曼昆《经济学原理》aggregatedemand汉魅HanMei―经济金融类汇总分享.ppt
• In some years normal growth does not occur, causing a recession.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Short-Run Economic Fluctuations
• A recession is a period of declining real incomes, and rising unemployment.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Figure 1 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations
Billions of 1996 Dollars
$1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 1965
1970
(b) Investment Spending Investment spending
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
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THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
EXPLAINING SHORT-RUN ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
• How the Short Run Differs from the Long Run
• Most economists believe that classical theory describes the world in the long run but not in the short run.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Figure 1 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations
Billions of 1996 Dollars
$10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1965
• Most macroeconomic variables that measure some type of income or production fluctuate closely together.
• Although many macroeconomic variables fluctuate together, they fluctuate by different amounts.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Figure 1 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations
Percent of Labor Force
12
(c) Unemployment Rate
10
8
Unemployment rate
6
4
2
0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
• In most years production of goods and services rises.
• On average over the past 50 years, production in the U.S. economy has grown by about 3 percent per year.
12
SHORT-RUN ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply
33
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Short-Run Economic
• Economic activity fluctuates from year to year.
• Changes in the money supply affect nominal variables but not real variables in the long run.
• The assumption of monetary neutrality is not appropriate when studying year-to-year changes in the economy.
• Fluctuations in the economy are often called the business cycle.
• Most macroeconomic variables fluctuate together.
• As output falls, unemployment rises.
• A depression is a severe recession.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
• Economic fluctuations are irregular and unpredictable.
1970
1975
(a) Real GDP Real GDP
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
• Most macroeconomic variables fluctuate together.
• As output falls, unemployment rises.
• Changes in real GDP are inversely related to changes in the unemployment rate.
• During times of recession, unemployment rises substantially.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Short-Run Economic Fluctuations
• A recession is a period of declining real incomes, and rising unemployment.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Figure 1 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations
Billions of 1996 Dollars
$1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 1965
1970
(b) Investment Spending Investment spending
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
EXPLAINING SHORT-RUN ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
• How the Short Run Differs from the Long Run
• Most economists believe that classical theory describes the world in the long run but not in the short run.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Figure 1 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations
Billions of 1996 Dollars
$10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1965
• Most macroeconomic variables that measure some type of income or production fluctuate closely together.
• Although many macroeconomic variables fluctuate together, they fluctuate by different amounts.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Figure 1 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations
Percent of Labor Force
12
(c) Unemployment Rate
10
8
Unemployment rate
6
4
2
0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
• In most years production of goods and services rises.
• On average over the past 50 years, production in the U.S. economy has grown by about 3 percent per year.
12
SHORT-RUN ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply
33
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Short-Run Economic
• Economic activity fluctuates from year to year.
• Changes in the money supply affect nominal variables but not real variables in the long run.
• The assumption of monetary neutrality is not appropriate when studying year-to-year changes in the economy.
• Fluctuations in the economy are often called the business cycle.
• Most macroeconomic variables fluctuate together.
• As output falls, unemployment rises.
• A depression is a severe recession.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
• Economic fluctuations are irregular and unpredictable.
1970
1975
(a) Real GDP Real GDP
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
• Most macroeconomic variables fluctuate together.
• As output falls, unemployment rises.
• Changes in real GDP are inversely related to changes in the unemployment rate.
• During times of recession, unemployment rises substantially.
