[综合] 【2013职称英语】综合阅读文章及译文Older Volcanic Eruptions
2013职称英语综合类阅读理解英文及译文
2013职称英语阅读理解英文及译文2013年新增（一）阅读判断1.第一篇：Taking Pictures of the world2.*第十二篇：Starting a New Tradition（二）概括大意与完成句子1.第五篇：US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty2.第八篇：How We Form First Impression（三）阅读理解1.第三篇：Shark Attack ！2.第五篇：The Travels of Ibn Battuta12年新增的篇目：第1、8、10、11、16、19、20、26、30、33、34、35、37、38、47篇13年新增的篇目：第3、5篇。
12年第8篇(C级)第33篇B级，第35篇A级2012年已考职称英语阅读理解文章译文(参加综合A、B、C级考试需要掌握文章) 3第一篇讲述关于人们的故事Telling Tales about People第二篇课外学习带来很大不同 4Outside-the-classroom Learning Makes a Big Difference 5第三篇小心鲨鱼 5Shark Attack! 6第四篇火鸡盛宴和感恩节的祝福 6Feast on Turkey and Good Wishes at Thanksgiving 7第五篇伊本白图泰游记7The Travels of Ibn Battuta 8第六篇看电视与长途汽车旅行9TV Shows and Long Bus Trips 10第七篇现代日光浴者10Modern Sun Worshippers 11第八篇变化中的中产阶级11The Changing Middle Class 12第九篇单亲幼儿最出色12Single-parent Kids Do Best 13第十篇艾伦的来信13A Letter from Alan 14第十一篇芭蕾舞的发展14The Development of Ballet 15第十二篇走私15Smuggling 15第十三篇芭比娃娃16The Barbie Dolls 16第十四篇睡眠17Sleep 17第十五篇轨道航天飞机18Orbital Space Plane 18第十六篇撒哈拉沙漠19The Sahara 20职称英语阅读理解文章译文(参加综合A、B级考试需要掌握文章) 以下为B级第十七篇引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔20Eiffel Is an Eyeful 21第十八篇美国教育的目标22Goal of American Education 22第十九篇家庭23The Family 23第二十篇讲述可怕的过去24Tales of the Terrible Past 24第二十一篇动物间的间隔距离25Spacing in Animals 26第二十二篇我们所知道的关于语言的一些事情26Some Things We Know about Language 27第二十三篇只好向上27The Only Way Is Up 28第二十四篇克隆农场29Clone Farm 29第二十五篇收入30Income 30第二十六篇看许久以前的世界31Seeing the World Centuries Ago 32第二十七篇服务业的重要性33Importance of Services 33第二十八篇国家公园的服务机构34The National Park Service 34第二十九篇发现自己变胖了?这得责怪朋友们35Find Yourself Packing It On? Blame Friends 36第三十篇“幸运的”鲁肯伯爵-是死是活37“Lucky” Lord Lucan--Alive or Dead 37第三十一篇泳池监护38Pool Watch 39第三十二篇柴罗基部落40The Cherokee Nation 40第三十三篇老妇人41Oseola McCarty 41职称英语阅读理解文章译文(参加综合A、B级考试需要掌握文章) 以下为A级38 第三十四篇逃亡42To Have and Have Not 42第三十五篇选择自己的路43Going Her Own Way 44第三十六篇一个关于苏格兰乡村生活的故事44A Tale of Scottish Rural Life 45第三十七篇非州的流行音乐46Pop Music in Africa 46第三十八篇为什么有这么多的孩子47Why So Many Children 48第三十九篇为了活着吃饭48Eat to Live 49第四十篇美国疾病防治新政策50New US Plan for Disease prevention 50第四十一篇国际航空公司的经营51The Operation of International Airlines 52第四十二篇桑拿浴52Sauna 53第四十三篇建筑设计能使建筑抵御恐怖袭击吗？（综合A）54Can Buildings Be Designed to Resist Terrorist Attack? 54第四十四篇越来越爱肢体接触的美国人55Americans Get Touchy 56第四十五篇女性在迷你裙上逗留的时间更长56Women Staying in Mini-Skirts for Longer 57第四十六篇捍卫进化论仍必要（综合A）58Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed 58第四十七篇九死一生59Narrow Escape 59第四十八篇苏格兰启蒙运动（综合A）60Finding Enlightenment in Scotland 61第四十九篇美洲文学的开端（综合A）62The Beginning of American Literature 62第五十篇远古火山喷发63Older Volcanic Eruptions 63职称英语阅读理解文章译文(参加综合A、B、C级考试需要掌握文章)第一篇讲述关于人们的故事最普遍的非小说类文学作品类型之一就是一些描述人们生活的故事，并且很多人喜欢阅读这类作品。
2013年职称英语(卫生类)新增文章阅读+完形填空译文及解析(缩印版)
第十六篇为生存而食（Eat to Live）粗茶淡饭或许能给你健康和长寿，但这并不有趣——很有可能也没必要。
即便在年老以后才开始节食我们也能在很大程度上保持住青春活力。
加州大学Riverside分校的斯蒂芬•斯潘德尔及其同事发现，只要连续四周限制一些衰老的老鼠进食，它们的肝脏基因就会变得和衰老前一样充满活力。
虽然老鼠的肝部基因恢复活力不会逆转它们在其他方面的老化，但是却有助于这些老鼠的肝脏对药物的新陈代谢和清除毒素。
斯潘德尔的队员们一直给其中的三只老鼠正常量的饲料，而给另外三只老鼠正常量饲料的一半，给三只34个月大的老鼠（相当于人类年龄的70岁）喂了一个月的半量饲料，之前这三只老鼠的饲料量是正常的。
研究者们检查了这些老鼠肝脏的11,000种基因的活性，发现正常饲养的老鼠有46种基因随年龄的改变而改变。
这些改变都与体内自由基的产生有关——这对老鼠的健康来说不是什么好消息。
而对于那些终身都在节食的老鼠来说，那46种基因中的27种仍然继续保持着青春活力。
但是最令人吃惊的发现却是那些只是在老年时期节食的老鼠们受益于70%的基因变异。
“这只是第一个这些效果迅速起作用的暗示”，来自华盛顿特区周边的国家老年学学院的哈勃•华纳说。
至今仍然没有人清楚卡路里的控制对人类来说是否如同对老鼠那样有效，但是斯潘德尔对此充满了希望：“有足以引人注意的证据表明这同样有效。
”如果这确实也对人类有效，我们有理由相信肝脏也可能恢复活力。
举个例子，随着我们一天天衰老，我们的身体对药物的新陈代谢越来越没有效率。
短时期内的节食，斯潘德尔说到，完全足以保证药效。
但是斯潘德尔并不确定这个方法值得尝试。
“老鼠患病少了，寿命延长了，但是它们很饥饿，”他说，“即使能清楚地认识到节食的功效，人们仍然很难在餐馆中说自己只能吃一半的食物。
”斯潘德尔希望我们根本就不用节食。
他的公司，加利福尼亚州的寿命遗传学公司，正在寻找有限制卡路里效能的药物第二十九篇“Don’t Drink Alone” Gets New Meaning 不要在就餐时间以外饮酒”有了新含义一定程度上，这对酒吧可能是一个坏消息，欧洲的一个研究小组发现人们在就餐时间以外饮酒会使患口腔和颈部癌症的几率比就餐时饮酒更高。
2013职称英语卫生类阅读理解中文翻译及答案
第一篇.Bringing Nanotechnology to Health Care for the Poor 纳米保健技术走向贫困国家纳米技术的应用对象都是分子级和原子级的物质。
如今，长度为一纳米，即十亿分之一米的粒子已被开发出多种用途，如制造美容产品和抗污型服装等。
但其中一个领域科学家认为潜力尤为巨大，那就是医药领域。
在上周于华盛顿Woodrow Wilson国际中心召开的一个项目会议上，科学家们探讨了如何将纳米技术应用于贫困国家人口保健的事宜。
来自多伦多大学的Peter Singer声称一项名为量子点的纳米技术可被应用于疟疾的诊断。
相对于传统的仅用显微镜观察血液样本的方法，此技术要先进得多。
由于贫困国家往往没有条件应用此项新技术，许多健康人被误诊为疟疾患者，而药物的滥用又导致了抗药性的产生。
所谓量子点是指一些被激活后会发光的粒子，如今科学家正在研究为它们编程的方法，以便当靶分子存在的时候就能够通过发光来诊断疾病。
纳米技术的优越性不光体现在疾病的诊断，还包括疾病的治疗。
国立卫生研究所的Piotr Grodzinski与大家共同探讨了如何运用纳米技术来增强药效。
以一些已经使用了纳米技术的抗癌药物为例，他指出，如果药物可以针对癌症病灶而不是整个人体，治疗所需药量就会大大减少，副作用也会降低。
Andrew Maynard是Woodrow Wilson中心新兴的纳米技术工程部骨干科学家，他注意到巴西、印度、中国及南非正在开发可被贫困国家所应用的纳米技术。
与此同时他指出，与较大分子不同，纳米材料的颗粒在人体内和体外环境中的作用可能有所不同，因此纳米技术的应用存在一定风险，若要深入研究这些风险则需要更大的资金投入。
Medical Journals医学杂志医学杂志是向医生和其他卫生专业人员提供医学信息的出版物。
在过去，这些杂志只有印刷版。
随着电子出版的发展，许多医学杂志现在都有网站了，有些杂志只有网络版。
2013年职称英语(卫生类)新增文章译文及解析
2013年职称英语（卫生类）新增文章译文及解析阅读理解第十六篇Eat to LiveA meager diet may give you health and long life, but it‟s not much fun — and it might not even be necessary. We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we don‟t start to diet until old age.Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse‟s liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic r ejuvenation won‟t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.Spindler‟s team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations3. Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed3 for a month when they were 34 months old — equivalent to about 70 human years.The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production一probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives,27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes."This is the first indication that these effects kick in pretty quickly,” says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington D. C.No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice, but Spindler is hopeful. “There‟s attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,” he says.If it does work in people,there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.But Spindler isn‟t sure the trade-off is worth it. “The mice get less disease, they live longer, but they‟re hungry,” he says. “Even seeing what a diet does, it‟s still hard to go to a restaurant and say: …I can only eat half of that,. ”Spindler hopes we soon won‟t need to diet at all. His company, Lifespan Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.词汇：meager adj.不足的youthful adj.有青春活力的vigor n.精力，活力metabolize vt. 使（一种物质）进入新陈代谢过程genetic adj.基因的rejuvenation n.恢复活力，返老还童注释：1. hang on to ：继续保留。
