Abstract摘要
摘要abstract
2 To describle research method and procedures
The experiments consisted of four steps, which are described in… The method used in our study is known as… Based on the idea that…, we conducted the present study, categorized…, and evaluated… The experiment/study consisted of the following steps: … The experiment/investigation in the paper is conducted by adopting… The fundamental feature of this theory is as follows…
摘要的构成 - STRUCTURE of abstract
object
• scope of the investigation • the problems
method
• the Principle, theory, conditions,materials, technology, structure, means and procedures employed in the process.
My best wishes
• All of you can finish a prefect abstact after this lecture.
Results
用一般过去时陈述实验结果。 Feed particle size of 100 μm was found to be the most effective one. The best results were obtained with about 0.15 percent Fe2O3 on rod mill and scrubber（洗涤器） product which was not desirable.
英语摘要写法
摘要（Abstract）摘要(Abstract) 也成为内容提要，通常在学士论文中都必须附有摘要，其位置应放在论文的正文之前，对整个论文内容的概述。
无论对专业读者还是对非专业读者而言，摘要都是一个非常重要的文件。
摘要如果和论文一起发表，则被称为一次性出版物摘要，主要用于帮助读者评价文章内容及其潜在作用，使读者不必阅读全文就可以了解论文的内容。
除此之外，摘要也可以被单独收入文摘机构出版的摘要期刊如：生物学文摘（Biological Abstract）、化学文摘（Chemical Abstract）等、称为二次性出版物摘要。
此类脱离论文独立成篇的摘要主要用于方便读者检索文献、收集信息，帮助研究者寻找新的研究领域。
一．摘要的定义摘要的英文术语：有两个词汇，一个是abstract, 一个是summary.根据美国国家标准学会（American National Standard Institute）于1971年通过并颁布的《美国国家文摘写作标准》（American National Standard for Writing Abstracts）规定，Abstract 不应与summary 混同。
Abstract 对一篇论文的主要内容以精炼的文字进行高度概括，使读者不必阅读全文即可了解论文内容，或者让读者对即将阅读的文章有思想准备，或者让读者判断是否有通读全文的必要。
文中只对论文信息进行浓缩，而不加主观评论或解释，可以脱离原文而独立成篇。
字数通常在100~150个词左右，更确切地说，约为原文长度的1% ~ 5%（有的杂志规定摘要平均为全文的3% ~ 5%）。
现在越来越多的用法是abstract. 尤其是放在索引资料中一律要用abstract 这个术语，在论文的题目下也通常要用这个词。
Summary (概要) 与abstract 无明显差别。
严格地说，summary 一般附在论文的后面，对论文的主要结论和成果进行再叙述。
英语 论文 Abstract
摘要的分类1．陈述性摘要(descriptive abstract)只说明（陈述）论文的主题，不介绍论文的具体内容Sample 1Translation is not only a linguistic transference, but also an intercultural communication. For quite a long time, translation studies have been concentrated on the prescription of translation methods, with scant attention paid to the description of macro-cultural factors involved in the translating. In this paper, the writer contends that the study of the macro-cultural factors will surely enlarge the scope and enrich the content of the translation studies. The paper is largely a rudimentary step, both in theory and in practice, to expose some of the factors influencing Mr. Fu’s translation of Gone with the Wind, with a historic and descriptive approach employed.Sample 2To the general public, China English is a relatively new and serious concept, while in the fields of linguistics and translation a group of scholars have already make a study on it. Now most scholars hold that China English, based on the standard English, is a kind of variant of English to express things and concepts with Chinese characteristic. It is the product of the English language used in English-speaking countries combined with the unique Chineseness. Then, in the nation of China with a thousand-long history and civilization, how has China English come into being, grown and developed? This paper mainly focuses on the factors involved in the emergence and development of China English and it also explores people’s attitude toward China English, and analyzes the trend and role of China English in China and the world.2．资料性/信息性摘要(informative abstract)除了说明论文的主题外，还要介绍论文的主要观点、主要内容和研究成果Sample 3This paper, based on the theories and principles of psycholinguistics and cognitive psychology, deals with definitions and functions of emotional quotient, revealing some of the learners’ emotional characteristics, which affect the outcome of language learning. The author insists that language learning is a very sophisticated psychological process, and aspects of emotional quotient influence the learner’s cognitive process in which knowledge of the target language is internalized as language competence or skills. Results of experiments prove that positive and rich emotions are the motives needed for language learning. It is vital for language teachers to motivate their students to acquire the target language by developing their emotions and helping them internalize what they are learning. The author also mentions that language