产业组织理论中文参考文献
产业组织理论文献综述

产业组织理论文献综述作者:陈豪华来源:《经营者》2018年第12期摘要在中国知网查阅产业组织理论文相关献时,以“产业组织理论”为关键词进行检索发现,对产业组织理论进行系统论述主要集中在2010年以前,近些年的文献主要以产业组织理论为载体对具体行业进行分析。
从而可以得出,西方产业组织理论在理论上成熟化以及实践中应用化的倾向。
本文对产业组织理论的思想渊源,形成和发展以及形成的主要流派做了一个梳理,同时对产业组织理论的研究方法与工具的演进进行了介绍。
关键词产业组织理论 SCP分析文献综述产业组织理论(又称“产业经济学”)以企业理论、规制、反垄断政策、合同理论以及组织理论为主要研究内容。
换句话说,就是以市场及企业为研究对象,从市场角度研究企业行为或从企业角度研究市场结构。
20世纪以来,随着许多大型制造公司的迅猛涌现,其作为一个相对独立的研究领域日益得到广大学者的重视。
一、产业组织理论渊源(一)产业组织理论的萌芽当前,学界比较公认的说法是,产业组织理论思想渊源最早可以追溯到古典经济学家亚当·斯密在其著作《国富论》中关于市场竞争机制和分工协作的论述。
关注市场竞争和分工协作机制,使亚当·斯密成为最早认识到产业组织核心研究问题的经济学家。
但其在关注竞争机制的作用以及分工与协作产生规模经济效益的同时,忽视了竞争与规模经济之间的关系问题。
对这个问题作出修正的是最先把产业组织概念引入经济学的新古典学派经济学家马歇尔。
马歇尔在分析规模经济的成因时,发现了竞争与规模经济之间的矛盾,后人将这种矛盾称为“马歇尔冲突”。
尽管马歇尔触及的产业组织的基本问题,只是散见于其庞大的经济学体系中,而且均未作出专题研究或明确的分析,但他的这些工作对后来者从事产业组织的研究具有极富价值的启迪,因而他被西方学者称为产业组织理论的先驱。
(二)产业组织理论的奠基20世纪初,随着生产日趋集中,企业规模不断扩大,垄断和寡头垄断已成为西方发达国家中普遍存在的现象。
产业组织理论、证据与公共政策

《产业组织理论、证据和公共政策》作者:克拉克森米勒译者的话产业组织理论也可理解为产业竞争组织学。
按照施马伦西(Sohmalensee)的解释,产业组织是“难以用标准教科书或竞争模型分析的市场的经济学。
在该领域中,主要研究各种不完全竞争模型的实证和规范含义,政府反托拉斯活动的组织及其后果,以及旨在提高市场绩效的各种管制政策。
”产业组织的渊源一直可以追溯到亚当·斯密。
斯密认为,竞争的结果总是使价格与成本一致。
这一论断提出后100多年一直无人挑战。
到了本世纪初的马歇尔那里,这个假定便成了“一般可以通过竞争使市场价格与单位生产成本相等。
”本世纪20、30年代兴起的现代厂商理论第一次对这个假定提出了挑战。
斯拉法(1926)、琼·罗宾逊(1933年)、E·张伯仑(1933)相继提出了不完全(或垄断)竞争理论,由于这一贡献,他们就成为产业组织的直接理论先驱。
他们认为,由于许多行业存在产品差异,因此即使这些行业是高度竞争性的,其个别厂商面对的需求曲线也可能是向下倾斜的,即在定价上具有“垄断性”,他们不再是市场价格的接受者。
这样,每个行业的平均成本线和收益曲线就不再一致,而且,长期中只有相同的正常利润的假定也就站不住脚了。
30年代,梅森(Mason)开始在哈佛大学开设真正的产业组织课程,他被公认为是产业组织的开创者。
由他指导的该领域最早的博士生贝恩(J.Bain)日后成为这一领域的主要权威。
当时的哈佛人才济济,包括张伯仑、梅森和贝恩这样的大家都在那时,早期(40年代至60年代)产业组织的研究中心在哈佛大学也就毫不奇怪了。
哈佛学派的主要贡献是建立了完整的产业组织理论体系,即市场结构、市场行为和市场绩效理论。
贝恩提出了著名的“结构-绩效”范式,以后由谢勒(Scherer)发展成“结构-行为-绩效”三段范式,它至今仍是主流产业组织理论的基本框架。
贝恩范式是从垄断竞争模型中推导出来的。
据认为,竞争是结构问题,判断一个行业是否具有竞争性,不能只看市场行为(如定价行为)或市场绩效(如是否存在超额利润),而应看该行业市场结构是否高度集中,是否实际上由一个或数个寡头控制,此外还要看进入该行业的壁垒是否很高,以致扼制了新厂商加入竞争。
第二章产业组织理论

第一节 产业组织理论的产生和发展
70年代以后 70年代以后 哈佛学派的产业组织理论不断发展和完善 哈佛学派不断受到批评和挑战 代表主流学派即哈佛学派沿着SCP SCP范式继续前进的 代表主流学派即哈佛学派沿着SCP范式继续前进的 产业组织理论;代表人物有考林、沃特森等; 产业组织理论;代表人物有考林、沃特森等; 以芝加哥学派为首的其他非主流产业组织理论。 以芝加哥学派为首的其他非主流产业组织理论。 代表人物有斯蒂格勒、德姆塞茨等。 代表人物有斯蒂格勒、德姆塞茨等。
代表人物:施蒂格勒、德姆塞茨、 代表人物:施蒂格勒、德姆塞茨、 布罗增、 布罗增、波斯纳等
施蒂格勒( ):芝加哥大学经济学博士 施蒂格勒(1911-1991):芝加哥大学经济学博士 ):
1968年,《产业组织》; 1982诺贝尔经济学奖 年 产业组织》 诺贝尔经济学奖
信息经济学;宏观经济调控; 信息经济学;宏观经济调控;产业组织与规制政策 1982年诺奖获得者 年诺奖获得者
两个重要的概念
