美国文学殖民地时期
美国文学殖民地时期
本杰明.富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin）是美 国启蒙运动的开创者和独立革命的领导人，又 是科学家和实业家。他思路开阔，不为他人所 及，算是美国启蒙运动，即理性时代的象征。 他博览群书，对一切都寻根问底。他相信仁慈 的上帝会允许每一个人自己去求得与自然的和 谐，而不会强求人们去服从上帝的意者。这样， 富兰克林从思想上接受了当时的怀疑主义，最 终站在了天赋人权而非神权的一边。
浪漫主义（1800-1865）
起因：作为文艺思潮，浪漫主义产生并风行于18世纪末～ 19世纪初的欧洲。其时正值资产阶级革命的时代，资产阶 级处于上升时期，要求个性解放和感情自由，在政治上反 抗封建主义的统治，在文学艺术上反对古典主义的束缚。 为适应这样的需要，浪漫主义思潮应运而生。 作为创作方法和风格，浪漫主义在表现现实上，强调主观 与主体性，侧重表现理想世界，把情感和想象提到创作的 首位，常用热情奔放的语言、超越现实的想象和夸张的手 法塑造理想中的形象。古今中外的文艺创作自始就有这种 特色。如中国屈原、李白的诗歌和吴承恩的小说《西游记 》都具有鲜明的浪漫主义特色。
富兰克林与美国新闻事业
一、印刷始祖
二、报业先驱
三、广告鼻祖
四、杂志之父
依外国史学家观点，现代杂志发轫于欧美18世纪 的“历书”。这种包含丰富知识的工具书，又以 1732年本杰明· 富兰克林用理查德· 桑德斯的笔名， 在费城编写的《穷人理查德历书》（Poor Richard Almanac）最具代表性。
规律的强调，其违反了人的自然本性。浪 漫主义把一切原始的、质朴无华的和天真 无邪的事物视为“自然的” 浪漫主义强调感性，古典主义强调理性 浪漫主义强调对大自然的表现，古典主义 强调对人类创造物的表现 浪漫主义强调人与自然的统一，古典主义 强调人与自然的分离 浪漫主义强调自由、个性、个体，古典主 义强调服从、共性、整体
美国文学
美国文学一、殖民地时期1607-17651607年，captain john smith 带领第一批移民在北美大陆建立第一个英国殖民地--詹姆斯敦。
1765年，殖民地人民奋起抗议英国政府颁布的印花税。
文学特点：宗教色彩，讲经布道向欧洲读者或亲友介绍新大陆的小册子和游记书信著名作家：Captain john smith,Anne Bradstreet, 以夫妻恩爱家庭美满为题材Edward Taylor，清教徒，牧师，讲道二、启蒙时期&独立战争时期1765-18世纪1730s，爱德华兹（Johnathan Edwards）为首的清教徒掀起“大觉醒”运动，企图恢复清教主义的统治，失败。
启蒙运动代表人物Benjamin Franklin(文学家科学家政治家):《格言历书》poor richard's almanac,通过格言警句宣传创业持家，待人处事的道德原则和勤奋致富的生活道路《自传》Autobiography，开创了美国名人写传记的风气独立战争时期文学以理性的散文为主，主要是各派政治力量对于革命的必要性、革命的前途与方向、政府的形式与性质等重大问题展开讨论时产生的杂文、政论文和演讲词，即便诗歌也以政治为内容。
代表作家：潘恩Thomas paine 的《常识》commom senseThomas Jefferson Declaration of Independence汉密尔顿、麦迪逊、杰伊合写的《论联邦》The Federalist Papers威廉-希尔-布朗william hill brawn,第一部美国小说《同情的力量》三、浪漫主义时期1800-1865作家们强调文学的想象力和感情色彩，反对古典主义的形式与观点，歌颂大自然，崇尚个人和普通人的思想感情，并且寻根问祖，发幽古之思情。
素材完全取自美国现实，如西部开发和拓荒经历。
他们赞美美国山水，讴歌美国生活，反映美国人民的乐观与热情。
美国文学发展历程探究
美国文学发展历程探究美国文学的发展历程可以追溯到殖民地时期。
随着欧洲人的移民到北美，他们开始在新大陆建立自己的社会和文化，这促使了美国文学的产生和发展。
以下是美国文学的主要发展阶段。
第一阶段：殖民地时期（17世纪至18世纪）在殖民地时期，美国的文学主要受到英格兰文学的影响。
初期的文学作品多以宗教为主题，例如普林斯顿学院校长埃德温·桑德斯对美国文学的定义认为，它是“真正属于美洲的成就，而不是来自外国或短暂存在的痕迹”。
约翰·丹福斯（John Winthrop）《模範》（Model of Christian Charity）（1630年）是殖民地时期最重要的文学作品之一，强调基督教道德和殖民地社会的建立。
启蒙时期是美国文学发展的重要时期，表达了美国人民对自由、平等和理性的追求。
启蒙时期的代表作家包括本杰明·富兰克林、托马斯·潘恩和托马斯·杰斐逊等。
本杰明·富兰克林的《自传》（1750年至1790年）描述了他的成长和成功经历，被认为是美国第一部经典文学作品之一。
美国独立战争的爆发和美国宪法的制定也启发了许多启蒙时期的作品。
第三阶段：浪漫主义时期（19世纪初至中叶）浪漫主义时期是美国文学发展的高潮期，表达了个人情感和人类内心世界的追求。
浪漫主义时期的代表作家包括华盛顿·欧文、爱德加·爱伦·坡和纳撒尼尔·霍桑等。
华盛顿·欧文的《伊卡博德·克兰普》（1819年）是美国文学中最早的短篇小说之一，展示了对美国历史和传说的迷恋。
爱德加·爱伦·坡的小说和诗歌融合了恐怖、神秘和奇幻元素，对后来的美国文学产生了深远的影响。
现实主义时期强调以真实和客观的方式描写生活。
现实主义时期的代表作家包括马克·吐温、亨利·詹姆斯和斯蒂芬·克莱因等。
马克·吐温的《汤姆·索亚历险记》（1876年）和《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》（1884年）描写了美国南部社会的贫困和不公正。
殖民地时期的美国文学
印第安⼈的⽂化欧洲⼈发现新⼤陆的时候，北美洲的⼟著居民印第安⼈处于原始公社制度各种不同的阶段。
印第安⼈在向⼤⾃然的⽃争中创造了⾃⼰的⽂化，主要是民间⼝头创作，包括神话传说和英雄传说。
由于他们没有⽂字，这些传说后来才得以整理问世，启发了后世美国作家的灵感。
早期移民的⽂化移民刚到新⼤陆时忙于⽣存⽃争，所以开始时⽂学发展⽐较缓慢。
最早发表的关于北美的作品是游记、⽇记之类的⽂字。
作者都是英国⼈。
英国殖民地建⽴之后，统治者利⽤宗教，主要是清教主义作为控制殖民地思想意识的主要⼿段，因此许多出版物是关于神学的研究。
的作家有科顿。
马瑟（1663-1728）和乔纳森。
爱德华兹（1703-1758）等。
随着⼯业、贸易和民族意识的增涨，宗教⾃由的呼声提⾼，请教主义的神权统治⾛向衰亡，为⼈本主义与⾃由民主等民族独⽴的意识所代替。
诊歌创作北美出版的第⼀部诗集《海湾圣诗》是以民歌形式写成的圣诗。
迈克尔。
威格尔斯沃思的诗全是解释加尔⽂教的教义，成了宗教性的普及读物。
⼥诗⼈安妮。
布拉兹特⾥特写的也是宗教⽣活，不过多少以世俗的笔调抒写妇⼥的⼼情。
⽣前只发表过挽诗的牧师爱德华。
泰勒反映了严格的清教主义的衰落。
在这些诗⼈⾝上，英国的影响也是明显的，布拉兹特⾥特得益于斯宾塞，泰勒的诗⾥看得出约翰。
多思和乔治。
赫伯特的影响。
《美国文学的殖民地时期描写与反思》
美国文学的殖民地时期描写与反思1. 引言美国文学的殖民地时期是指17世纪至18世纪早期，欧洲移民开始在北美建立殖民地并与当地原住民交流的阶段。
这一时期不仅见证了欧洲殖民者对新大陆的开拓，也为后来形成独特的美国文学传统奠定了基础。
本文将探讨美国文学在殖民地时期对于新大陆环境、原住民、宗教和种族等议题的描写，并对其所包含的反思进行分析。
2. 新大陆环境的描写与反思2.1 自然景观描述：美国文学中经常出现对新大陆壮丽自然景观的描绘，如《普利古斯人物志》中描述了新英格兰的山川河流和四季更替。
这些作品表达了欧洲殖民者对未知土地奇异之美的赞叹，同时也展现了他们与自然环境相处的态度和困惑。
2.2 对原住民生活方式的描述：在殖民地时期，欧洲移民与原住民有着频繁的接触和交流。
美国文学作品中常描绘原住民的生活方式、宗教和社会结构，如《梅恩山》中对印第安部落的描述。
这些描写既反映了殖民者对陌生文化的好奇与尊重，也展示了殖民者与原住民之间的冲突和互动。
2.3 环境遭受破坏与反思：一些文学作品在描写新大陆环境时也表达了对殖民活动所带来的破坏性影响的反思。
如《乌利西斯》中对伐木业对自然资源造成破坏以及原住民土地被侵占的描述。
这种反思提醒人们保护环境并尊重不同文化的重要性。
3. 对宗教和信仰的描写与反思3.1 宗教信仰：欧洲移民带着丰富多样的宗教信仰来到新大陆，这一主题在美国文学中得到广泛揭示。
如《清真之恋》中描述了清教徒试图在新英格兰建立神圣社区的经历。
这些作品通过对宗教信仰的描绘，反映了殖民者对信仰自由的追求以及社会秩序与个人自由之间的冲突。
3.2 宗教迫害和反思：殖民地时期，宗教迫害也是一个重要议题。
文学作品中对于清教徒对异端信仰的打压以及原住民宗教遭受到的侵害和禁止有所描写。
这些作品提醒人们宗教自由的重要性，同时呼吁对不同信仰的包容与尊重。
4. 对种族关系的描写与反思4.1 种族关系描述：美国文学在殖民地时期也涉及到种族关系，如《奴隶绝望》中描述了非洲裔奴隶在美国殖民地生活的苦难。
第一章 殖民地时期及独立革命时期的美国文学
