名词和名词词组
第六讲 名词和名词词组

• • • 普通名词 • • • • 专有名词
个体名词 --Байду номын сангаас-- 可数名词 集体名词 物质名词 不可数名词 抽象名词
• Can you tell me why you broke up with me? (SVOO)
语法手段一:分句的并列
• He did not like us, and everyone knew it , but no one admitted it. • He was a handicapped child, but he persevered in his studies, and later he became a well-know scholar.
并列句子时应注意的问题
• • • • 注意句子之间的逻辑关系 注意句子之间的从属关系 注意两个句子的重合部分 重合部分 注意标点符号的运用
简单句合并为并列句
I don’t have a pen. I write with a pencil. I don’t have a pen, so I write with a pencil. We are watering the crops. We haven’t had any rain for nearly a month. We are watering the crops, for we haven’t had any rain for nearly a month.
常用句型的转换
• There +be动词+名词词组+存在地点 • It +强调部分+that/who/when分句
基本句型转换为存在句
• A park is at the end of the road. • There is a park at the end of the road.
语法5-名词和名词词组

❖ 11.purity ❖ 12.persistence ❖ 13.extension ❖ 14.statement ❖ 15.generosity ❖ 16.entrance ❖ 17.loneliness ❖ 18.forgetfulness ❖ 19.happiness ❖ 20.seriousness
❖ 11.a fleet of ships ❖ 12.a cluster of houses ❖ 13.a bundle of firewood ❖ 14.a bunch of grapes ❖ 15.a team of players ❖ 16.a piece of gum ❖ 17.an ear of corn ❖ 18.a bar of chocolate ❖ 19.a herd of elephants ❖ 20.a pack of hounds
❖ Exercise 4A:
❖ 1.description ❖ 2.arrangement ❖ 3.attendance ❖ 4.peculiarity ❖ 5.expectation ❖ 6.argument ❖ 7.dependence ❖ 8.originality ❖ 9.exaggeration ❖ 10.measurement
❖ 21.a flock of chickens ❖ 22.a crowd/swarm of
people ❖ 23.a troupe of actors ❖ 24.a bench of judges ❖ 25.a grove of trees ❖ 26.a collection of
poems ❖ 27.a suite of rooms
(连词)
六 单位词
❖ 1。可数名词与单位词搭配表“一群”, “一帮”等。
名词名词短语

第一组a police spokesman 警局发言人a coastguard spokesman 海岸警卫发言人the Parliament speaker 议会发言人police officers 警官police chief 警察长government officials 政府官员city officials 市政官员rescue official 营救任务负责人emergency worker 紧急事件工作人员the research and rescue team 搜救小组the fishing boat crew 渔船船员the crew members 全体船员explosive experts 炸弹专家health experts 健康专家business leaders 企业领导人union leaders 工会领导人company executives 公司执行官the department head 部门经理a restaurant employee 餐馆员工phone subscribers 电话注册用户recording stars 歌星seven Christian charity workers 基督教慈善团体工作人员第二组(词组中心词为动作的名词化)pay cuts of 12-15% 减薪the work stoppage停工free market reforms 自由市场改革electricity needs 电力需求the UN resolution 联合国决议death sentence 死刑判决a confidence boost 信心大增space investment 太空投资space exploration 太空探索network upgrade 网络升级the Shenzhou launch 神舟飞船的发射air quality monitoring 空气质量监测the New Year celebration 新年庆典(Haitian) earthquake relief 地震救援a police patrol 警察巡逻(队)第三组(词组修饰词为动作的名词化)assistance mission 援助任务bottling facilities 瓶装设施distribution networks 分配分布网a