teachers should recognize the potential for creating a warm and friendly environment for language learning so that language teaching and learning process will be more effective in improving the learner’s IQ, EQ, and language creative ability.Sample 4In order to help students with their translation and assist teachers to find students’main problems with translation, this paper studies an English to Chinesetranslation exercise of the second year English majors in a university. The author studies in by collecting and sorting out the typical errors made by students and analyzing the causes of the errors guided by error analysis theory. The research adopts the basic translation criteria of TEM-8 in sorting out student s’translation errors. According to the research, students’errors fall into these categories: confusion in denotative and connotative meaning of a word, unnatural Chinese expressions, problems in dealing with proper nouns, misinterpretation of sentence structures of the source text, etc. Then the thesis analyzes the underlying causes: students’ lack of both translation theories and practice, and poor Chinese competence. It is hoped that more of this kind of research in both Chinese and English translation be done to guide translation teaching and practice.Sample 5As a limitation of cultural transmission, culture absence prevents Chinese readers from fully appreciating the original text. This thesis takes the translating of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter as an example, aiming at discussing the culture translation approach in the practice of translation. As one of Hawthorne’s best-known novel, The Scarlet Letter has its distinctive culture feature and the problem of culture absence commonly exists in translating it into Chinese. This thesis compares three different Chinese translation versions of the novel based on the analysis of its culture connotation, and discusses the culture absence of historical background, religious belief, mythological elements, metaphorical expressions, color images, etc. In the thesis, examples are given to illustrate how culture absence presents in its Chinese translations. Also, different compensative means for the culture absence are compared in the thesis, such as transliteration and semantic translation, literal translation and free translation, domestication and foreignization; the proper translation strategy should depend on different situations from the perspective of culture preservation.英文摘要常用的句型表达主要有：This paper argues (demonstrates) …This paper explores (probes into) …This paper elaborates on (expounds) …This paper includes (covers, touches on) …This paper aims to (aims at) …This paper focuses on …This paper makes a comparison of …This paper makes an attempt to touch on …This paper offers a discussion of (an overview of, an analysis of ) …This paper develops the theory of …This paper is a criticism of the theory of …This paper, on the basis of …, reveals (illustrates) …Based on …, this paper first categorizes … and then tentatively sets out …The purpose (objective) of this paper is to review …The author (writer) of this paper holds (considers, deems, contends) …The author tries to give an account of …In this paper, the author proposes …It is pointed out …In light of … theory, discussion is made about … in this paper.This thesis aims at a better understanding of English to Chinese (E to C) translation of adverbial clauses in business contracts. The author first describes the general theories and criteria for translation, and those specifics for the translation of international business contracts, which are theoretical guidelines for the whole thesis. Then the writer discusses and analyzes the four categories of adverbial clauses in international business contracts in translation. Finally, the author explores the major problems involved in translating adverbial clauses in business contracts from English to Chinese and proposes compensative strategies.。
学术英语abstract写作
文摘的文体结构
摘要_应具备的要素
简明扼要（conciseness）:去除文献中的次要 材料或辅助细节。
客观公正（objectivity）:摘要中不应有原文中 没有的信息资料。
全面完整（completeness）:要包括主题思想， 主要资料，结论或建议。
摘要中常见错误
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· Omit obscure abbreviations.
· Write the paper before you write the abstract.
