美国文学殖民地时期
美国文学

美国文学一、殖民地时期1607-17651607年,captain john smith 带领第一批移民在北美大陆建立第一个英国殖民地--詹姆斯敦。
1765年,殖民地人民奋起抗议英国政府颁布的印花税。
文学特点:宗教色彩,讲经布道向欧洲读者或亲友介绍新大陆的小册子和游记书信著名作家:Captain john smith,Anne Bradstreet, 以夫妻恩爱家庭美满为题材Edward Taylor,清教徒,牧师,讲道二、启蒙时期&独立战争时期1765-18世纪1730s,爱德华兹(Johnathan Edwards)为首的清教徒掀起“大觉醒”运动,企图恢复清教主义的统治,失败。
启蒙运动代表人物Benjamin Franklin(文学家科学家政治家):《格言历书》poor richard's almanac,通过格言警句宣传创业持家,待人处事的道德原则和勤奋致富的生活道路《自传》Autobiography,开创了美国名人写传记的风气独立战争时期文学以理性的散文为主,主要是各派政治力量对于革命的必要性、革命的前途与方向、政府的形式与性质等重大问题展开讨论时产生的杂文、政论文和演讲词,即便诗歌也以政治为内容。
代表作家:潘恩Thomas paine 的《常识》commom senseThomas Jefferson Declaration of Independence汉密尔顿、麦迪逊、杰伊合写的《论联邦》The Federalist Papers威廉-希尔-布朗william hill brawn,第一部美国小说《同情的力量》三、浪漫主义时期1800-1865作家们强调文学的想象力和感情色彩,反对古典主义的形式与观点,歌颂大自然,崇尚个人和普通人的思想感情,并且寻根问祖,发幽古之思情。
素材完全取自美国现实,如西部开发和拓荒经历。
他们赞美美国山水,讴歌美国生活,反映美国人民的乐观与热情。
美国文学发展历程探究

美国文学发展历程探究美国文学的发展历程可以追溯到殖民地时期。
随着欧洲人的移民到北美,他们开始在新大陆建立自己的社会和文化,这促使了美国文学的产生和发展。
以下是美国文学的主要发展阶段。
第一阶段:殖民地时期(17世纪至18世纪)在殖民地时期,美国的文学主要受到英格兰文学的影响。
初期的文学作品多以宗教为主题,例如普林斯顿学院校长埃德温·桑德斯对美国文学的定义认为,它是“真正属于美洲的成就,而不是来自外国或短暂存在的痕迹”。
约翰·丹福斯(John Winthrop)《模範》(Model of Christian Charity)(1630年)是殖民地时期最重要的文学作品之一,强调基督教道德和殖民地社会的建立。
启蒙时期是美国文学发展的重要时期,表达了美国人民对自由、平等和理性的追求。
启蒙时期的代表作家包括本杰明·富兰克林、托马斯·潘恩和托马斯·杰斐逊等。
本杰明·富兰克林的《自传》(1750年至1790年)描述了他的成长和成功经历,被认为是美国第一部经典文学作品之一。
美国独立战争的爆发和美国宪法的制定也启发了许多启蒙时期的作品。
第三阶段:浪漫主义时期(19世纪初至中叶)浪漫主义时期是美国文学发展的高潮期,表达了个人情感和人类内心世界的追求。
浪漫主义时期的代表作家包括华盛顿·欧文、爱德加·爱伦·坡和纳撒尼尔·霍桑等。
华盛顿·欧文的《伊卡博德·克兰普》(1819年)是美国文学中最早的短篇小说之一,展示了对美国历史和传说的迷恋。
爱德加·爱伦·坡的小说和诗歌融合了恐怖、神秘和奇幻元素,对后来的美国文学产生了深远的影响。
现实主义时期强调以真实和客观的方式描写生活。
现实主义时期的代表作家包括马克·吐温、亨利·詹姆斯和斯蒂芬·克莱因等。
马克·吐温的《汤姆·索亚历险记》(1876年)和《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》(1884年)描写了美国南部社会的贫困和不公正。
殖民地时期的美国文学

印第安⼈的⽂化欧洲⼈发现新⼤陆的时候,北美洲的⼟著居民印第安⼈处于原始公社制度各种不同的阶段。
印第安⼈在向⼤⾃然的⽃争中创造了⾃⼰的⽂化,主要是民间⼝头创作,包括神话传说和英雄传说。
由于他们没有⽂字,这些传说后来才得以整理问世,启发了后世美国作家的灵感。
早期移民的⽂化移民刚到新⼤陆时忙于⽣存⽃争,所以开始时⽂学发展⽐较缓慢。
最早发表的关于北美的作品是游记、⽇记之类的⽂字。
作者都是英国⼈。
英国殖民地建⽴之后,统治者利⽤宗教,主要是清教主义作为控制殖民地思想意识的主要⼿段,因此许多出版物是关于神学的研究。
的作家有科顿。
马瑟(1663-1728)和乔纳森。
爱德华兹(1703-1758)等。
随着⼯业、贸易和民族意识的增涨,宗教⾃由的呼声提⾼,请教主义的神权统治⾛向衰亡,为⼈本主义与⾃由民主等民族独⽴的意识所代替。
诊歌创作北美出版的第⼀部诗集《海湾圣诗》是以民歌形式写成的圣诗。
迈克尔。
威格尔斯沃思的诗全是解释加尔⽂教的教义,成了宗教性的普及读物。
⼥诗⼈安妮。
布拉兹特⾥特写的也是宗教⽣活,不过多少以世俗的笔调抒写妇⼥的⼼情。
⽣前只发表过挽诗的牧师爱德华。
泰勒反映了严格的清教主义的衰落。
在这些诗⼈⾝上,英国的影响也是明显的,布拉兹特⾥特得益于斯宾塞,泰勒的诗⾥看得出约翰。
多思和乔治。
赫伯特的影响。
美国文学简介-中文

殖民地时期的文学 (1607-1800)
本杰明•富兰克林(Benjamin
Franklin
(1706 – 1790) 菲利普· 弗瑞诺 (Philip Freneau 1752-1832) 安· 布拉德斯特里特 (Anne Bradstreet 1612?1672 )
, American Puritanism as a dominant religious factor in American life, was one of the most enduring shaping influences in
19 世纪美国诗人
亨利· 沃兹沃思· 朗费罗Henry
Wadsworth
Longfellow 威廉· 卡伦· 布莱恩特 William Cullen Bryant 沃尔特· 惠特曼Walt Whitman 埃米莉•狄金森Emily Dickinson
亨利· 沃兹沃思· 朗费罗Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Sinclair Lewis (1930)辛克莱· 刘易斯《巴比特》 Eugene O‟Neil (1936)尤金· 奥尼尔《天边外》 Pearl S. Buck (1938)赛珍珠《大地》 T.S. Eliot (1948) 托马斯· 斯特恩斯· 艾略特《四个四重奏》 William Faulkner (1949)威廉· 福克纳《我弥留之际》 Ernest Hemingway (1954)欧内斯特· 海明威《老人与海》 John Steinbeck (1962)约翰· 斯坦贝克《人鼠之间》 Saul Bellow (1976)索尔· 贝娄《赫索格》 Isaac Bashevis Singer (1978)艾萨克· 巴什维斯· 辛格《魔术师· 原野王》 Toni Morrison(1993)托尼· 莫里森《最蓝的眼睛》、
美国文学殖民地时期

