现代英语词汇学概论6 polysemy and homonymy
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英语词汇学6
光)
c. She has a sharp eye. (abstract 洞察力)
4. Literal and Figurative Meaning
Many English words can be used figuratively. They make the language quite vivid and impressive. flaw: a flaw in the china vase (literal) a flaw in one’s character (figurative)
page)
pen→ originally from pinna (Latin),
meaning “feather”;
derived meaning “an instrument for writing”
2. General and Specific Meaning
Because of the extension and narrowdown of word’s meaning in the process of its development, some words can be used to denote either a category of things or one particular thing in such category.
Generally,
• in radiation mode, each of the derived meaning is directly connected to the primary/central meaning;
•in concatenation, each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one. Though the latest sense can be traced back to the original, there is no direct connection in between.
c. She has a sharp eye. (abstract 洞察力)
4. Literal and Figurative Meaning
Many English words can be used figuratively. They make the language quite vivid and impressive. flaw: a flaw in the china vase (literal) a flaw in one’s character (figurative)
page)
pen→ originally from pinna (Latin),
meaning “feather”;
derived meaning “an instrument for writing”
2. General and Specific Meaning
Because of the extension and narrowdown of word’s meaning in the process of its development, some words can be used to denote either a category of things or one particular thing in such category.
Generally,
• in radiation mode, each of the derived meaning is directly connected to the primary/central meaning;
•in concatenation, each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one. Though the latest sense can be traced back to the original, there is no direct connection in between.
英语词汇学Chapter6公开课获奖课件
because the Romans wore white robes when standing for office ③ B: An applicant for office; or a person taking an examination
第25页
Analysis: ③ is far removed from ①, whose original meaning has be e obsolete. candidate：穿白袍人→身着白袍 申请职位人→候选人
Bread is a slang word when its meaning is “money”, yet it is stylistically neutral in
other senses.
第7页
Think:
Why are there many polysemic words in English?
第29页
• Concatenation describes a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains.
第30页
2. Homonymy
(同音异义，同形异义)
• Homonyms are words different in meaning but either
第15页
Relationship between the primary and the central
meaning:
– The two may coincide,
– e.g. hand: terminal part of the human arm beyond the wrist --both primary and central
第25页
Analysis: ③ is far removed from ①, whose original meaning has be e obsolete. candidate：穿白袍人→身着白袍 申请职位人→候选人
Bread is a slang word when its meaning is “money”, yet it is stylistically neutral in
other senses.
第7页
Think:
Why are there many polysemic words in English?
第29页
• Concatenation describes a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains.
第30页
2. Homonymy
(同音异义，同形异义)
• Homonyms are words different in meaning but either
第15页
Relationship between the primary and the central
meaning:
– The two may coincide,
– e.g. hand: terminal part of the human arm beyond the wrist --both primary and central
词汇学chapter 6 Polysemey and Homonymy+Chapter 8 Meaning and Context
• About this example: • 1) all the secondary meanings are derived from the primary meanings. • 2) The derived meanings are, to some degree, related to the primary meaning. • 3) the primary meaning is still dominant or important in current use.
Origins of homonyms
• 1) Change in Sound and Spelling
Words, originally native, and different in earlier forms, were gradually made identical in sound and/or spelling.
• Concatenation: It is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its primary meaning in succession so that the present meaning seems to have no connection to the primary meaning. • Each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains.
•
Session 7
Chapter 6 Polysemy and Homonymy Chapter 8 Word Meaning and Context
英语词汇学第6章
➢Synchronic approach共时研究方法
Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a historical period of time. 从 共时的角度看，在同一个历史时期，同一个 词可以拥有许多不同的意义。
• 2） Relative synonyms
Synonyms which denote different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality are called relative synonyms.
3. Sources of synonyms同义词的来源
➢ The basic meaning of a word is called the central meaning 中心意义. The derived meanings are secondary in comparison.
2. Two processes of development
1) Radiation辐射型 2) Concatenation连锁型
Ask
commenceascendFirefirm
conflagration
Fear
question
secure
Fast
mount
initiate
2) Dialects and regional English 地域性语言和方言
3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 词的比喻和委婉用法 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions 单词与习惯表达在意义上的偶合
英语词汇学chapter6 Polysemy and Hyponymy
– This first meaning is the primary meaning(原始意义). These later meanings are called derived meanings(派生意义).