Sample:
background
Feedback and assessment play an important role in teaching and learning of oral presentation skills. This study describes the implementation and evaluation of an innovative instruction that uses a Student Response System for peer assessment of oral presentations. A large number of oral presentations were assessed and students’ perceptions and learning what
Note:
有时由于篇幅的限制，摘要的内容不一定包括有五 个要素，因而需要缩减摘要的字数和内容。经过压 缩的摘要通常只能突出两个或三个要点，其中最重 要的应该是阐明研究的结果。简要的资料性摘要往 往省略背景知识。如果允许的字数范围内，摘要可 以在最后用一到两句话进行总结并提出建议。一篇 简要的资料性摘要的内容通常包括：
考研英语：词汇abstract的中文翻译解析
考研英语：词汇abstract的中文翻译解析考研英语有许多题目组成，方便大家及时了解，下面为你精心准备了“考研英语：词汇abstract的中文翻译解析”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取的考试资讯!考研英语：词汇abstract的中文翻译解析abstract是什么意思及用法adj.1. 抽象的2. 抽象派的n.1. 抽象，抽象概念，抽象性2. 抽象派艺术作品3. 摘要，梗概及物动词：1. 提取，抽取2. 做…的摘要词形变化副词abstractly名称abstractness时态abstracted，abstracting，abstracts英语解释not representing or imitating external reality or the objects of naturemake off with belongings of othersdealing with a subject in the abstract without practical purpose or intentionconsider a concept without thinking of a specific example consider abstractly or theoreticallyconsider apart from a particular case or instancegive an abstract (of)a concept or idea not associated with any specific instancea sketchy summary of the main points of an argument or theoryexisting only in the mind separated from embodiment 例句She beheaded me, and flung my head into abstract space 她切下了我的头颅，把它扔进抽象的空间。
英文摘要例子Abstract
SAMPLE ABSTRACTS:1."Their War": The Perspective of the South Vietnamese Military in Their Own WordsDespite the vast research by Americans on the Vietnam War, little is known about the perspective of South Vietnamese military, officially called the Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (RVNAF). The overall image that emerges from the literature is negative: lazy, corrupt, unpatriotic, apathetic soldiers with poor fighting spirits. This study recovers some of the South Vietnamese military perspective for an American audience through qualititative interviews with 40 RVNAF veterans now living in San José, Sacrame nto, and Seattle, home to three of the top five largest Vietnamese American communities in the nation. An analysis of these interviews yields the veterans' own explanations that complicate and sometimes even challenge three widely held assumptions about the South Vietnamese military: 1) the RVNAF was rife with corruption at the top ranks, hurting the morale of the lower ranks; 2) racial relations between the South Vietnamese military and the Americans were tense and hostile; and 3) the RVNAF was apathetic in defending South Vietnam from communism. The stories add nuance to our understanding of who the South Vietnamese were in the Vietnam War. This study is part of a growing body of research on non-American perspectives of the war. In using a largely untapped source of Vietnamese history &endash; oral histories with Vietnamese immigrants &endash; this project will contribute to future research on similar topics.2.Humanities:Violence, Subalternity, and El Corrido Along the US/Mexican BorderThe Geopolitical divide that separates the United States and Mexico has long plagued the region with violence and conflict. However, its extent and political nature is often overshadowed and undermined by mainstream information outlets. The boundary inspires polarized reactions: tough on crime/immigration rhetoric from politicians and enforcement officials &endash; exemplified in current border militarization&endash; and appeasement through feel-good news reporting. Such contradictions desensitize and deny the essence and root cause of the conflict &endash; an ongoing sociopolitical, cultural, and economic struggle between the two nations. While information transmission in the north has a U.S. focus, south of the divide knowledge distribution is very Mexico-centered. However, the border region acts as a third space t hat gives birth to a distinct border gnosis, a unique form of knowledge construction among subaltern communities on both its sides. One form of subalternity, corridos, (border folk ballads), has functioned to create an alternative discourse to the borderlands imaginary. This study is an examination of the analysis and critique found in corridos that seek a critical approach to the violence at the nations' shared edges and its ensuing political implications. To illustrate their subaltern function, I will examine two incidents: the 1984 McDonalds shooting in San Ysidro, California, and the 1997 death of Ezequiel Hernández in Redford, Texas. these cases are indicative of the politically charged environment of a border region that in becoming an increasingly militarized zone has also set the stage for a cultural battle amongst different forms of knowledge construction and legitimation.3.Biological Sciences:"The Listeria monocytogenes p60 Protein is not Essential for Viability in vitro, but Promotes Virulence in vivo"Author: Sina Mohammedi, 2002 UC Day nominee and runner-upIntracellular pathogens (agents which infect host cells), such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Listeria