2013职称英语卫生类15篇完形填空及参考译文
2013职称英语教材-卫生类15篇完形填空及参考译文（红色为书中选项答案）1 Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is FoundThe World Health Organization1 estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis . Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their lungs. Two million people die of of it. The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.Current treatments take at least six months. People have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop as soon as they feel better. Doing that can lead to an infection that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how effective it might be. A professor of international health at Harvard University2led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured. It would also mean fewer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths. The model shows that these reductions would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.The World Health Organization reductions the DOTS3program in nineteen ninety. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment.Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research into new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.第二篇 A Biological ClockEvery living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. The biological clock tells _ plants when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells insects when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away，and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.Events outside the plant and animal affect the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur because of the number of hours of daylight. In the short days of winter, its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.Inner signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seemsto order birds to begin their long migration flight twice each year. Birds prevented from flying become restless when it is time for the trip，but they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended.Scientists say they are beginning to learn which part of the brain contain biological clocks. An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain seems to control the timing of some of our actions. These cells tell a person when to awaken，when to sleep and when to seek food . Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.Dr. Moorhead is studying how our biological clocks affect the way we do our work. For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours.It can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours. Dr. Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers. He said such understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory’s production,3 One Good Reason to Let Smallpox LiveIt’s now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it—one in the US and one in Russia. If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?in reality, of course, it was naive to imagine that everyone would let go of such a potential weapon. Undoubtedly several nations still have a few much vials. And the last “official”stocks of lice virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia, for no obvious gain.Now American researchers have found an animal model of the human disease, opening the way for tests on new treatments and vaccines. So one again there’s a good reason to keep the virus —just in case the disease puts in a reappearance.How do we_deal with the mistrust of the US and Russia? Simple Keep the virus under international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that’s open to all countries. The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesn’t mean the idea is wrong. If the virus is useful, then let’s make it the servant of all humanity—not just a part of it.4 Diet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of CancersDiet is second only to tobacco as a leading cause of cancer and, along with alcohol, is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the disease in developed countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday.Dr. Tim Key, of the University of Oxford, told a cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to cancer,but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity . play a major role.“Five percent of cancers could be avoided if nobody was obese,” he said.While tobacco is blinked to about 30 percent of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcohol in about six percent.Obesity raises the risk of breast, womb, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth, throat and liver, Its dangerous impact is increased when combined with smoking.Key told the meeting of the charity Cancer Research UK that other elements of diet linked to cancer are still unknown but scientists are hoping that the EPIC study, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide some answers.Early results of the study have revealed that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the lowest consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while Italy and Spain have the highest. Eating at least five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.Key, principal scientist on the EPIC study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers including colorectal, breast and prostate.5 Men Too May Suffer from Domestic ViolenceNearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of an intimate partner during their lifetimes, according to one of the few studies to look at domestic violence and health among men."Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we don't hear about it often," Dr. Robert J. Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle, one of the study's authors, told Reuters Health. "They often don't tell __ and__we don't ask. We want to get the message out to men who do experience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to them "The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical abuse , such as threats that made them fear for their safety, controlling behavior (for example, being told who they could associate with and where they could go), and constant name-calling.Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner __violence in the past five years, while 6. 1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.Rates were lower for men 55 and older ,with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims of domestic violence at some point in their lives. About half of the violence the men experienced was physical.However, the physical violence men reported wasn't as harsh as that suffered by women in a previous study; 20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe, compared to 61 percent of womenMen who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems than those who had not, especially older men, the researchers found.*6 Once-daily Pill Could Simplify HIV TreatmentBristol-Myers Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences have combined many HIV drugs into a single pill Sometimes the best medicine is more than one kind of medicine. Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS,2for example, are all treated with combinations of drugs. But that can mean a lot of pills to take. It would be simpler if drug companies combined all the medicines into a single pill, taken just once a day.Now, two companies say they have done that for people just starting treatment for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The companies are Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences. They have developed a single pill that combines three drugs currently on the market.3Bristol-Myers Squibb sells one of them under the name of Sustiva.4 Gilead combined the others, Emtriva and Viread, into a single pill in two thousand four.Combining drugs involves more than technical issues. It also involves issues of competition if the drugs are made by different companies. The new once-daily pill is the result of what is described as the first joint venture agreement of its kind in the treatment of HIVIn January the New England Journal of Medicine5published a study of the new pill. Researchers compared its effectiveness to6that of the widely used combination of Sustiva and Combivir. Combivir contains two drugs, AZT7 and 3TC.8 The researchers say that after one year of treatment, the new pill suppressed HIV levels in more patients and with fewer side effects.9 Gilead paid for the study. Professor Joel Gallant at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, led the research. He is a paid adviser to Gilead and Bristol-Meyers Squibb as well as the maker of Combivir, GlaxoSmithK line.Glaxo Smith Kline reacted to the findings by saying that a single study is of limited value. It says the effectiveness of Combivir has been shown in each of more than fifty studies.The price of the new once-daily pill has not been announced. But Gilead and Bristol-Myers Squibb say they will provide it at reduced cost to developing countries. They plan in the next few months to ask the United States Food and Drug Administration10 to approve the new pill.There are limits to who could take it because of the different drugs it contains. For example, pregnant women are told not to take Sustiva because of the risk of birth disorders.11Experts say more than forty million people around the world are living with HIV*7 ExerciseWhether or not exercise adds to the length of life, it is common experience that a certain amount of regular exercise improves the health and contributes a feeling of well-being. Furthermore, exerise which involves play and recreation, and relieves nervous tension and mental fatigue in so doing, is not only pleasant but beneficial.How much and what kind of exercise one should take merits careful consideration.The growing child and the normal young man and young woman thrill with the exhilaration of strenuous sports. They fatigue to the point of exhaustion but recover promptly with a period of rest. But not so withthose _of middle age and beyond. For them moderation is of vital importance. Just how much exercise a person of a given age can safely take is question hard _to answer. Individual variability is too great to permit of generalization. A game of tennis may be perfectly safe for one person of forty but folly for another. The sage limit for exercise depends on the condition of the heart, the condition of the muscles, the type of exercise, and the regularity with which it is taken. Two general suggestions, however, will serve as sound advice for anyone. The first is that the condition of the heart and general health should be determined periodically by careful, thorough physical examinations. The other is that exercise should be kept below the point of physical exhaustion.What type of exercise one should choose _depens upon one’s physical condition. Y oung people can safely enjoy vigorous competitive sports, but most older persons do better to limit themselves to less strenuous activities. Walking, swimming, skating are among the sports that one can enjoy and safely participate in throughout life. Regularity is important if one is to get the most enjoyment and benefit out of exercise.*第八篇 Old And ActiveIt is well—known that life expectancy is longer in Japan than in most other countries. A recent report also shows that Japan has the longest health expectancy in the world．A healthy long life is the result of improvement in social environment.Scientists are trying to work out exactly what keeps elderly Japanese people so healthy, and whether there is a lesson to be learnt from their lifestyles for the rest of us. Should we make any changes to our eating habits, for instance, or go jogging each day before breakfast? Is there some secret ingredient in the Japanese diet that is particularly beneficial to the human body?Another factor contributing to the rapid population aging in Japan is a decline in birthrate．