沉没成本 指企业进入市场所投入的资本, 指企业进入市场所投入的资本,当企业退 出市场时不能收回的部分。 出市场时不能收回的部分。 完全可竞争市场 是指市场内的企业当其从该市场退出时完 全不用负担不可回收的沉没成本, 全不用负担不可回收的沉没成本,从而企 业进入和退出完全自由的市场。 业进入和退出完全自由的市场。
第二节 产业组织理论的主要学派及其理 论内容 一、 哈佛学派的主要理论
Harvard School 1.SCP范式 范式 Structure-ConductPerformance Paradigm
“市场结构 “市场结构——市场行为——市场绩 市场结构——市场行为 市场行为——市场绩 效”范式 主要以进入壁垒、 主要以进入壁垒、市场集中 产品差异化等指标来衡量。 度、产品差异化等指标来衡量。 哈佛学派建立了完整的产业组织理论 体系,在分析方法上重视实证分析、 体系,在分析方法上重视实证分析、重 视市场结构的作用。 视市场结构的作用。
产业组织理论

一、定义及发展脉络定义:产业组织理论(Industrial Organization), 研究市场在不完全竞争条件下的企业行为和市场构造,是微观经济学(个体经济学)中的一个重要分支。
产业组织理论的研究对象就是产业组织。
产业组织理论主要是为了解决所谓的“马歇尔冲突”的难题,即产业内企业的规模经济效应与企业之间的竞争活力的冲突。
发展:马歇尔对微观经济进行了经典的解释后,市场理论的讨论便一直成为经济理论的主要重点。
在罗宾逊夫妇、张伯伦等早期经济学家开创性的努力下,市场中竞争和垄断问题得到深入的研究,人们对经济领域的微观部分的认识大大加深了。
产业组织理论正是在不断汲取前人的营养下逐渐从微观经济学分离出来,逐渐形成和发展为一种进一步解释微观市场的主流理论。
近一个世纪以来,产业组织理论无论在研究方法、对象和解释的问题都发生了很大的变化,这从另一个侧面也反映了市场本身在许多方面已经出现了许多深刻的变革。
本文通过对产业组织理论发展过程的梳理来分析产业组织理论发展的主要趋势和研究方向。
产业组织出现在20世纪开始现代制造业企业兴起后,早期学者将“产业”和“制造业”等同,把产业视为生产同一或相似产品的企业集合。
马歇尔首先提出了产业组织概念。
在他看来,产业和生物组织体一样,是一个伴随着组织体中各部分的机能分化(企业内的分工和社会分工)和组织各部分之间紧密联系和联合(企业的兼并和准兼并)的社会组织体。
他以分工和协作为基础讨论了产业组织中的内部经济和外部经济,工厂规模和经济规模。
现代产业组织理论以此为基础构架了整个产业组织的主要问题,更加强调了产业组织中的厂商结构和行为。
产业组织理论发展主要经历了两个阶段。
传统的产业组织理论以贝恩为代表,出现在1960s,该理论主要涉及到厂商之间经济行为和关系,强调市场结构在对行为和绩效的影响作用,被视为“结构主义”。
新产业组织理论则出现在1970s后期,该理论大量引入了新的分析方法,包括可竞争市场理论、博弈论、新制度理论(产权理论和交易成本理论)、信息理论,通过整合厂商内部组织和外部关系,进一步考察了厂商行为的多重复杂关系。
产业组织理论研究综述

产业组织理论研究综述摘要产业组织理论是经济学领域的重要分支,旨在研究产业内企业之间的竞争与合作行为及其对市场绩效的影响。
本文对产业组织理论的研究现状进行综述,探讨了产业组织理论的发展历程、主要研究领域及其成果、研究方法和不足之处,并指出了未来可能的研究方向。
关键词:产业组织理论,竞争,合作,市场绩效引言产业组织理论作为经济学的一门重要分支,主要研究产业内企业之间的竞争与合作行为以及这些行为对市场绩效的影响。
随着经济的发展和全球化的进程,产业组织理论越来越受到。
本文旨在综述产业组织理论的研究现状,探讨其发展历程、主要研究领域及其成果、研究方法和不足之处,并指出未来可能的研究方向。
产业组织理论综述产业组织理论的发展历程产业组织理论起源于20世纪初,当时的主要目的是为了解释市场竞争的过程和结果。
20世纪50年代以后,产业组织理论逐渐发展成为经济学的一个独立分支。
随着经济的发展和技术的进步,产业组织理论的研究范围也逐渐扩大,从传统的制造业扩展到服务业、高新技术产业等多个领域。
产业组织的类型根据企业间的关系,产业组织可以分为竞争型和合作型两种类型。
竞争型产业组织是指企业之间相互竞争,争夺市场份额和利润,而合作型产业组织是指企业之间通过合作和协调来共同应对市场的挑战。
目前,对于产业组织的类型的研究已经从传统的静态分类向动态分类转变,即从单一类型的产业组织向混合型产业组织转变。
产业组织的管理和协调产业组织的管理和协调是实现企业间合作与共赢的关键。
在产业组织中,企业需要通过制定合理的规则和制度来规范自己的行为,同时也需要与其他企业进行有效的沟通和协调来共同应对市场的挑战。
此外,政府对产业组织的干预也起到了重要的作用。
政府可以通过制定相关政策和法规来促进企业间的合作和协调,推动产业结构调整和升级。
研究方法和成果产业组织理论的研究方法主要包括了实证研究、案例分析、数学建模等。
其中,实证研究通过对现实数据进行统计分析来验证理论假设;案例分析则通过对典型企业的深入研究来解释产业组织的现象;数学建模则通过建立数学模型来模拟市场过程和企业的行为。
《产业组织理论》课程教学大纲