monocytogenes, cause very high mortality rates in the United States. Therefore, deciphering the mechanisms through which the pathogens cause disease is of great interest. Listeria infection of mice is a well-developed model system for studying the fundamentals of host-pathogen interactions. In vitro assays in animal cell cultures have helped show that Listeria causes illness by secreting molecules, called virulence factors, to the outside of the bacterial cell in order to affect the host organism. My work involves one such secreted protein,called p60. P60 is an antigen (an agent seen by the host immune system) implicated in regulated bacterial cell wall breakdown. The objective of this study was to examine two questions: first, is p60 essential to the viability of Listeria, as previously published? and second, is p60 a virulence factor in Listeria? To examine these questions, I contructed a Listeria strain lacking p60 (p60-). This new strain displayed no defect in viability. In fact, most standard in vitro pathogenicity assays were normal for p60-. However, when p60- was tested in a mouse (in vivo), a 1000-fold reduction in virulence was observed. This discovery suggests that p60 is indeed a key factor in the disease-causing ability of Listeria, but not essential for viability. Future studies will focus on the precise role of p60 in Listeria pathogenesis. This work increases our understanding of such diseases as tuberculoses, various food poisonings, and meningitis.4.Engineering:"Quantifying the Mechanics of a Laryngoscopy"Laryngoscopy is a medical procedure that provides a secure airway by passing a breathing tube through the mouth and into the lungs of a patient. The ability to successfully perform laryngoscopy is highly dependent on operator skill; experienced physicians have failure rates of 0.1% or less, while less experienced paramedics may have failure rates of 10-33%, which can lead to death or brain injury. Accordingly, there is a need for improved training methods, and virtual reality technology holds promise for this application. The immediate objective of this research project is to measure the mechanics of laryngoscopy, so that an advanced training mannequin can be developed. This summer an instrumented laryngoscope has been developed which uses a 6-axis force/torque sensor and a magnetic position/orientation sensor to quantify the interactions between the laryngoscope and the patient. Experienced physicians as well as residents in training have used this device on an existing mannequin, and the force and motion trajectories have been visualized in 3D. One objective is to use comparisons between expert and novice users to identify the critical skill components necessary for patients, to identify the mechanical properties of the human anatomy that effect laryngoscopy, and thus enable the development of a realistic training simulator. In the future an advanced training mannequin will be developed whose physical properties will be based on our sensor measurements, and where virtual reality tools will be used to provide training feedback for novice users. 5.OthersRoadways constructed of conventional pavement are subject to deformations after prolonged use. Laboratory model study of an anchored pavement was carried out. The objective of the study was to investigate construction problems and to develop specifications for a full-scale test. The study compared 1/20-scale anchored pavement and conventional slabs of similar dimensions. The model test results were compared with results from finite-element analysis. The deformations were lower for the anchored pavement compared with those for the conventional slab, and stresses in the soil were reduced and distributed more widely by rigid anchors. These findings indicate that an anchored slab offers distinct advantages over a conventional slab. The ANSYS computer program could be used to analyze such a soil-structure system, incorporating the environmental and mechanical effects.6. To examine the views of faculty and residents about teaching and evaluating health advocacy, one of the more difficult CanMEDS roles to integrate into postgraduate medical education. In 2002, two focus groups of faculty and two of residents at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, were asked standardized questions to elicit their answers to what was a health care advocate as understood and reported by teachers and residents, and what were the reported barriers and enhancers to teaching and evaluating the role of residents as health care advocates. The study found that faculty and residents knew little about how to teach and evaluate the role of the health advocate.7.This paper reports a longitudinal study on the changes in speaking vocabulary by English majors through four years’ learning, which was then compared with the native speakers’ performance./ The Englishlearners involved in the study were56 students who were enrolled in a university in 2001./They were asked to complete an oral task by producing a three-minute monologue after three minutes’ preparation in a language lab./ The native speakers were 15 