本杰明.富兰克林( 本杰明 富兰克林(Benjamin Franklin)是美 富兰克林 ) 国启蒙运动的开创者和独立革命的领导人, 国启蒙运动的开创者和独立革命的领导人,又 是科学家和实业家。他思路开阔, 是科学家和实业家。他思路开阔,不为他人所 算是美国启蒙运动,即理性时代的象征。 及,算是美国启蒙运动,即理性时代的象征。 他博览群书,对一切都寻根问底。 他博览群书,对一切都寻根问底。他相信仁慈 的上帝会允许每一个人自己去求得与自然的和 而不会强求人们去服从上帝的意者。这样, 谐,而不会强求人们去服从上帝的意者。这样, 富兰克林从思想上接受了当时的怀疑主义, 富兰克林从思想上接受了当时的怀疑主义,最 终站在了天赋人权而非神权的一边。 终站在了天赋人权而非神权的一边。
富兰克林与美国新闻事业
一、印刷始祖
二、报业先驱
三、广告鼻祖
四、杂志之父
依外国史学家观点,现代杂志发轫于欧美18世纪 的“历书”。这种包含丰富知识的工具书,又以 1732年本杰明·富兰克林用理查德·桑德斯的笔名, 在费城编写的《穷人理查德历书》(Poor Richard Almanac)最具代表性。 他把历书的受众定位在“很少买其它书籍的普通 老百姓”身上,并从此完成了历书的知识性、资 料性、实用性和趣味性的转向,将历书的发展推 向一个新时期。
《穷理查年鉴》
此书由富兰克林于1932年以理查·桑德斯之名出 版的日记,此后一直持续出版了25年,统称为 《可怜查理的日记》。又叫《穷查理历书》, 是一本箴言集,因为都是写在日历本上,所以 叫年鉴。 该年鉴中包括日历,天气,诗歌,谚语和天 文和占星等等,还偶尔包括数学演习,这些 格言通常带有节俭和礼貌的和玩世不恭。 从1732年到1758年,此书一直是北美13个殖民地的畅销书。对许 多读者来说,除了《圣经》他们只看富兰克林的年鉴,因为“穷 理查”教导人们勤奋工作、诚实守信,同时对事物持有健康的怀 疑态度。当时美国人正在摆脱过去的清规戒律,“穷理查”代表 了他们的精神特质,宣告了美国人共同的价值观。
美国文学考试,10页轻松搞定

三、浪漫主义时期1800-1865
作家们强调文学的想象力和感情色彩,反对古典主义的形式与观点,歌颂大自然,崇尚个人和普通人的思想感情,并且寻根问祖,发幽古之思情。素材完全取自美国现实,如西部开发和拓荒经历。他们赞美美国山水,讴歌美国生活,反映美国人民的乐观与热情。
废奴文学:
爱默生,梭罗,惠蒂埃
影响最大的是斯托夫人harriet beecher stowe,《汤姆叔叔的小屋》uncle tom's cabin
四、现实主义文学1865-1918
乡土文学:朱厄特sarah orne jewett, 短篇小说集《迪普黑文》deephaven and other stories,长篇小说《尖枞树之乡》the country of pointed firs
爱默生ralph waldo emerson, <论自然>nature(被称为超验主义的圣经),《论自立》self reliance,对打破神学统治,摒弃请教教义,强调人的地位,确立民主思想和发展民族文化起了极大作用。
梭罗henry david thoreau,emerson的朋友和门徒。《沃尔登》walden。《论公民的不服从》civil disobedience,主张用和平斗争的方式反对战争和奴隶制,对甘地、马丁路德金起过积极影响。
詹姆斯,被称为心理分析小说家,他晦涩的文体、开放性结局和内心独白等手法大大影响了后世的现代派,尤其是意识流文学。他的作品属于世态小说novel of manners,代表作《一位女士的肖像》the portrait of a lady's,《鸽翼》the wings of the dove,《专使》the ambassadors, 《金碗》the golden bowl.
美国文学-名词解释

美国文学1.殖民地时期及独立革命战争时期的美国文学Philip Freneau(菲利普﹒弗瑞诺)(1)He was considered as the “Poet of the American revolution” as the most outstanding poet in America of the 18th century. (2)He was a satirist, a bitter polemicist. (3)He wrote many poems encouraging revolution and encouraging the glory that would be won by overcoming the British.The Wild Honey Suckle 《野金银花》The Indian Burying Ground 《印第安人的殡葬地》The British Ship《英国囚船》The Rising Glory of America 《美洲光辉的兴起》(1)The Wild Honey Suckle is Freneau’s best lyric (2)It anticipated the 19th—century use of simple nature imagery.The Indian Burying Ground anticipated romantic primitivism and the celebration of the “Noble Savage”.Thomas Jefferson(托马斯﹒杰弗逊)The Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》(1)The Declaration of Independence was adopted July 4, 1776. (2)It not only announced the birth of a new nation, but also expounded a philosophy of human freedom. (3)It lists 13 cruelties committed by the King of Britain. (4)The famous lines are: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”(5) Thomas Jefferson’s thought was inspired by the thoughts of John Locke.浪漫主义时期的美国文学Calvinism(加尔文主义)(1)Calvinism refers to the religious teachings of John Calvin and his followers. (2) Calvin taught that only certain persons, the elect, were chosen by God to be saved, and these could be saved only by God’s grace. (3) Calvinism forms the basis for the doctrines and practices of the Huguenots, Puritans, Presbyterians, and the Reformed churches.American Romanticism(美国浪漫主义)(1) American Romanticism is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature.(2) It was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. For romantics, the feelings ,intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense. They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group. They affirmed the inner life of the self, and cherished strong interest in the past, the wild, the remote, the mysterious and the strange. They stressed the element “Americanness” in their works.(3)It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Gra ss. (4) Being a period of the great flowering of American literature, it is also called “the American Renaissance.” (5) American Romantici sts include such literary figures as Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, WilliamCullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman and some others.Transcendentalism(超验主义)(1) Transcendentalism refers to the religious and philosophical doctrines of Ralph Waldo Emerson and others in New England in the middle 1800’s, which emphasized the importance of individual inspiration and intuition, the Over—soul, and Nature. Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self—reliant. (2)New England Transcendentalism is the product of a combination of native American Puritanism and European Romanticism.Free verse(自由体诗歌)(1)Free verse means the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without paying attention to conventional rules of meter.(2) Free verse was originated by a group of French poets of the late 19th century. (3)Their purpose was to free themselves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhythms of natural speech. (4)Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass is, perhaps, the most notable example.Symbol(象征)(1) Symbol means an act, a person, a thing, or a spectacle that stands for something else, usually something less palpable than the named symbol. (2) The relationship between the symbol and its referent is not often one of simple equivalence. Allegorical symbols usually express a neater equivalence with what they stand for than the symbols found in modern realistic fiction.Theme(主题)(1) Theme means the unifying point or general idea of a literary work. (2) It provides an answer to such questions as “What is the work about”(3)Each literary work carries its own theme or themes. For example, King Lear has many themes, among which are blindness and madness.现实主义与自然主义时期的美国文学American Naturalism(美国自然主义)The American Naturalists accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to account for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.American Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.Dreiser is a leading figure of his school.Darwinism(达尔文主义)Darwinism is a term that comes from Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory.Darwinist think that those who survive in the world are the fittest and those who fail to adapt themselves to the environment will perish. They believe that man has evolved from lower forms of life. Humans are special not because God created them in His image, but because they have successfully adapted to changing environmental conditions and have passed on their survival-making characteristics genetically.Influenced by this theory, some American naturalist writers apply Darwinism as an explanation of human nature and social reality.Local Colorists(乡土作家)Generally speaking, the writing of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region or province. The characteristic setting is the isolated small town.Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historian of a vanishing way of life, recorders of a present that faded before their eyes. Yet for all their sentimentality, they dedicated themselves to minutely accurate descriptions of the life of their regions. They worked from personal experience to record the facts of a local environment and suggested that the native life was shaped by the curious conditions of the locale.Major local colorists include Hamlin Garland, Mark Twain , Kate Chopin, etc.Theodore Dreiser(西奥多·德莱塞)He is generally acknowledged as one of America’s literary naturalists.Works Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》(1) Sister Carrie tells about a poor country girl (Carrie Meeber) who goesto Chicago to pursue the American Dream.(2) The novel shows Dreiser’s naturalistic view about life by illustratingthe purposelessness of life.(3) The dominant symbol of the novel is the rocking chair that is the rocking chair that is indicative of the uncertainty of life.Jennie Gerhardt《珍妮姑娘》Trilogy of Desire《欲望》三部曲a. The Financier《金融家》b. The Titan《巨人》c. The Stoic《斯多葛》The Genius 《天才》An American Tragedy 《美国的悲剧》(1) An American Tragedy is Dreiser’s greatest work and the title of theBook implies Dreiser intention to tell us that it is the social pressurethat makes Clyde’s downfall inevitable.(2) Clyde’s tragedy is a tragedy that depends upon the American socialsystem which encouraged people to pursue the “dream of success ” atall costs.Sherwood Anderson (舍伍德·安德森)He has been called the first of America’s “psychological writers” because he first explored the motivations and frustrations of his fictional characters in terms of Sigmund Freud’s theories of psychology.He tremendously influenced such writers as Hemingway and Faulkner.Works Winesburg, Ohio《小镇畸人》(1) Winesburg, Ohio is a collection of 23 interrelated stories ofsamll-town life. These stories sound morbid and grotesque, butUnderneath them runs a strong desire to communicate, and love andbe loved.(2) It won the author a foremost position in contemporary Americanliterary.现代时期的美国文学The Lost Generation (迷惘的一代)The Lost Generation is a term first used by Gertrude Stein to describe the post-World War I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.Full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.The three best-know representatives of Lost Generation are F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and John Dos Passos.Others usually included among the list are Sherwood Anderson, Kay Boyle, Hart Crane, Ford Maddox Ford and Zelda Fitzgerald.Imagism (意象派诗歌)Imagism came into being in Britain ans U.S. around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation.The imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.Imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles:i) direct treatment of subject matter;ii) economy of expression;iii) as regards rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metronome.Ezra Pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known imagist poem.The Beat Generation (垮掉的一代)The members of the Beat Generation were new bohemian libertines, who engaged in a spontaneous, sometimes messy, creativity.The beat writers produced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy ofnon-conformity and for its non-conforming style.The major beat writings are Jack Kerouac’s On the Road and Allen Ginsberg’s Howl. Howl became the manifesto of the Beat Generation.American Dream (美国梦)American Dream refers to the dream of material success, in which one, regardless of social status, acquires wealth and gains success by working hard and good luck.In literature, the theme of American Dream recurs. In The Great Gatsby, Gatsby comes from the west to the east with the dream of material success. By bootlegging and other illegal means he fulfilled his dream but ended up being killed. The novel tells the shattering of American Dream rather than its success.Expressionism (表现主义)Expressionism refers to a movement in Germany early in the 20th century, in which a number of painters sought to avoid the representation of external reality and, instead, to project a highly personal or subjective vision of the world.Expressionism is a reaction against realism or naturalism, aiming at presenting a post-war world violently distorted.Works noted for expressionism include: Eugene O’Neill’s The Emperor Jones, James Joyce’s Ulysses and Finnegans Wake, and T. S. Eliot’s The Waste Land, etc..In a further sense, the term is sometimes applied to the belief that literary works are essentially expressions of their own authors’ moods and thoughts; this has been the dominant assumption about literature since the rise of Romanticism.Feminism (女权主义)(1) Feminism incorporates both a doctrine of equal rights for women and an ideology of social transformation aiming to create a world for women beyond simple social equality.(2) In general, feminism is the ideology of women’s liberation based on the belief that women suffer injustice because of their sex. Under this broad umbrella various feminists offer differing analyses of the causes, or agents, of female oppression.(3) Definitions of feminism by feminists tend to be shaped by their training, ideology or race. So, for example, Marxist and Socialist feminists stress the interaction within feminism of class with gender and focus on social distinctions between men and women. Black feminists argue much more for an integrated analysis which can unlock the multiple systems of oppression.Hemingway Code Hero (海明威式英雄)Hemingway Hero, also called code hero, is one who, wounded but strong, more sensitive, enjoys the pleasures of life (sex, alcohol, sport) in face of ruin and death, and maintains, through some notion of a code, an ideal of himself.Barnes in The Sun Also Rises, Henry in A Farewell to Arms and Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea are typical of Hemingway Hero.Harlem Renaissance (哈莱姆文艺复兴)(1)Harlem Renaissance refers to a period of outstanding literary vigor and creativity that occurred in the United States during the 1920s.