《产业组织理论》课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息课程代码:课程名称:产业组织理论英文名称:Industrial Organization课程类别:学科基础课学时:32学分:2适用对象: 2020经济学(拔尖创新人才培养实验区)考核方式:考试先修课程:产业经济学二、课程简介产业组织理论主要是对不完全竞争市场的分析,主要内容是市场的组织和结构、市场策略行为和市场绩效,基本的政策导向是反垄断政策。
目前,产业组织理论已经成为经济学领域以及公司理财、组织战略、经济法学等相关领域的重要理论基础之一,产业组织理论是目前国际经济学领域发展最快和最活跃的领域之一。
三、课程性质与教学目的通过本课程的学习,掌握产业组织的基本理论和以博弈论为主的分析工具,熟用产业组织理论的分析框架和主要分析方法,能对现实经济中存在的大量产业组织现象进行较深入的经济学分析。
学生除了掌握产业经济学的理论框架和分析范式之外,还需要及时关注重大的产业组织现象、问题和产业组织政策变化,能从专业的角度解释并且评价现实产业组织的实践问题,有能力提出假说,建立理论模型或实证检验,并设计符合可行的产业组织政策。
因此,需要学生及时完成课后作业、阅读每章的经典文献和参与课堂案例讨论。
在教学过程中,既照顾理论的系统性,又突出教学重点。
系统总结我国政府在推动经济转型、促进经济增长方面做出的努力,展示中国近年来在经济发展中取得的成绩,培养学生爱国情怀。
思考我国政府在鼓励竞争,促进企业创新,改善社会福利水平等方面采取的措施与取得的成绩,让学生深刻体会社会主义制度的优越性。
针对一些难度较大的模型推导和前沿专题,教师可课外单独辅导,以满足部分素养较好学生的求知欲望。
教师的教学进度参考本大纲规定的教学时间安排,具体内容可酌情调整。
四、教学内容及要求第一章导论(一)目的与要求使学生了解掌握产业的分类,了解产业组织理论的发展进程,理解产业组织理论与政策的中国意义(二)教学内容第一节产业组织研究的对象第二节产业组织理论的产生和发展第三节产业组织与微观经济学第四节中国经济转型与产业经济学(三)思考与实践总结我国政府在推动经济转型、促进经济增长方面做出的努力,展示中国近年来在经济发展中取得的成绩,培养学生爱国情怀。
产业组织理论(导论)

产业组织学的主要学术杂志
1.《产业经济学杂志》(The Journal of Industrial Economics))。该杂 志创刊于1952年,同时在美国的加利福尼亚大学(伯克利分校)和英国伦 敦经济学院设编辑部,可通过 http:∥/journals 网页进 行浏览。它主要发表产业组织、市场功能、企业行为与政策方面的创新 性研究成果。主要领域包括:寡头垄断理论:产品差异与技术进步;企 业理论与内部组织;规制、垄断与兼并等。 2.《经济学与管理策略杂志》(Journal of Economics and Management Strategy)。它可通过 http:∥ 进行浏览。 它侧重于对管理者竞争策略和企业组织结构的研究,包括产业组织的理 论与实证,应用性博弈论和管理策略等方面。 3.《国际产业组织学杂志》( Organization)。 International Journal of Industrial
6.《兰德经济学杂志)(RAND Journal of Economics)。 原名为《贝尔经济学杂志》( Bell Journal of Economics),可通过 网页进行浏览。
7.《产业组织学评论》(Review of Industrial Organization)。 它是“产业组织学学会”的专门刊物,可通过 http://kapis.www.wkap.nl 网页进行浏览。它发表广义的产 业组织学领域的研究论文,包括竞争和垄断的形式和过程, 及其对效率、创新和社会的影响。范围可以是从企业的内部 组织到国际比较。在公共政策方面,关注反垄断、规制、放 松规制、公共企业、私有化等方面问题。在方法方面,欢迎 经济计量学实证和案例分析以及实际调查。 8.《SSRN产业组织与规制文摘》(SSRN Industrial Organization and Regulation Abstracts)。可通过 网页进行浏览。该杂志专门发表产业 组织学与规制方面的研究成果文摘,包括市场结构、企业策 略、技术进步的原因、各种形式的规制、反垄断政策以及特 定产业的专门研究
产业组织理论-大连理工大学经济系

奇瑞:06年产量30万量,05年10万量 丰田:06年产量906万量
横向边界的决定因素:成本
成本
ATC
0
Q*(有效规模)
数量
成本因素并不能完全解释 企业的横向边界
成本 ATC
0
Q1*(有效规模)
Q2*
数量
2.3.2 纵向边界 纵向边界:企业内部的生产流程中不 同生产阶段的数量.
产业组织学与产业经济学
在英美等国,产业组织学也称产业经济学( Industry organization economics,Industry Economics) 在日本和中国等国家,产业经济学除包括产 业组织理论之外,还包括产业结构理论、产 业关联理论、产业布局理论。
产业组织学与产业经济学
本课程
标准的产业组织理论(英美国家的产业 经济学) 一个产业内部企业的行为和由此导致的 相互之间的竞争关系
1.2 产业组织学的研究内容
产业组织学的中心内容
市场势力( market power):厂商拥有的使定价高 于成本(边际成本)的能力
(1) 是否存在市场势力?
企业行为
(2) 企业如何获得和保持市场势力? 专利、战略、设置进入障碍
第一章.