Although longer life should be celebrated, it is actually considered a social problem．The number of older people had doubled in the last half century and that has increased pension and medical costs．The country could soon be facing an economic problem, if there are so many old people to be looked after and relatively few younger people working and paying taxes to support them．Raising the retirement age from 65 to 70 could be one solution to the problem. Work can give the elderly a sense of responsibility and missio n in life. It’s important that the elderly play active roles in the society and live in harmony with all generations.*第九篇The Case of the Disappearing FingerprintsOne useful anti-cancer drug can effectively erase the whorls and other characteristic marks that give people their distinctive fingerprints. Losing them could become troublesome. A case released online in a letter by Annals of Oncology in dicates how big a problem of losing fingerprints is.Eng-Huat Tan, a Singapore-based medical doctor describes a 62-year old man who has used capecitabine to treat his nasopharyngeal cancer. After three years on the drug，the patient decided to visit U. S. relatives last December. But he was stopped by U. S. customs officials for4 hours after entering the country when those officials couldn't get fingerprints from the man. There were no distinctive swirly marks appearing from his index finger.U. S. customs has been fingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years, Tan says. Their index fingers are printed and screened against digital files of the fingerprints of bad guys—terrorists and potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked with keeping out of the country. Unfortunately, for the Singaporean traveler，one potential side effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads. Hence，no fingerprints.“It is uncertain when fingerprint loss will begin to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine，”Tan points out. So he cautions any physicians who prescribe the drug to provide their patients with .a doctor’s note pointing out that their medicine may cause fingerprints to disappear.Eventually, the Singapore traveler made it into the United States. I guess the name on his passport didn’t raise any red flags. But he，s also now got the explanatory doctor’s note —and won’t leave home without it.By the way, maybe the Food and Drug Administration, which approved use of the drug11 years ago, should consider u its list of updating side effects associated with this medicine. The current list does note that patients may experience vomiting, stomach pain and some other side effects. But no where does it mention the potential for loss of fingerprints.*10 Hospital MistreatmentAccording to a study, most medical interns report experiencing mistreatment, including humiliation by senior doctors, being threatened, or physical abuse in their first year out of medical school.The findings come from analysis of the responses to a 13-page survey mailed in January 1991 to 1, 733 second-year residents. The survey and analysis appear in the April 15th issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.Overall, out of the 1,277 residents who completed surveys, 1,185 said that they had experienced at least one incident of mistreatment in their intern year. In addition to reporting incidents where they were abused, more than 45% of the residents said they had witnessed at least one incident where other persons had made false medical records. Moreover, nearly three quarters of the residents said they had witnessed mistreatment of patients by other residents, attending physicians, or nurses. Almost 40% said patient mistreatment was a frequent event.More than 10% of the residents said they were not allowed to have enough sleep, and the average number of hours without_ sleep was 37.6. The average on-call hours during a _typical week was 56.9 hours, but about 25% of the residents said their on-call assignments were more than80 hours some weeks. Although30% of the residents said they experienced some type of sexual harassment or discrimination, verbal abuse was the most common problem cited. When abusive incidents were limited to events occurring three or more times, 53% of the respondents reported that they were belittled or humiliated by more senior residents, while just over 21% reported someone taking credit for their work. Being “given tasks for punishment,”“being pushed, kicked or hit,” and having someone “threatening your reputation or career,”were reported as a more frequent occurrence by over 10% of the responding residents.+11 Migrant W orkersIn the past twenty years, there has been an increasing tendency for workers to move from one country to another. While some newly independent countries have understandably restricted most jobs to local people, others have attracted and welcomed migrant workers. This is particularly the case in the Middle East,1where increased oil incomes have enabled many countries to call in outsiders to improve local facilities.Thus the Middle East has attracted oil-workers from the USA and Europe. It has brought in construction workers and technicians from many countries, including South Korea and Japan.In view of the difficult living and working conditions in the Middle East, 2it is not surprising that the pay is high to attract suitable workers. Many engineers and technicians can earn at least twice as much money in the Middle East as they can in their own country, and this is a major attraction. An allied benefit is the low taxation or complete lack of it. 3This increases the net amount of pay received by visiting workers and is very popular with them.Sometimes a disadvantage has a compensating advantage. For example, the difficult living conditions often lead to increased friendship when workers have to depend on each other for safety and comfort. In a similar way, many migrant workers can save large sums of money partly because of the lack of entertainment facilities. The work is often complex and full of problems but this merely presents greater challenge to engineers who prefer to find solutions to problems rather than do routine work in their home country.One major problem which affects migrant workers in the Middle East is that their jobs are temporary ones. They are nearly always on contract, so it is not easy for them to plan ahead with great confidence. This is to be expected since no country welcomes a large number of foreign workers as permanent residents. In any case , migrant workers accept this disadvantage, along with others, because of the considerable financial benefits which they receive.