Halfshaft design words
怎么制造纸飞机作文英语
As a high school student with a penchant for creativity and a knack for crafting, Ive always been fascinated by the simplicity and elegance of the paper airplane. Its a testament to the ingenuity of the human mind, turning a mere sheet of paper into a soaring marvel that can glide through the air with grace and precision. Heres a personal narrative of how I learned to make a paper airplane, which I hope will inspire others to take flight with their imagination.It all started one lazy Sunday afternoon when I was rummaging through my room, looking for something to do. My eyes fell upon a stack of old newspapers, and a sudden idea struck me. Why not make a paper airplane?I had seen them before, of course, but never really attempted to create one myself. The challenge was enticing, and so, with a sense of adventure, I set out on this new endeavor.The first step was to choose the right paper. I learned that the best paper for a paper airplane is one that is lightweight yet sturdy enough to hold its shape. Newspapers, while abundant, were too thin and crinkly. Instead, I opted for a sheet of A4 printer paper, which had the right balance of flexibility and rigidity.With my material selected, I searched online for tutorials and found a plethora of designs to choose from. I was drawn to the classic dart design, known for its simplicity and aerodynamic efficiency. Following the instructions, I carefully folded the paper in half lengthwise, creating a central crease that would serve as the backbone of my airplane.Next, I folded the top corner of the paper down to meet the bottom edge, forming a triangle. This was repeated on the other side, and I was left with a diamond shape. This process was crucial, as it determined the wingspan and the overall balance of the airplane. The precision of these folds would directly affect how well my creation would fly.After forming the diamond shape, I unfolded the paper to reveal the creases that would guide the next steps. I then folded the paper along these creases, creating a compact block of paper with the wings tucked inside. This was a delicate process, requiring a gentle touch to avoid tearing the paper.The moment of truth came when I unfolded the wings. I carefully pulled them out, ensuring they were symmetrical and evenly aligned. The wings needed to be just right too wide and the airplane would be unstable, too narrow and it wouldnt have enough lift.With the wings set, I moved on to the final touches. I adjusted the wingtips slightly upward to give the airplane a natural curve, which would help it maintain balance in the air. I also made a small fold at the nose of the airplane to create a point, reducing air resistance and allowing for a smoother flight.Before launching my paper airplane, I tested its weight distribution by holding it at the center of the fuselage. It felt balanced, and I was eager to see it in action. I took a deep breath, aimed for an open space, and with a flick of my wrist, sent my creation soaring.The first few attempts were less than stellar. My paper airplane would either nosedive, stall, or veer off course. But with each failure, I learned something new. I adjusted the wingtips, tweaked the nose, and practiced my throwing technique. Gradually, my paper airplane began to perform better, gliding further and more steadily with each throw.The joy of watching my paper airplane take flight was indescribable. It was a dance of physics and paper, a moment of triumph that came from patience, practice, and a bit of trial and error. It wasnt just about creating a toy it was about understanding the principles of aerodynamics and the delicate balance of forces at play.In the end, making a paper airplane was more than a simple craft project. It was a journey of discovery, a handson lesson in physics, and a reminder that sometimes, the simplest ideas can lead to the most profound experiences. Whether youre a student looking to explore the world of aerodynamics or just someone seeking a fun and creative way to pass the time, I encourage you to give paper airplane making a try. You might just find yourself soaring to new heights, both literally and metaphorically.。
给个“舞台”，给个“道具”