第一章殖民地时期及独立革命时期的美国文学I.知识结构II.知识点精讲1.时代背景1)The Native American and their culture---Indians. Before ChristopherColumbus discovered the American continent, there was no real literature.2)Christopher Columbus discovered the American continent in 1492.3)Captain Christopher Newport reached Virginia in 1607.4)Puritans came to the New England area, by Mayflower（五月花号）in1620.In 1629, the puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony.（马萨诸塞湾）Puritans came to America out of various reasons, but it should be remembered that they were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. It is true that they wished to escape religious persecution—and the English government regarded its American colony as an ideal dumping ground for the undesirables, but they were also determined to find a place where they could worship in the way they thought true Christians should.They regarded themselves as God's chosen people, they were meant to reestablish a commonwealth based on the teachings of the Bible, restore the lost paradise, and build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden. 5)The puritan migration began.The settlement of the North American continent by the English began in the early part of the seventeenth century. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them Puritans. They carried with them to America a code of values, a philosophy of life, and a point of view, which, in time, took root in the New World and became what is popularly known as American Puritanism.6) The British Industrial revolution (1750-1830) spurred the economy in American colonies; in American, there was War of Independence (1776-1783); the spiritual life of the colonies----Enlightenment began toappear. Thus, this period was the literature of reason and revolution (1781-1815).2.名词解释1）Puritans（清教徒）: They are one division of English Protestant.They regarded the reformation of the church under Elizabeth as incomplete, and called for further purification.The 17th century American Puritans included two parts: Separatists and Massachusetts Bay Group. Their religious doctrines are original sin, total depravity, predestination and limited atonement (or the salvation of a selected few) through a special infusion of grace from God. They regarded themselves as chosen people of God. They were meant to reestablish a commonwealth based on the teachings of the Bible, restore the lost paradise, and build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden. They opposed arts and pleasure. They suspect joy and laughter as symptoms of sin.They are opposed to mysticism and pantheism because these tended to destroy the transcendence of God.They embraced hardships, industry and frugality. They favoreda disciplined, hard, somber, ascetic and harsh life. Their attitudestoward work: work itself is good in addition to what it achieves, that time saved by efficiency or good fortune should be spent in doing further work. Pushing the frontiers with them as they movedfurther and further westward, they became more practical, as indeed they had to be."A doctrinaire opportunist" came perhaps closest to the American Puritan ideal for man.2）American Puritanism(美国清教主义): It is a religious and political movement. Through it, one sees emerging the right of the individual to political and religious independence.It has become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, rather than a set of tenets,a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the Americansbreathe, that we may state with a degree of safety that, without some understanding of Puritanism, there can be no real understanding of American culture and literature.American Puritanism has been, by and large, a healthy legacy to the Americans.3）American Dream(美国梦): The American Dream is the faith held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. Nowadays the American Dream has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and/or happiness.4）Great Awakening(宗教大觉醒): Great Awakening is a series ofreligious revivals that swept over the American colonies about the middle of the 18th century. It resulted in doctrinal changes and influenced social and political thought. In New England it was started (1734) by the rousing preaching of Jonathan Edwards.3.作家作品1）Captain John Smith(1580-1631)（约翰·史密斯）---first American writer Captain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers. One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas.Another thing he wrote about that became historically important is his description of the fertile and vast new continent in his A Description of New England. His narrative reveals the early settlers' vision of the new land as something capable of being built into a new Garden of Eden.His contributions: There was the famous John Smith's description of New England as a promising virgin land, which came to the attention of many people in England and Europe and drew many of them over to the New World.His description of American was filled with themes, myths, images,scenes, characters and events that were a foundation for the nation’s literature. He lured the Pilgrims into fleeing here and creating a new land.2)William Bradford (1590-1657)（威廉·布拉德福德）---- the first governor of the PlymouthWilliam Bradford led the Mayflower endeavor and became the first governor of the Plymouth Plantation that he established with his group of Pilgrim