曼昆《经济学原理》aggregatedemand汉魅HanMei―经济金融类汇总分享.ppt
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曼昆宏观经济知识点总结 中英文注释
宏观经济复习一、Measuring of a Nation’s Income and the Cost of Living1.The Economy’s Income and Expenditure 经济的收入与支出国家总收入=总支出=GDP无论是国家企业还是家庭，交易总有买入和卖出，因此对于一个整体而言，总收入必定等于总支出。
具体参考循环流向表2.The Measurement and Components of GDP GDP的度量与构成GDP=Y=C+I+GS+NX什么不算GDP：二手货；在别国生产的物品；household；illegal3.Real vs. Nominal GDP 实际GDP和名义GDP名义GDP：按现期价格评价的物品与劳务的生产实际GDP：按不变价格评价的物品与劳务的生产(通常以某年做基年，然后以那年的价格计算)。
区别：前者是以现期价格计算，后者是以不变价格计算。
4.CPI and Inflation CPI与通货膨胀消费物价指数英文缩写为CPI，是根据与居民生活有关的产品及劳务价格统计出来的物价变动指标，通常作为观察通货膨胀水平的重要指标。
从2011年1月起，我国CPI开始计算以2010年为对比基期的价格指数序列。
CPI=（一组固定商品按当期价格计算的价值/一组固定商品按基期价格计算的价值）×100%.若1995年某国普通家庭每个月购买一组商品的费用为800元，而2000年购买这一组商品的费用为1000元，那么该国2000年的消费价格指数为（以1995年为基期）CPI= 1000/800×100%=125%，也就是说上涨了（125-100）%=25%。
通货膨胀（Inflation）是指物价水平（price level）整体上涨的情况计算：（第二年CPI／第一年CPI）*100%真实利率=名义利率-通货膨胀率如果inflation，谁比较开心：a）borrower b）bargaining powerpart-time worker c）Asset二、The Real Economy in the Long-run 长期中的真实经济1.Unemployment 失业a）摩擦性失业：上家辞了还没找着下家b）结构性失业：老行业消失c）季节性失业：春天有工作秋天没有d）技术性失业：新技术带来生产效率的提高，劳动力过剩e）周期性失业：国家经济周期性萎缩导致定义：able and willing to work, but cannot find a jobLabor Participant Rate: (Labor Force/Adults) *100%Unemployment Rate: (unemployment/LF) *100%三、Money and Prices in the Long-run 期中的货币与物价 1. The Monetary System 货币系统定义： 人们用于购买物品的资本分类：（1）货币本身价值：a ）legal tender 如人民币，本身没有价值。
曼昆 宏观经济学 第33章 总需求与总供给 [兼容模式]
![曼昆 宏观经济学 第33章 总需求与总供给 [兼容模式]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/19719aea19e8b8f67c1cb9fd.png)
1970
1975
(a) 实际GDP Real GDP
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1
关于经济波动的三个事实
大多数宏观经济变量一起波动。
大多数衡量某种收入或产出的宏观经济 变量同时波动。
尽管很多宏观经济变量一起波动，但是 它们波动的大小并不同。
关于经济波动的三个事实
随着产量减少，失业增加。
实际GDP的变化与失业率的变化是反向 相关的。
在衰退期间，失业率大幅上升。
图1. 观察短期经济波动
1996的 10亿美元
(b) 投资支出
$1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 1965
1970
1975
1980
Investment spending 1985 1990 1995 2000
• 总供给曲线——一条表示在每一种物价水 平下企业选择生产并销售的物品与劳务量 的曲线。
图2. 总需求与总供给 …
物价 水平
总供给
均衡物价 水平
0
均衡产量
总需求 产量
The Aggregate Demand Curve 总需求曲线
GDP (Y)的四个组成部分对物品与劳 务的总需求做贡献。
Y = C + I + G + NX
图7. 长期均衡
物价 水平
长期总 供给
均衡价格
A
短期总供给
总需求
0
自然产量率
产量
经济波动的两个原因
• 总需求移动
• 在短期中，总需求移动引起经济中物品与 劳务产量的波动。
• 在长期中，总需求移动影响物价总水平， 但不影响产量。
曼昆《经济学原理》monetary_system--(汉魅HanMei—经济金融类汇总分享)
A store of value is an item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future.
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The Functions of Money Liquidity
0
Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
CASE STUDY: Where Is All The Currency? In 2001 there was about $580 billion of U.S. currency outstanding.