(2)The Harlem Renaissance changed the images of literature created by many black and white American writers. New black images were no longer obedient and docile, instead they showed a new confidence and racial pride.(3) The leading figures are Langston Hughs, James Weldon Johnson, Wallace Thurman, etc.. Impressionism (印象主义)Impressionism is a style of painting that gives the impression made by the subject on the artist without much attention to details. Writers accepted the same conviction that the personal attitudes and moods of the writer were legitimate elements in depicting character or setting or action. Briefly, it is a style of literature characterized by the creation of general impressions and moods rather than realistic moods.现代时期的美国文学Ezra Pound(1) He was identified as the father of modern American poetry and the most influential leader of the Imagist Movement.(2) He had an enormous influence on the modernist writers in Britain and America after WWII.Works The Cantos《诗章》In a Station of the Metro 《在地铁站里》(1) In a Station of the Metro serves as a typical example of the Imagist ideas.(2) The one-image poem is an observation of the poet of the human faces seen in a Paris subway station.(3) “Apparition” suggests a visible appearance of something not present, and especially of a dead person. Here the faces of people in the subway station are compared to petals on a wet, black bough.A Pact 《盟约》(1) A Pact is a poem in which Pound started to find some agreement between “Whitmanesque” free verse, which he had attacked for its carelessness in composition.(2) In the poem “broke the new wood” means that Whitman made experiments with the conventions of traditional poetry. “commerce” means the exchange of views or attitudes. The poem indicates that Pound would like to learn from the free verse and show respect to Whitman.。
北信科大美国文学复习资料

一.殖民地时期(约1607-1765)(清教主义思想)Tips:1.1607年约翰史密斯船长带领第一批移民在北美大陆建立第一个英国殖民地。
当时宗教领袖和殖民地区领导人如布雷福德(William Bradford,1590-1657)等人的书籍多半关于讲经布道等有关神学的材料或日记。
有些介绍新大陆的风景和日常生活2. 史密斯船长(Captain John Smith)为英国在北美建立第一个殖民地起重要作用3. 安妮布雷特兹里特(Anne Bradstreet)------第十个缪斯,北美第一位女诗人二.启蒙时期和独立战争时期(1765-18世界末)1. 启蒙运动代表人物:富兰克林(Benjamin Franklin).Self bused /天助自助者。
他著作有《格言历书》(poor Richard’s Almance),他的《自传》(autobiography)开启了传记文学先河。
富兰克林还是American dream 的代言人。
2. Thomas Paine著有《常识》commen sense 和American crisis三.浪漫主义时期(1800-1865)1. 早期浪漫主义作家:欧文(Washington Irving)和库柏(James Fenimore Cooper)2. 欧文著有:the sketch book,开创美国短篇小说传统。
《睡谷传说》the legend of sleeping hollow 和Rip Van Winkle3. 库柏主要写长篇小说:历史小说historical、冒险小说adventure、边疆小说frontier ,边疆小说有《皮袜子故事》the leather stocking tales4. 布莱恩特Bryant : 《致水鸟》to a waterfowl、《黄色的堇香花》the yellow violet5: 超验主义transcendentalism:崇尚直觉,反对理性和权威,强调人有能力凭直觉认识真理6. 爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson是超验主义奠基人,创办杂志《日晷》the dial ,创作有《论自然》the nature 、《论独立》self reliance7. 梭罗(Henry David Thoreau):瓦尔登湖Walden 、论公民的不服从civil disobedience8. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 朗费罗:海华沙之歌the song of Hiawatha9. Walt Whitman 惠特曼:free verse 自由主义诗诗人,著有O!Captain, my Captain10. Emily Dickinson 狄金森11. 霍桑Nathaniel Hwathorne 不赞成超验主义,他对社会改革、生产发展和科学进步也表示疑虑和不安,反对清教主义对人的压迫12:霍桑:the minister’s black veil、young good man Brown、the Birthmark 、Rappaccini’s Daughter13. 