Fathers. His Of Plymouth Plantation （《普利茅斯殖民史》）records, along with other things of a historic nature, the deliberations that the first settlers of North America had regarding their colonizing undertaking.In chapter IV, "Showing the Reasons and Causes of their Removal," Bradford states the fourth reason for their departure for the new world when he says that his people had "a great hope and inward zeal" to do the spadework for disseminating "the gospel of the kingdom of Christ" in the new world and they were even willing to be stepping-stones for others in doing this great work.The religious and idealistic nature of their adventure into the unknown world is self-evident.The characteristics of the Of Plymouth Plantation （《普利茅斯殖民史》）are simplicity, full of earnestness, direct reporting. It is readable and moving.3)John Winthrop 温斯罗普(1588-1649) ---- The first governor of theMassachusetts Bay ColonyJohn Winthrop, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, states in this speech of his that there was the cause between God and his people who entered into a covenant with God for this work of building a new garden of Eden in the new worldJohn Winthrop’s works are A Model of Christian Charity（《基督教仁爱的典范》）, which is a speech, and The History of New England（《新英格兰的历史》）.4) Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672)（安妮·布雷兹特里特）-----a Puritan poetThe American poets who emerged in the 17th century adapted the style of established European poets to the subject matter confronted in a strange, new environment. Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) was one such poet.The argument of most of Anne Bradstreet’s poems is essentially about the justice of God’s ways with His Puritan flock. Her works search for a sense of man’s nature and destiny and his mission in the new world. One more thing to note about Anne Bradstreet is her description of the early settlers’ life in the new world.For example, “As Weary Pilgrim,”（《疲倦的朝圣者》）one devoted to God as much as any of her other poems, offers some hints of the hardships that they suffered in their first days there.Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet who wrote “ponderous Verses ofinterminable, inter-locking poems” on the four elements, the constitutions and ages of man, the seasons of the year, and the chief empires of the ancient world. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the “Tenth Muse”who appeared in America. Most of other verses (have fallen into the obscurity of time, but her gentle “Contemplations”（《沉思》）are still read today.The ninth offers the reader an insight into the mentality of the early Puritans pioneering in a new world.When the poet heard the grasshopper and the cricket sing, she thought of this as their praising their Creator and searched her own soul accordingly. It is evident that she saw something metaphysical inhering in the physical, a mode of perception that was singularly Puritan.Her other poems such as“To My Dear and Loving Husband”（《致我亲爱的丈夫》）and “In Reference to Her Children,”however, denote the human side of her being clearly.Take “To My Dear and Loving Husband”for instance:Coming from a devout Puritan, these lines are surprising because they reveal the inner “soul-scape” of the “Puritans” so graphically. Read Anne Bradstreet’s poems on her children and grandchildren, and it will be clear that the love, the care, and the happiness that comes from family life are all the important to her indeed.“The Flesh and the Spirit”（《灵魂和肉体》）The struggle between the two impulses (spiritual and material) is perennial and constitutes the basic texture of the Puritan mind. Her poem, “The Flesh and the Spirit,” depicting as it does two sisters arguing about their values, is a good illustration. The Flesh, one of the twin sisters, is forthright with her assertion of her views about the importance of this world while the Spirit, the other, tries to convince her of the greatness of the Kingdom of God. The Spirit seems to be winning as she has a much longer and more final argument to offer. The twin sisters are evidently the integral parts of one Puritan mind.5）Edward Taylor (1642-1729)（爱德华·泰勒）Edward Taylor (1642-1729) was a meditative poet.In his splendid, exotic images, Taylor came nearest to the English baroque poets. For all his indulgence in his “un-Puritan” imagery, however, he was, first and last, a Puritan poet, concerned about how his images speak for God.A good example is his poem, “Huswifery,” (《家务》)which indicates that he saw religious significance in a simple daily incident like a housewife spinning：The spinning wheel, the distaff, the flyers, the spool, the reel and the yarn have all acquired a metaphysical