Copyright 2004 South-Western
Figure 1 Money in the U.S. Economy
Billions of Dollars $5,455 M2 Savings deposits Small time deposits Money market mutual funds A few minor categories ($4,276 billion) M1 $1,179 Demand deposits Traveler's checks Other checkable deposits ($599 billion) Currency ($580 billion) Everything in M1 ($1,179 billion)
Copyright 2004 South-Western
The Fed's Organization The Federal Reserve Banks
Twelve district banks Nine directors
Copyright 2004 South-Western
The Functions of Money Liquidity
0
Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
CASE STUDY: Where Is All The Currency? In 2001 there was about $580 billion of U.S. currency outstanding.
Copyright 2004 South-Western
Figure 1 Money in the U.S. Economy
Billions of Dollars $5,455 M2 Savings deposits Small time deposits Money market mutual funds A few minor categories ($4,276 billion) M1 $1,179 Demand deposits Traveler's checks Other checkable deposits ($599 billion) Currency ($580 billion) Everything in M1 ($1,179 billion)
Copyright 2004 South-Western
The Fed's Organization The Federal Reserve Banks
Twelve district banks Nine directors
曼昆《经济学原理》macroeconomic--(汉魅HanMei—经济金融类汇总分享)
• The real exchange rate adjusts to balance the supply and demand for dollars. • At the equilibrium real exchange rate, the demand for dollars to buy net exports exactly balances the supply of dollars to be exchanged into foreign currency to buy assets abroad.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Market for Foreign-Currency Exchange
• The two sides of the foreign-currency exchange market are rnts the imbalance between the purchases and sales of capital assets. • NX represents the imbalance between exports and imports of goods and services.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Basic Assumptions of a Macroeconomic Model of an Open Economy
• The model takes the economy’s GDP as given. • The model takes the economy’s price level as given.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Market for Foreign-Currency Exchange
• The two sides of the foreign-currency exchange market are rnts the imbalance between the purchases and sales of capital assets. • NX represents the imbalance between exports and imports of goods and services.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Basic Assumptions of a Macroeconomic Model of an Open Economy
• The model takes the economy’s GDP as given. • The model takes the economy’s price level as given.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
曼昆《经济学原理》12 design_tax--(汉魅HanMei—经济金融类汇总分享)
• Federal Government Spending
• Government spending includes transfer payments and the purchase of public goods and services.
• Transfer payments are government payments not made in exchange for a good or a service. • Transfer payments are the largest of the government’s expenditures.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
The Federal Government
• Budget Surplus
• A budget surplus is an excess of government receipts over government spending.
• Government finances the deficit by borrowing from the public.
• A budget surplus occurs when government receipts are greater than government spending.
• Policymakers have two objectives in designing a tax system...
• • Efficiency Equity
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
TAXES AND EFFICIENCY
• Government spending includes transfer payments and the purchase of public goods and services.
• Transfer payments are government payments not made in exchange for a good or a service. • Transfer payments are the largest of the government’s expenditures.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
The Federal Government
• Budget Surplus
• A budget surplus is an excess of government receipts over government spending.
• Government finances the deficit by borrowing from the public.
• A budget surplus occurs when government receipts are greater than government spending.
• Policymakers have two objectives in designing a tax system...
• • Efficiency Equity
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
TAXES AND EFFICIENCY
中级宏观经济-曼昆第10章
MPC = 0.8,
Y 1 5 G 1 0.8
CHAPTER 10
16
Why the multiplier is greater than 1为什么 乘数大于1
最初, G的增加引起 Y 增加相同幅度:Y = G.
但是 Y
C
进一步 Y
进一步C
进一步 Y
Short run短期 prices fixed价格是固定不变的 output determined by aggregate demand产出由总需求决定 unemployment is negatively related to output失业与产出负 相关
CHAPTER 10
2
This chapter develops the IS-LM model,
1 MPC
1 G 1 G 5 G
1 0.8
0.2
G 的 增加，导致收入增加了 5 倍
CHAPTER 10
15
The government purchases multiplier政府购买乘数
Definition: G增加 $1，引起收入增加多少？
Y 1 G 1 MPC
该模型显示出，两个市场如何相互作用，共同决 定总需求曲线的位置和斜率，以及短期国民收入
的水平
The Keynesian cross is an attempt to model this insight.
CHAPTER 10
4
The Keynesian Cross
A simple closed economy model in which income is determined by expenditure. 一个简单的封闭经济模型，
曼昆经济学原理33aggregate demand
• A depression is a severe recession.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
• Economic fluctuations are irregular and unpredictable.
• Fluctuations in the economy are often called the business cycle.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Figure 1 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations
Billions of 1996 Dollars
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Basic Model of Economic Fluctuations • Two variables are used to develop a model to
$10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1965
1970
1975
(a) Real GDP Real GDP
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
• In some years normal growth does not occur, causing a recession.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
• Economic fluctuations are irregular and unpredictable.