American college students who accomplished the same task as the English learners./The developmental changes were measured in terms of three indexs: fluency ,word variations and lexical frequency profile.8.The performance on the three indexes on the three indexes of the across for years and the native speakers form a conyinuum. /However , Y ear Four students were significantly lower in fluency and word variations than native speakers ,but similar to the native speakers in lexical frequency profile. /The period between Y ear Two and Y ear Three saw the most noticeable progress. /The students with different starting levels of the three indexes varied in terms of their changes. /The low-level group mad greater progress than the middle-level group which produced slightly faster progress than the high-level group.。
abstract词源
abstract词源【释义】abstractadj.抽象的，纯概念的；（艺术）抽象派的；理论上的，不切实际的n.摘要，梗概；抽象画，抽象派艺术作品；抽象的概念v.抽象化，从理论上（或孤立地）考虑；提取，使分离；写……的摘要；偷走，窃取；退出复数abstracts第三人称单数abstracts现在分词abstracting过去式abstracted过去分词abstracted比较级more abstract最高级most abstract【词源】1abstract:抽象发音释义：['æbstrækt]n.摘要；抽象；抽象的概念adj.抽象的；深奥的vt.摘要；提取；使……抽象化vi.做摘要；写梗概结构分析：abstract=abs（=ab，离开）+tract（抽、拽）→从中抽出→抽象。
词源解释：tract←拉丁语trahere （拖、拽）同源词：tract（地带），tractor（拖拉机），traction（牵引），trace （痕迹），trait（特点），distract（分心），extract（提取），retract（缩回），subtract（减去）2abstract:摘要，抽象的前缀abs-为ab-变体，离开。
词根tract,拉，见attract，吸引。
3abstract:抽出词根词缀：abs-分离+-tract-拉【词根】词根：abstractadj.abstracted心不在焉的；出神的；分离出来的；抽出的abstractionist抽象派艺术的abstractive摘要式的；具有抽象能力的adv.abstractly抽象地；理论上地abstractedly茫然地；抽象地；心不在焉地n.abstraction抽象；提取；抽象概念；空想；心不在焉abstractionism抽象派艺术；抽象主义理论abstractionist抽象派艺术家；理想主义者abstractor萃取器；[图情]摘录者。
学术英语abstract写作
摘要的内容
内容通常包括：
1. 背景知识或文献回顾（Background Information/Literature Review）
2. 研究的主要目的和范围（Principal Purpose） What is the problem to be solved? What has been done? What are the results?
results
Note:
有时由于篇幅的限制，摘要的内容不一定包括有五 个要素，因而需要缩减摘要的字数和内容。经过压 缩的摘要通常只能突出两个或三个要点，其中最重 要的应该是阐明研究的结果。简要的资料性摘要往 往省略背景知识。如果允许的字数范围内，摘要可 以在最后用一到两句话进行总结并提出建议。一篇 简要的资料性摘要的内容通常包括：
presentations were assessed and students’ perceptions and learning
progress concerning the particular instructional approach were
method
investigated. Results showed that the Student Response System was an
• Use present tense, past tense and present perfect tense
• Specify any abbreviations
• Use objective, academic instead of emotional words and expressions
of oral presentation skills. This study describes the implementation and
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The leasing operation of research of the office building market in ChinaAbstract: The article analysis the external market environment and the situation of requirement and the competitor in market of office building with the same rank and the same type according to market research.The aim is to research the whole processing operation and management, including making the marker orientation．confirming and finding the potential lease making the rent plan ,negotiation and signing the contract. Key words : market research; lease ;rent ; negotiation1.Office market dynamics of model1.1 Office market：the use of market,investment markets and market developmentAs the market for office space with a high degree of market-oriented operation，the policy interventions small，the characteristics of high profit margin,investors favored the real estate investment too1,also known as real estate investment market“leader”．Office market is for office space in the sum of all transactions，including supply and demand between the two sides．such as the sale or lease transactions and activities developed in the course of the transaction price，rent levels，the vacancy rate，yield，and so on．Office market by the use of market，investment markets and the development of a market：the market for office space refers to the use of office space by the supplier(the owners)and demand(the tenants) together form the office property market and the resulting set of market variables，such as rent，price，the vacancy rate；office investment market for office space it refers to an investment tool and the information of the entire investment market apart of the development of the market for office space refers to the use of office space demand and investment demand for the formation of the property development market.The three market mutual contact and mutua1,common decisions and affected the office market development．The use of the office market supply and demand determine the market rent，price，and the vacancy rate．The use of the information office market will quickly back to the investment market office rents and prices to determine the value of the investment office．This development costs and investment value of the relationship between the expectations of investors and investment income levels of new orifice space has driven the development of the project．In addition to the investment market for office space by the use of market impact，but also by the broader capital market．Investors will be office space and other investment vehicles weigh and compare，compare the results will eventually be reflected in investor demand by the rate of return on investment．