significance in the symbolic, Puritan eyes of Edward Taylor.In his interesting poem“Upon a Spider Catching a Fly”（《蜘蛛捕捉苍蝇之遐想》）, Taylor sees the spider as a symbol of Hell with its traps.It is obvious that Taylor has faith in God who can save the erring, or possibly sinful, humankind from the evil designs of Hell.6)Roger Williams (1603-1683) （罗杰·威廉斯）Roger Williams was one of the greatest Puritan dissenters in the early days of Puritan theocracy in New England. He came to America in 1630 and began to preach for civil and religious liberty and against the Puritan oligarchy of Boston. His call for democratic government and his opposition to the eviction of the Indians from their ancestral properties incurred the wrath and hatred of such “orthodox”Puritans as John Cotton (1584-1652), who banished him from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1635. He lived for a while with the Indians before immigrating to Rhode Island, where he established the “Rhode Island Way” to encourage religious toleration, and protect Indian rights.Williams published his “The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience”（《血腥的迫害教义》）(1644), furiously attacking the “soul-killing”requirement of religious conformity and vigorously upholding the spiritual freedom of the individual.7)John Woolman (1720-1772)（约翰·伍尔曼）Born into a pious Quaker family in New Jersey, John Woolman was early convinced that true religion consisted in an inward life in which the heart loved and respected God and learned to exercise true justice and goodness toward men and brutes alike.His Journal(1774) veritably notes down his experience and feeling during witnessing the slave trade, revealing the cruel truth of black slave selling. Besides he has the courage to criticize himself and pursue self-perfection, which is consequently consideration as a “Quaker classic of the inner Light,” and countless non-Quaker readers have been touched by its “exquisite purity and grace.”His essays are "Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes" and "A Plea for the Poor," in which he tried to plead for the rights of all men and for the abolition of the slavery system.He also kept a Journal for the most part of his life, recording his spiritual experiences of inward communication with God.8) Thomas Paine (1737-1809)(托马斯·潘恩)The life of Thomas Paine was one of continual, unswerving fight for the rights of man. He was a propagandist and a major influence in the American Revolution. He wrote a number of works of such a revolutionary and inflammatory character that it is no exaggeration to state that he helped to spur and inspire two greatest revolutions that his age witnessed.His main works were a series of pamphlets.His Common Sense（《常识》）, declaring as it did that "Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; In its worst state an intolerable one," attacked British monarchy and added fuel to the fire which was soon to bring the colossusof its colonial rule down in flames.The booklet was warmly received in the colonies both as a justification for their cause of independence and as an encouragement to the painfully fighting people. Paine became a major influence in the American Revolution.His American Crisis （《美国危机》）series of pamphlets came out at one of the darkest moments of the revolution when Washington's troops had just suffered one of the worst defeats in the war and were in the process of retreating."These are the times that try men's souls," it declared. "The harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph." Here the word “try” was in a sense of “test to the limit” and “subject to great hardships”.Later he participated in the French Revolution, and wrote The Rights of Man（《人权》）and The Age of Reason(《理性的时代》), spreading the ideals of the French Revolution among the people.9) Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)（托马斯·杰弗逊）Thomas Jefferson was a resourceful and intelligent man. He played different roles in his life. He was an enlightener, an aristocrat, a lawyer, scientist, inventor, musician, linguist, architect, diplomat and a writer.He was one of the men who drafted The Declaration of Independence（《独立宣言》）. It was adopted on July 4, 1776, announcing the birth of a new nation and a philosophy of human freedom. It was a statement of American principles and a review of the Causes of thequarrel with Britain. In The Declaration of Independence, people instilled a sense of their own importance and inspired struggle for personal freedom, self government and a dignified place in society.10)Philip Freneau (1752-1832)（菲利普·弗瑞诺）---- “poet of the revolution” and “Father of American Poetry”Philip Freneau was important in