梅尔维尔Herman Melville: 《白鲸》Mobby Dick14. Edgar Allan poe : the Raven 《乌鸦》、the fall of the house of usher、murders in the Rue Morgue、the Purloined letter、the poetic principle、the philosophy of composition15. 斯托夫人:《汤姆叔叔的小屋》Uncle Tom’s Cabin四.现实主义(1865-1918)1. 朱厄特Jewett: 尖从树之乡the country of pointed Firs2. Bret Harte: The lucky of Roaring Camp3. Mark Twain: 《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》the man that corrupted Hadleyburd、《跳蛙》the celebratedJumping Frog of Calaveras Country他的作品特点是local colorist / collocual language (本土色彩和口头化)4.詹姆斯James: the portrait of a lady’s/the wings of the dove/the ambassadors/ the golden bowl5. Stephen Crane: 商场描写战争,著作有《红色英勇勋章》the red badge of courage6. Jack London: Martin Eden The call of wild7. Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie An American Tragedy五.现代主义时期(the lost generation)1. Ezra Pound庞德:The Cantos Hugh Selwyn Mauberley2.Eugene O’neill: 《天边外》Beyond the Horizon Emperor Jones The hairy Ape3. Edith Whaton: 《快乐之家》the house of Mirth 《天真时代》the age of innocence4. Lewis刘易斯:《大街》Main Street 《巴比特》Babbit5. Sherwood Anderson: Winesburg, Ohio6. John Steinbeck : (大萧条时期) the grapes of Wrath7. 哈莱姆文化:表现黑人悲惨生活8. 休斯Langston Hughs : “哈莱姆桂冠诗人”9. Richard Wright: Native Son10. Jack Kerouac: <on the road>11. Joseph Heller: 黑色幽默作家,《第二十二条军规》catch-2212. Ralph Ellison: invisible man13. Alice Walker: the color purple14. Toni Morrison: 1993,诺贝尔文学奖,著song of Solomon15. Saul Bellow: Herzog Anderson the Rain King16: Bernard Malamud: The assistant17. J.D Salinger: Catcher in the Rye麦田守望者18. Allen Ginsberg: Howl19. Tennessee Williams: A streetcar Named Desire / All my sons / Cat on a Hot Tin Roof20. Arthur Miller米勒:《推销员之死》Death of a salesman第二部分:简答题相关简答部分复习(北信科2013)1.Nathaniel Hawthorne-----the scarlet letter(chapter 2)Works: twice-told tales / Mosses from an old manIdeas 思想:作品涉及人物:妻子白兰(Hester Prynne)、丈夫齐里沃斯(Chillingworth)、迪姆斯台尔(Dimmesdale)作品情节:妻子和牧师私通后遭到丈夫的一系列调查和报复,最后妻子被印上了字母“A”,代表着私通“adultery”,随着剧情发展,妻子白兰用正直和善良的品格打动了社会,赢得了承认,字母A也变成了angel和able的代表,牧师胸膛上也印了字母A,这明显是用道貌岸然的外表去掩饰他躲避责任带来的内心痛苦。
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本杰明.富兰克林(Benjamin Franklin)是美 国启蒙运动的开创者和独立革命的领导人,又 是科学家和实业家。他思路开阔,不为他人所 及,算是美国启蒙运动,即理性时代的象征。 他博览群书,对一切都寻根问底。他相信仁慈 的上帝会允许每一个人自己去求得与自然的和 谐,而不会强求人们去服从上帝的意者。这样, 富兰克林从思想上接受了当时的怀疑主义,最 终站在了天赋人权而非神权的一边。
浪漫主义(1800-1865)
起因:作为文艺思潮,浪漫主义产生并风行于18世纪末~ 19世纪初的欧洲。其时正值资产阶级革命的时代,资产阶 级处于上升时期,要求个性解放和感情自由,在政治上反 抗封建主义的统治,在文学艺术上反对古典主义的束缚。 为适应这样的需要,浪漫主义思潮应运而生。 作为创作方法和风格,浪漫主义在表现现实上,强调主观 与主体性,侧重表现理想世界,把情感和想象提到创作的 首位,常用热情奔放的语言、超越现实的想象和夸张的手 法塑造理想中的形象。古今中外的文艺创作自始就有这种 特色。如中国屈原、李白的诗歌和吴承恩的小说《西游记 》都具有鲜明的浪漫主义特色。
富兰克林与美国新闻事业
一、印刷始祖
二、报业先驱
三、广告鼻祖
四、杂志之父
依外国史学家观点,现代杂志发轫于欧美18世纪 的“历书”。这种包含丰富知识的工具书,又以 1732年本杰明· 富兰克林用理查德· 桑德斯的笔名, 在费城编写的《穷人理查德历书》(Poor Richard Almanac)最具代表性。
规律的强调,其违反了人的自然本性。浪 漫主义把一切原始的、质朴无华的和天真 无邪的事物视为“自然的” 浪漫主义强调感性,古典主义强调理性 浪漫主义强调对大自然的表现,古典主义 强调对人类创造物的表现 浪漫主义强调人与自然的统一,古典主义 强调人与自然的分离 浪漫主义强调自由、个性、个体,古典主 义强调服从、共性、整体
启蒙运动
启蒙运动:18世纪初至1789年法国大革命间的一个 新思维不断涌现的时代,与理性主义等一起构成 一个较长的文化运动时期。这个时期的启蒙运动, 覆盖了各个知识领域,如自然科学、哲学、伦理 学、政治学、经济学、历史学、文学、教育学等 等。启蒙运动同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命 提供了框架,并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的 兴起。
自传(The Autobiography)
The