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曼昆宏观经济知识点总结 中英文注释
宏观经济复习一、Measuring of a Nation’s Income and the Cost of Living1.The Economy’s Income and Expenditure 经济的收入与支出国家总收入=总支出=GDP无论是国家企业还是家庭，交易总有买入和卖出，因此对于一个整体而言，总收入必定等于总支出。
具体参考循环流向表2.The Measurement and Components of GDP GDP的度量与构成GDP=Y=C+I+GS+NX什么不算GDP：二手货；在别国生产的物品；household；illegal3.Real vs. Nominal GDP 实际GDP和名义GDP名义GDP：按现期价格评价的物品与劳务的生产实际GDP：按不变价格评价的物品与劳务的生产(通常以某年做基年，然后以那年的价格计算)。
区别：前者是以现期价格计算，后者是以不变价格计算。
4.CPI and Inflation CPI与通货膨胀消费物价指数英文缩写为CPI，是根据与居民生活有关的产品及劳务价格统计出来的物价变动指标，通常作为观察通货膨胀水平的重要指标。
从2011年1月起，我国CPI开始计算以2010年为对比基期的价格指数序列。
CPI=（一组固定商品按当期价格计算的价值/一组固定商品按基期价格计算的价值）×100%.若1995年某国普通家庭每个月购买一组商品的费用为800元，而2000年购买这一组商品的费用为1000元，那么该国2000年的消费价格指数为（以1995年为基期）CPI= 1000/800×100%=125%，也就是说上涨了（125-100）%=25%。
通货膨胀（Inflation）是指物价水平（price level）整体上涨的情况计算：（第二年CPI／第一年CPI）*100%真实利率=名义利率-通货膨胀率如果inflation，谁比较开心：a）borrower b）bargaining powerpart-time worker c）Asset二、The Real Economy in the Long-run 长期中的真实经济1.Unemployment 失业a）摩擦性失业：上家辞了还没找着下家b）结构性失业：老行业消失c）季节性失业：春天有工作秋天没有d）技术性失业：新技术带来生产效率的提高，劳动力过剩e）周期性失业：国家经济周期性萎缩导致定义：able and willing to work, but cannot find a jobLabor Participant Rate: (Labor Force/Adults) *100%Unemployment Rate: (unemployment/LF) *100%三、Money and Prices in the Long-run 期中的货币与物价 1. The Monetary System 货币系统定义： 人们用于购买物品的资本分类：（1）货币本身价值：a ）legal tender 如人民币，本身没有价值。
曼昆 宏观经济学 第33章 总需求与总供给 [兼容模式]
![曼昆 宏观经济学 第33章 总需求与总供给 [兼容模式]](https://360docs-1393072327.cos.ap-beijing.myqcloud.com/19719aea19e8b8f67c1cb9fd.webp)
1970
1975
(a) 实际GDP Real GDP
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1
关于经济波动的三个事实
大多数宏观经济变量一起波动。
大多数衡量某种收入或产出的宏观经济 变量同时波动。
尽管很多宏观经济变量一起波动，但是 它们波动的大小并不同。
关于经济波动的三个事实
随着产量减少，失业增加。
实际GDP的变化与失业率的变化是反向 相关的。
在衰退期间，失业率大幅上升。
图1. 观察短期经济波动
1996的 10亿美元
(b) 投资支出
$1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 1965
1970
1975
1980
Investment spending 1985 1990 1995 2000
• 总供给曲线——一条表示在每一种物价水 平下企业选择生产并销售的物品与劳务量 的曲线。
图2. 总需求与总供给 …
物价 水平
总供给
均衡物价 水平
0
均衡产量
总需求 产量
The Aggregate Demand Curve 总需求曲线
GDP (Y)的四个组成部分对物品与劳 务的总需求做贡献。
Y = C + I + G + NX
图7. 长期均衡
物价 水平
长期总 供给
均衡价格
A
短期总供给
总需求
0
自然产量率
产量
经济波动的两个原因
• 总需求移动
• 在短期中，总需求移动引起经济中物品与 劳务产量的波动。
• 在长期中，总需求移动影响物价总水平， 但不影响产量。
曼昆《经济学原理》monetary_system--(汉魅HanMei—经济金融类汇总分享)
A store of value is an item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future.
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The Functions of Money Liquidity
0
Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
CASE STUDY: Where Is All The Currency? In 2001 there was about $580 billion of U.S. currency outstanding.
Copyright 2004 South-Western
Figure 1 Money in the U.S. Economy
Billions of Dollars $5,455 M2 Savings deposits Small time deposits Money market mutual funds A few minor categories ($4,276 billion) M1 $1,179 Demand deposits Traveler's checks Other checkable deposits ($599 billion) Currency ($580 billion) Everything in M1 ($1,179 billion)
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The Fed's Organization The Federal Reserve Banks
Twelve district banks Nine directors
Copyright 2004 South-Western
The Functions of Money Liquidity
0
Copyright2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
CASE STUDY: Where Is All The Currency? In 2001 there was about $580 billion of U.S. currency outstanding.