American literary history in a number of ways.a. He used his poetic talents in the service of a nation struggling for independence, writing verses for the righteous cause of his people and exposing British colonial savageries.b.He was a most notable representative of dawning nationalism in American literature.c. Almost alone of his generation, Freneau managed to peer through the pervasive atmosphere of imitativeness, see life around directly, and appreciate the natural scenes on the new continent and the native Indian civilization.His main works were "The Rising Glory of America," (《美国荣誉的崛起》1772)"The Wild Honey Suckle,"（《野忍冬花》1786）"The Indian Burying Ground"（《印第安墓地》1788）and "The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi". Take "The Wild Honey Suckle,"for instance.Stanza 1: the flowers hidden in the retreat;Stanza 2: Nature makes their beauty;Stanza 3&4: reinforce the message.The lyric beauty, the heartfelt pathos, and the multiple emotional responses and echoes that, the sight described can awaken in the bosoms of the readers —all these are simply amazing. Through the poetic image, the poet describes the beauty of nature."The Indian Burying Ground"In this poem,Philip Freneau gave recognition to the Native American culture as a potential indigenous subject for American writers---- another potential subject for them; he revealed not only his tolerance of a different way of life, but also his admiration for it.11) Charles Brockden Brown（查尔斯·布洛克登·布朗）Charles Brockden Brown is one of the most prominent among these writers.a.His first novel, Wieland(《威兰》); or, The Transformation: AnAmerican Tale (1798) has been regarded as the first Americannovel.b.Basically, Brown was an imitator. The Gothic features of hisworks are a good illustration.c.He awared that his inspiration was rooted in his own land, itsnew life and energy which, he felt, offered the writers withareas of exploration different from European subjects. Brownbelieved that his novels were all about his country and hispeople and that he employed new narrative techniques hithertounheeded by his predecessors.d.Another thing of historic significance that Brown did was hisdescription of his characters' inner world.e.His four major novels—Edgar huntly (1799), Ormond (1799),Arthur Mervyn (1800), as well as Weland—are all solidevidence of his literary beliefs put into practice.f.Brown began to explore the emotional world of his charactersand found that man is not always controlled by reason and thatsensual experiences, passion and illusion could all impacthuman thinking and emotional responses. He became awarethat the subconscious is mystic and unfathomable and that artis a necessary medium to externalize the deeper impulses ofthe human psyche. In a manner of speaking, Brown's workscan be read as psychological novels. Hisprotagonists—Wieland or Huntly or Ormond—all exhibit theessential characteristics of a neurotic.12）Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)（乔纳森·爱德华兹）Edwards was born into a very religious New England family. Well prepared by his father, he entered Yale at the age of 13. After graduation in 1720, he stayed on at Yale for a couple of years before he went to a New York Scotch Presbyterian church. In 1723 he returned toYale, took his M. A., and became a tutor. Three years later (1726), he became, first, assistant to his famous grandfather, Solomon Stoddard, the well-known minister of the church of Northampton, Massachusetts and, then, its minister. He preached with horrific vividness in order to make religious ideas felt along the senses. His sermons taught the power of God and the depravity of man and man's need to communicate with the Holy Spirit to receive God's grace. What he was trying to do was to reinstate these Calvinist ideas in ways acceptable to an audience already becoming susceptible to the ideas of Enlightenment. Jonathan Edwards was probably the last great voice that was ever heard in America to reassert the Calvinist stance so as to bring the people back to its fold.His greatest works that have made people remember him even today. These include The Freedom of the Will (1754)（《论意志自由》）, The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (1758)（《论原罪》）, and The Nature of True Virtue (1765)（《论真实德行的本源》）；His sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,"（《愤怒的上帝手中之罪人》）.He was the first modern American and the country’s last medieval man.In his works,Edwards represents the element of piety, the religious passion, the aspect of emotion and ecstasy, of the New England tradition, a tradition that he did his best but failed torevitalize. He discovered, beneath the dogmas of the old theology, a dynamic world filled