Translation
Definition of Translation
内容题材
文学翻译 literary translation 实用翻译/非文学翻译
pragmatic translation /Non-Literary translation
处理方式
全译 摘译 节译 缩译 编译
Definition of Translation
WEEK 2
Definition of Translation
把已说出或写出的话的意思用另一张言语表达出 来的活动。 ----《中国大百科全书. 语言文字卷》 翻译是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具， 它的目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经济和文 化进步，它的任务时要把原作中包含的现实世界 的逻辑映像或艺术映像，完好无损地从一种语言 译注到另一种语言中去。 ---- 张今
Definition of Translation
A translation is taken to be any target language utterance with is presented or regarded as such within the target culture, on whatever grounds. ---- Gideon Toury
Definition of Translation
Translating is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. ----Peter Newmark Translation is an art that involves the recreation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. ---- Malcolm Cowley
翻译的定义、分类和标准
Definition of translation1) 翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会(cross-social)的交际活动。
2) 翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言，跨文化的交际活动。
Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.3)翻译的本质是释义,是意义的转换. meaning-based汉译英是译者将作者为汉语读者所写的汉语文本转换成功能相似、语义相符、供英文读者阅读的英语文本的活动。
Classification of translation1)Translation—— Intralingual translation(语内翻译)；Interlingualtranslation(语际翻译)；Intersemiotic translation(符际翻译)2) Interlingual translation——Oral (interpretation) : consecutive(交替传译); simultaneous(同声传译)3) Written: whole text literature; pragmatic excerpt; selective; adapted; rewriting; MAT & MTCriteria of translationCriteria of translation is the plumb-line for measuring the quality of a translation and the goal for a translator to strive for.1) Source-language–oriented principle(以译出语为取向的原则)Characteristics: pay extreme attention to the form of the source text, always adopts a word-for-word / line-for-line translation or transliteration.•他是只纸老虎He is a paper tiger.•这事让他丢脸This makes him lose face.2) Target-language-oriented principle (以译入语为取向的原则) Liberal translation: using large number of domestication / adaptationfor the reader’s sake. This is done at the cost of the loss or damage of the original image sometimes.•What is done is done. 木已成舟•Kicking a man when he is down. 打落水狗/落井下石•三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮Two heads are better than one.3)Author-and-reader-oriented principle (以作者和读者为取向的原则) Characteristics: take both the author and the reader into consideration, and strive to be faithful and smooth at the same time.•繁华也罢，贫穷也罢，丈夫和妻子携手一生，情深意长。
翻译的形式和类型
翻译的形式和类型（同声传译篇）翻译包括口译(interpretation) 和笔译(translation) ，是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动，并且决不能脱离原文内涵而进行硬译、死译，必须要做到译文的忠实、通顺。
翻译要做到“ 译成之文，适如其所译” ，并要尽可能地达到“ 信、达、雅” 的境界。
除了人可以从事翻译活动外，人还可操纵机器从事翻译活动。
不过目前看来，机器翻译还不尽人意。
口译的形式和类型：交替传译(consecutive interpreting) 、咬耳朵(whispering) 和同声传译(simultaneous interpreting) 。
同声传译（simultaneous interpreting ），又称同步翻译、同声翻译、会议翻译，简称同传；交替传译（consecutive interpreting ），又称连续翻译，简称交传。
同声传译同传，顾名思义，即基本同步地实现对讲话者发言的口译，多用于国际会议、专业研讨会等场合。
同传的形式：译员通过专用的传译设备提供即时口头翻译，即译员通过话筒讲话，听众通过耳机接收，这种翻译形式可同时有几种语言，如联合国大会就有六种语言的同声传译。
鉴于同传有一定的技巧性要求，专门的培训和大量的练习都不可或缺。
同声传译最早始于1919 年的巴黎和会。
在巴黎和会上开始借助英、法两种语言的翻译进行谈判，其中一部分谈判采用了同声传译，这也意味着同声传译作为一种专业开始形成。
后来，二战后的纽伦堡军事审判法庭（1945-1946 ），同声传译第一次得到相当大规模的采用来审判纳粹战犯，效果不错。
于是在1946 年的联合国会议上开始正式采用同传，结果使会议的时间缩短了一大半，经费也相应的减少了许多。
中国是在1952 年在北京召开的亚洲地区和平会议上首次使用，时至今日也不过是40 年的发展历程。
同声传译时间效率高，有利于听众对发言全文的理解。
翻译方法总结