Copyright 2004 South-Western
Figure 1 Money in the U.S. Economy
Billions of Dollars $5,455 M2 Savings deposits Small time deposits Money market mutual funds A few minor categories ($4,276 billion) M1 $1,179 Demand deposits Traveler's checks Other checkable deposits ($599 billion) Currency ($580 billion) Everything in M1 ($1,179 billion)
Copyright 2004 South-Western
The Fed's Organization The Federal Reserve Banks
Twelve district banks Nine directors
曼昆《经济学原理》macroeconomic--(汉魅HanMei—经济金融类汇总分享)
• The real exchange rate adjusts to balance the supply and demand for dollars. • At the equilibrium real exchange rate, the demand for dollars to buy net exports exactly balances the supply of dollars to be exchanged into foreign currency to buy assets abroad.
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The Market for Foreign-Currency Exchange
• The two sides of the foreign-currency exchange market are rnts the imbalance between the purchases and sales of capital assets. • NX represents the imbalance between exports and imports of goods and services.
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Basic Assumptions of a Macroeconomic Model of an Open Economy
• The model takes the economy’s GDP as given. • The model takes the economy’s price level as given.
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Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Market for Foreign-Currency Exchange
• The two sides of the foreign-currency exchange market are rnts the imbalance between the purchases and sales of capital assets. • NX represents the imbalance between exports and imports of goods and services.
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Basic Assumptions of a Macroeconomic Model of an Open Economy
• The model takes the economy’s GDP as given. • The model takes the economy’s price level as given.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
曼昆《经济学原理》12 design_tax--(汉魅HanMei—经济金融类汇总分享)
• Federal Government Spending
• Government spending includes transfer payments and the purchase of public goods and services.
• Transfer payments are government payments not made in exchange for a good or a service. • Transfer payments are the largest of the government’s expenditures.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
The Federal Government
• Budget Surplus
• A budget surplus is an excess of government receipts over government spending.
• Government finances the deficit by borrowing from the public.
• A budget surplus occurs when government receipts are greater than government spending.
• Policymakers have two objectives in designing a tax system...
• • Efficiency Equity
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
TAXES AND EFFICIENCY
• Government spending includes transfer payments and the purchase of public goods and services.
• Transfer payments are government payments not made in exchange for a good or a service. • Transfer payments are the largest of the government’s expenditures.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
The Federal Government
• Budget Surplus
• A budget surplus is an excess of government receipts over government spending.
• Government finances the deficit by borrowing from the public.
• A budget surplus occurs when government receipts are greater than government spending.
• Policymakers have two objectives in designing a tax system...
• • Efficiency Equity
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
TAXES AND EFFICIENCY
中级宏观经济-曼昆第10章
MPC = 0.8,
Y 1 5 G 1 0.8
CHAPTER 10
16
Why the multiplier is greater than 1为什么 乘数大于1
最初, G的增加引起 Y 增加相同幅度:Y = G.
但是 Y
C
进一步 Y
进一步C
进一步 Y
Short run短期 prices fixed价格是固定不变的 output determined by aggregate demand产出由总需求决定 unemployment is negatively related to output失业与产出负 相关
CHAPTER 10
2
This chapter develops the IS-LM model,
1 MPC
1 G 1 G 5 G
1 0.8
0.2
G 的 增加，导致收入增加了 5 倍
CHAPTER 10
15
The government purchases multiplier政府购买乘数
Definition: G增加 $1，引起收入增加多少？
Y 1 G 1 MPC
该模型显示出，两个市场如何相互作用，共同决 定总需求曲线的位置和斜率，以及短期国民收入
的水平
The Keynesian cross is an attempt to model this insight.
CHAPTER 10
4
The Keynesian Cross
A simple closed economy model in which income is determined by expenditure. 一个简单的封闭经济模型，
曼昆经济学原理33aggregate demand
• A depression is a severe recession.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
• Economic fluctuations are irregular and unpredictable.