with the presence of God.Edwards believes in the regeneration of man. He urges his people to enjoy the sweetness of "conversion," the change of heart with the help of the grace of God.When Edwards saw the sun rise out of darkness and from under the earth, raising the whole world with it, raising mankind out of their beds and brightening up everything, he thought of Jesus Christ rising from His grave and from a state of death and bringing happiness, life and light to the world of man. His Images or Shadows of Divine Things （《圣灵的影像》）contains a great many instances of this kind which were part of the Puritan typological tradition and, in the way that Edwards extends typology beyond the strict limits of the Bible, the work anticipated the nature symbolism of nineteenth-century Transcendentalism. In his doctrines of inward communication of God and man, and of the immanence of God in nature, and in his literary expression of all these ideas, Edwards was, in the words of F. I.Carpenter, a good deal of a transcendentalist.13）Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)(本杰明·富兰克林)Franklin came from a very simple Calvinist background. Born in 1706 into a candle-maker's family—"poor and obscure" as he says of himself in his Autobiography（《自传》）, he had very little formal education. When still very young he was apprenticed to his olderhalf-brother, a printer, and began at 16, to publish essays under the pseudonym, Silence Dogood, essays commenting on social life in Boston. At 17 he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune. His entrance into the city marked the beginning of a long success story of an archetypal kind. He set himself up as an independent printer and publisher, founded the Junto Club (a society meeting regularly for informal discussions of good books, business ethics etc.) and a subscription library, issued the immensely popular Poor Richard's Almanac（《穷理查年鉴》）and retired around forty-two years of age, soon after he became financially independent.He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society.Among the things which he started and for which he is still remembered today were volunteer fire departments, effective street lighting, the Franklin Stove, bifocal glasses, and efficient heating devices. His research on electricity, his famous experiment with his kite line, the experiment that won Immanuel Kant's admiration when the German philosopher called him "the new Prometheus who had stolen fire [electricity in this case] from heaven," his lightning-rod, the recognition he won from the Royal Society of London—all these made him one of the preeminent scientists of his day.His major works: Poor Richard's Almanac and Autobiography.In Poor Richard's Almanac,sayings like "Lost time is never found again," "A penny saved is a penny earned," "God help them that help themselves," "Fish and visitors stink in three days" and "Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise"—these and many other similar statements filled the almanac, and taught as much as amused. The practical wisdom of Franklin shone forth rays of grandeur from its pages.AutobiographyThe book consists of four parts, written at different times. Franklin was 65 when he first wrote it.It is an inspiring account of a poor boy’s rise to a high position. It is a how-to-do-it book, one on the art of self-improvement. It covered Franklin’s life only until 1757 when he was 51 years old. It described his life as a shrewd and industrious businessman. He narrated how he owned the constant felicity of his life, his long-continued health and acquisition of fortune.The whole book is an impressive record of a man trying to be of value to mankind: Franklin spent his whole life doing all kinds of things for the welfare of the world, as indeed we have noted a moment earlier. Creating as it does the image of a boy's rise from rags to riches, the book demonstrates Franklin's confident belief that the new world of America was a land of opportunities which might be met through hard work andwise management, and that "one man of tolerable abilities will work great changes and accomplish great affairs among mankind." Thus through telling a success story of self-reliance, the book celebrates, in fact, the fulfillment of the American dream.