pull-out plan 撤出计划disengagement plan 撤出计划a pilgrimage trip to Mecca 去往麦加的朝圣之旅tow trucks 牵引车rescue vessel 救援轮船television footage 电视片段construction rods 建筑用竹竿an (independent) review panel 审查小组air quality monitoring systems空气质量监测系统a marathon recording session 漫长的录制阶段death rate 死亡率the vote date 选举日第四组(词组修饰词中心词均为实体名词)the news agency 新闻机构population size 人口规模the business council 商务委员会the district attorney 地区代理bus routes 公车路线oxygen canisters 氧气罐a (Russian) cargo ship 货船cell sites 电话站点fiber links 紧密联系nuclear power plant 核能工厂the government house 政府所在地energy industry 能源业banking laws 银行法(strict new) media laws 媒体法the (expected) life span 预期寿命(infant and maternal) mortality rates 妇幼死亡率the male mortality 男性死亡率(international) tourist numbers 国际旅游人数a jail term 监狱刑期HIV positive population 艾滋病毒阳性人群government effort 政府努力其它terror activities 恐怖活动terrorist group 恐怖组织terrorist attack 恐怖袭击security attacks 安全威胁security costs 安保开支the security agreement 安全协议security operation 安保行动security patrol 安保巡逻security fencing 安保护栏an (Olympic) security plan 安保计划。
名词和名词词组

3)Unit noun referring to volume
这类单位词都是一些表示容积的普通名词,搭 配能力较强,如:bottle, bowl, pail, bucket, glass, cup, handful, spoonful, truckload, lorryload等。 4)表示动作状态的单位词 fit:(突然)一阵 peal:响亮而持久的响声;隆隆声;钟声 flash:闪现;突然显现或出现 display:(动作)展现,展示,显露,表演
附表:不同国家的人的单复数 名称 中国人 瑞士人 澳大利亚人 俄国人 意大利人 希腊人 法国人 日本人 美国人 印度人 加拿大人 德国人 总称(谓语用复数) the Chinese the Swiss the Australians the Russians the Italians the Greek the French the Japanese the Americans the Indians the Canadians the Germans 一个人 a Chinese a Swiss an Australian a Russian an Italian a Greek a Frenchman a Japanese an American an Indian a Canadian a German 两个人 two Chinese two Swiss two Australians two Russians two Italians two Greeks two Frenchmen two Japanese two Americans two Indians two Canadians two Germans
d) Number of proper noun
名词分类和名词词组的句法功能

⑥做介词补足成分
Eg: 1、We teachers should be concerned about the students’ moral culture. 2、Within the house nothing stirs, In the garden I can hear the singing of birds.I can hear the rustle of their wings.
的名词,如armchair、farmland、seaside、 roommate等。
③派生名词:指由动词、形容词、简单名词加 词缀构成的名词,如arrangement、expectation、 ability、greatness等。
2、普通名词和专有名词
英语名词
普通名词
• 个体名词:表示某一类人或物的个体,如boy、house等 • 集体名词:表示由若干个个体组成的集合体,如family、team
⑦做状语和连词
Eg: 1、He returned last night. 2、A photo is taken each time this button is pushed. 3、She phoned her parents the moment she reached the hotel.
名词词组用途广泛,可以在句子中充当主语、 主语补语、宾语、宾语补语、同位语、介词补 足成分、状语和连词;但不能充当谓语成分。
①做主语
Eg: 1、Children at play seldom remember what time it is. 2、The boys quarrelling over the game each insisted that the other was unfair.