翻译方法总结标准化文件发布号：（9312-EUATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII一．直译法（Literal translation）直译法不是一字对一字的翻译，而是按照字面翻译，不做太多的引申和注释。
直译法一般可以保留原文的文化特色。
（1）General Motors and Chrysler were working feverishly to bring out their subcompacts. But the head of the Ford Motor Company had stuck hishead in the sand.通用汽车公司和莱克斯勒公司正全力以赴推出他们的超小汽车，而福特公司的老板却把头埋在沙里。
（2）—A traitor to our glorious cause—The pot’s calling the kettle black好啊，你出卖了我们的光荣事业得了，你这话岂不是盆叫嚷罐黑二．意译法（Free translation）牺牲原文的某些文化特色，结合上下文进行意译，以保持原文内容的完整性（1）She was driving into such a corner that she was obliged to give up all projects with Cupid had any share她被逼的走投无路了，不得不放弃一切和恋爱婚姻有关的打算（2）but it is as dark as Egypt outdoors .We might go tomorrow if there is a moon只是外面漆黑黑的。
明个要是有月亮，明个去也成三．借用法（Borrowing method）用异语文化代替源语文化。
这种方法针对文化共性，在源出语和目的语存在内容和形式相似时，或者形式不尽相同但表达意义非常接近时使用（1）Why, I have got gooseflesh this minute, just thinking about it.这会儿，我一想到这点二就浑身起鸡皮疙瘩（2）The American ambassador may have a card up his sleeve美国大使也许胸有成竹四．分译法（Spitting method）—根据行文要求，讲一句译为几句。
translation用法
translation用法
在英语中，“translation”是一个名词，表示“翻译”或“译文”。
它可以用作主语、宾语或其他句子成分。
例如：
The translation of the book was very accurate.（这本书的译文非常准确。
）
The original text was translated into several languages.（原文被翻译成了几种语言。
）
I need someone who can translate English to Chinese.（我需要一个能够把英语翻译成中文的人。
）
除了作为名词，“translation”也可以用作动词，表示“翻译”或“转化”的行为。
例如：
The text was translated into French.（这段文字被翻译成了法语。
）
The scientist translated the formula into English.（科学家把这个公式翻译成了英文。
）
The translator translated the speech from English to Spanish.（翻译员将这篇演讲从英文翻译成西班牙文。
）。
第2课 翻译的基本概念
1. definition of translation
1. The Oxford English Dictionary: “to turn from one language into another” “翻译是从一种语言转换成另一种语言” 2. Translation is a kind of cross-linguistic, crosscultural and cross-social communication. 翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会的交际活动。 3. Translation means the conversion of an expression from one language into another. To say it plainly, translation is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original… 翻译指的是将词句从一种语言转换成另一种语言。简单地说， 它是用与原作不同的语言将作者的真正意思准确地复述出来的一 种艺术。
钱钟书“化境”说：
文学翻译的最高标准是“化”。把作品从 一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语言习 惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保 留原有的风味，那就算得入于“化”
许渊冲“优势竞赛论”：
翻译要能扬长避 短，要挥译文语言优 势，忠实于原文内容， 通顺的译文形式可以 当做文学翻译的标准
香港学者蔡思德：信达贴 刘重德：信达切
严复“信达雅”：
“译事三难：信达雅。求其信，已大难矣！顾 信矣，不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。”
翻译导论 英文简介
方言→标准语
Between different languages
对翻译操作过程的想象描述
“我喜欢把原作想象成一块方方正正的冰。翻译 的过程就是这块冰溶化的过程。待到变成了液体 状态时，每个分子都变换了位置，没有一个分子 与其他的分子再保留着原来的关系。它们开始了 在第二种语言里形成作品的过程。分子有逃逸掉 的，新的分子涌了进来填补空缺，但是这种成形 和修补的轨迹完全是隐性的。在第二语言里确立 起来的译品是一块新的方方正正的冰块，它虽与 原来冰块不同，然而外表看上去却是一模一样 的。” （Margaret Sayers Peden）
从原语和目的语的角度来看，翻译可分为 本族语译为外语，外语译为本族语两大类， 即译入或译出（translation into or out of one’s mother tongue）
从翻译的手段来看，可分为口译、笔译和 机器翻译。 从翻译的内容来看，可分为文学翻译、政 治翻译、科技翻译和应用文翻译等。
Between different signs
Red traffic light = STOP “=” means “equal” Body Language → verbal language Sign language → verbal language
Within the same language
Introduction: What is Translation?
In their elegant but often overlooked preface to the King James Bible, the translators asserted: “Translation it is that openeth the window, to let in the light; that breaketh the shell, that we may eat the kernel; that putteth aside the curtain, that we removeth the cover of the well, that we may come by the water.”