• Fluctuations in the economy are often called the business cycle.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Figure 1 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations
Billions of 1996 Dollars
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Basic Model of Economic Fluctuations • Two variables are used to develop a model to
$10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1965
1970
1975
(a) Real GDP Real GDP
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
• In some years normal growth does not occur, causing a recession.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
• Economic fluctuations are irregular and unpredictable.
• Fluctuations in the economy are often called the business cycle.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Figure 1 A Look At Short-Run Economic Fluctuations
Billions of 1996 Dollars
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Basic Model of Economic Fluctuations • Two variables are used to develop a model to
$10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1965
1970
1975
(a) Real GDP Real GDP
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THREE KEY FACTS ABOUT ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
• In some years normal growth does not occur, causing a recession.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
曼昆《经济学原理》3 interdependence--(汉魅HanMei—经济金融类汇总分享)
• Patterns of production and trade are based upon differences in opportunity costs.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
A PARABLE FOR THE MODERN ECONOMY
• Imagine . . .
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
• . . . and you haven’t been up for more than two hours yet!
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Interdependence and the Gains from Trade
Interdependence and the Gains from Trade
3
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
• Consider your typical day:
• You wake up to an alarm clock made in Korea. • You pour yourself orange juice made from Florida oranges and coffee from beans grown in Brazil. • You put on some clothes made of cotton grown in Georgia and sewn in factories in Thailand. • You watch the morning news broadcast from New York on your TV made in Japan. • You drive to class in a car made of parts manufactured in a half-dozen different countries.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
A PARABLE FOR THE MODERN ECONOMY
• Imagine . . .
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
• . . . and you haven’t been up for more than two hours yet!
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Interdependence and the Gains from Trade
Interdependence and the Gains from Trade
3
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
• Consider your typical day:
• You wake up to an alarm clock made in Korea. • You pour yourself orange juice made from Florida oranges and coffee from beans grown in Brazil. • You put on some clothes made of cotton grown in Georgia and sewn in factories in Thailand. • You watch the morning news broadcast from New York on your TV made in Japan. • You drive to class in a car made of parts manufactured in a half-dozen different countries.
曼昆宏观经济学名词解释-(中英文)
宏观经济学第十五章MEASUREING A NATION’S INCOME一国收入的衡量Microeconomics the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets.微观经济学：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。
Macroeconomics the study of economy-wide phenomena,including inflation,unemployment,and economic growth宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。
GDP is the market value of final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.国内生产总值GDP：给定时期的一个经济体内生产的所有最终产品和服务的市场价值Consumption is spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchased of new housing.消费：除了购买新住房，家庭用于物品与劳务的支出。
Investment is spending on capital equipment inventories, and structures, including household purchases of new housing.投资：用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。
Government purchases are spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal government.政府支出：地方、州和联邦政府用于物品和与劳务的支出。
曼昆《经济学原理第三》宏观分册原中英文双语Chap ppt课件
通货膨胀是指经济中物价总水平上升的情况。
The inflation rate is the percentage change in the price level from the previous period.
通货膨胀率是从前一个时期以来物价总水平变动的百 分比。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Consumer Price Index 消费物价指数
When the CPI rises, the typical family has to spend more dollars to maintain
the same standard of living. 当CPI上升时，普通家庭不得不花费 更多的美元来保持原来的生活水平。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated 如何计算消费物价指数
Find the Prices: Find the prices of each of the goods and services in the basket for each point in time. 找出价格：找出每个时点上篮子中每 种物品与劳务的价格。
The inflation rate is the percentage change in the price level from the previous period.
通货膨胀率是从前一个时期以来物价总水平变动的百 分比。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Consumer Price Index 消费物价指数
When the CPI rises, the typical family has to spend more dollars to maintain
the same standard of living. 当CPI上升时，普通家庭不得不花费 更多的美元来保持原来的生活水平。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
How the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated 如何计算消费物价指数
Find the Prices: Find the prices of each of the goods and services in the basket for each point in time. 找出价格：找出每个时点上篮子中每 种物品与劳务的价格。