+12 Dreams（新增）Everyone can dream．Indeed, everyone does dream．Those who claim that they never dream at all actually dream just as frequently as the rest of us, though they may not remember anything about it．Even those of us who are perfectly aware of dreaming night after night very seldom remember those dreams in great detail but merely retain an untidy mixture of seemingly unrelated impressions.Dreams are not simply visual-we dream with all our sense , so that we appear to experience sound, touch, smell, and taste．One of the world's oldest known written documents is the Egyptian Book of Dreams．This volume is about five thousand years old, so you can see that dreams were believed to have a special significance even then．Many ancient civilizations believed that you should never ask a sleeping person as, during sleep, the soul had left the body and might not be able to return in time if the sleeper were suddenly awoken .From ancient times to the present day ,people have been making attempts to interpret dreams and to explain their significance．There are many books available on the subject of dream interpretation．although unfortunately there are almost as many meanings for a particular dream as there are books．+13 Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart AttackGerman researchers have come up with a new generation of defibrillators and early-warning software aimed at offering heart patients greater protection from sudden death from cardiac arrest.In Germany alone around 100,000 people die annually as a result of cardiac arrest and many of these cases are caused by disruption to the heart’s rhythm. Those most at risk are patients who hav e already suffered a heart attack, and for years the use of defibrillators has proved useful in diagnosing life-threatening disruption to heart rnythms and correcting them automatically by intervening within seconds. These devices take on a range of functions, such as that of pacemaker.Heart specialists at Freiburg’s University Clinic have now achieved a breakthrough with an implanted defibrillator capable of generating a six-channel electrocardiogram (ECG) within the body. This integrated system allows early diagnosis of acute blood-flow problems and a pending heart attack. It will be implanted in patients for the first time this year. Meanwhile, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Mathematics in Kaiserslautern have developed new computer software that renders of ECG data more precise.The overwhelming majority of patients at risk will not have an implanted defibrillator and must for this reason undergo regular ECGs. “Many of the current programs only get into account a linear correlation of the data. We are, however, making use in a non-linear process that reveals the chaotic patterns of heart beats as an open and complex system,” Hagen Knaf says, “In this way changes in the heart beats over time can be monitored and individual variations in patients taken into account.” An old study of ECG data, based upon 600 patients who had suffered a subsequent heart attack, enabled the researchers to compare risks and to show that the new software evaluates the data considerably better.2013年新增第十四篇Y oung Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores Y oung adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more ①likely to go on to university，reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska UniversityHospital.The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The study involved 1.2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born between 1950 and 1976. The research group analyzed the②results of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took right after they started serving the army.The study shows a clear link ③between good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test. The strongest links are for ④logical thinking and verbal comprehension. But it is only fitness that plays a ⑤role in the results for the IQ test，and not strength. “Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung ⑥capacity and that your brain gets plenty of ⑦oxygen，”says Michael Nilsson, professor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital. “This may be one of the reasons⑧why we can see a clear link with fitness, but not with muscular ⑨strength .We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important. ”By analyzing data for twins, the researchers have been ⑩able to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and a ⑾higher IQ.“We have also shown that those youngsters who ⑿improve their physical fitness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance,”says Maria Aberg, researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy and physician at Aby health centre. “This being the case6, physical ⒀education is a subject that has an important place in schools, and is an absolute must if we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects.”The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests ⒁during national service with the socio-economic status of the men later in ⒂life. Those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go into higher education, and many secured more qualified jobs.