• Fluctuations in the economy are often called the business cycle.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Figure 1 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations
Billions of 1996 Dollars
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Basic Model of Economic Fluctuations • Two variables are used to develop a model to
$10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1965
1970
1975
(a) Real GDP Real GDP
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
• In some years normal growth does not occur, causing a recession.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
曼昆《经济学原理》3 interdependence--(汉魅HanMei—经济金融类汇总分享)
• Patterns of production and trade are based upon differences in opportunity costs.
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A PARABLE FOR THE MODERN ECONOMY
• Imagine . . .
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• . . . and you haven’t been up for more than two hours yet!
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Interdependence and the Gains from Trade
Interdependence and the Gains from Trade
3
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
• Consider your typical day:
• You wake up to an alarm clock made in Korea. • You pour yourself orange juice made from Florida oranges and coffee from beans grown in Brazil. • You put on some clothes made of cotton grown in Georgia and sewn in factories in Thailand. • You watch the morning news broadcast from New York on your TV made in Japan. • You drive to class in a car made of parts manufactured in a half-dozen different countries.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
A PARABLE FOR THE MODERN ECONOMY
• Imagine . . .
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
• . . . and you haven’t been up for more than two hours yet!
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Interdependence and the Gains from Trade
Interdependence and the Gains from Trade
3
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
• Consider your typical day:
• You wake up to an alarm clock made in Korea. • You pour yourself orange juice made from Florida oranges and coffee from beans grown in Brazil. • You put on some clothes made of cotton grown in Georgia and sewn in factories in Thailand. • You watch the morning news broadcast from New York on your TV made in Japan. • You drive to class in a car made of parts manufactured in a half-dozen different countries.
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• In some years normal growth does not occur, causing a recession.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Short-Run Economic Fluctuations
• A recession is a period of declining real incomes, and rising unemployment.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Figure 1 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations
Billions of 1996 Dollars
$1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 1965
1970
(b) Investment Spending Investment spending
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
EXPLAINING SHORT-RUN ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
• How the Short Run Differs from the Long Run
• Most economists believe that classical theory describes the world in the long run but not in the short run.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Figure 1 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations
Billions of 1996 Dollars
$10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1965
• Most macroeconomic variables that measure some type of income or production fluctuate closely together.
• Although many macroeconomic variables fluctuate together, they fluctuate by different amounts.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Figure 1 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations
Percent of Labor Force
12
(c) Unemployment Rate
10
8
Unemployment rate
6
4
2
0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
• In most years production of goods and services rises.
• On average over the past 50 years, production in the U.S. economy has grown by about 3 percent per year.
12
SHORT-RUN ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply
33
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Short-Run Economic
• Economic activity fluctuates from year to year.
• Changes in the money supply affect nominal variables but not real variables in the long run.
• The assumption of monetary neutrality is not appropriate when studying year-to-year changes in the economy.
• Fluctuations in the economy are often called the business cycle.
• Most macroeconomic variables fluctuate together.
• As output falls, unemployment rises.
• A depression is a severe recession.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
• Economic fluctuations are irregular and unpredictable.
1970
1975
(a) Real GDP Real GDP
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
• Most macroeconomic variables fluctuate together.
• As output falls, unemployment rises.
• Changes in real GDP are inversely related to changes in the unemployment rate.
• During times of recession, unemployment rises substantially.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Short-Run Economic Fluctuations
• A recession is a period of declining real incomes, and rising unemployment.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Figure 1 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations
Billions of 1996 Dollars
$1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 1965
1970
(b) Investment Spending Investment spending
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
EXPLAINING SHORT-RUN ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
• How the Short Run Differs from the Long Run
• Most economists believe that classical theory describes the world in the long run but not in the short run.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Figure 1 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations
Billions of 1996 Dollars
$10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1965
• Most macroeconomic variables that measure some type of income or production fluctuate closely together.
• Although many macroeconomic variables fluctuate together, they fluctuate by different amounts.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Figure 1 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations
Percent of Labor Force
12
(c) Unemployment Rate
10
8
Unemployment rate
6
4
2
0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
• In most years production of goods and services rises.
• On average over the past 50 years, production in the U.S. economy has grown by about 3 percent per year.
12
SHORT-RUN ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply
33
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Short-Run Economic
• Economic activity fluctuates from year to year.
• Changes in the money supply affect nominal variables but not real variables in the long run.
• The assumption of monetary neutrality is not appropriate when studying year-to-year changes in the economy.
• Fluctuations in the economy are often called the business cycle.
• Most macroeconomic variables fluctuate together.
• As output falls, unemployment rises.
• A depression is a severe recession.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
• Economic fluctuations are irregular and unpredictable.
1970
1975
(a) Real GDP Real GDP
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
• Most macroeconomic variables fluctuate together.
• As output falls, unemployment rises.
• Changes in real GDP are inversely related to changes in the unemployment rate.
• During times of recession, unemployment rises substantially.