名词和名词词组练习

名词和名词词组练习名词和名词词组单选:1.The criminal has been for five years.A in the prisonB in prisonC in a prisonD in this prison2.The law will come into on the day it is passed.A useB effectC practiceD existence3.When Jane began to take swimming lessons, her main was the fear of water.A evidenceB crisisC obstacleD interest4.I do n’t like talking on telephone;I prefer writing letters.A a;theB the; /C the; theD a ; /5. a wonderful sense of humor.A The English haveB The English hasC English haveD English has6.Father went to his doctor for about his heart trouble.A an adviceB adviceC advicesD the advices7.How beautifully she sings! I have never heard .A the better voiceB a good voiceC the best voiceD a better voice8.Three-fourths of the surface of the earth sea.A isB areC wereD has been9.We have worked out the plan and now we must put it into practice.A factB realityC practiceD deed10.At the meeting they discussed three different to the study of mathematics.A approachesB meansC methodsD ways11.In those days we had to travel to New York .A by the seaB by seaC on the seaD on sea12.The city government decided to keep the old temple for its historical .A priceB costC valueD usefullness2a1eb24d7c21af45b307e*****f69e*****fa2e.htmle along now and sit down. Tom can you make for Mary?A a faceB roomC some differencesD space14.I’m sorry. I’m forgetting your n ame for .A a momentB momentsC the momentD the moments15.There are ten teachers and two hundred students in the school.A women; girlB woman; girlsC women; girlsD woman; girl填空:1.A man of good (manner) is always considerate to others.2.He can play various kinds of musical .(tools; instruments)3.He has a good for music. (flavor; taste)4.The feast will take place at the Grand Hotel.(wedding; marriage)5.The is growing warmer every day. (climate; weather)6.This store deals in ready-made .(clothes; cloth)7.Captain Smith was an in the navy. (official; officer)8.When the farmer returned home he found three missing. (sheep; lamb)9.My father often gives me many .( advice; suggestions)10.Can you give me some about the writer?( informations; information)分析句子结构,画出句子的主谓宾或主系表:1.What I want to have is money.2.My head aches.3.She looked blue.4.His parents might have died.5.The plan takes off at ten.1 A 2B 3C 4B 5 A 6 B 7 D 8 A 9C 10 A 11B 12C 13B 14 A 15A1 manners2 instruments3 taste4 wedding5 weather6 clothes7 officer 8 sheep 9 suggestions 10 information1.What I want to have is money. (主系表)2.My head ache s. (主谓)3.She looked blue. (主系表)4.His parents might have died. (主谓)5.The plan takes off at ten. (主谓)。
名词和名词词组

根据语法特征:countable noun, uncountable noun.
可数名词有单复数形式;不可数名词一般没有单复数之分, 但有时也可以复数的形式出现,表示不同的意义。
Common noun
individual collective material abstract
Proper noun
名词的数:
• 规则复数:(见表P42-44) • 不规则复数: 一部分是通过内部元音变换等方式构成: foot-feet, man-men, goose-geese, woman-women, tooth-teeth, child-children, mouse-mice, ox-oxen. 另一部分是外来词的复数 -um a bacterium-bactria -us i -on a -is es 外来复数形式多用于科技语言,而英语的复数形式 则常见于日常英语。 一些动物名称和某些国人的名称是单复数同形。(P45)
单位词:
• • • • • • 单位词是表示事物个体性的词语。 1. 一般表示个数的单位词 piece, bit, item, article 2.表示形状的: cake, bar, drop, ear, flight, g ain.... 3.表示容积的: bottle, bowl, pail, bucket, glass.... 4.表示动作状态的: fit, peal, flash, display 5.表示成双,成组,成群的:pair, herd, litter, swarm, bench, troupe, pack, shoal, school.
名词和名词词组
分类:
• 根据构词法:simple noun(free morpheme), compound noun(两个或两个以上的自由词素合 成), derivative noun (verb/adj./simple noun +affixs) • according to the lexical meaning: common noun, proper noun. • common noun: 表示同一类的人或物的名称(包 括抽象概念) individual, collective, material, • abstract • proper noun: 表示个人、国家、地方、机构、组 织等的专有名称
4.名词和名词词组

NOUN AND NOUN PHRASE
4.0 名词分类
proper nouns 专有名词 Individual nouns 个体名词
Nouns 名词
common nouns 普通名词
Collective nouns 集体名词 mass nouns 物质名词 Abstract nouns 抽象名词
2.3 物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词的数
1) 物质名词
物质名词指名词本身时,常作不可数名词。 如: water, oil, electricity, air, dust, tobacco. The air here is heavily polluted. 这里的 空气被严重污染。 物质名词用来表示具体、个别情况时常作 可数名词。如: Some of these kinds of tobacco are also grown in my hometown. 这些品种的烤烟 我的家乡也有种植。
4)以辅音加-o结尾的,加-es。如
tomato ____tomatoes echo ____echoes potato ___ potatoes hero ___heroes Negro ____Negroes 但是,piano, photo, dynamo(发电机)等外来词只 加-s,而zero, mosquito(蚊子)既可加-s又可加-es。
下面是一些这一类的复合词:
American cloth 做台布用的彩色防水布 American plan 旅馆之供膳制 British warm 英国军官穿的双排钮扣的短大衣 Dutch comfort 退一步着想而得到的安慰 Dutch courage 酒后之勇,一时的虚勇 Dutch door 上下两部分可各自分别开关的门;杂志中的夹页广告 Dutch treat 各人自己付钱的聚餐或娱乐 Dutch uncle 啼啼叨叨训人的人 Dutch wife 藤或竹制的睡眠用具 French leave 不告而别 French chalk 滑石粉 French dressing 一种由橄榄油,醋、盐,香料等制成的生菜调味品 French grey 浅灰色 French window 落地长窗 German measles 风疹
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5)表示成双、成组、成群的单位词 litter:一窝小崽 flock:兽群,鸟群;一群在一起生活、行进或取食的动物 herd:兽群,牲口群。(特指牛,大象等) swarm:一大群;尤指正在行进中的一大群昆虫或其他细小生物 pack:一群野兽;一群猎犬;一帮(坏人) shoal:鱼群 school:(鱼及水族动物)群,队 troupe:一群;一伙或一群,尤指巡回的演员,歌舞演员团体 bench:法官席,公务员席位
2)集体名词、物质名词、抽象名 集体名词、物质名词、 集体名词 词、专有名词的数
a)集体名词的数 集体名词的数
集体名词有的能计数有的不能计数,用法比较复杂。比如有些集 体名词本身没有复数形式,如果要计数,就得使用在语义上与之 对应的个体名词。如: 集体名词 个体名词 poetry poem machinery machine clothing garment, coat, etc. furniture table, chair, etc. 也有一些集体名词本身可以用于个体意义,从而有单、复数形式。 如:team, committee, family等。用作单数时强调整体,用作复数 指构成集体的成员。
b)物质名词的数 物质名词的数
物质名词一般是不可数名词,没有单、复数之 分。可是有些物质名词有时也有复数形式,但 意义不同。如sand, sands指大面积的沙滩; water, waters指大面积的水域;food, foods指多 种食品;coffee, two coffees指两杯咖啡。 有些名词既可作物质名词,也可作个体名词, 前者不可数,后者可数。(P. 46)
2) 表示形状的单位词
这类词与物质的形状有关,因此搭配能力颇受限制,如: cake:块 bar:条、棒、块 drop:滴 ear:穗,耳穗:谷类植物上带有种子的穗,如玉米等 flight:一段楼梯 grain:颗粒,细粒 head:一头动物 bundle:一捆 loaf:一条,一块(面包) lump:肿块,形状不规则的团或块 spiral:螺旋 slice:薄片,切片,一份
b)不规则复数 (p.44-45) 不规则复数
通过内部元音变化等 外来词 有些外来词有两种复数,即外来复数形式和英 语的规则复数形式: 外来词 外来复数 英语复数
单复同形, 单复同形,如:
某些动物:deer, sheep, fish等。 某些国家人的名称:Chinese, Japanese等
附表:不同国家的人的单复数 名称 中国人 瑞士人 澳大利亚人 俄国人 意大利人 希腊人 法国人 日本人 美国人 印度人 加拿大人 德国人 英国人 瑞典人 总称(谓语用复数) the Chinese the Swiss the Australians the Russians the Italians the Greek the French the Japanese the Americans the Indians the Canadians the Germans the English the Swedish 一个人 a Chinese a Swiss an Australian a Russian an Italian a Greek a Frenchman a Japanese an American an Indian a Canadian a German an Englishman a Swede 两个人 two Chinese two Swiss two Australians two Russians two Italians two Greeks two Frenchmen two Japanese two Americans two Indians two Canadians two Germans two Englishmen two Swedes
2)名词词组的句法功能 )
作主语 Children at play seldom remember what time it is. The boys quarrelling over the game each insisted that the other was unfair. 作主语补语 That was an unattractive little black chair. My grandfather died a martyr to his revolutionary ideal. 作宾语 They gave him a first-rate education. In the hall, I saw some extremely valuable pictures. 作宾语补语 They elected him chairman of the board. The School Board have appointed her Superintendent of the city’s schools.