导言
什么是产业组织理论
产业组织理论的研究内容
产业组织理论的两种主要研究方法
1.1 什么是产业组织理论(
Industrial Organization
Theory of
,IO)
IO 是国际公认的经济学专业的核心课 程,是目前经济学领域研究最为活跃、 取得成果最为丰富的领域之一。
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产业组织理论英文参考文献References for Industrial OrganizationNote:Tirole = J. Tirole, The Theory of Industrial Organization, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988.HIO = R. Schmalensee and R. Willig, eds. Handbook of Industrial Organization, New Y ork: North Holland, 1989.Laffont & Tirole=J. -J. Laffont & J. Tirole, A Theory of Incentives in Regulation and Procurement, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993.Armstrong et al. = M. Armstrong, S. Crown, and J. V ickers, Regulatory Reform--Economic Analysis and British Experience, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994.I. The Theory of the FirmA. TheoryTirole, Introduction and The Theory of the Firm.Chandler, ''Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise,'' Journal of Economic Perspectives, 6 (Summer 1992), 79-100.R. Coase, ''The Nature of the Firm,'' reprinted in G. Stigler and K. Boulding, eds., Readings in Price Theory, Irwin, 1952, 33 l-351.S. Grossman and O. Hart, ''The Costs and Benefits of Ownership: A Theory of V ertical and Lateral Integration," J ournal of Political Economy, 94 (August 1986), 691 -796.B. Holmstrom and J. Tirole, ''The Theory of the Firm," in HIO.B. Klein, R. Crawford, and A. Alchian, ''V ertical Integration, Appropriable Rents, and theCompetitive Contracting Process,'' Journal of Law and Economics, 21 (October l978),297-326.O. Williamson, The Economic institutions of Capitalism, Free Press, 1985, Chapters 3-6 (especially 1 and 3).B. Empirical Evidence on Asset SpecificityE. Anderson and D. Schmittlein, ''Integration of the Sales Force: An Empirical Examination,"Rand Journal of Economics, 15(Autumn 1984), 327-343.P. Joskow, ''V ertical Integration and Long Term Contracts: The Case of Coal-Burning Electric-Generating Plants," Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, I (Spring1985), 33-80.P. Joskow, ''Contract Duration and Relationship-Specific Investments: Empirical Evidence from Coal Markets," American Economic Review, 77 (March 1987), 168-l85.P. Joskow, ''Asset Specificity and the Structure of V ertical Relationships: Empirical Evidence," Chapter 8 in O. Williamson and S. Winter, The Nature of the Firm: Origins,Evolution, and Development, Oxford 1993, 117-137.K. Monteverde and D. Teece, ''Supplier Switching Costs and V ertical Integration in the Automobile Industry,'' Bell Journal of Economics, 13 (Spring 1982), 206-213.A. Shepard, "Contractual Form, Retail Pricing and Asset Characteristics in GasolineRetailing," Rand Journal of Economics, 24(Spring 1993), 58-77.II. Monopoly PricingA. Basic Monopoly Pricing and Durable GoodsTirole, Chapter 1 (including supplementary section).M. Pesendorfer, ``Retail Sales. A Study of Pricing Behavior in Supermarkets,'' mimeo.B. First and Third Degree Price DiscriminationTirole, Sections 3.0 - 3.2Katz, M., "The Welfare Effects of Third-Degree Price Discrimination in Intermediate Goods Markets," American Economic Review, 77, (March 1 987), pp. 154-67.Schmalensee, R., ''Output and Welfare Implications of Monopolistic Third-Degree Price-Discrimination,'' American Economic Review, 71 (March 1981), pp. 242-47.V arian, H., ''Price Discrimination and Social Welfare,'' American Economic Review, 75 (September 1985), pp. 870-5.Perry, Martin, ''Forward Integration by ALCOA: 1888-1930," Journal of Industrial Economics, 29 (l), September 1980, pp. 37-53.C. Second Degree Price DiscriminationTirole, Sections 3.3 - 3.5.Maskin, E. And J. Riley, "Monopoly with Incomplete Information," Rand Journal of Economics 15 (Summer 1984), pp. 171-96,Oi, W., ''A Disneyland Dilemma: Two-Part Tariffs for a Mickey-Mouse Monopoly,'' Quarterly Journal of Economics, 85 (February 197l), pp. 77-96.McAfee, P., J. McMillan, and M. Whinston, ''Multiproduct Monopoly, Commodity Bundling, and Correlation of V alues,'' Quarterly Journal of Economics, 104 (May 1989), pp.37l-83.Blackstone, E., ''Restrictive Practices in the Marketing of Electrofax Copying Machines. The SCM Corporation Case,'' Journal of Industrial Economics, 23 (March 1975), pp.189-202.Shepard, A., ''Price Discrimination and Retail Configuration,'' Journal of Political Economy,99 (February 1991), pp. 30-53.I. A yers, and P. Siegelman, "Race and Gender Discrimination in Bargaining for a New Car,''American Economic Review, 85 (June 1995), 304-321.Borenstein, S. and N. Rose, "Competition and Price Dispersion in the U.S. Airline Industry,"Journal of Political Economy, 102 (August 1994), 653-683.III. Estimating Demand (and Supply)1.Deaton and J. Muellbauer, Economics and Consumer Behavior, Parts 1 and2.2.S. Anderson, A. De Palma and J. Thisse, Discrete Choice Theory of ProductDifferentiation, Chapters 2-5.3. D. Epple, "Hedonic Prices and Implicit Markets: Estimating Demand and SupplyFunctions for Differentiated Products, Journal of Political Economy, 95 (February1987), 59-80.4.Berry, S., J. Levinsohn, and A. Pakes, ''Automobile Prices in