6
An Example Face: 12 meanings (1)the front of the head (2)a surface of a thing (3)the appearance (4)the functional surface (5)effrontery (6)the topography…
4
• In order to express new ideas, new processes, new products, and so forth, language can do three things: form a new word, borrow a word from other languages, or add new meanings to established words. Of the three ways, the simplest one is to have old words take on additional meaning. That is why polysemic words of long standing are signs of an advanced culture.
– The basic meaning of a word is considered to be the core of word meaning, called the central meaning (中 心意义). The derived meanings, no matter how numerous, are secondary meanings (次要意义).
6
An Example Face: 12 meanings (1)the front of the head (2)a surface of a thing (3)the appearance (4)the functional surface (5)effrontery (6)the topography…
4
• In order to express new ideas, new processes, new products, and so forth, language can do three things: form a new word, borrow a word from other languages, or add new meanings to established words. Of the three ways, the simplest one is to have old words take on additional meaning. That is why polysemic words of long standing are signs of an advanced culture.
– The basic meaning of a word is considered to be the core of word meaning, called the central meaning (中 心意义). The derived meanings, no matter how numerous, are secondary meanings (次要意义).
Polysemy：英语中的“一词多义”
Polysemy：英语中的“一词多义”所有语言中，都有一词多义的现象，也就是一个词语有多种含义；英语中尤其如此。
随便找一本英语词典翻开，就可以看到，很多词条的定义中，都用阿拉伯数字列出1、2、3甚至更多的不同含义。
例如，Word这个单词，就有四五种含义，从“词语”到“口头传达的话”，还有“就某事的保证承诺”以及“新闻或信息”。
英语中的核心词汇，也就是日常交流中经常使用的词语，不管是动词、名词、形容词、副词、还是介词，绝大多数都是多义词。
因此，要想学好英语，“一词多义”这种现象以及相关的原理，很值得了解和掌握，是一项必备的能力。
Polysemy & Monosemy在语言学的术语中，一词多义的现象称为Polysemy / pəlɪsɪmi /，而同时拥有多种含义的词语，则称为Polysemant，表示这种语义关系的形容词是Polysemic。
Polysemy 这个说法，是由两个来自希腊语的词根构成的；Poly-相当于英语中的Many、含义是“多个”；Sema相当于英语中的Sign、指“符号”。
在Semaphore 旗语和Semantics 语义学这两个词语中，都可以看到Sema这个词根。
与Polysemy相对的概念，称为Monosemy，也就是一个词语只有一种含义的现象，这样的词语称为Monosemant。
Monosemant大多是名词，而且基本上都是属于某个特定领域的专用术语和称呼，对于大多数人来说，在日常交流中很少会用到。
例如，Polysemy和Monosemy这两个词语、就是只有一种含义的Monosemant，在语言学以外很少用到。
Polysemy 的用处Polysemy之类的术语，本身并没有什么实际用处，也不需要记在脑子里。
但是，“一词多义”这种语言现象，却是有效掌握英语词汇的基础和关键。
首先，弄清楚一个词语是如何获得和具有多种不同含义的，可以帮助我们更有效地记住这些含义。
如果不理解一个词语多种含义的演变由来和彼此之间的关系，我们就只能把这些含义分别单个地记忆，不但很费劲，而且也容易混淆。
第chapter 6
• Two approaches to polysemy:
• Diachronic approach: Diachronically, we study
the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word, or how the semantic structure of a word has developed from a primary meaning to the present polysemic state, i.e. with derived meanings springing from the primary meaning. Synchronic approach: Synchronically, we are interested in the comparative value of individual meanings and the interrelation between the central meaning and secondary meanings.
•
•
in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike, or both. Types of homonyms:
Perfect homonyms: Words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning.
• Differentiation of homonyms from
• meet/meet; sound/sound • Etymology: Homonyms are from different sources •
《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析(张韵斐)
张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析第一部分Chapter Ⅰ英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary)Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是，每个单词都是最小的自由词。
然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。
首先，不是所有的单词都可以独立出现，如the ，a ，my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。
另外，Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法（syntax）却没有涉及到词的意义。
随着词汇学的发展跟完善，人们给词下了较为完整的定义。
“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。
”（《辞海》1984（上）375页，上海辞书出版社）一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。
纵观英语的发展历史，我们可以知道，大多数的英语词汇都是外来词，它从拉丁语，法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇，不断的扩充自己，为己所用。
特别是第二次世界大战之后，英语词汇得到了空前的发展。
现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。
一是科学技术的快速发展，二是社会经济的全球化，三是英语国家的政治和文化变化，最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。
英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成，而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。
根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。
口头词汇，俚语以及科学术语。
基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征，稳定性，构词的能力和搭配能力。
第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation )(一)词素（Morphemes）单词是有词素（morphemes）构成的。
词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位，同时具有声音和意义。
单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。
如：nation 是一个词素，national有nation+al 两个词素。
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1.2.2 universal meaning vs. particular meaning 普遍意义vs.特殊意义
1.2.3 abstract meaning vs. concrete meaning 抽象意vs.特殊意义
1.2.4 literal meaning vs. figurative meaning 字面意义vs.比喻意义
1.1 Polysemy
means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time.