+15 Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years （新增）A hundred years ago，life expectancy in developed countries was about 47: in the early 21st century, men in the United States and the United Kingdom can expect to live to about 74. Women to about 80, and these ages are rising all the time. What has brought about these changes? When we look at the life span of people l00 years ago, we need to look at the greatest killers of the time. In the early 20th century, these were the acute and often high infectious diseases such as smallpox. Many children died very young from these diseases and others, and the weak and elderly were always at risk.In the developed world these diseases are far lessdeadly today, and in some cases have almost disappeared. A number of factor shave led to this: improvements in sanitation and hygiene, the discovery and use of antibiotics, which make bacterial diseases much less dangerous, and vaccinations against common diseases. In addition, people's general health has improved with improvements in our general environment: cleaner air, better means of preserving food，better and warmer housing，and better understanding of nutrition.Genetically，we should all be able to live to about 85 but while people do live longer today,there are still some big killers around that are preventing US from consistently reaching that age. The problems that affect people today are the more chronic illnesses, such as heart disease and strokes, and those spread by viruses, such as influenza and AIDS l. Of course, cancer is a huge killer as well. In most cases these diseases affect older people, but there are worrying trends in the developed world with problems such as obesity leadingto more heart disease and illnesses such as diabetes at younger ages.The killers today can be classed as "lifestyle diseases"，which means that it may be possible to halt their progress.卫生类完型填空课文译文1.找到速效治疗剂可以更好控制结核病世界卫生组织估计全球有大约三分之一的人感染了导致结核病的病菌。
2013年职称英语考试综合类 阅读理解
a letter from alanI have learnt of a plan to…..1)to inform 2)because it isa place 3)a building4)have 5)say noa tale of Scottish rural lifeLewis Grassic Gibbon’s….1)the lives of rural Scottish farmers 2)she married only once 3)the history of kinraddie 4)the Germans 5)the end of traditional life Americans get touchy The new york times…1)nearly 2)embrace 3)diseases could be transmitted more easily through the extra-long body contact 4)in some countries,it’s usual for men to kiss each other on the cheek 5)positiveCan Buildings be designed to resist terrorist attackIn the aftermath of the…1)that was never thought of before the terrorist attack 2)was to find out why some buildings could survive the blasts 3)was part of the building close to the world trade center 4)some floor framing systems demonstrate resistance to explosion 5)blast engineering emerges as a new branch of scienceclone farmFactory farming could soon enter a…..1)cloned 2)the 3)chickens could grow 4)origen has 5)farmers can Defending the theory of evolution still seems neededJudith s.weis ,a bilolgy….1)school boards oppose AIBS’seffort to defend the theory of evolution 2)darwin’s theory is denied as the central theory of biology 3)more than 80 societies and 250,000members 4)is fundamental to the development of modern genetics,molecular bilogyand genomics 5)beause theterm creationism is toodirecteiffel is an eyefulSome 300 meters up…1)tourists of 2)visitorsprefer 3)he climbed4)conducting 5)visitorscan imagineeat to liveA meager diet may….1)we have to begin dietingfrom childhood 2)toillustrate the effect ofmeager food on mice3)they are more likely tosuffer from inflammation4)the mice that starteddieting in old age 5)dietingis not a good method togive us health and a longlifefinding enlightenment inScotlandIn 1740’s…1)the ideas proposed bysome famous thinkers andintellectuals 2)to find waysto improve human societyas a whole 3)the prosperityof all nations 4)it is stillalive in a broad sense5)the radiation of Scottishhigher educationfeast on turkey and goodwishes at thanksgivingFour weeks ago US……1)ghosts 2)onthanksgiving 3)providingthem with 4)they can stay5)1620find yourself packing iton?blame friendsObesity can spread from…1)their friends 2)peoplewere not likely to loseweight when they haveskinny friends 3)friendsaffected each others’feelings of fatness 4)lifestyle 5)social networks letthe obesity spread rapidlygoal of AmericaneducationEducation is anenormous…1)to give 2)the subjects3)acquisition of the abilityto be 4)the students 5)itsuunderlyingincomeIncome may be national…1)the difference betweennational income an GNP2)the money 3)corporation4)the money not 5)peoplepay taxes somewhatimprotance of servicesThe United States hasmoved…1)services are important2)32.4million service jobs3)most of the fast growthin…low-paying 4)bymoney spent on businessservices as well as onconsumer services 5)theirprices”lucky”lord lucan-aliveor deadOn 8th November 1974lord….1)lord lucan has neverbeen found 2)it was darkand he thought she waslady lucan 3)sinking hisboat 4)thought he mighttalk to the police aboutthem if he was caught5)was really lord lucan inmodern sun worshippersPeople travel for a lot ofreasons.1)they wish to 2)to showthat 3)spain 4)every year5)rainy weathernew us plan for diseasepreventionUrging Americans to….1)they often result inunhealthy lifestyles2)higher survival rate forcancer 3)much less moneyneeded for diseasetreatment 4)promotingdisease prevention5)cancer death ratenarrow escapeWe had left the…1)rocks loosened bymelting ice could bedangerous 2)that climbersabove you might cause itto fall on you 3)rocks arefalling 4)being hit by arock isn’t “pleasant”at all5)the overhanging rockwould protect him fromfalling rocksoutside-the-classroomlearning makes a bingdifferentPutting a bunch ofcollege………1)will not take 2)buildingfriendship 3)she’s a seniorstudent 4)passion 5)polishorbital space planeWhile scientists aresearching the…1)carrying 2)NASA’s3)years 4)a spaceambulance 5)be mainlyoseola mccartyLA TE ONE SUNDAY….1)she gave her