（14）Hector St. John de Crevecoeur (克雷福科)Crevecoeur was a French settler.He wrote letters back to Europe, explaining the meaning of America to the outside world. The first eight of Crevecoeur's twelve letters reveal the pride of a man being an American, the "new man," planted in a new world, who left behind him the old world with its oppression and servility, working and getting "rewards of his industry" and acquiring the dignity and self-confidence of a true human being in what he called "the most perfect society now existing in the world." In his letters we hear the note of pride in democratic equality and abundance of opportunity, a note we are to hear over and again in the writings of later American authors.The note of pessimism began to vibrate in Letters from an American Farmer (1775)（《美国农民的来信》）.In his lifetime, Crevecoeur also saw and spoke of the illusory nature of that dream. In fact, starting from his ninth letter, he began to speak with a different voice, the voice of a definitely disillusioned man.There in the same New World, he became aware of the existence of slavery, avarice, violence, famine and disease, and all other forms of evil that hethought the American had left behind with his migration to this side of the Atlantic.4. 重点难点Puritanism’s influence on American literature 清教主义对美国的影响（1）American literature—or Anglo-American literature—is based ona myth, that is, the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. This literatureis in good measure a literary expression of the pious idealism of the American Puritan bequest.(2)The American Puritan's metaphorical mode of perception waschiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolismwhich is distinctly American.To the pious Puritan the physical,phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God.Physical lifewas simultaneously spiritual; every passage of life, en-meshed inthe vast context of God's plan, possessed a delegated meaning. Theworld was, in a word, one of multiple significance.(3)Style: With regard to technique one naturally thinks of thesimplicity, which characterizes the Puritan style of writing. Withregard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; thestructure is tight and logic; it adopts a lot of homely imagery; therhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility oftentraceable to the direct influence of the Bible.(4)A dominant factor in American life, American Puritanism was oneof the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.It has become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, rather than a set of tenets, so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the Americans breathe,that we may state with a degree of safety that, without some understanding of Puritanism, there can be no real understanding of American culture and literature.All this has left an indelible imprint on American writing.Thus American Puritanism has been, by and large, a healthy legacy to the Americans.General features of Colonial American literature殖民时期美国文学特征(1)American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries,histories, journals, letters,commonplace books, travel books,sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms,occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonialperiod.(2)In content these early writings served either God or colonialexpansion or both. Most of them were practical matter-of-factaccounts of life in the new world; there were highly theoreticaldiscussions of religious questions.。
美国文学史脉络
美国文学史脉络美国文学是世界文学发展的重要组成部分，其独特的历史和文化背景使得美国文学在世界文坛上有着重要的地位。
美国文学的发展脉络承载着美国国家意识的形成和演变，同时也反映了社会和文化的变迁。
本文将以时间为线索，回顾美国文学的发展历程，并探讨不同时期的代表性作品和文学思潮。
一、殖民地时期（17世纪初-18世纪初）殖民地时期是美国文学的起源阶段。
在这一时期，早期的英国移民带来了宗教、政治和文化的影响，这种影响对后来美国文学的发展产生了深远的影响。
早期殖民地文学的主要形式是宗教文学，代表作品有威廉·布莱德福的《普利茅斯殖民地纪事》和安妮·布拉德斯特里特的《新英格兰纪实》。
二、启蒙时期（18世纪中叶-19世纪初）启蒙时期是美国文学发展的关键时期，这一时期受到了欧洲启蒙运动的影响，同时也受到了美国独立战争和建国过程的影响。
启蒙时期的作家主张人人平等、追求自由和独立，代表作品有托马斯·潘恩的《常识》和本杰明·富兰克林的《自传》。
同时，启蒙时期也涌现了一些重要的政治文学作品，如托马斯·杰斐逊的《独立宣言》和詹姆斯·麦迪逊、亚历山大·汉密尔顿、约翰·杰伊等人的《联邦党人文集》。
三、浪漫主义时期（19世纪中叶-19世纪末）浪漫主义时期是美国文学的黄金时代，这一时期的作家们主张个性主义、独立思考和自然的崇拜。
代表作家有华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传奇》和爱默生的《自然》。
同时，浪漫主义时期也涌现了大量的诗人，如亨利·沃兹华斯·朗费罗、爱德加·爱伦·坡和怀特曼等人。
这一时期的诗歌作品表达了对自然和个人内心世界的探索，具有强烈的情感色彩和超越现实的思考。
四、现实主义时期（19世纪末-20世纪初）现实主义时期是美国文学发展的转折点，这一时期的作家开始关注社会现实问题，反映工业化和城市化对个人的冲击。
美国文学——殖民时期
美国文学——殖民时期殖民主义时期的文学（一）印第安人及其文学在欧洲的冒险者们登陆美洲大陆之前，美洲一直由土著印第安人所居住。
据人类学家们的推测，他们可能是在公元前8000—5000年间的冰川时代从亚洲经过了长途迁徙来到这片大陆。
他们乘坐独木舟穿越了白令海峡，经历了数千年，他们学会了种植“玉米”（Indian Corn）、白薯、可可豆、烟草等农业技术。
然而，印第安人一直处于部落社会。
他们的文学则属口头文学，其主题主要在强调人类与物质和精神世界的和谐相处，并表现了对土地的尊敬和热爱。
人们所发掘出的印第安人的文学形式有早期的典仪和曲调，也就是歌词。
由口头吟唱的神话传说在其口头文学中占有重要的地位。
印第安人用传说的形式表达对自然界的认识，讲述部落文化英雄的故事，反映印第安人对本部落传说的信念。
传说作为一种口头文学是印第安文学的一种主要形式。
讲述故事是部落里一种重要的文化活动，故事讲述者是部落里受人尊重的人，会受到全部落人的尊重。
印第安人的传说多为讲起“真实”的故事，无论是关于神话故事，还是英雄的故事都和某一真实故事有关，其教育意义是显而易见的。
简言之，北美印第安人传说文字由印第安人用自己的语言创造，以印第安人为对象，表明印第安人生活情感和思想，有着独特的印第安风格特征。
它是一个内容形式都十分丰富的综合现象，并且以口头文学的形式存在和发展着。
它与印第安人的生活有着特殊密切的关系，又具有真正意义上的“大众文学”的性质。
在欧洲人来到这片大陆，并建立殖民地之前，它是这里真正意义上的主流文学。
（二）殖民主义时期的历史背景自15世纪末哥伦布发现了美洲大陆以后，欧洲殖民者纷纷踏上这块神秘的土地。