3)表示容积单位的单位词 这类单位词都是一些表示容积的普通名词,搭配能 力较强,如:bottle, bowl, pail, bucket, glass, cup, handful, spoonful, truckload, lorryload等。 4)表示动作状态的单位词 fit:(突然)一阵 peal:响亮而持久的响声;隆隆声 flash:闪现;突然显现或出现 display:(动作)展现,展示,显露,表演
名词和名词词组
1 名词的分类和名词词组的句法 功能
1)名词分类 a)根据构词法分为: 简单名词(Simple Noun) 复合名词(Compound Noun) 派生名词(Derivative Noun) b)根据词汇意义分为: 普通名词(Common Noun) 专有名词(Proper Noun) c)根据语法意义分为: 可数名词(Countable Noun) 不可数名词(Uncountable Noun)
2 名词的数
数(number)指的是名词和某些限定词的单、复数形式。 1)规则复数与不规则复数 a)规则复数
情况 一般情况
构成方法 读音 加-s
例词
以s, sh, ch, x等 结尾的词
加-es
map-maps 1.清辅音后读/s/; 2.浊辅音和元音后 bag-bags 读/z/ car-cars bus-buses 读/iz/ watch-watches 读/iz/ 读/z/ license-licenses b没有复数,除非专有名词本身带有复数 词缀,如: the United States, the Philippines, the Netherlands等。但专有名词也可能普通名词化,从 而有复数的形式,如表示某姓的一家人或表示不同姓 或同名的几个人。如: Have you invited the Browns? (姓布朗的一家人) There are two Miss Smiths in the class. (两个同姓Smith的女子)
c)抽象名词的数 抽象名词的数
抽象名词大多数是不可数名词,不能计数。如: Honesty is the best policy. Knowledge is strength. 有些抽象名词是可数的,如:victory, a victory, two victories等。 有些抽象名词有复数和非复数,但意义不同。如: experience作“经验”解时,没有复数;但作“经历” 解时,两种形式都可以。 有些抽象名词表示抽象概念是不可数名词,而表示具体 事物则是可数名词。(P. 47)
3 单位词
单位词(Partitive)又叫“单位名词(Unit Noun)”是表示 事物个体性的词语。可数名词与单位词搭配表示“一 群”、“一帮”等意义。不可数名词不能以个数计算, 要对其计数也得用单位词。 1)一般表示个数的单位词 这类单位词包括piece, bit, article(一件,一种), item(一则,一条)。它们的搭配能力很强,特别是 piece和bit,一般的不可数名词都可以和它们搭配。 如: an article of clothing(一件衣服) articles of food(几样吃的) an important item of news(一则重要消息)
以ce, se, ze, 加-s (d)ge等结尾的词 以辅音字母+y结 尾的词 变y为i再 加es
其他名词复数的规则变化
以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变 复数: 如:two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays 比较:楼层:storey-storeys story-stories 以o结尾的名词,变复数时: a. 加s,如:photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos b.加es,如:potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes c.均可,如:zero-zeros/zeroes 以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时: a.加s,如:belief-beliefs roof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs b.去f,fe加ves,如:half-halves knife-knives leaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves c.均可,如:handkerchief-handkerchiefs/handkerchieves
复合名词的复数
1.以不可数名词结尾的复合名词无复数形式。 如:homework 2.以man或woman为前缀的名词变复数时,前后两个名词都变成 复数。 如:woman doctor→women doctors, man waiter→men waiters。 3. 以两个名词构成的复合名词(前面的名词为man或woman除外), 一般把后面的名词变复数。 如:boy friend→boy friends, paper bag→paper bags。 4. 以“可数名词+介词(短语)”构成的复合名词变复数时,把前面名 词变复数。 如:father-in-law→fathers-in-law。 5. 以“动词 / 过去分词+副词”构成的复合名词变复数时,在词尾 加s。 如:grown-up→grown-ups, stand-by→stand-bys。