life savingsto help others throughuniversity 2)she hadworked hard, saved hardand invested carefully3)she wanted others tohave the opportunity4)hundreds of people putmoney into the fund 5)ofher generosityolder volcanic eruptionsV olcanoes were more…1)because they killed offlife more easily 2)bycomparing the proportionof life wiped out with thevolume of lava produced3)65 4)the cause of theirextinction has remained acontroversial issue 5)oldervolcanic eruptions weremore destructivepool watchSwimmers can drownin….1)artificial intelligence 2)itcan distinguish between aswimmer and a shadow3)it alerts the lifeguard4)he runs 5)ratedpop music in AfricaY oung musicians in…..1)more serious than mostpop music 2)both familiarand different 3)write aboutserious problems 4)studiedmusic in Boston 5)she hashad a difficult life herselfshark attackCraig rogers was sitting onhis surfboard……1)bit his surfboard 2)oftenlet 3)are 4)great whites’5)we now kownsingle-parent kids dobestSingle mums are betterat……1)two-parent familiesproduce less 2)the youngmales 3)experiment 4)the offspring’s 5)the quality sumugglingIt is not unusual for……1)it had a very 2)as many as 3)25770 4)small smugglers 5)varied drug sleepWe all know that the normal1)because shift 2)your 3)to employ 4)the third week 5)another routine spacing in animals Flight distance Any observant….1)distance between an2)begin to attack3)psychological 4)strip 5)social distance is sometimessome things we know about languageMany things about language…..1)any 2)complicated 3)just as sophisticated 4)some 5)vocabularyseeing the world centuries agoIf you enjoy looking through…1)where three early travel2)throughout the muslim world 3)they told of strange and exotic locales4)chronological order5)give proof ofsaunaCeremonial bathing…1)has various forms2)saunas with smoke3)curing asthma 4)pores are cleaned by sweat 5)all of the aboveT elling T ales about PeopleOne of the most common types of nonfiction,and one…….1)the characteristics 2)an autobiography 3)want to present 4)defining it 5)varied or differentTV shows and long bus tripsLong bus rides are like……1)Advertiesments 2)to talk 3)no billboards 4)they both have 5)excitingthe travels of Ibn battuta“I left tangier,mubirthplace…….the adventures 2)left to3)Ibn battuta had studied4)Ibn battuta should 5)thesultanthe changing middleclassThe united states……1)a social 2)the family3)prosperous 4)arestatement 5)as a groupthe development of balletBallet is a dance form thathas a long history.1)the way 2)louis 3)willcontinue 4)in 5)elaboratethe Barbie dollsIn the mid-1940’s1)to be 2)Harold mattson3)build 4)lilli 5)she doesthe saharaThe name saharaderives….1)life in 2)less than five3)a place of 4)the sahara5)groupthe familyThe structure of a familytakes…1)what makes 2)a married3)an anthropology4)pointing 5)readinesstales of the terrible pastIt is not the job offiction…1)two novels 2)in ohio3)the books 4)portrayal5)terriblethe only way is upThink of a modern cityand the first…..1)want to 2)the lack3)most 4)uninteresting5)in a liftthe national park serviceAmerica’s national parksare like….1)because they are alwaysout there 2)they protect thenational park system3)molding the nation 4)itis about the national parkservice 5)the work that hasbeen done by the partnersthe Cherokee nationLong before the white mancame…1)in the southeastern partof the U.S.2)writing downthe spoken language3)force the Cherokees tomove westward 4)all ofthe above 5)they did nothave enough food andclothesto have and have notIt had been boring…1)to have a change ofscene 2)the light comingfrom inside 3)of topquality 4)she seemed toknow him well 5)he sawnothing he really likedthe operation ofinternational airlinesInternational airlines….1)cater to the need ofpassengers sitting at bothends of the jets 2)thetourist industry isexperiencing an all-timelow 3)showing moremovies during the longflights 4)speeding upcustoms procedure 5)theydo not travel on the flightthey have bookedthe beginning ofAmerican literatureAmerican has always…1)the hope to start a newlife 2)long before the year1000 3)about the everydaylife of the nativeAmericans 4)early-dayexperience provided thefoundation for Americanliterature 5)some Britishwriters had greatconfidence in the future ofAmerican literaturewhy so many childrenIn many of the developingcountries…..1)can be an advantage2)the birth rate generallygoes down 3)industrializedcountry with a low birthrate 4)factors other thanthe economy influencebirth rate 5)has tried toimprove the condition ofwomenwomen staying inmini-skirts for longerBritish women are….1)a department store 2)theclimate of great Britain aregetting warmer in recentyears,thus women canwear minis for a longertime 3)most women nolonger wore mini-skirtswhen they reach the age of33 4)from the age of23,skirt length increasesbecause girls are in theirfirst stable relationship5)soar。
2015年职称英语考试综合类阅读理解文章及译文汇总
2015年职称英语考试阅读理解文章必备习题（综合类）Older Volcanic EruptionsVolcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, not because they were bigger, but because the carbon dioxide they released wiped out life with greater ease.Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals, but all the mass extinctions over the past 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massive 课程免费试听volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do. He calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that size for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.The Permian extinction, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatonnes of carbon as carbon dioxide. The global warming thatfollowed wiped out 80 per cent of all marine genera at the time, and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover. Yet 60 million years ago, there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global 课程免费试听warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years. "The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all," Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid. He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2.Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France, says that Wignall's idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts 课程免费试听lasted for thousands or millions of years. He also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.词汇：dioxide n. 二氧化物 lava n. 熔岩Permian adj. 二叠纪 gigaton n. 十亿吨梯恩梯genera n. 种类 dinosaurs n. 恐龙asteroid n. 课程免费试听小行星注释：The Permian extinction 上学吧视频超市二叠纪物种灭绝练习：1. Why did older volcanic eruptions do more damage than more recent ones?A) Because they killed off life more easily.B) Because they were brighter.C) Because they were larger.D) Because they were hotter.2. How did Wignall calculate the killing power of those older volcanic eruptions?A) By estimating how long they lasted.B) By counting the dinosaurs they killed.C) By studying the chemical composition of lava.D) By comparing the proportion of life wiped out with the volume of lava produced.。
2013职称英语阅读理解及译文解析-理工类C
2013职称英语阅读理解完形填空及译文解析[理工类-C]目录第一篇Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles (3)第二篇World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict (5)第三篇Citizen Scientists (8)第四篇Motoring Technology (10)第五篇Late-Night Drinking (12)第六篇2012版教材改为Making Light of Sleep (14)第七篇Sugar Power for Cell Phones (16)第八篇Eiffel Is an Eyeful (19)第九篇Egypt Felled by Famine (22)第十篇Young Female Chimps Outlearn Their Brothers (25)第十一篇When Our Eyes Serve Our Stomach 2013教材新增 (28)第十二篇Florida Hit by Cold Air Mass (31)第十三篇Invisibility Ring (33)第十四篇Japanese Car Keeps Watch for Drunk Drivers (36)第十五篇Winged Robot Learns to Fly (38)第十六篇Japanese Drilling into Core of Earth (41)第十七篇 A Sunshade for the Planet (43)第十八篇Thirst for Oil (45)第十九篇Musical Robot Companion Enhances Listener Experience2013 教材新增 (47)第二十篇Explorer of the Extreme Deep (50)第二十一篇Plant Gas (52)第二十二篇Snowflakes (54)第二十三篇Powering a City It's a Breeze. (56)第二十四篇Underground Coal Fires — a Looming Catastrophe (58)第二十五篇Eat to Live (61)第二十六篇Male and Female Pilots Cause Accidents Differently (64)第二十七篇Driven to Distraction (67)第二十八篇Sleep Lets Brain File Memories (70)第二十九篇Food Fright (73)第三十篇Digital Realm (76)第一篇Captain Cook Arrow Legend (79)第二篇Avalanche and Its Safety , (80)第三篇Giant Structures 2013教材新增 (82)第四篇Animal's "Sixth Sense" (85)第五篇Singing Alarms Could Save the Blind (88)第六篇Car Thieves Could Be Stopped Remotely (89)第七篇An Intelligent Car (91)第八篇Why India Needs Its Dying Vultures 2013教材新增 (93)第九篇Wonder Webs (96)第十篇Chicken Soup for the Soul: Comfort Food Fights Loneliness 2012新增 (97)第一篇Ford Abandons Electric VehiclesThe Ford motor company’s abandonment of electric cars effectively signals the end of the road for the technology，analysts say．General Motors。
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Older V olcanic EruptionsV olcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, not because they were bigger, but because the carbon dioxide they released wiped out life with greater ease.Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals, but all the mass extinctions over the past 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massive volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do. He calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that size for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.The Permian extinction, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatonnes of carbon as carbon dioxide. The global warming that followed wiped out 80 per cent of all marine genera at the time, and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover. Yet 60 million years ago, there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years. "The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all," Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid. He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2.Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France, says that Wignall's idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years. He also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.词汇：Bunch n. 群Marathon n. 马立松;耐力活动fundraiser n. 募捐weather v. 经受风雨bureaucracy n. 官僚机构注释：1.Putting a bunch of college students in charge of a$300，000 Dance Marathon，fundraiser surely sounds a bit risky.让一群大学生去负责募集30万美元的马拉松式的跳舞活动，这种募捐听起来肯定有点儿冒险。
“putting...in charge of...”是“让……负责”。
2.Yvonne Fangmeyer, director of the student organization office at the University of Wisconsin, conducted a survey in February of students involved in campus organizations.Yvonne Fangmeyer是威斯康星大学学生组织办公室主任，在二月组织了一次学生参加校园组织的调查。
“a survey of students involved in campus organizations”太长了，所以“in February”插到了中间。
3.“teamup”是“参加”。
练习：1. An extracurricular activity like raising a fund of $300,000 is risky because most student leadersA) are lazy.B) are stupid.C) are not rich enough.D) wilt not take an interest in it.2. American students join campus organizations mostly forA) making a difference.B) gaining experience.C) building friendship.D) improving their resumes.3. Who is Katie Rowley?A) She's a senior professor.B) She's a senior student.C) She's a senior official.D) She's a senior citizento carry an activity through to a successful end?A) Passion.B) Money.C) Power.D) Fame.5. The phrasal verb fatten up in paragraph 6 could be best replaced byA) invent.B) rewrite.C) polish.D) complete.答案与题解：1.D 问题问的是：像募集30万美元的的课外活动有点冒险是为什么?答案可以从第二段的第一句话中找到。
第一句话是这么说的：大多数学生头头并不想在它们不感兴趣的事上花大量的时间。
2.C 问题问的是：美国学生参加校园组织的主要目的是什么?答案可以从第三段找到。
第三段是这么说的：威斯康星大学学生组织办公室主任Yvonne Fangmeyer在二月组织了一次学生参加校园组织的调查。
她说，寻求友谊是最经常列举的理由。
3.B问题问的是：Katie Rowley是谁?文章提到了好几个人，Katie Rowley是其中的一个。
第五段讲到了Katie Rowley。
“a Wisconsin senior”是“威斯康星四年级学生”。
4.A 问题问的是：为了把一项活动顺利地贯彻到底学生头头需要什么?答案可以从倒数第二段找到。
第一句话是这么说的：但是，如果没有激情(passion)，学生头头试图经受急风暴雨的考验是会有困难的。
5.C 问题问的是：哪个词替换第6段中的“fatten up”最合适?“fatten up”原义是“使人或动物变肥”，在这里可以解释为使一个人的履历更充实一些，因此也好看一些。
因此意思上最接近的是“polish”(润色)。
译文：远古火山喷发古代的火山更具杀伤力，不是因为它们更大，而是因为它们释放出来的二氧化碳更容易把人杀死。
来自里兹大学的Paul Wignall正在调查火山爆发和大规模物种灭绝之间的联系。
不是所有的火山都会造成大量动物死亡。
但在过去的三亿年间，巨大的火山岩石的形成都伴随着大规模种族灭绝。
让他惊奇的是，远古的火山造成的破坏更大。
他通过比较火山释放出的熔岩的体积与杀死生命的比例计算这些火山的杀伤效力。