土木工程应用英语教学参考书Unit4

Unit 4 Alignment DesignSection I Talking Face to Face1. IntroductionJob description of Site Engineer Site engineers perform a technical, organizational and supervisory role on construction projects, including civil, road, rail and other infrastructure projects. They are responsible for marking out the site, applying designs and plans and liaising with sub contractors. Site engineers work as part of the site management team, sharing responsibility for site security, health and safety, and the organization and supervision of material and human resources. Projects may vary from small scale to multi-million pound ventures.Ask students to read dialogue and then make dialogues according to the task.2. Explaining some words and expressions in the dialogue:1. make sth. out (a) manage to see, read ( usu implying difficulty) : 看出来，读出来，认出来（通常含示经过困难）eg. We made out a figure in the darkness.The outline of the house could just be made out.(b) write out, complete or fill in : 写出，开出，填写eg. Before going out for shopping, they made out a list for the grocer.All of the students are required to make out a document in duplicate.2. do good to benefit : 有益于……eg. Eat more fruit, it will do much good to your health.Smoking does more harm than good to you.3. remind ~ sb (to do sth /that…) ; ~ sb of sth / sb ,cause(sb)to remember(to dosth , etc) ; cause (sb) to think (of sth) 提醒（某人）做，使（某人）想起eg. Please remind me to answer that letter.Travelers are reminded that inoculation against yellow fever is advisable.This remined me of what we did together during our holidays.4.construction site 建筑工地,施工现场eg. In the construction site, Mr. Brown is in charge.这块工地由布朗先生负责。

She quickly blocked out a sketch of the construction site.她迅速画出一幅工地的草图。

He ran towards the sound and stopped at a construction site.他顺着那声音跑过去，来到一处建筑工地。

construction approval 建造批准construction works 建造工程construction sequence 施工程序construction specifications 建筑规范construction site safety manual 建筑地盘安全手册SectionII Maintaining a sharp eyePassage1Alignment DesignImportant words1. interpose vt. 使插入, 使介于二者间, 使干涉vi. 插嘴, 干预eg The old man likes to interpose in the disputes. 这位老人喜欢调停争论。

Those who in quarrel interpose must often wipe a bloody nose.去劝架的人，常常搞到要抹自己的鼻血。

I flung her back, and hastened to interpose the table between us.我把它推开，赶忙拉过一张桌子作挡箭牌。

2. consistent adj. 一致的，一贯的；（与……）符合eg. The ideas in his various speeches are not consistent.He has been a consistent friend to me.What you say now is not consistent with what you said last week.3. preferable adj. 更可取的, 更好的, 更合意的eg. Cooked food is preferable to canned food.吃熟食比吃罐头食品好。

With an ultimately positive or preferable result.结果会是好的最终有一个乐观的或让人满意的结果4. provision n. 准备，防备，供应eg. Saving money is one way to make provision for one's old age.They supplied the ship with provisions for a voyage to the Antarctic.5.maintain v. 保持，维持，继续eg. The improvement in his health is maintained.Although sixty years old he is, he still maintains an open mind to any subject.They should maintain a speed of 60 miles an hour to catch up with the car ahead.6. involve v. 使陷入（麻烦等中）；牵涉，包含eg. They are deeply involved in debt.Don't involve yourself in unnecessary expense.To accept the position you offer would involved my living in London.The war involved a great increase in the debt.7. approach v. 走近，接近n. 渐近，接近eg. A boy of eighteen is approaching manhood.As winter approached the weather became colder.The enemy ran away at our approach.8. advisable adj. 明智的，适当的，可行的eg. Do you think it advisable to wait as he has been for 20 minutes?According to the weather report , it is advisable to take an umbrella.9. assume v. 假定，以为eg. You assume his innocence before hearing the evidence against him.He's not such a fool as you assumed him to be.Difficult sentences:1.(Para2)Sudden changes from flat to sharp curves and long tangents followed by sharp curves must be avoided; otherwise, accident hazards will be created.Analysis : In this sentence, followed by sharp curves is a past participle phraseused to modify sudden changes which has another modification from flat to sharp curves and long tangents. Otherwise is an conjunction means if not;or else.Translation:从平坦的路面突然变成急剧的曲线路面，一段长距离的切线紧接着一个急剧的曲线都是必须避免的，否则就会造成意外事故的发生。

Examples: The fried chicken served by this fast food restaurant has a special taste.Do what you you've told , otherwise you will be punished.2. (Para5) However, for alignment design, sharpness is commonly expressed in terms of degree of curve ,which is the central angle subtended by a 100-ft length of curve.Analysis : In this sentence which引导一个非限定性从句，对主句的先行词“degree of curve”起补充说明的作用，在从句中做主语，subtended by ……是过去分词做定语修饰限定the central angle.Examples: I have two sisters, who are both students.Last year's winners presented the cup, which each holder keeps for the year.I, who am blind, advise you to use your eyes well.3. (Para9)When easement curves are introduced, the change in radius from infinity on the tangent to that of the circular curve is effected gradually so that centrifugal force also develops gradually . Analysis : In this sentence, so that 引导一个目的状语从句，相当于in order that Translation:当缓和曲线被引进后，就会使得半径中的从正切中的无穷向圆曲线的无穷逐步渐渐地转变，这样也使得离心力也渐渐地增强。