Business Discourse across ‘cultures’ data selectio
公共英语四级阅读文章《国际商业和跨文化交流》
公共英语四级阅读文章《国际商业和跨文化交流》公共英语四级阅读文章《国际商业和跨文化交流》公共英语四级难度有点大，考生不认真备考的话，很容易就会丢分。
下面，店铺为大家整理了一篇公共英语四级阅读文章，希望对大家有用。
International Business and Cross-cultural CommunicationThe increase in international business and in foreign investment has created a need for executives with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross-cultural communication. Americans, however, have not been well trained in either area and, consequently, have not enjoyed the same level of success in negotiation in an international arena as have their foreign counterparts.Negotiating is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching an agreement. It involves persuasion and compromise, but in order to participate in either one, the negotiators must understand the ways in which people are persuaded and how compromise is reached within the culture of the negotiation.In many international business negotiations abroad, Americans are perceived as wealthy and impersonal. It often appears to the foreign negotiator that the American represents a large multi-million-dollar corporation that can afford to pay the price without bargaining further. The American negotiator's role becomes that of an impersonal purveyor of information and cash.In studies of American negotiators abroad, several traits have been identified that may serve to confirm this stereotypical perception, while undermining the negotiator's position. Two traits in particular that cause cross-cultural misunderstanding aredirectness and impatience on the part of the American negotiator. Furthermore, American negotiators often insist on realizing short-term goals. Foreign negotiators, on the other hand, may value the relationship established between negotiators and may be willing to invest time in it for long-term benefits. In order to solidify the relationship, they may opt for indirect interactions without regard for the time involved in getting to know the other negotiator.Clearly, perceptions and differences in values affect the outcomes of negotiations and the success of negotiators. For Americans to play a more effective role in international business negotiations, they must put forth more effort to improve cross-cultural understanding.国际商业和跨文化交流国际贸易和海外投资的增加产生了对具有外语知识和跨文化交流技巧的经理的需求。
爱国主义的英语作文
爱国主义的英语作文Patriotism is a timeless virtue that has been celebrated across cultures and throughout history. It is the love forone's country and the willingness to support and defend it.In this essay, we will explore the essence of patriotism, its significance in shaping a nation's character, and how it can be fostered in today's world.The Heart of PatriotismAt its core, patriotism is an emotional bond that connects individuals to their homeland. It is the pride one feels in their country's achievements, the respect for its history,and the commitment to its values and ideals. This sentimentis often nurtured through cultural heritage, national symbols, and shared experiences that create a sense of belonging.Historical SignificanceThroughout history, patriotism has played a crucial role in shaping nations and inspiring individuals to act for the greater good. It was the driving force behind the American Revolution, the French Revolution, and the fight for independence in many countries. Patriots have stood up for freedom, justice, and equality, often at great personal sacrifice.Civic ResponsibilityPatriotism is not just about pride; it is also about responsibility. It involves taking an active role in the community, contributing to the nation's welfare, and upholding its laws and traditions. Patriotic citizens are those who vote, volunteer, and engage in public discourse to ensure that their country continues to thrive.Fostering Patriotism TodayIn the modern era, patriotism can be cultivated through education, community involvement, and cultural exchange. Schools play a vital role in teaching young people about their country's history and values. Community service and volunteering can instill a sense of duty and pride in one's contribution to society.The Role of Media and TechnologyMedia and technology also have a significant impact on how patriotism is perceived and expressed. They can be powerful tools for promoting national unity and pride. However, they can also spread misinformation and divisiveness. It is crucial to use these platforms responsibly to foster a positive and inclusive sense of patriotism.ConclusionPatriotism is a complex and multifaceted concept that goes beyond mere flag-waving. It is a deep-seated love for one's country that translates into actions that benefit the nationand its people. As we move forward in an increasingly globalized world, it is essential to maintain a balance between global citizenship and national pride. By doing so, we can ensure that patriotism continues to be a force for good, inspiring individuals to work towards a better future for all.。