Eg.
government:
治理国家； 政府
blanket:
羊毛毯；给……盖羊毛毯
“get”:
150 meanings
Ex.9 P.133
Lead-in
A man who was involved in a serious motorcycle accident was unable to speak when he first regained consciousness. Whishing to know how long he had been unconscious, he took a piece of paper and a pencil from the bedside and, after writing “date?” on it, gave it to his nurse. She handed it back to him after she had written the word “Married” on it.
4)．mean
mean ／mi:n／v．意指 mean／mi:n／a．卑鄙的 mean／mi:n／a．中间的
5)．tense
tense ／tens／n．时态 tense／tens／a．拉紧的
2.2 homophone
They are different words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning.
two processes of development
1.2 sense relations of polysemy
1.2.1 original meaning vs. extended meaning 1.2.2 universal meaning vs. particular meaning 1.2.3 abstract meaning vs. concrete meaning 1.2.4 literal meaning vs. figurative meaning
Teaching focus
I. Polysemy II. Homonymy III. How to distinguish the two forms? IV. Context V. Ambiguity and vagueness
I. Polysemy一词多义
1.1 polysemy
Two heads are better than one.
b) Concatenation连锁型:
It is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its primary meaning in succession so that the present meaning seems to have no connection to the primary meaning.
2)
3)
4)
How to master the different meanings of a polysemic word?
relations between senses
1.2 sense relations of polysemy
1.2.1 original meaning vs. extended meaning 原始意义vs.引申意义
Session 6
Chapter V Polysemy and Homonymy
Review chapter 4
I. Motivation of meaning
Onomatopoeic Motivation
Ducks quack.
Morphological motivation
Hopeful
Pen
羽毛
More examples:
climate 原始意义
引申意义
Greek “klimax”=slope
The Greeks thought that the earth sloped toward the north and that this affected the weather.
1.2.2 universal meaning vs. specific meaning
E.g. “disease ”
a) The business of doctors is to prevent and cure disease.
b) Measles and flu are common diseases.
six pence per head
the head of the school
a head of cabbage the head of a page at the head of a list
head
to lose one’s head use you head
six head of cattle
2)．last
last ／la:st／a．最后的 last／la:st／v．持续 last／la:st／n．鞋楦头
3). scale
scale／skeil／n．鱼鳞 scale／skeil／n．天平 scale／skeil／n．标度 scale／skeil／v．攀登
Homonyms(同行异义词) are different words with the same form (spelling or pronunciation)
E.g.
light（光）light（轻的）； bark（吠） bark（树皮）； flower（花） flour（面粉）； vain（徒劳的）vein（静脉）vane（风向标）； tear（眼泪）tear（撕）； lead（率领）lead（铅）等。
E.G:
capital; capitol dew; due die; dye dual; duel cheap; cheep …
在英语的同形异义词中,同音异义词数量最多。
More examples Nhomakorabea Weak Way Wait Waist Vein Waive Wood Tail
1.2.1 original meaning vs. extended meaning
Etymology
original meaning: no practical use
extended meaning: in use
E.g.
Original
extended
Candidate 穿白衣服的人
2.1 perfect homonym
They are different words identical both in sound and spelling, though different in meaning.
E.g.
1)．pop
pop ／p p/n． 流行歌曲 pop／p p／n．爸爸 pop／p p／n．砰的一声
E.g.
candidate：
1) white-roped
2) office seeker in white gowns
3) a person who seeks an office
4) a person proposed for a place, award, etc.
1)
b) His splendid new car was the envy of all his friends.
b)中, envy 则指“羡慕的对象”这一具体意义
entry beauty Pride
“进入”
“入口”
“美丽”
“美人”
“骄傲” “一个使人引以为骄的人”
1.2.4 literal meaning vs. figurative meaning
Semantic Motivation
Tabula(木板)---- table
Etymological motivation
Argus-eyed professor
Argus 百眼巨人 目光敏锐的
II. Components of meaning
grammatical meaning vs. lexical meaning
“cut”:
120 meanings
Two processes of development
a) Radiation辐射型：
It is the semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meaning radiates out of it.