Lags behind the supply impact of the use of market supply and demand for office space，rent and the market price，there by affecting the investment market foroffice space investment income leve1．In l994,the American scholar Keogh established the relationship between mode1．The model can be used to image shows the use of the market,investment and development activities in the mutual dynamic role．Users of the information market will quickly back to the investment market，and then transferred to the investment market by the development of the market,decided to develop activities．At the same time，the market will be greater investment in the capital market．Users of the market and the impact of changes in investment market development of the market，create demand for the development of the market，and the corresponding development of the market for the other two market supply．窗体顶端使用的写字楼市场供求关系决定的市场租金，价格和空置rate.The利用信息化办公市场将迅速恢复到投资市场写字楼租金和售价来确定投资office.This开发价值成本和投资者的新口空间的投资收入水平的预期之间的关系，投资价值已带动了project.In除了投资市场对写字楼的利用市场影响的发展，同时也得到了更广泛的资本market.Investors将办公用房等投资工具权衡和比较，比较的结果最终会体现在投资者通过投资回报率的需求。
滞后于利用市场的供应和需求的写字楼，租金和市场价格，出现了通过影响投资市场对写字楼的投资收益水平1.In l994.The美国学者基奥供应的影响建立模式1的关系。
可用于图像的模型显示在信息市场的相互动态ers使用的market.Investment和发展活动将迅速回到投资市场，然后由市场的发展转移到投资市场，决定开发activities.At的同时，市场将更多投资于市场的资金ers和市场变化的投资市场发展的影响，创造市场的发展需求，而相应的市场开发其他两个市场的供应。
1.2 Office rental market modelTsolacos and McGough (1998) to the Keogh based on the theory，combined with user market and the investment market and its impact on the mutual development activities ,the establishment of the office market dynamics of the mode1．Users of market demand and supply determine the market rent．The use of office space needs and national economic strength related activities, in particular by the office of the office of industry activities．National economic strength and trends can be used to represent GDP in the office of the office with activities in the banking industry，financial and insurance industries (BFI：banking，finance，and insurance sector)in the employment rate to represent．The supply of ofifce space with new production from that office，but truly effective supply should also include the existing stock of vacant part．Therefore，with output as the supply of new office space on behalf of the suitability of the need to look at the vacancy in the stock relative to that part of the new part is obvious．In office rentals in the equation of the change is the assumption thatrents for office space from the projected demand and new supply decisions．Current demand is expected to previous years and changes in the GDP，the current and previous years in the BFI changes in the employment rate of the linear combination of new supply is the current and previous years in office completed a linear combination．So rent is GDP，BFI and the employment rate for office space completed in a linear sequence of their growth portfolio，which BFI GDP and employment rate is positive effect，the office of the completion of a negative effect，this is because the new office space to meet the investment needs of some，thereby inhibiting the rent increase．Rent equation is as follows：In the equation．△for the change of；R is the actual rent levels；is the value；industry is in the employment rate；the private sector is the number of completed ofifce space；α,β,areoften factors；i,j,k are the years；is the occasional error．2．Office market in vestment modelAccording to Keogh’s theory ，there are three key office investmentmarket forces influence the value of the assets．First，the demand side，the existing office space and expected level of rent will affect the value of the assets，rents and demand is directly proportiona1．Secondly，is still the demand side，the value of assets by the office of the investment objectives of the impact of yield．Yield goal is to invest in other comparable office space investment opportunities in the existing income level，the level of expected income and relative risk level of function．According to economic theory，investment opportunities in the Pricing of any deviation will lead to investment flows,investment opportunities that various risks and benefits are balanced．In the model，stock price volatility to changes in economic conditions that Investors in the office and investment preferences．Finally，the market supply side，the development Of the market to new supply，such attacks will increase In the yield fell to the asset value of negative effects．The market value of the assets investment Equation is as follows：2.1 Office market development modelOffice development model main factors affecting office buildingobviously．The development and construction of the office space rent and the value of the as sets，because they Represent the user and investment market conditions．These two factors and that the situation over the past few years to be included in the equation．In addition,the new development will be of short-term financing costs,so as a short-term interest rates also explain variables,have a negative effect．Short-term interest rates can also be used as the future economic expectations，this is expected to affect the expected demand for office space．