热烈的讨论英语作文
热烈的讨论英语作文Certainly, let's dive into a fervent discussion on English composition. English writing holds a pivotal place in our communication landscape, serving as a conduit for expressing ideas, emotions, and narratives across cultures and boundaries. In this discourse, we shall explore the essence of English composition, its significance, and delve into strategies for crafting compelling and effective essays.To embark on this journey, let's first illuminate the importance of mastering English composition. Beyond being a requisite skill in academia, proficient writing in English opens doors to myriad opportunities in the professional realm. Whether it's drafting persuasive business proposals, articulating innovative ideas, or even engaging in diplomatic discourse, the ability to wield the English language with precision and eloquence is indispensable.Moreover, English composition nurtures criticalthinking and analytical prowess. Through the process of crafting essays, individuals learn to dissect complex issues, formulate coherent arguments, and substantiate their viewpoints with evidence and logic. This cognitive agility not only enhances academic performance but also equips individuals with the tools to navigate the complexities of the modern world.Now, let's delve into the anatomy of a well-crafted English essay. At its core, an effective essay comprises several key elements, including a compelling introduction, a coherent thesis statement, well-structured body paragraphs, and a succinct conclusion. The introduction serves as the gateway to the essay, captivating thereader's attention and providing a roadmap for the ensuing discussion. Here, the thesis statement crystallizes the central argument, setting the stage for the subsequent analysis.Moving on to the body paragraphs, each one should expound upon a distinct aspect of the topic, supported by relevant evidence and examples. Cohesion and coherence areparamount, as ideas should flow seamlessly from one paragraph to the next, reinforcing the overarching thesis. Additionally, the judicious use of transitions ensures smooth transitions between ideas, enhancing the readability and flow of the essay.Furthermore, the conclusion should succinctly summarize the key points discussed in the essay, reaffirming thethesis and leaving a lasting impression on the reader. This section also presents an opportunity to reflect on the broader implications of the topic and offer insights for future exploration.Beyond the structural components, language proficiency plays a pivotal role in English composition. A rich vocabulary, varied sentence structures, and adept use of rhetorical devices imbue essays with depth and sophistication. Moreover, attention to grammar, punctuation, and syntax enhances clarity and coherence, lendingcredibility to the writer's arguments.In conclusion, English composition is not merely askill but a gateway to intellectual enrichment and professional success. By honing our writing prowess, we cultivate the ability to articulate our thoughts with clarity, precision, and eloquence. As we continue to engage in spirited discourse and refine our craft, may our words resonate and inspire others in the ever-expanding realm of English composition.。
Marketing across Cultures
Culture awareness plays an important and critical role in the marketing overbroad. If the merchants don't learn the basics of local cultures and business customs， they may make a fool of themselves.
EXAMPLES
General Motors
蝌蚪啃蜡
Once GM tried to sell their Nova model in Latin America,but it didn't work very well because "no va" literally means "it doesn't go" in Spanish.
蝌蚪啃蜡是“可口可乐”进入中国时最早的“ 曾用名”。 1928年，可口可乐在天津装瓶生产，不知哪位 Coca Cola 高人音译了个“蝌蚪啃蜡”的中文名。大批广告 牌树起后，可口可乐公司才发现蝌蚪啃不了蜡， Coca Cola =蝌蚪啃蜡（可口可乐最初在中国的译法）= bite the wax 这译名倒是绝对的“味同嚼蜡”！公司决定重新 tadpole 登报征求新译名，一个年轻的中国留英学生蒋彝 的“可口可乐”最终中奖。这个译名不但保留了 英语发音，还开发了爽口喜庆的汉语意义，一直 被认为是世界上译得最好的名字之一。
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了解不同文化在商务中的作用英语作文
了解不同文化在商务中的作用英语作文（中英文版）Title: The Role of Different Cultures in BusinessThe world today is more interconnected than ever, with businesses expanding across borders and cultures.Understanding the role of different cultures in business is essential for successful international operations.This essay aims to explore the significance of cultural awareness and its impact on business practices.Firstly, culture plays a pivotal role in nguage, non-verbal cues, and communication styles vary across cultures.For instance, in some cultures, direct communication is preferred, while in others, indirect communication is the norm.Misinterpretation of these cues can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts.Therefore, businesses must invest in cross-cultural communication training to facilitate effective collaboration.Secondly, cultural differences influence business