Eg.
“mirror”
His diary is a mirror of the times he lived in.
1.2.3 abstract meaning vs. concrete meaning 抽象意vs.特殊意义
1.2.4 literal meaning vs. figurative meaning 字面意义vs.比喻意义
1.1 Polysemy
means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time.
Eg.
government:
治理国家； 政府
blanket:
羊毛毯；给……盖羊毛毯
“get”:
150 meanings
Ex.9 P.133
Lead-in
A man who was involved in a serious motorcycle accident was unable to speak when he first regained consciousness. Whishing to know how long he had been unconscious, he took a piece of paper and a pencil from the bedside and, after writing “date?” on it, gave it to his nurse. She handed it back to him after she had written the word “Married” on it.
4)．mean
mean ／mi:n／v．意指 mean／mi:n／a．卑鄙的 mean／mi:n／a．中间的
5)．tense
tense ／tens／n．时态 tense／tens／a．拉紧的
2.2 homophone
They are different words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning.
two processes of development
1.2 sense relations of polysemy
1.2.1 original meaning vs. extended meaning 1.2.2 universal meaning vs. particular meaning 1.2.3 abstract meaning vs. concrete meaning 1.2.4 literal meaning vs. figurative meaning
Teaching focus
I. Polysemy II. Homonymy III. How to distinguish the two forms? IV. Context V. Ambiguity and vagueness
I. Polysemy一词多义
1.1 polysemy
Two heads are better than one.
b) Concatenation连锁型:
It is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its primary meaning in succession so that the present meaning seems to have no connection to the primary meaning.
2)
3)
4)
How to master the different meanings of a polysemic word?
relations between senses
1.2 sense relations of polysemy
1.2.1 original meaning vs. extended meaning 原始意义vs.引申意义
Session 6
Chapter V Polysemy and Homonymy
Review chapter 4
I. Motivation of meaning
Onomatopoeic Motivation
Ducks quack.
Morphological motivation
Hopeful
Pen
羽毛
More examples:
climate 原始意义
引申意义
Greek “klimax”=slope
The Greeks thought that the earth sloped toward the north and that this affected the weather.
1.2.2 universal meaning vs. specific meaning
E.g. “disease ”
a) The business of doctors is to prevent and cure disease.
b) Measles and flu are common diseases.
six pence per head
the head of the school
a head of cabbage the head of a page at the head of a list
head
to lose one’s head use you head
six head of cattle
2)．last
last ／la:st／a．最后的 last／la:st／v．持续 last／la:st／n．鞋楦头
3). scale
scale／skeil／n．鱼鳞 scale／skeil／n．天平 scale／skeil／n．标度 scale／skeil／v．攀登
Homonyms(同行异义词) are different words with the same form (spelling or pronunciation)
E.g.
light（光）light（轻的）； bark（吠） bark（树皮）； flower（花） flour（面粉）； vain（徒劳的）vein（静脉）vane（风向标）； tear（眼泪）tear（撕）； lead（率领）lead（铅）等。
E.G:
capital; capitol dew; due die; dye dual; duel cheap; cheep …
在英语的同形异义词中,同音异义词数量最多。
More examples Nhomakorabea Weak Way Wait Waist Vein Waive Wood Tail
1.2.1 original meaning vs. extended meaning
Etymology
original meaning: no practical use
extended meaning: in use
E.g.
Original
extended
Candidate 穿白衣服的人
2.1 perfect homonym
They are different words identical both in sound and spelling, though different in meaning.
E.g.
1)．pop
pop ／p p/n． 流行歌曲 pop／p p／n．爸爸 pop／p p／n．砰的一声
E.g.
candidate：
1) white-roped
2) office seeker in white gowns
3) a person who seeks an office
4) a person proposed for a place, award, etc.
1)
b) His splendid new car was the envy of all his friends.
b)中, envy 则指“羡慕的对象”这一具体意义
entry beauty Pride
“进入”
“入口”
“美丽”
“美人”
“骄傲” “一个使人引以为骄的人”
1.2.4 literal meaning vs. figurative meaning
Semantic Motivation
Tabula(木板)---- table
Etymological motivation
Argus-eyed professor
Argus 百眼巨人 目光敏锐的
II. Components of meaning
grammatical meaning vs. lexical meaning
“cut”:
120 meanings
Two processes of development
a) Radiation辐射型：
It is the semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meaning radiates out of it.
Eg.
“mirror”
His diary is a mirror of the times he lived in.