The completion of the development of the market equation is as follows：This equation is meaning the actual short-term Interest rates，s，g，f are constant coefficients；n，h are years；is the chance for error.To sum up，the rental market for office space，the value of assets and the completion of a number of factors and indicators as shown inTable1．The use of statistical data and regression analysis various factors can be calculated,as well as make sure to explain the variable delay(inprevious years of data to be interpreted variables are obvious role),quantitative come to rent，the value of assets and the number of completed The equation，and thus of GDP，BFI employment rate，rent，office space completed volume，stock prices，the interaction between the interest rate.3．The investment management market for office spaceThe main mode of operation for office space is leasing business，that is the ultimate occupier(users) rather than primarily through the purchase of leased way to get the right to use the office space．Therefore，the rental management office to become the core of investment management market. Office market in general the investment management market research from the start，first of all，the market environment，the Same level with the type of market demand for office Space and an analysis of competitors，and so on，and on the basis of this market positioning，then identify And find potential lessees To develop programs rent，lease negotiations and a final contract．3.1 Office tenant choiceChoice of the tenant，to consider the main criteria for a potential tenant by the type of business and its reputation, financial stability and long-term profit ability of the capacity of the required size and The need to provide the special property management services．Property management companies must be careful analysis of eachtenant to the credibility of the office rental property affected．Potential lessees should be content with the business office of the lessee has been operated by the content of coordination，its credibility should be able to strengthen the overall image building .Property management companies should also analysis the potential lessees engaged in business in the process of financial stability，as it relates to potential lessees of the lease period stipulated in the contract whether the obligation to pay the rent on time．From the tax authorities，business administration，bankers，brokers and financial statements provided by the lessee to determine its credibility and financial position．Tenant selection process of one of the most Complex office building is to determine whether there is sufficient space to meet the characteristics of a Particular tenant needs，to meet the leasing of space to the area of the specific needs，which often determines the potential .The lessee can become a reality the lessee．In considering whether a suitable area for leasing space can be used often to consider the Following three aspects：(1)Of the combination of buildings，whether a separate portfolio of rental units to meet a certain Rent-seeking characteristics of the needs．(2)Rent-seeking to experience the nature of business，some agencies need to be able to separate the office．And often can hope that these office along the exterior of the building layout，to be able to receive adequate natural horizons．But there are also light an d broaden theirSome companies may not want to have too much room and around the external walls．(3)To lease office space to future expansion plans,if a company in the future expectations of a Large-scale expansion must be considered in a building whether or how to meet their future business Development needs，particularly when the rent-seeking，Hope that when his office on layout. In general，for each office staff of 15-20 ㎡unit within the construction area of more appropriate，although each staff closed the office space in general need only 5-6㎡.However，reception room，conference rooms，traffic area，storage space，office equipment and the size of the public activities area than office space may Be to increase the number of indicators．Some rent-seeking，for the smooth conduct of its business，the need to provide some special services，property management companies have provided a greater difference in standard services，property management companies if not properly consider these issues in the future management of the property on the may be many contradictions．In accept or reject the special requirements of potential tenants,property management companies and owners should consider leasing the entire period of the actual expenses and costs—benefit ratio,in the future in order to determine who should bear the contract special services．For example，a company to install a computer workstation,as the workstation need to consume a large amount of electricity，may be more than office buildingin the supply line load some lessees need additional independent of the cooling system；some tenants to install themselves as the larger equipment，the bearing capacity of the building has put forward higher requirements．To meet these requirements may be a lot of money and construction equipment of the system also may bring some trouble．