etiquette and protocol.Greetings, gift-giving, and business attire vary from one culture to another.Familiarity with these cultural nuances demonstrates respect and helps in building strong business relationships.Ignoring these differences can be seen as disrespectful and may hinder business negotiations and partnerships.Furthermore, culture impacts decision-making processes.In somecultures, decisions are made collectively, emphasizing consensus and harmony.In contrast, individualistic cultures tend to prioritize independence and quick decision-making.Understanding these cultural approaches to decision-making is crucial for businesses to adapt their strategies and management styles accordingly.Moreover, cultural diversity can be a significant source of innovation and creativity in business.Different cultures bring unique perspectives, ideas, and solutions to the table.Embracing cultural diversity fosters a collaborative environment where employees from various backgrounds can contribute their expertise, leading to improved problem-solving and adaptability.Lastly, businesses must consider cultural aspects when entering new markets.Consumer behavior, preferences, and purchasing patterns are influenced by culture.Adapting products, marketing strategies, and business models to align with local cultures increases the chances of success and market penetration.In conclusion, the role of different cultures in business cannot be overstated.From communication to market entry strategies, culture influences every aspect of business operations.Embracing cultural diversity, fostering cultural awareness, and adapting to different cultural norms are crucial for businesses to thrive in today"s globalized world.---标题：不同文化在商务中的作用当今世界日益紧密相连，商业活动跨越国界和文化。
新标准大学英语综合教程2Reading across cultures翻译
Reading across cultures 学生的权利1 意大利的博洛尼亚大学创办于12世纪，是欧洲最古老的大学。
在13世纪早期，大学的管理权都掌握在学生手里。
这种权力是基于他们对教师的经济控制。
那时候，大多数大学教师的教学收入都依赖从学生那里收取的学费。
教师每堂课必需吸引至少五名学生来听讲。
如果做不到，学校就会宣布他旷课，并处以一定的罚款。
2 为了保证良好的教学质量，每个学年之初，教师都要在为学生服务的市内银行预存一笔钱。
如果教师没有达到大学章程规定的标准，学生法庭就会判决从这笔存款中扣除罚款。
教师不得不同意这样的处理，因为不交罚款的教师不允许收学费，这就中断了他的收入来源。
3 教师会因各种各样的缘故而受到惩罚。
如果晚一分钟上课，或者拖堂，他就会被罚款。
如果他不能按时下课，学生按照章程必须立刻离开教室。
如果教师不能按照既定的进度讲完教学大纲规定的内容，他也要被罚款。
每年开学的时候，学生和教师共同决定教材的内容和教学的时间。
跳过难点或没有逐一重点讲解难课的教师会被罚款。
4 学生的控制权不仅仅限于课堂，还延伸到教师的私生活。
例如，假如一位教师希望在学期中间离开博洛尼亚几天，他就得事先征得学生官员的许可。
如果不按时返回，他就得缴纳罚款。
5 学校鼓励所有的学生告发不请假就缺课或以其他任何方式违规的教师。
此外，还有一个有组织的秘密告发系统。
有四名学生被秘密选举出来监视教师。
他们有义务报告诸如教学技巧拙劣、未完成教学大纲规定的教学内容或不请假就缺课之类的违规行为。
如果有两个以上的学生告发，教师就会受到惩罚。
6 从13世纪早期至14世纪中期，学生的权力在博洛尼亚持续了一百余年。
与它的起始一样，它的终结也直接与学费有关。
到了1350年，几乎所有教师都是由当地的市政厅聘用和发薪。
随着教师薪酬支付方式的改变，学生实际上就失支了对大学的控制。
Reading across cultures 保持微笑1 两个月以前，我在一份科普杂志上读到一篇有趣的文章，文章是关于不同文化背景下的人们是如何通过面部表情流露情感的。
翻译必读书目
翻译必读书目生态翻译必读书目：1.《翻译适应选择论》，胡庚申，武汉：湖北教育出版社，2004年6月.2.《翻译生态学》，许建忠，中国三峡出版社，2009年1月.语言学视角翻译书目：1.In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation（《换言之：翻译教程》），Mona Baker，Routledge, 1992.2.Discourse and the Translator（《语篇与译者》），Basil Hatim & Ian Mason，上海外语教育出版社, 2001年9月.3.《语用学翻译研究》，曾文雄，武汉大学出版社，2007年5月.上海外语教育出版社“国外翻译研究丛书”清单1. Susan Bassnett & AndréLefevere Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation《文化构建：文学翻译论集》2. Basil Hatim Communication Across Cultures: Translation Theory andContrastive Text Linguistics《跨文化交际：翻译理论与对比篇章语言学》3. Christiane Nord Translating as a Purposeful Activity: FunctionalistApproaches Explained《目的性行为：析功能翻译理论》4. Leo Hickey (ed.) The Pragmatics of Translation《语用学与翻译》5. Peter Newmark Approaches to Translation《翻译问题探讨》6. Wolfram Wilss The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods《翻译学：问题与方法》7. Peter Newmark A Textbook of Translation《翻译教程》8.Basil Hatim & Ian Mason Discourse and the Translator《语篇与译者》9. Eugene A. Nida Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating《语言与文化：翻译中的语境》10. Gideon Toury Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond《描述翻译学及其他》11. George Steiner After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation《通天塔之后：语言与翻译面面观》12. Mary Snell-Hornby Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach《翻译研究：综合法》13. Kathleen Davis Deconstruction and Translation《解构主义与翻译》14. Maria Tymoczko Translation in a Postcolonial Context: Early IrishLiterature in English Translation《后殖民语境中的翻译：爱尔兰早期文学英译》15. David Katan Translating Cultures: An Introduction for Translators,Interpreters and Mediators《文化翻译：笔译、口译及中介入门》16. Theo Hermans Translation in Systems: Descriptive and System-orientedApproaches Explained《系统中的翻译：描写和系统理论解说》17. Luise von Flotow Translation and Gender: Translating in the ‘Era ofFeminism’《翻译与性别：女性主义时代的翻译》18.Ernst-August Gutt Translation and Relevance: Cognition and Context《翻译与关联：认知与语境》19. Edwin Gentzler Contemporary Translation Theories (revised 2nd edition)《当代翻译理论》（第二版）20. Mona Baker (ed.) Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies《翻译研究百科全书》21. Eugene A. Nida Toward a Science of Translating《翻译科学探索》22. Eugene A. Nida & Charles R. Taber The Theory and Practice of Translation《翻译理论与实践》23. Andr⑥ Lefevere (ed.) Translation/History/Culture: A Sourcebook《翻译、历史与文化论集》24. Andr⑥ Lefevere Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of LiteraryFame《翻译、改写以及对文学名声的制控》25. Katharina Reiss Translation Criticism: The Potentials and Limitations《翻译批评：潜力与制约》26. Lawrence Venuti The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation《译者的隐身：一部翻译史》27. Susan Bassnett Translation Studies（3rd edition）《翻译研究》（第三版）28. Jenny Williams & Andrew Chesterman The Map: A Beginner’s Guide to Doing Research inTranslation Studies《路线图：翻译研究方法入门》29. Mark Shuttleworth & Moira Cowie Dictionary of Translation Studies《翻译学词典》。