What is translation
What is translation?According to Eugene Nida, “translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, firstly in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style” briefly speaking, translation is the communication of meaning from one language to another language, and strives to reserve the similar style of the original text. if we delve into the nature of translation, it can be seen as a science, an art, a craft or skill.据尤金·奈达(Eugene Nida)说，“翻译包括在受体语言中再现最接近于源语言信息的自然对等物，首先是从意义上，其次在风格上”，简单地说，翻译是一种语言到另一种语言的意义交流，并力求保留原文的相似风格。
如果我们深入研究翻译的本质，就可以看出它是。
一门科学，一门艺术，一门工艺或技能。
First, when referred to a subject of curriculum, translation is a science, just as any subject is, with its own rules. It involves thinking and languages, and reflects the relationship between existence and cognition. Such relationship can be described with the rule-governed language, so that the translator can abide by scientific rules in his translation.首先，翻译是一门学科，就像任何学科一样，它涉及思维和语言，反映了存在与认知的关系，这种关系可以用规则支配的语言来描述，这样译者就可以在翻译中遵守科学的规则。
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4.似乎所有的河流都被污染了。 5.被受害者们怀疑的画家对未来有积极的态度。 It seemed that all the rivers were polluted./The rivers seemed to be polluted. The painter suspected by the victims/ who were suspected by the victims have a positive attitude to the future.
1.他常提出些不同寻常的计划。你在决定加入这个组织前 要慎重。 2.这些科学的探寻将有助于我们项目的成功。 3.作为一名热爱我的工作的记者我的职责是向公众披露事 实。
He often puts forward some unusual plans.Therefore, you should be cautious before you join in the organization. These scientific enquiries contribute to the success of our project. As a reporter loving my job/ who loves my job, my job is to expose truth to the public.
1.众所周知太阳是宇宙的中心。 2.被那个组织拒绝的画家对他的孩子在学习方面 要求严格。 3.她喜欢妈妈给的礼物。 As we all know,/It is known to all that the sun is the center of the universe. The painter rejected by the organization /who was rejected by the organization is strict with his children about/in study. She likes the present/gift given to her by her mother/which was given to her by her mother.
1.没有人能够阻止太阳升起。 2.那位嫌疑犯不应该喝被污染的水。 3.那位专家擅长治疗霍乱。霍乱是致命的疾 病。 Nobody can prevent the sun from rising. The suspect shouldn’t drink the polluted water. The expert is expert at/in curing cholera, which is deadly desease.
1.当被怀疑的画家进来的时候，受害者正在被专业 的医生治病。 2.当班长专心学习的时候，校长走近了教室。 3.你所说的话讲不通 4.这种疾病与吸烟有关。 When the suspected painter came in, the victim was being cured by an expert physician. When our monitor was absobed in study, the headmaster came into the classroom. What you said doesn’t make sense. The disease is linked to smoking.
1.除了霍乱这位医生还治疗胃痛。 2.那位画家的马虎导致了这起交通事故。 3.这位科学家对他的侄子要求严格。 4.那位受害者和嫌疑犯都不接受讯问。 Apart from/Besides / In addition to cholera the doctor also cures stomachache. The painter’s carelessness led to/resulted in the traffic accident. The scientist is strict with his nephew. Both the victim and the suspect rejected enquiry./ Neither the victim nor the suspect accepted enquiry.
1.我们怀疑约翰偷了钱。 2.这位司机得对交通事故负责。 3.不要因为这件事责怪他。这不公平。 We suspect that John stole the money. The driver is/was to blame for the traffic accident. Don’t blame him for this. It is unfair/ not fair.
• Translations: • 1 上周开得那次会很重要 • 2 在写作业的女孩学习努力
1. The meeting held last week is important. The meeting which/that was held last week is important. 2.The girl writing homework studies hard. The girl who/that is writing homework studies hard.
3.大家喜欢读鲁迅写的小说。 4.当她听到这个令人感动的故事，她很感动。 5.大家对这个有趣的故事都很感兴趣。 Everybody likes reading the novels written by Luxun. Everybody likes reading the novels which/that were written by Luxun. Whenshe heard the moving story, she was moved. Everybody is interested in the interesting story.
Translation
1.别在太阳下晒太久，否则你会被晒伤。 2.那位画家经常提出一些不同寻常的计划，这使 那位科学家很吃惊。 3.从谈论中我们可以得出结论。 Don’t expose yourself to the sun for too long, or you will get sunburnt(sunburned). The painter often puts forward some unusual plans, which makes the scientist very astonished. We can draw a con