Market Equilibrium,"Econometrica, V ol. 63, No. 4, July 1995, pp. 841-890.5. A. Petrin, "Quantifying the Benefits of New Products:The Case of the Minivan'',mimeo.6.Goldberg, P.K., ''Product Differentiation and Oligopoly in international Markets: TheCase of the U.S. Automobile Industry,'' Econometrica, V ol. 63, No. 4, July 1995, pp.891-952.7.S. Ellison, I. Cockburn, Z. Griliches and J. Hansman, "Characteristics of Demand forPharmaceutical Products: An Examination of Four Cephalosporins,'' Rand Journal ofEconomics, 28, Autumn 1997, 426-446.8.J. Hausman, "V aluation of New Goods under Perfect and Imperfect Competition,'' inThe Economics of New Goods, T. Bresnahan and R. Gordon (eds.) and comment by T.Bresnahan.9.J. Hansman, "Reply to Prof. Bresnahan," mimeo.10.T. Bresnahan, "The Apple-Cinnamon Cheerios War: V aluing New Goods, IdentifyingMarket Power, and Economic Measurement," mimeo.IV. Introduction to Strategic Behavior and Static CompetitionA. Introduction to Strategic Behavior1. D. Fudenberg and J. Tirole, ''Noncooperative Game Theory for Industrial Organization:An Introduction and Overview,'' in HIO.2.Tirole, pp. 205-208 and Chapter 11.B. Prices and OutputC. Shapiro, ''Theories of Oligopoly Behavior," in HIO.Tirole, Chapters 2.1 and 5.D. Kreps and J. Scheinkman, ''Quantity Precommitment and Bertrand Competition YieldCournt Outcomes," Bell Journal of Economics, 14 (Autumn 1983), 326-337.Klemperer, P., "The Competitiveness of Markets with Switching Costs," Rand Journal of Economics, 18 (Spring 1987), pp. 138-50.Sutton, J., and A. Shaked, ''Relaxing Price Competition through Product Differentiation,'' Review of Economic Studies, 49 (January 1982), pp. 3- 14.D. Stalil, "Oligopolistic Pricing with Heterogeneous Consumer Search,'' InternationalJournal of Industrial Organization, 14 (April 1996), 243-268.V. Dynamic CompetitionA. TheoryTirole, Chapter 6.Rotemberg, J. J. and G. Saloner, "A Supergame-Theoretic Model of Price Wars During Booms,'' American Economic Review, 76 (June 1986), 390-407.K. Bagwell and R. W. Staiger, "Collusion over the Business Cycle,'' Rand Journal of Economics, (Spring 1997), 82-106.Brock, W. and J. Scheinkman, "Price-Setting Supergames with Capacity Constraints,'' Review of Economic Studies, 52 (1985), pp. 37 l-82.Green, E. and R. Porter, ''Non-cooperative Collusion Under Imperfect Price Information,'' Econometrica, 52 (January 1984), pp. 87-100.Maskin, E. and J. Tirole, "A Theory of Dynamic Oligopoly II: Price Competition, Kinked Demand Curves, and Edgeworth Cycles," Econometrica, 56 (May 1988), pp.571 -99.Bernheim and M. Whinston, "Multimarket Contact and Collusive Behavior," Rand Journal of Economics, 21 (Spring 1990), l-26.Stigler, G.J., "A Theory of Oligopoly," Journal of Political Economy, 72 (February l964), pp.44-61.B. Empirical EvidenceR. Porter, ''A Study of Cartel Stability: The Joint Economic Committee, 1880-l886," Bell Journal of Economics, 14 (Autumn 1983), 301-314.G. Ellison, ''Theories of Cartel Stability and the Joint Executive Committee,'' Rand Journal ofEconomics, 25 (Spring 1994), 37-57.D. Genesove and W. Mullin, "Narrative Evidence on the Dynamics of Collusion: The SugarInstitute Case, " mimeo.R. Grether and C. Plott, ''The Effects of Market Practices in Oligopolistic Markets: An Experimental Examination of the Ethyl Case,'' Economic inquiry, 22 (October l984),479-507.M. Levenstein, "Price Wars and the Stability of Collusion: A Study of the PreWorld War I Bromine industry,'' The Journal of Industrial Economics, June 1997, 117-138.S. Borenstein and A. Shepard, ''Dynamic Pricing in Retail Gasoline Markets,'' The Rand Journal of Economics, Autumn 1996, V ol. 27, No. 3, pp. 429-451.VI. Empirical Studies of Firm ConductA. Inter-Industry StudiesF. M. Scherer and D. Ross, I ndustrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, Chapter11.R. Schmalensee, ''Interindustry Studies of Structure and Performance,'' in HIO.Demsetz, H., "Industry Structure, Market Rivalry and Public Policy,'' Journal of Law and Economics, 16, (1973), l-10.I. Domowitz, R. Hubbard and B. Petersen, "Business Cycles and the Relationship BetweenConcentration and Price-Cost Margins," Rand Journal of Economics, 17(Spring 1986),1-17.R. Schmalensee, ''Do Markets Differ Much?" American Economic Review, 75 (June 1985), 341-351.M. Salinger, "The Concentration-Margin Relationship Reconsidered,'' Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: Microeconomics, 1990, 287-335.B. Theory of Conduct Parameters1.T. Bresnahan, "The Oligopoly Solution Concept is Identified," Economics Letters, 10,1982, 87-92.2.L. Lau, "On Identifying the Degree of Competitiveness from Industry Price and OutputData,'' Economics Letters, 10, 1982, 93-99.3.J. Panzar and J. Rosse, "Testing for 'Monopoly' Equilibrium," Journal of IndustrialEconomics, 35 (June 1987), 443-456.4.K. Corts, "Conduct Parameters and the Measurement of Market Power,'' Journal ofEconometrics ???C. Industry-Specific S tudies of Firm Conduct1.T. Bresnahan, "Empirical Studies of Industries with Market Power,'' in HIO.2.R. Coterill, "Market Power in the Retail Food Industry: Evidence from V ermont,"Review of Economics and Statistics, 68 (August 1986), 379-386.3. A. Nevo, "Measuring Market Power in the Ready-to-Eat Cereal Industry,'' mimeo.4.T. Bresnahan, "Competition and Collusion in the American Automobile Industry: The1955 Price War,'' Journal of Industrial Economics, 35 (June 1987), 457-482.5. D. Genesove and W. Mullin, "Testing Oligopoly Models: Conduct and Cost in the SugarIndustry, 1898-1914,'' Rand Journal of Economics, 29 (Summer 1 998), 355-377.6. C. Wolfram, "Measuring Duopoly Power in the British Electricity Spot Market,'' mimeo.7.Baker, J. and T. Bresnahan, ''Empirical Methods of Identifying and Measuring MarketPower," Antitrust Law Journal, V ol.61, 1992,pp.3-16.VII. EntryA. Basic TheoryTirole, Sections 7.l-7.2Mankiw, N.G. and M.D. Whinston, "Free Entry and Social Inefficiency,'' Rand Journal of Economics, 17 (Spring 1986), pp. 48-58.Anderson, S., A. de Palma, and Y. Nesterov, "Oligopolistic Competition and the Optimal Provision of Products," Econometrica, V ol. 63, No. 6, November 1995, pp.l281-1302.Sutton, J., Sunk Costs and Market Structure, MIT Press, 1991, Chapters l-2.B. Jovanovic, ''Selection and the Evolution of Industry," Econometrica, (May 1982),649-670.Banmol, W.K., J.C. Panzar, and R.D. Willig, ''On the Theory of Perfectly Contestable Markets," in J.E. Stiglitz and G.F. Mathewson, eds., New Developments in the Analysisof Market Structure, MIT Press, 1986.B . Empirical Evidence1.T. Bresnahan and P. Reiss, ''Entry and Competition in Concentrated Markets,'' J ournal ofPolitical Economy, 99 (October 1991), 977- 009.ments on Bresnahan and Reiss, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: SpecialIssue on Microeconomics, 3 (1987), 872-882.3.T. Dunne, M. Roberts, and L. Samuelson, ''Patterns of Firm Entry and Exit in U.S.Manufacturing,'' Rand Journal of Economics, 19 (Winter 1988), 495-515.4.Berry, S. and J. Waldfogel, ''Free Entry and Social Inefficiency in Radio Broadcasting,"June 1996.5.S. Berry, ''Estimation of a Model of Entry in the Airline industry, "Econometrica, 60(July 1992), 889-918.VIII. Strategic InvestmentA. General ConsiderationsTirole, pp. 207-8, Chapter 8.J. Bulow, J. Geanakoplos and P. Klemperer, '`Multimarket Oligopoly: Strategic Substitutes and Complements," Journal of Political Economy, 93 (June 1985), 488-511.D. Fudenberg and J. Tirole, "The Fat Cat Effect, the Puppy Dog Ploy and the Lean andHungry Look,'' American Economic Review, 74 (May 1 984), 36 1 -366.R. Gilbert, ''Mobility Barriers and the V alue of Incumbency," in HIO.B. Capacity, Product Differentiation, beaming Curves, ContractsA. Dixit, ''The Role of Investment in Entry Deterrence,'' Economic Journal, 90 (March l980),95-106.R. Schmalensee, ''Economies of Scale and Barriers to Entry,'' Journal of Political Economy,89 (December 1981), pp. 1228-38.J.R. Gelman and S.C. Salop, ''Judo Economics. Capacity Limitation and Coupon Competition,'' Bell Journal of Economics, 14 (Autumn 1983), pp. 315-25.D. Fudenberg and J. Tirole, "Capital as a Commitment: Strategic Investment to DeterMobility,'' Journal of Economic Theory, 31 (December 1983), 227-250.R. Schmalensee, ''Entry Deterrence in the Ready-to-Eat Breakfast Cereal Industry,'' Bell Journal of Economics, 9 (Autumn 1978), pp. 305-27.K. Judd, ''Credible Spatial Preemption," Rand Journal of Economics, 16 (Summer 1985), pp.153-66.D. Fudenberg and J. Tirole, "Learning by Doing and Market Performance,'' Bell Journal ofEconomics, 14 (Autumn 1983), pp. 522-30.P. Aghion and P. Bolton, "Entry Prevention Through Contracts with Customers,'' American Economic Review, 77, June 1987, pp. 388-401.T.E. Cooper, "Most-Favored Customer Pricing and Tacit Collusion,'' Rand Journal of Economics, 17 (Autumn 1986), pp. 377-88.J. J. Laffont, P. Rey and J. Tirole, "Network Competition I: Overview and Nondiscriminatory Pricing,'' Rand Journal of Economics, 29 (Spring 1 998), l -37.C. Empirical Evidence on Strategic InvestmentJ. Chevalier, "Capital Structure and Product Market Competition: Empirical Evidence from the Supermarket Industry,'' American Economic Review, June 1995.M. Lieberman, "Post Entry investment and Market Structure in the Chemical Processing Industry," Rand Journal of Economics, 18 (Winter 1987), 533-549.G. Hurdle, et al., "Concentration, Potential Entry, and Performance in the Airline Industry,''Journal of Industrial Economics, 38 (December 1989), 119-140.R. Smiley, "Empirical Evidence on Strategic Entry Deterrence,'' International Journal of Industrial Organization, 6 (June 1988), 167- 180.IX. Information and Strategic BehaviorA. Limit Pricing1.Tirole, Sections 9.0 - 9.4.2.P. Milgrom and J. Roberts, ''Limit Pricing and Entry Under Incomplete Information: AnEquilibrium Analysis,'' Econometrica, 50 (March 1982), 443-460.B. PredationTirole, Sections 9.5 - 9.7.P. Milgrom and J. Roberts, ''Predation, Reputation, and Entry Deterrence," Journal of Economic Theory, 27 (August 1982), pp. 288-312.G. Saloner, ''Predation, Merger, and Incomplete information," Rand Journal of Economics, 18(Summer 1987), pp. 165-186.D. Fudenberg and J. Tirole, ''A'Signal-Jamming' Theory