取消英文的英文作文
取消英文的英文作文Title: The Importance of English in Today's World。
English, as a global language, holds immense significance in our contemporary world. Its widespread usage extends far beyond the borders of English-speaking countries, permeating various facets of international communication, commerce, technology, and culture. In this essay, we delve into the multifaceted importance of English in today's globalized society.Firstly, English serves as a lingua franca in international communication. With over 1.5 billion speakers worldwide, English bridges the linguistic gaps among people from diverse linguistic backgrounds. Whether in diplomatic negotiations, academic conferences, or business meetings, English facilitates effective communication, fostering collaboration and mutual understanding on a global scale. Its versatility enables individuals to transcend linguistic barriers and engage in meaningful exchanges, therebypromoting cultural exchange and mutual enrichment.Moreover, English plays a pivotal role in the realms of education and academia. It serves as the primary medium of instruction in many prestigious universities and academic institutions worldwide. Proficiency in English not only grants students access to a vast repository of knowledgebut also enhances their academic and professional opportunities. Academic publications, research papers, and scholarly discourse are predominantly conducted in English, underscoring its significance in advancing scientificinquiry and intellectual discourse across borders.Furthermore, English proficiency is increasingly regarded as a prerequisite for success in the global job market. In an era characterized by globalization and digitalization, multinational corporations andorganizations often require employees who possessproficient English skills. English fluency opens doors to a myriad of career opportunities, enabling individuals towork in diverse fields such as finance, technology, tourism, and international diplomacy. Additionally, Englishproficiency is essential for navigating the digital landscape, as a significant portion of online content, software interfaces, and technical documentation is available exclusively in English.In addition to its instrumental value, English also serves as a gateway to cultural exchange and appreciation. Through literature, films, music, and other forms ofartistic expression, English enables individuals to explore diverse cultures and worldviews. Literary masterpieces such as Shakespeare's plays, Dickens' novels, and contemporary works by authors from around the globe are accessible to English speakers, fostering cross-cultural understanding and empathy. Likewise, English-language films, television shows, and music transcend geographical boundaries, shaping global cultural trends and fostering a sense of shared humanity.However, while acknowledging the importance of English as a global language, it is imperative to recognize the linguistic diversity and promote multilingualism. Preserving and celebrating linguistic heritage is essentialfor safeguarding cultural identity and fostering inclusive societies. Efforts to promote bilingual education, support minority languages, and facilitate cross-cultural dialogue are crucial for promoting linguistic diversity and ensuring equitable access to opportunities.In conclusion, English occupies a central position in today's interconnected world, serving as a vital tool for communication, education, and cultural exchange. Itsubiquity and versatility empower individuals to engage with the global community, pursue academic and professional aspirations, and appreciate the richness of human diversity. However, while recognizing the importance of English,efforts to preserve linguistic diversity and promote multilingualism remain imperative for building inclusiveand harmonious societies.。
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Lampi (1986)
METHODS/DATA TYPE 1. quantitative methods (simulated data) 2. qualitative methods: genre analysis,
needs analysis (text analysis) (LSP) The Eighties: negotiation studies (quantitative methods/simulated
data); business correspondence and documentation (genre analysis)
2. genre studies /discursive approaches (+multimodal)→
3. politeness studies
Boden (1994)
My experience….
