句子意思。

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5.What was the weather like yesterday? It was fine.
6.What will the weather be like tomorrow?
U5,B5U9,B6
★★★
21
询问星期与活动
1.What day is it today? It’s Monday
2.What do you do on Monday? I play the violin on Monday.
2.
U9,B5U5,B8
★★
28
谈论过去的活动
1.Did you study yesterday? Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.
2.What did you do the day before yesterday?
I planted trees yesterday.
3.What did Tony do last week? He visitedShanghai.
2.What’s the weather like in spring ? it’s rainy in spring.
3.Is it rainy in fall? Yes, it is. / No, it’s windy.
4.What’s the weather like inGuangzhou? It’s hot.
2.Were you at the bookstore at 7:00? No, I was looking for a game.
3.Hey, you are late. What were you doing ?
I was digging a new
U5-6,B8

31
谈论过去一系列活动
1.What happed?
U11,B4
★★★
6
谈论喜好
1.What do you like, Tony? I like cake / cheese. Yum!.
2.Do you like tennis? Yes, I do / No, I don’t. I like badminton.
3.Do you like math? Yes, I do.
3.Touch your nose. Open/ close your mouth.
6.Are these/ those grapes? Yes, they are. ? No, they aren’t.
U2,U7,B1 U5-6,B2
★★★
11
谈论颜色
1.What colour is this? It’s red.
2.Is it blue?Yes, it is / No, it isn’t.
1.What are you doing? I’m swimming.
2.What are they doing? They’re painting.
3.What is she doing? She’s writing.
4.Are you ( they ) sleeping? Yes, I am. (we are) / No, I am not.
2.Does he have glasses? Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.
3.Do you haveanystamps (salt)? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
U11,B2U2,B5
★★★
14
询问物品位置
1.Where’s my skirt? It’s on the bed.
2.Is this money yours? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.
3.Are these Mom’s keys? Yes, they are. / sorry, I don’t know.
U11,B3U9,B4
★★★
16
询问价格
1. How much is the guitar? It’s $85.
2.What’s that? It’s a pink lamp.
3.Is this a panda? Yes, it is / No, it isn’t.
4.Is that a black pillow? Yes, it is / No, it isn’t.
5.What are these / those? They’re pears.
3. It’s time to school.
U9,B2U6,B4
★★★
18
谈论月份
1.When’s winter holiday? It’s in January and February.
2.Is January after February. No, January is after February.
1.what’s your (his, her)name ?
2.How old are you? I’m ten.
3.How old is he / your brother(sister)? He (she ) is seven.
U6,B1
U10,B1
★★★
4
询问能力
1.Can you read? Yes, I can. What about you?
2.Where are my socks? They’re under the pillow.
U7,B2U7,B3
★★★
15
询问所属
1.Whose bag is this? It’s my (your/ her/ his/ our, their) bag /
it’s mine ( yours/ hers/ his/ ours/ theirs).
4.What subject do you like? I like art and history.
5.What do you like doing? I like riding my scooter.
6.What’s your hobby?
U11,B1U3,B2 U5,B3 U7,B4
★★★
★★
U2,B3
★★★
22
询问活动频度
1.How often do you go fishing?
Very often. I often go fishing once a week.
Not very often. I go fish about once a year.
U3,B7
★★★
23
谈论现在进行的活动
3.
U6,B5
★★★
19
谈论日期
1.What’s the date today? It’s October 20th.
2.When is your birthday? My birthday (It’s) on May 1st.
U7,B5
★★★
★★

20
谈论天气与季节
1.What’s the weather like today? It’s sunny.
★★★
8
表需求
1.Do you want a guitar? Yes, please.
2.Does she want a computer game? No, she doesn’t.
3.What do they want? Do they want a guitar? No, they want a car.
2.Is she going to the park? No, she isn’t.
3.Are they going to the beach? Yes, they are.
U5
★★
26
谈论旅游计划
1.How are you going to get toGuangzhou?
We’re going to go by bus.
7
表请求
1.Can I have a peach? Sure. Here you are. / No, sorry.
2.Can you take out the trash, please? Sure. I’ll take it out.
Sorry, I’m busy now.
U3,B3U11,B6
Wow! That’s expensive!
2. How much are those socks? They’re $ 1.
Hey! That’s cheap!
U5,B7
★★★
17
询问时间
1.What time is it? It’s eleven o’clock.
2.Is it twelve o’clock? Yes, it is.
5.Is she doing the dishes? No, she’s washing the clothes.
U9,B3U2-3,B4
★★★
24
谈论打算与计划
1.What do you want to do? I want to see a movie.
2.Do you want to take a walk? Yes, I do. / Sure.
功能意念、话题项目表
(B1—B8汇总)
要求
功能与
话题
常用表达句式
单元
★★★
1
问候与道别
1.Hello! / Hi
2.How are you? Fine, thank you.
3.Good morning!
4.Goodbye! / Bye
U1,U5-U6, B1
★★★
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