给个“舞台”，给个“道具”作者：许博识叶荣滨来源：《中学语文(学生版)》2021年第01期摘要 RAFT思维支架是由美国学者开发出来的，是“角色（role）”“读者（audience）”、“方式（format）”和“主题（topic）”这四个英语单词的首字母的组合。
最近一些作文题的设置非常符合美国RAFT思维支架的特点。
美国RAFT思维支架完全可以用于随笔写作中。
当前随笔写作存在缺乏框架支架、缺乏个性创意、缺乏学科融合和缺乏评价标准等问题，利用美国RAFT思维支架可以有效解决这些问题，完善随笔写作。
关键词 RAFT思维支架;随笔写作RAFT思维支架最早是由美国学者开发出来的，被广泛运用到中小学教学实践并取得了很好的效果。
“RAFT”是由“角色（role）”“读者（audience）”“方式（format）”和“主题（topic）”这四个英语单词的首字母组合而成。
①具体来说，“角色”就是指作为写作者，此时你是什么角色？是老师？是学生？还是家长？是领导？是环卫工人？还是图书管理员？“读者”就是指你的文章是写给谁看的？谁是受众？是写给学生的？还是写给老师的？是写给领导人的？还是写给环卫工人的？“方式”是指要用一种什么样的文章体式来写？是书信？是倡议书？还是日记？“主题”是指文章想要表达的主题。
是对老师的感谢？还是对周末补课的抗拒？对劳动的赞美？还是对劳动的蔑视？一、从最近的作文题看美国RAFT思维支架的运用最近一些作文题的设置非常符合美国RAFT思维支架的特点。
请看例1：2019年全国卷Ⅰ作文题：阅读下面的材料，根据要求写作。
“民生在勤，勤则不匮”，劳动是财富的源泉，也是幸福的源泉。
“夙兴夜寐，洒扫庭内”，热爱劳动是中华民族的优秀传统，绵延至今。
可是现实生活中，也有一些同学不理解劳动，不愿意劳动。
有的说：“我们学习这么忙，劳动太占时间了！”有的说：“科技进步这么快，劳动的事，以后可以交给人工智能啊！”也有的说：“劳动这么苦，这么累，干吗非得自己干？花点钱让别人去做好了！”此外，我们身边也还有着一些不尊重劳动的现象。
Shaft Design Guide
The Shaft.Shaft seal design is never complete without giving due consideration to the shaft on which the seal will be asked to function. There are several important shaft-related factors that determine a sealing lip’s ability to establish and maintain a proper dynamic seal with the shaft.These include the shaft material, surface finish, hardness, diameter, chamfer, and tolerances. Also critical are the shaft’s motion (rotating, reciprocating, or oscillating) and speed, as well as the amount of eccentricity (shaft-to-bore misalignment and/or dynamic run-out) present.Material.Most shafts for radial lip seal applications are made of mild steel, cast iron, or malleable iron. It is important that surface finish be carefully controlled to provide a proper sealing surfaceSurface Finish Specifications.Shaft surface finish is defined by two main features: surface texture and machine lead. The first of these, surface texture, has a significant effect on the seal’s elastomeric lip. As the Rubber Manufacturers Association (RMA) defines it in RMA OS 1-1, surface texture consists of three components: Ra, Rz, and Rpm.The first step in determining Ra (roughness average) is to filter the profile obtained when a stylus moves across the “Shaft seal design is never complete without giving due consideration to the shaft on which the seal will be asked to function.”“Shaft seal design is never complete without giving due consideration to the shaft on which the seal will be asked to function.”“Shaft seal design is never complete without giving due consideration to the shaft on which the seal will be asked to function.”surface of a shaft so that the areas of the profile above and below a certain line (called the mean line) are equal. The cutoff length (le) is the distance that the stylus travelsacross the shaft surface to obtain a set of readings. It is recommended that data from a total of five cutoff lengths (which equal one evaluation length, lm) be collected and analyzed after an appropriate pre-travel (lv) and post-travel (ln) of the stylus. The Ra is the average of the absolute value of the deviations from the mean line over the evaluation length (see Figure 111). The RMA recommendation for Ra is 8-17 µin (0.20-0.43 µm) with a cutoff length of 0.010 in.But studies have shown that Ra numbers alone don’t tell the whole story. In practice, a shaft surface finish that falls within recommended specifications can still cause seal failure. This is because, due to the averaging inherent to the Ra calculations, surfaces with widely varying profiles can all generate the same Ra value. An example of this phenomenon is illustrated in Figure 112. Note the different capacities for seal lip abrasion represented by the three surface profiles. All have the same Ra value, yet each would affect a seal lip differently. Because Ra numbers alone may mislead, the RMA suggests using two additional parameters—Rz and Rpm—to more completely define surface finish.As shown in Figure 113, Rz is the average peak to valley height, or the average value of the greatest peak-to-valley distances in five consecutive sample lengths (le) taken over the assessment length of the (filtered) profile.As shown in Figure 114, Rpm is the average peak to mean height, or the average value of the five highest peaks above the median in five consecutive sample