1607年，英国人克里斯托夫·纽波特率领三艘船到达切萨比克湾，在现今的弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯顿建立了第一个永久殖民点。
1620年乘坐“五月花”船的一批清教徒在普利茅斯建立了北美的第二个殖民点。
这批因受宗教迫害而来到新大陆的新教徒们严格遵循着基督教传统教义，他们坚信自己是上帝的选民，是上帝把他们从旧世界的罪过和堕落中拯救出来，送往北美这块福地。
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本杰明.富兰克林（ 本杰明 富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin）是美 富兰克林 ） 国启蒙运动的开创者和独立革命的领导人， 国启蒙运动的开创者和独立革命的领导人，又 是科学家和实业家。他思路开阔， 是科学家和实业家。他思路开阔，不为他人所 算是美国启蒙运动，即理性时代的象征。 及，算是美国启蒙运动，即理性时代的象征。 他博览群书，对一切都寻根问底。 他博览群书，对一切都寻根问底。他相信仁慈 的上帝会允许每一个人自己去求得与自然的和 而不会强求人们去服从上帝的意者。这样， 谐，而不会强求人们去服从上帝的意者。这样， 富兰克林从思想上接受了当时的怀疑主义， 富兰克林从思想上接受了当时的怀疑主义，最 终站在了天赋人权而非神权的一边。 终站在了天赋人权而非神权的一边。
富兰克林与美国新闻事业
一、印刷始祖
二、报业先驱
三、广告鼻祖
四、杂志之父
依外国史学家观点，现代杂志发轫于欧美18世纪 的“历书”。这种包含丰富知识的工具书，又以 1732年本杰明·富兰克林用理查德·桑德斯的笔名， 在费城编写的《穷人理查德历书》（Poor Richard Almanac）最具代表性。 他把历书的受众定位在“很少买其它书籍的普通 老百姓”身上，并从此完成了历书的知识性、资 料性、实用性和趣味性的转向，将历书的发展推 向一个新时期。
《穷理查年鉴》
此书由富兰克林于1932年以理查·桑德斯之名出 版的日记，此后一直持续出版了25年，统称为 《可怜查理的日记》。又叫《穷查理历书》， 是一本箴言集，因为都是写在日历本上，所以 叫年鉴。 该年鉴中包括日历，天气，诗歌，谚语和天 文和占星等等，还偶尔包括数学演习，这些 格言通常带有节俭和礼貌的和玩世不恭。 从1732年到1758年，此书一直是北美13个殖民地的畅销书。对许 多读者来说，除了《圣经》他们只看富兰克林的年鉴，因为“穷 理查”教导人们勤奋工作、诚实守信，同时对事物持有健康的怀 疑态度。当时美国人正在摆脱过去的清规戒律，“穷理查”代表 了他们的精神特质，宣告了美国人共同的价值观。
殖民地时期（1607-1765） 殖民地 风中奇缘》
Jamestown
五月花号（Mayflower) 五月花号（Mayflower)
1620年 1620年9月16日，102名受到英国国教迫害的清教 16日 102名受到英国国教迫害的清教 徒乘五月花号前往北美。其中，有分离派教徒35 徒乘五月花号前往北美。其中，有分离派教徒35 渔民、贫苦农民及14名契约奴。 14名契约奴 名，还有工匠 、渔民、贫苦农民及14名契约奴。 11月21日 到达科德角( 11月21日，到达科德角(今马马赛诸塞普罗文斯 敦）。 在登陆前， 在登陆前，由分离派领袖在船舱内主持制定一个 共同遵守的《五月花号公约》 41名自由的成 共同遵守的《五月花号公约》，有41名自由的成 年男子在上面签字。其内容为：组织公民团体； 年男子在上面签字。其内容为：组织公民团体； 拟定公正的法律、法令、规章和条例。 拟定公正的法律、法令、规章和条例。此公约奠 定了新英格兰诸州自治政府的基础。 定了新英格兰诸州自治政府的基础。
1765 独立战争 启蒙运动（enlightenment) 启蒙运动（enlightenment) 本杰明·富兰克林（Benjamin 本杰明·富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin)
1756-1763年的“七年战争”（Seven 1756-1763年的“七年战争”（Seven Year's War)中，为 War)中，为 争夺对北美殖民地的控制，英国与法国进行了长期的战争。 英国虽然打败了法国，控制了北美大部分地区，但因长期 的战争而导致财政困难。于是，英国政府不断地向北美各 殖民增加税收，并实行高压政策，对殖民地进行蛮横的压 榨和残酷的剥削最终导致战争爆发。 1765年，英国人规定，一切公文、契约合同，执照、报纸、 1765年，英国人规定，一切公文、契约合同，执照、报纸、 杂志、广告、单据、遗嘱，都必须贴上印花税票，才能生 效可流通。这激起殖民地人民极大的愤怒，于是各地都发 生了反英事件，抵制英货、赶走税吏、焚烧税票、武装反 抗等等。这一切引起了英国政府的恐慌，他们立即派军队 镇压。反英的怒火在殖民地人民心中燃烧，一场争取独立 和自由的战火即将在北美大陆上燃烧起来了。
浪漫主义（1800-1865） 浪漫主义（1800-1865）
起因：作为文艺思潮，浪漫主义产生并风行于18世纪末～ 起因：作为文艺思潮，浪漫主义产生并风行于18世纪末～ 19世纪初的欧洲。其时正值资产阶级革命的时代，资产阶 19世纪初的欧洲。其时正值资产阶级革命的时代，资产阶 级处于上升时期，要求个性解放和感情自由，在政治上反 抗封建主义的统治，在文学艺术上反对古典主义的束缚。 为适应这样的需要，浪漫主义思潮应运而生。 作为创作方法和风格，浪漫主义在表现现实上，强调主观 与主体性，侧重表现理想世界，把情感和想象提到创作的 首位，常用热情奔放的语言、超越现实的想象和夸张的手 法塑造理想中的形象。古今中外的文艺创作自始就有这种 特色。如中国屈原、李白的诗歌和吴承恩的小说《西游记》 特色。如中国屈原、李白的诗歌和吴承恩的小说《西游记》 都具有鲜明的浪漫主义特色。
1760 年至1790 年是美国历史上黑暗的时期。18 世纪60 年代，英国殖民当局同北美大陆人民之间 的矛盾日益尖锐。从1763 年起，13 个殖民地先 后爆发反英斗争，建立了许多秘密的革命组织。 1770 年3 月，在波士顿发生了英军同当地居民的 流血冲突事件，加剧了矛盾的发展。1773 年12 月16日，波士顿民众八千余人将价值一万八千英 镑的茶叶投入大海；第二年年初，殖民当局下令 封闭了波士顿港。1775 年4 月19 日，马萨诸塞 的英国殖民军与当地“通讯委员会”的民兵又发 生武装冲突，这场战斗揭开了美国独立战争的序 幕。1776 年7 月4 日，13 个殖民地通过了由托马 斯·杰弗逊起草的《独立宣言》，宣布人人生而平 等，并且名正言顺地组织起了独立、自主的合众 国。宣言本着资产阶级民主精神，开创了美洲资 产阶级革命的先河。
“我们将成为山颠之城，全世界人民的眼光 都在注视着我们；因此，如果我们在实现 这一事业的过程中辜负了我们的上帝，致 使上帝不再像今天这样帮助我们，那么， 我们终将只给人们留下一个故事并成为全 世界的笑柄。” 《On Liberty》 by John Winthrop Liberty》
启蒙时期和独立战争时期 （1765-18世纪末） 1765-18世纪末）
在文艺复兴运动的推动下，自然科学取得 很大进展，科学家们揭示许多自然界的奥 秘，教会的很多说教不攻自破，人们有了 更多的自信。随着资本主义的发展，新兴 资产阶级要求摆脱封建专制统治和教会压 迫的愿望日益强烈，首先在思想领域展开 了反对封建专制统治和教会思想束缚的斗 争，由此掀起了一场轰轰烈烈的空前的思 想解放运动，历史上称之为启蒙运动。
自传（The 自传（The Autobiography)
The Autobiography, recognized as the best of Franklin’s literary writings, extends only to 1757 and by no means covers all facets of the busy years when he was carving out a career for himself. nor does it touch at all upon his career as a diplomat and world-famous figure during worldthe last thirty years of his life.
John Smith William Bradford(1590-1657) Bradford(1590John Winthrop(1588-1649) Winthrop(1588Anne Bradstreet(1612-1672) Bradstreet(1612Edward Taylor(1642-1729) Taylor(1642宗教 模仿
启蒙运动
启蒙运动:18世纪初至1789年法国大革命间的一个 启蒙运动:18世纪初至1789年法国大革命间的一个 新思维不断涌现的时代，与理性主义 新思维不断涌现的时代，与理性主义等一起构成 理性主义等一起构成 一个较长的文化运动时期。这个时期的启蒙运动， 覆盖了各个知识领域，如自然科学、哲学、伦理 学、政治学、经济学、历史学、文学、教育学等 等。启蒙运动同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命 提供了框架，并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的 兴起。
五月花号 May Flower 1620 19.50米 长19.50米, 7.95米 宽7.95米, 吃水3.35米 吃水3.35米， 排水量180吨 排水量180吨， 1615年下水 年下水。 于1615年下水。
感恩节
11月的最后一个星期四是感恩节 11月的最后一个星期四是感恩节(Thanksgiving 月的最后一个星期四是感恩节(Thanksgiving Day)。感恩节是美国人民独创的一个古老节日。 Day)。感恩节是美国人民独创的一个古老节日。 1620年 著名的“五月花” 1620年，著名的“五月花”号船满载不堪忍受英 国国内宗教迫害的清教徒102人到达美洲。1620年 国国内宗教迫害的清教徒102人到达美洲。1620年 102人到达美洲 1621年之交的冬天 年之交的冬天， 和1621年之交的冬天，他们遇到了难以想象的困 处在饥寒交迫之中，冬天过去时， 难，处在饥寒交迫之中，冬天过去时，活下来的 移民只有44 44人 这时， 移民只有44人。这时，心地善良的印第安人给移 民送来了生活必需品， 民送来了生活必需品，还特地派人教他们怎样狩 养火鸡、捕鱼和种植玉米、南瓜等。 猎、养火鸡、捕鱼和种植玉米、南瓜等。在印第 安人的帮助下，移民们终于获得了丰收， 安人的帮助下，移民们终于获得了丰收，在欢庆 丰收的日子，按照宗教传统习俗， 丰收的日子，按照宗教传统习俗，移民规定了感 谢上帝的日子， 谢上帝的日子，并决定为感谢印第安人的真诚帮 邀请他们一同庆祝节日。 助，邀请他们一同庆祝节日。