written correspondence and authentic negotiations (BC projects) ; organisational ethnography; meeting analysis →
Multidisciplinarity → + dialogue with the US Multi-method research
Business Discourse goes East (ELAB)
Intercultural communication and the ‘cultural other’:
and DA + comparative analysis
3 important developments:
from written to spoken language ethnographic approaches to BD
multi-disciplinarity
Centre for Applied Linguistics -
ISP, simulated negotiations….)
analysis) +
→
METHODS (survey, genre
analysis, speech acts analysis )
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Lampi (1986) Linguistic components of strategy in business negotiations.
changes in methodological approaches that have characterised the evolution of business discourse research.
issues of data selection, collection and analysis (in research across ‘cultures’)
Business Discourse across ‘cultures’: data selection, collection and analysis
Francesca Bargiela
(What I said in the) Abstract
personal chronology of business discourse research
pragmatics, ethnography, interviews, observation, sense-making) (Organisation studies + management studies)
Centre for Applied Linguistics -
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(from: GENRE A NA LYS I S : A KEY TO A THEORY OF ESP? By T Dudley-Evans – 2000)
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The Eighties…
FIELDS/APP-ROACHES
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The Nineties…..
FIELDS/APPROACHES
METHODS/DATA TYPE
1. business discourse (+inter and cross-cultural+multi-method) →
1. qualitative methods: pragmatics, social psychology, DA, CA, CDA/ reallife negotiations, meetings, presentations etc.
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Business Discourse: a personal chronology 2. History
Nineties:
Boden (1994) meetings + CA; Bargiela and (1997) meetings +pragmatics
13
Boden (1994) The business of talk.
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Business Discourse: a personal chronology 3. Recent developments
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Applied linguistics, LSP, ESP, and ……………………
Applied linguistics Language(s) for Specific Purposes English for Specific Purposes
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The 2000s: Business Discourse → Asian Business Discourse(s) (1)
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The analysis of Business Discourse is…..
…….contextual and intertextual, self-reflexive and self-critical, although not necessarily political, and is founded on the twin notions of discourse as situated action and language as work.
Lampi (1986) real-life negotiations + linguistic analysis;
Europe: LSP/ESP → text analysis (grammar, vocabulary, text structure)
US: business communication → ‘how-to’ approaches
Move 1: Establishing a Territory Step 1: Claiming Centrality and/or Step 2: Making Topic Generalisations and/or Step 3: Reviewing Items of Previous Research Move 2: Establishing a Niche Step 1A: Counter-claiming or Step 1B: Indicating a Gap or Step 1C: Question Raising or Step 1D: Continuing a Tradition Move 3: Occupying the Niche Step 1A: Outlining Purposes or Step 1B: Announcing Present Research Step 2: Announcing Principal Findings Step 3: Indicating Research Article Structure
2&3 qualitative methods: genre analysis/ multimodal analysis/emails, websites, new
corporate documents→ CSR)
CA + social theory (meetings)
DATA (access, selection, analysis) METHODS (speech act analysis,
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……. Business Discourse
A definition…
‘the interaction which takes place between individuals whose main activities are located within business and whose contact is motivated by matters relating to their respective businesses’ (Bargiela-Chiappini and Nickerson 1999: 2).