lengths (le) taken over the assessment length of the (filtered) profile.The RMA shaft surface texture recommendations are shown in Table 34. These specifications are important because you want the shaft surface to be rough enough to hold pockets of oil to lubricate the seal lip without being so rough that lip damage will occur.But proper nu mbers alone don’t suffice; even if the surface texture meets the specifications shown in Table 34, the presence of screw threads or spiral grooves on the shaft surface can create early leakage. Known as shaft lead (or machine lead), these threads or grooves result from relative axial movement of the finishing tool during the finishing operation. Improper shaft finishing can easily contribute to seal leakage and/or contaminant ingestion.As detailed in RMA Handbook OS-1 (Shaft Finishing Techniques for Radial Lip Type Shaft Seals) and illustrated Figure 111 Figure 112Figure 113 Figure 114Table 34Figure 115Table 35in Figure 115, testing for the presence of shaft lead is a relatively simple process. With the shaft mounted in a holding chuck, the surface to be tested should be lightly coated with silicone oil. After ensuring that the shaft is level, a length of quilting thread (or, alternatively, unwaxed dental floss) is draped over the shaft. A one-ounce weight is suspended from the thread so as to create a string-to-shaft contact arc of 220 to 240 degrees.The shaft is rotated at 60 RPM and the string is carefully observed to determine if axial thread movement exists. If movement is observed, the shaft is reversed to see if the string direction of motion is reversed. Thread movement combined with reversal when the shaft direction of rotation is reversed will betray the presence of lead; no movement means no lead is present. A full interpretation of thread movement is listed in Table 35.As important as surface texture is, the other shaft surface parameter—machine lead—is also critical. As previously shown in Table 34, the specification for shaft lead is 0 ±0.05 degrees. There are a variety of shaft surface finishing methods, but keep in mind that many of these can generate varying amounts of lead and are therefore problematic. Next is a closer look at many of these surface finishing methods, and the pitfalls to watch out for with each.Hardness.The minimum hardness for the section of the shaft in contact with the seal is Rockwell C-30. A hardness of Rockwell C-45 may help prevent scratches, nicks, and handling damage.Diameter.The diameter of the shaft has a tremendous impact on the performance of a shaft seal. At a constant speed, as shaft size increases, so does frictional drag on the seal’s lip. This greater drag increases seal torque. Table 36 shows how seal torque increases with increasing shaft diameter. Keep in mind that the data reflected in the following sections has been generated for a specific set of parameters to demonstrate general trends. Specific questions regarding “Shaft seal designis never complete without giving due consideration to the shaft on which the seal will be asked to function.”“Shaft seal design is never complete without giving due consideration to the shaft on which the seal will be asked tosuitability for a given application may necessitate further testing.Greater drag also increases power consumption. Table 37 shows how seal power consumption increases with increasing shaft diameter. Increases in both seal torque and seal power consumpt ion also increase a shaft seal’s underlip temperature. Table 38 shows how underlip temperature increases with increasing shaft diameter at various shaft speeds. Pump rate also increases as both shaft and seal size increase. Table 39 shows how pump rate increases with increasing shaft diameter at various shaft speeds.Because increases in shaft diameter have such a profound impact on seal operating characteristics, the seal’s cross-section is typically increased (as is lip-to-shaft interference level) as shaft size increases in order to ensure that seal life remains constant. Table 40 shows how seal life can vary with increasing shaft diameter.Chamfer. function.”Table 36Table 37Table 38Table 39Table 40“Shaft seal design is neverThe shaft needs a burr- and nick-free chamfer to