However，property management companies or owners may have to consider a result of the favorable factors，such as ,the initial installation of such equipment could put the future installation of other equipment convenient，and rent-seeking are very clear and its subsidiary construction equipment or installation of the Equipment of the work And the cost，it is likely to Seek a long-term leases，in order to avoid repetition of such investment．3.2 Determine the rent for office spaceDetermine the rent for office space，the general Should seriously consider the following three aspects：(1)Or can be calculated using the lettable areaAccurate measurement of the importance of this relationship to ensure whether the property rental income and maximize the value of the property market．Office space in the measurement when there are three very important concept，that is，building area and the lettable area of rental units within the construction area. According to the relevant provisions of theMinistry of Construction, the Construction area of the country “construction area of the rules”calculation；rental unit within the construction area,including the use of units with in the area，external wall，the wall between the units and common units and the construction of the separation Barrier between space .The level of projected area of half a lettable area of rental units within the construction area with sharing the common Construction area(including：elevator shaft，stairways，bathrooms，transforming rooms，equipment rooms，Public foyer，aisle，the basement，on duty Jingwei Shi，And other functions for the entire construction services on the use and management of the public release of the construction area，rental units and public Building space between the wall and the external walls Of the wall half the level of projected area)．In the calculation of sharing the common construction area，who have the use of space rental as an independent in the basement or garage as well as air defense projects not included in the basement of the building area of sharing common parts．Each of the independent rental units，following：Each of the independent rental units yuan =lettable area of rental units within the construction area x(1+construction area sharing common factor)，the building area of sharing the common factor =Entire building including the common area of building The entire rental unit and the construction area．A commitment to lease the area who can be part of onefloor，may also be the whole floor or several layers of the floor．For the whole of the lease,the tenant, the tenant must not only share in their common floors of the building are,a but also sharing the bottom hall and all other services for the lessee or the use of the common construction area．General construction of the common area of old—sharing factor is much Greater than the new construction．The office building，sharing the common factor of 0.2 to 0.3 in between．(2) Develop rental programmeThe level of rents for office space depends largely on local real estate market conditions．Determine the rent，according to the owners should generally be the first to achieve the investment objectives and its yield an acceptable minimum level of rent(that is，able to cover mortgage debt service，operating expenses and lossofvacantrenta1)to determine a basis for rent．When calculated based on the rent higher than market rents，property management companies to consider lowering operating costs so that the basis for a downward Adjustment to the rental market rent levels．In certain market conditions，an office property in the overall level of rental property itself depends mainly on the situation an d the position．But office construction within a specific rental unit rent is based on the entire building in which the location of a certain difference，in terms of high-rise building more obvious. Property managementcompanies in determining the rent for office space rental units，the common position of better rental units over the rental income to balance the bad location of the rental income rental units so that the entire building，the average rent for office space remained at slightly higher than the base rent Leve1．(3)Rental units the size of the planning and Interior decorationWhen the tenant selection office is very concerned about their lease part of the effective use of their employees and can provide a comfortable working environment, Property management companies can be considered a lessee of the scale，organization structure，preferences and tastes，the need to install the equipment and financial capacity to pay，and so on to help identify the best single tenant size，And its lease on the rental unit with in the room layout，office equipment layout，the internal arrangements for Access to design．References：【l】W ANG Cheng-qing，NI Peng-fei．Chinese estate periodic fluctuation：Explanation of transfer and chance policy．Finance and Economy，2002【2】TAN Gang．Research of the estate periodic fluctuation in Shenzhen．Construction Economy．200l【3】YEYna-bing and DING Lie-en．Design and research ofestate alarm index system．Optimization of Capital，Construction．200l，。