of Predation,'' Rand Journal ofEconomics, 17 (Autumn 1986), pp. 366-76.P. Bolton and D. Scharfstein, ''A Theory of Predation Based on Agency Problems in Financial Contracting,'' American Economic Review, 80 (March 1 990), pp. 93- 106.Benoit, J.P., ''Financially Constrained Entry in a Game of Incomplete Information," Rand Journal of Economics, 15, pp. 490-99.J. Oulover and G. Saloner, ''Predation, Monopolization and Antitrust," in HIO.C. Empirical Studies of Information Asymmetries and PredationD. Cooper, S. Garvin and J. Kagel, "Signaling and Adaptive Learning in an Entry LimitPricing Game,'' Rand Journal of Economics, 28 (Winter 1997), 662-683.D. Genesove, "Adverse Selection in the Wholesale Used Car Market,'' Journal of PoliticalEconomy, 101 (August 1993), 644-665.M. Doyle and C. Snyder, "Information Sharing and Competition in the Motor V ehicle Industry," mimeo.T. Hubbard, "Consumer Beliefs and Buyer and Seller Behavior in the V ehicle Inspection Market,'' mimeo.J. McGee,'' Predatory Price Cutting The Standard Oil (NJ) Case,'' Journal of Law and Economics, l (October 1958), 137-169.D. Genesove and W. Mullin, "Predation and Its Rate of Return: The Sugar industry, l887-1914," NBER Working Paper 6032, 1997.D. Weiman and R. Levin, ''Preying for Monopoly: Southern Bell," Journal of PoliticalEconomy, 102 (February 1994), 103-26.Kadiyali, V., ''Entry, Its Deferrence, and its Accommodation: A Study of the U.S.Photographic Film Industry," The Rand Journal of Economics, Autumn 1 996, V ol. 27, X. AdvertisingTirole, Sections 2.2-2.4, 7.3M. Stegeman, ''Advertising in Competitive Markets,'' American Economic Review, 81 (March 1991), 210-223.F. M. Scherer and D. Ross, Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, Chapter18.Kwoka, J. ''Advertising the Price and Quality of Optometric Services,'' American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 1984, 211 -216.P. Ippolito and A. Mathios, ''Information, Advertising and Health: A Study of the Cereal Market,'' Rand Journal of Economics, 21 (Autumn 1 990), 459-480.D. Ackerberg, "Advertising, Learning, and Consumer Choice in Experience Good Markets:An Empirical Examination,'' mimeo.XI. AuctionsP. McAfee and J. McMillan, ''Auctions and Bidding," JEL, June 1987, pp. 699-738.P. Milgrom, "Auctions and Bidding: A Primer," JEP, Summer 1989, pp. 3-22.K. Hendricks and R. Porter, ''An Empirical Study of an Auction with Asymmetric Information,'' American Economic Review, December 1 988, pp. 865-83.R. Porter, ''The Role of Information in U.S. Offshore Oil and Gas Lease Auctions,"Econometrica, 63 (January 1995), pp. 1-27.R. Porter and D. Zona, "Detection of Bid Rigging in Procurement Auctions," JPE, June 1993, pp. 5 18-38.P. Bajari, "Econometrics of the First Price Auction with Asymmetric Bidders," mimeo.J.-J. Laffont, H. Ossard, and Q. V uong, ''Econometrics of First Price Auctions,'' EM, July 1995, pp. 953-80.J. Kagel, R. Harstad and D. Levin, ''Information Impact and Allocation Rules in Auctions with Affiliated Private V alues: A Laboratory Study, "Econometrica, 55 (1987), pp. 1275-1304.J. Kagel, ''Auctions: A Survey of Experimental Research,'' in J. Kagel and A. Roth, eds., The Handbook of Experimental Economics.XII. Technological ChangeA. Research and DevelopmentTirole, Sections 10.l - 10.5, 8. l.3G. C. Loury, ''Market Structure and Innovation,'' Quarterly Journal of Economics, 93 (1979),pp. 395-410.D. Fudenberg, R. Gilbert, J. Stiglitz, and J. Tirole, "Preemption, Leapfrogging, andCompetition in Patent Races," European Economic Review, 22 (1983), pp. 3-31.D. Fudenberg and J. Tirole, ''Preemption and Rent Equalization in the Adoption of NewTechnology,'' Review of Economic Studies, 52 (1985), pp. 383-401.Symposium on Patent Policy, Rand Journal of Economics, 21 (Spring 1990).B. Standardization1.J. Farrell and G. Saloner, "Standardization, Compatibility, and Innovation,'' RandJournal of Economics, 16 (1985), pp. 70-83.2.M. Katz and C. Shapiro, ''Technology Adoption in the Presence of NetworkExternalities," Journal of Political Economy, 94 (1986), pp. 822-841.C. Diffusion of T echnologiesRogers and Shoemaker, The Diffusion of Innovation: A Cross-Cultural Approach, Free Press, 1971.G. Ellison and D. Fudenberg, "Rules of Thumb for Social Learning," Journal of PoliticalEconomy, 101 (1993), pp. 612-643.D. Empirical StudiesA. Pakes, "Patents as Options: Some Estimates of the V alue of Holding European PatentStocks, Econometrica, 54 (July 1986), 755-784.M. Trajtenberg, "The Welfare Analysis of Product Innovations with an Application to Computed Tomography Scanners," Journal of Political Economy, 97 (April 1989),444-479.G. Saloner and A. Shepard, "Adoption of Technologies with Network Effects: An EmpiricalExamination of the Adoption of Automated Teller Machines," Rand Journal ofEconomics, 13 (Autumn 1995), 479-501.T. Hubbard, "Why Are Process Monitoring Technologies V aluable? The Use of On-Board Information Technology in the Trucking Industry," mimeo.E. Mansfield, "How Rapidly Does New industrial Technology Leak Out?" Journal ofIndustrial Economics, 34 (December 1985), 