prevent damage to the sealing lip during installation. Recommended chamfer dimensions are shown in Figure 130. In lieu of a chamfer, the lead-in corners of the shaft may also be radiused to 0.125 in (3 mm).Tolerances.Table 41 lists recommended shaft tolerance guidelines in both inches and millimeters.Motion.Shaft motion takes one of three forms: rotation, reciprocation, or oscillation. For rotating shaft applications (see Figure 131), the direction of rotation is very important to seal design; a shaft may rotate only clockwise (CW), only counterclockwise (CCW), or be bi-rotational (variously rotating both CW and CCW). It’s also important to note whether the rotation is continuous or intermittent.The speed at which a shaft rotates is noted in revolutions per minute, or RPM. When designing a shaft seal, it’s important to know the shaft’s normal RPM (the speed at which it rotates most of the time), as well as any temporary completewithout giving dueconsideration to the shaft on which the seal will be asked to function.”Figure 130“Shaft seal design is never complete without giving due consideration to the shaft on which the seal will be asked to function.”Table 41“Shaft seal design is never complete without giving due consideration to the shaft on which the seal will be asked to function.”acceleration it may undergo (up to its maximum RPM).The surface speed of the shaft is dependent on RPM and the shaft diameter. Surface speed is typically expressed in feet per minute (FPM) or meters per minute (MPM). Table 42 can assist you in determining the relationships between shaft diameter, MPM, FPM, and RPM. To find either the MPMor FPM for a given shaft diameter and RPM, lay a straight edge over the known values on the Shaft Diameter and RPM lines. The straight edge crosses the MPM/FPM line at the corresponding speed. In the example shown, a line drawn from 1" shaft diameter to 400 RPM crosses the MPM/FPM line at about 110 FPM, thus indicating the corresponding surface speed of the shaft.The motion of a reciprocating shaft (one that moves back and forth, see Figure 132) is chiefly defined by two variables: 1) the length of each stroke (defined as the total movement in one direction and expressed in inches or millimeters), and 2) the number of cycles per minute (the number of times the shaft makes a “round trip,” i.e. one stroke in and one stroke out).An oscillating shaft rotates, but rather than going round and round endlessly (as with a true rotary shaft), an oscillating shaft rotates back and forth within an arc defined by the degrees of rotation (see Figure 133). An oscillating shaft is defined by 1) the degrees of this arc, and 2) the cycles per minute (the number of times the shaft moves across this arc and returns to its beginning position).Eccentricity.Good shaft seal design must also take into account any and all shaft eccentricity. Eccentricity may manifest itself as shaft-to-bore misalignment (STBM) and/or dynamic run-out (DRO). As shown in Figure 134, shaft-to-bore misalignment is the amount (expressed as a Total Indicator Reading, TIR, in inches or millimeters) that the shaft center is offset relative to the bore center. A static measurement Figure 131Table 42Figure 132Figure 133 “Shaft sealdesign is never complete without giving due consideration to the shaft ontaken with the shaft at rest, STBM almost always exists to some degree but should never be more than 0.010 in (0.25 mm) TIR.As Figure 135 shows, dynamic run-out is the amount (expressed as a TIR in inches or millimeters) that the shaft’s sealing surface does not rotate around the true center. A dynamic measurement taken by applying an indicator to the side of the shaft as it slowly rotates, DRO should never exceed 0.010 in (0.25 mm) TIR. As shown in Table 43, seal life decreases as DRO increases. Table 44 lists the maximum eccentricity values (STBM plus DRO) in both inches and millimeters for most common seals.which the seal will be asked to function.”Figure 134Figure 135Table 43Table 44。
21世纪制造第四章中文翻译
第四章：实体自由成型制造和快速原文制造4．1 实体自由成形制造方法可以用几种制造方法将CAD信息转换为原型物体。
自1987年以来，又出现了几种新的技术来完成这一转换。
就在1987年，3D系统公司(3D Systems Inc．)推出了立体光刻(SLA)这一技术。
在随后的5年里，又出现了几种和之相竞争的技术。
这一组新技术一般通称为实体自由成形制造(solid freeform fabrication，SFF)。