Autobiography, recognized as the best of Franklin’s literary writings, extends only to 1757 and by no means covers all facets of the busy years when he was carving out a career for himself. nor does it touch at all upon his career as a diplomat and world-famous figure during the last thirty years of his life.
美国浪漫主义文学兴起的原因:
在思想上,北美早期移民受清教主义传统影响,席
卷欧洲的浪漫主义文学运动为美国早期浪漫主义 文学提供了土壤和范式; 在政治上,自由和民主制度为美国浪漫主义文学 提供了政治保障.此外,美国的领土扩张和西部开 拓为美国浪漫主义文学提供了创作素材和表现舞 台,为其产生和发展打下了良好的思想物质基础. 同时,美国方式也为美国浪漫主义文学奠定了美 国民族特有的深厚文化底蕴.
本杰明· 富兰克林(Benjamin
Franklin)
1756-1763年的“七年战争”(Seven Year's War)中,为 争夺对北美殖民地的控制,英国与法国进行了长期的战争。 英国虽然打败了法国,控制了北美大部分地区,但因长期 的战争而导致财政困难。于是,英国政府不断地向北美各 殖民增加税收,并实行高压政策,对殖民地进行蛮横的压 榨和残酷的剥削最终导致战争爆发。 1765年,英国人规定,一切公文、契约合同,执照、报纸、 杂志、广告、单据、遗嘱,都必须贴上印花税票,才能生 效可流通。这激起殖民地人民极大的愤怒,于是各地都发 生了反英事件,抵制英货、赶走税吏、焚烧税票、武装反 抗等等。这一切引起了英国政府的恐慌,他们立即派军队 镇压。反英的怒火在殖民地人民心中燃烧,一场争取独立 和自由的战火即将在北美大陆上燃烧起来了。
该年鉴中包括日历,天气,诗歌,谚语和天 文和占星等等,还偶尔包括数学演从1732年到1758年,此书一直是北美13个殖民地的畅销书。对许 多读者来说,除了《圣经》他们只看富兰克林的年鉴,因为“穷 理查”教导人们勤奋工作、诚实守信,同时对事物持有健康的怀 疑态度。当时美国人正在摆脱过去的清规戒律,“穷理查”代表 了他们的精神特质,宣告了美国人共同的价值观。
在文艺复兴运动的推动下,自然科学取得
很大进展,科学家们揭示许多自然界的奥 秘,教会的很多说教不攻自破,人们有了 更多的自信。随着资本主义的发展,新兴 资产阶级要求摆脱封建专制统治和教会压 迫的愿望日益强烈,首先在思想领域展开 了反对封建专制统治和教会思想束缚的斗 争,由此掀起了一场轰轰烈烈的空前的思 想解放运动,历史上称之为启蒙运动。
美国浪漫主义文学代表作家 (前期)
美国前期浪漫主义作家的代表人物包括华盛顿· 欧 文(1783年-1859年)、詹姆斯· 库柏(1789年 -1851年)和爱伦· 坡。 欧文被称为美国文学之父,在他的小说中,“美 国文学”这一概念第一次浮出水面,不再深受英 国文学的拘束。 库柏是美国民族文学的奠基人之一,他开创了以 《皮袜子故事集》为代表的边疆传奇小说,最重 要的一部是《最后一个莫希干人》。 爱伦· 坡主张艺术要使读者获得刺激而达到灵魂的 升华,他的小说大部分以死亡、凶杀、复仇为题 材,揭示人的幻觉状态和变态心理,他和法国诗 人波德莱尔共同被尊为象征主义文学的先驱。
美国浪漫主义文学
爱默生
(Ralph Waldo Emerson)(1803年 -1882年)和梭罗(Henry David Thoreau) (1817年-1862年)是超验主义理论家, 最先提出浪漫主义的主张。 他们强调人的精神作用和直觉的意义,认 为自然界充满灵性,人应该回归自然。梭 罗的《瓦尔登湖》是美国浪漫主义文学的 奠基之作。
“启蒙”的本意是“光明”。当时先进的思
想家认为,迄今为止,人们处于黑暗之中, 应该用理性之光驱散黑暗,把人们引向光 明。他们著书立说,积极地批判专制主义 和宗教愚昧,宣传自由、平等和民主。
Benjamin Franklin(1760-1790)
Introduction: Benjamin Franklin, American printer, author, diplomat, philosopher, and scientist, whose many contributions to the cause of the American Revolution (1775-1783), and the newly formed federal government that followed, rank him among the country’s greatest statesmen.
感恩节
11月的最后一个星期四是感恩节(Thanksgiving Day)。感恩节是美国人民独创的一个古老节日。 1620年,著名的“五月花”号船满载不堪忍受英 国国内宗教迫害的清教徒102人到达美洲。1620年 和1621年之交的冬天,他们遇到了难以想象的困 难,处在饥寒交迫之中,冬天过去时,活下来的 移民只有44人。这时,心地善良的印第安人给移 民送来了生活必需品,还特地派人教他们怎样狩 猎、养火鸡、捕鱼和种植玉米、南瓜等。在印第 安人的帮助下,移民们终于获得了丰收,在欢庆 丰收的日子,按照宗教传统习俗,移民规定了感 谢上帝的日子,并决定为感谢印第安人的真诚帮 助,邀请他们一同庆祝节日。
1进行著名的“风筝实验”,证明了闪电只是一种 电火花,被后人描述为“他从天空抓到了雷电, 从专制统治者手中夺回了权力” 。2最早提出电 流理论,创造了许多沿用至今的词,如:正电、 负电、电池等。3提出电荷不能创生也不能消灭的 思想,后人在此基础上发现了电荷守恒定律。4发 明了避雷针,破处了人们对雷电的迷信。 热学:他改良了取暖的炉子,能够节省四分之三 的燃料。 光学:他发明了老年人用的双焦距眼镜,即能看 清楚近处又能看清楚远处的事物。 最先解释清 楚北极光。
都在注视着我们;因此,如果我们在实现 这一事业的过程中辜负了我们的上帝,致 使上帝不再像今天这样帮助我们,那么, 我们终将只给人们留下一个故事并成为全 世界的笑柄。” 《On Liberty》 by John Winthrop
启蒙时期和独立战争时期 (1765-18世纪末)
1765 独立战争 启蒙运动(enlightenment)
美国浪漫主义主题:
浪漫主义文学最基本的特点是以充满激情
的夸张方式来表现理想与愿望 美国浪漫主义所倡导的重视个人、追求自 立的思想(与当时依然浓重的宗教感情和 宿命思想针锋相对)。 表现人与自然的关系。 美国浪漫主义具有鲜明的美国特点。
实质:对古典主义的反动
古典主义对理性的强调实质上是对秩序、
1760 年至1790 年是美国历史上黑暗的时期。18 世纪60 年代,英国殖民当局同北美大陆人民之间 的矛盾日益尖锐。从1763 年起,13 个殖民地先 后爆发反英斗争,建立了许多秘密的革命组织。 1770 年3 月,在波士顿发生了英军同当地居民的 流血冲突事件,加剧了矛盾的发展。1773 年12 月16日,波士顿民众八千余人将价值一万八千英 镑的茶叶投入大海;第二年年初,殖民当局下令 封闭了波士顿港。1775 年4 月19 日,马萨诸塞 的英国殖民军与当地“通讯委员会”的民兵又发 生武装冲突,这场战斗揭开了美国独立战争的序 幕。1776 年7 月4 日,13 个殖民地通过了由托马 斯· 杰弗逊起草的《独立宣言》,宣布人人生而平 等,并且名正言顺地组织起了独立、自主的合众 国。宣言本着资产阶级民主精神,开创了美洲资 产阶级革命的先河。