217-223.N. L. Rose and P. L. Joskow, ''The Diffusion of New Technologies. Evidence from the Electric Utility industry," Rand Journal of Economics, 21 (Autumn 1990), 354-373. XIII. Managerial incentives and Firm BehaviorTirole, pages 34-55.B. Holmstrom, "Managerial Incentive Problems - A Dynamic Perspective,'' in Essays inHonor of Lars Wahlbeck, 1982.S. Grossman and O. Hart, "Takeover Bids, the Free-Rider Problem and the Theory of the Corporation,'' Bell Journal of Economics, 11 (Spring 1980), 42-64.A. Shleifer and R. V ishny, "Large Shareholders and Corporate Control,'' Journal of PoliticalEconomy, 94 (June 1996), 461-488.O. Hart, "The Market Mechanism as an Incentive Scheme,'' Bell Journal of Economics, 14 (Autumn 1983), 366-382.C. Fershtman and K. Judd, "Equilibrium Incentives in Oligopoly," American EconomicReview, 77(December 1987), 927-940.R. Masson, "Executive Motivation, Earnings, and Consequent Equity Performance,"Journal of Political Economy, 79 (December 1971), 1278- 1292.P. Healy, "The Effect of Bonus Schemes on Accounting Decisions,'' Journal of Accounting and Economics, 7 (April 1985), 85-107.XIV. Antitrust: Overview1.Kaye, Scholer, Fierman, Hays & Handler, 1992, "Executive Summary of the AntitrustLaws." Kaye, Scholer's Antitrust Deskbook, NY, pp. 319.2.Kaye, Scholer, Fierman, Hays & Handler, 1992, "Introduction to EC Competition Law,''Kaye, Scholer's Antitrust Deskbook, NY, pp. 237-242.XV. Antitrust: Horizontal MergersA. Policy IssuesMaterials on Time-Warner/Turner Merger (mimeo). Available from Graphic Arts as Part A of the 14.272 Readings Packet.B. Theory and Evidence1.J. Farrell & C. Shapiro, "Horizontal Mergers: An Equilibrium Analysis," AmericanEconomic Review, 80 (March 1990), 107-126.2.Robert D. Willig, "Merger Analysis, Industrial Organization Theory, and MergerGuidelines," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: Microeconomics, 1991, pp.281-332.3. B.E. Eckbo, "Mergers and Market Concentration Doctrine Evidence from the CapitalMarket," Journal of Business, 58 (July 1985), 325-349.4.R. McAfee & M. Williams, "Can Event Studies Detect Anticompetitive Merger?"Economic Letters, (1988), 199-203.5.R.A. Prager, "The Effects of Horizontal Mergers on Competition: The Case of theNorthern Securities Company," Rand Journal of Economics, 23 (Spring 1992), 123-133.6.G.L. Mullin, J.C. Mullin, and W.P. Mullin, "The Competitive Effects of Mergers: StockMarket Evidence from the U.S. Steel Dissolution Suit," Rand Journal of Economics, 26(Summer 1995), 314-330.7.S. Bhagat, A. Shleifer, & R.W. Wishny, "Hostile Takeovers in the 1980s: The Return toCorporate Specialization," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Microeconomics,1990. 1-84.8.M. Pesendorfer, "Horizontal Mergers in the Paper industry,'' NBER Working Paper 6751.October 1988C. Horizontal Merger PolicyUS Department of Justice, Horizontal Merger Guidelines (revised April 1992).J. Hausman and G. Leonard, "Economic Analysis of Differentiated Product Mergers Using Real World Data," mimeo, October 25, 1996.David Scheffman and Pablo Spiller, "Econometric Market Delineation,'' Managerial and Decision Economics, V ol. 17, 165-178 (1996)G.J. Werden and L.M. Froeb, "The Effects of Mergers in Differentiated Products Industries:Logit Demand and Merger Policy,'' Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization,10(October 1994), 407-26.S.C. Salop, L.J. White, F. M. Fisher, & R. Schmalensee, "Symposium: Horizontal Mergers and Antitrust," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1 (Fail 1987), 3-54.S. Dalkir & F.R. Warren-Boulton, "Prices, Market Definition, and the Effects of Merger: Staples-Office Depot (1997),'' in J.E. Kwoka, Jr. and L.J. White, eds., The AntitrustRevolution: Economics, Competition, and Policy,3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress (1999), pp. 143-165.XVI. Antitrust: V ertical Relations & V ertical Restraints1.Tirole, Chapter 4 (including supplementary section).2.J.A. Ordover, G. Saloner, & S.C. Salop, "Equilibrium V ertical Foreclosure," AmericanEconomic Review, 80 (March 1990), 127-142.3.Benjamin Klein, "Market Power in Aftermarkets," Managerial and Decision Economics,V ol. 17, 143-164 (1996).4.Carl Shapiro, "Aftermarkets and Consumer Welfare: Making Sense of Kodak,'' AntitrustLaw Journal, V ol. 63 at 483 (1995).5.O. Hart and J. Tirole, "V ertical Integration and Market Foreclosure," Brookings Paperson Economic Activity: Microeconomics, 1990, 205-286.6.P. Rey and J. Stiglitz, " The Role of Exclusive Territories in Producers' Competition,"Rand Journal of Economics, 26 (Autumn 1995), 431-451.7.M. B. Lieberman, "Determinants of V ertical Integration: An Empirical Test," Journal ofIndustrial Economics, 39(September 1991), 451-466.8.S.J. Ornstein & D.M. Hanssens, "Resale Price Maintenance: Output Increasing orRestructuring? The Case of Distilled Spirits in the United States," Journal of IndustrialEconomics, 36 (September 1987), 1-18.9. F. Lafontaine, "Agency Theory and Franchising: Some Empirical Results,'' RandJournal of Economics, 23 (Summer 1992) 263-283.XVII. The Political Economy of Regulation。