正如大多数新技术都要经历第2章所描述的市场接纳s形曲线一样，实体自由成形制造领域经历了相当长的广告宣传阶段。
其他用来描述实体自由成形制造这一技术的词汇还包括：·需求中的零件(part on demand)；·从艺术到零件(from art to part)；·桌面上制造(desktop manufacturing)；·快速成形(rapid prototyping)。
在撰写本书时，专门从事原型制造的公司已将立体光刻(SI，A)、选择性激光烧结(SI。
S)、熔融沉积制造(FDM)和分层实体制造(LOM)用于日常商业活动中。
以玉米淀粉、塑料和陶瓷为材料的三维印刷(3DP)也正进入商业使用。
还有几种原型制造方法虽具有潜力，但并没有以盈利目的被第三方普遍采用。
铸造是一个特例，它仍然被用于单件原型制造。
另外，当用立体光刻做好模具后，采用铸造进行10～500批量范围的生产仍然韭常绎济．机加T巾．用于单件或几件批量的原型制造。
非。
吊经价。
剖L川U上也川丁半什域儿lT丁LL里口Y怀型rⅡu坦。
4．1．1 实体自由成形制造和-陕速成形技术总结用于日常商业性活动的包括：立体光刻；选择性激光烧结；分层实体制造；熔融沉积制造。
处于研究和开发阶段的包括：以玉米淀粉、塑料和陶瓷为材料的三维印刷；以塑料为材料并由机加工来铣平的三维印刷；实体磨削固化(SGC，和SLA类似)；形状沉积制造(SDM，分层叠加和分层递减的结合）非实体自由成形制造(传统方法)包括：机加工；铸造。
IA final 25 Oct
EUROPEAN COMMISSIONDIRECTORATE-GENERALTAXATION AND CUSTOMS UNIONCustoms PolicyOrigin, Customs Valuation and Trade FacilitationBrussels, 25 October 2007TAXUD/C5/RL D(2007)TAXUD/GSP-RO/IA/1/07 – EN Document interneInternal documentImpact assessment onRules of origin forthe Generalised System of Preferences(GSP)WaiverThis report commits only the Commission services involved in its preparation. The text is prepared as a basis for comment and does not prejudge the final form of any decision to be taken by the Commission.Commission européenne, B-1049 Bruxelles / Europese Commissie, B-1049 Brussel - Belgium. Telephone: (32-2) 299 11 11. Office: MO51 0/10. Telephone: direct line (32-2) 2950789. Fax: (32-2) 2969850.TABLE OF CONTENTS GLOSSARY (5)1. PROCEDURAL ISSUES AND CONSULTATION OF INTERESTEDPARTIES (7)2. WHAT IS THE PROBLEM? (8)2.1 GSP and the purpose of rules of origin (8)2.2 The nature of the problem (11)2.3 What are the underlying drivers of the problem? (16)2.4 Who is affected, in what ways, and to what extent? (17)2.5 EU right to act (18)3. WHAT ARE THE OBJECTIVES? (18)4. POLICY OPTIONS (19)4.1 Revision of rules for the determination of origin – sufficient processingof goods which are not wholly obtained (19)4.1.1 Option 1 - The status quo (20)4.1.2 Option 2 - A single, across-the-board criterion, based on value added (20)4.1.3 Option 3 - A single, across-the-board criterion, based on a change ofHS tariff heading or change of tariff sub-heading (21)4.1.4 Option 4 - Adapt the current rules on a product-by-product basis (21)4.2 Revision of rules for the determination of origin – conditions for whollyobtained fisheries products (22)4.2.1 Option 1 - Status quo (22)4.2.2 Option 2 - Simplify the present conditions (22)4.2.3 Option 3 - Allow cumulation of the conditions (22)4.3 Option 4 - Conditions for cumulation of origin (22)4.3.1 Option 1 - Status quo (23)4.3.2 Option 2 - Allocate origin on the basis of value added (23)4.3.3 Option 3 - Simplify the present conditions (23)4.3.4 Option 4 - Extend the scope of cumulation (23)4.4 Procedures for management and control of rules of origin (24)4.4.1 Option 1 - The status quo (24)4.4.2 Option 2 - Evidence of origin provided directly by registered exporters (24)4.4.3 Option 3 - Evidence of origin provided directly by approved exporters (24)4.4.4 Option 4 - Introduce certification by the exporter only (no priorregistration or approval) (25)4.5 Instruments to ensure compliance by the authorities of beneficiarycountries with their obligations (25)4.5.1 Option 1 - Status quo (25)4.5.2 Option 2 - Establish a programme to monitor the arrangements andprovide assistance and/or impose sanctions or safeguards whererequired (25)5. ANALYSIS OF IMPACTS (25)5.1 General considerations (25)5.2 The social impact of rules of origin (28)5.3 The administrative costs of rules of origin (29)5.4 The budgetary effect (31)5.5 The environmental impact of rules of origin (32)5.6 Revision of rules for the determination of origin – sufficient processingof goods which are not wholly obtained (33)5.6.1 Option 1 - The status quo (33)5.6.2 Option 2 - A single, across-the-board criterion, based on value added (34)5.6.3 Option 3 - A single, across-the-board criterion, based on a change ofHS tariff heading or sub-heading (46)5.6.4 Option 4 - Adapt the current rules on a product-by-product basis (48)5.7 Revision of rules for the determination of origin – conditions for whollyobtained fisheries products (49)5.7.1 Option 1 - Status quo (49)5.7.2 Option 2 - Simplify the present conditions (49)5.7.3 Option 3 - Allow cumulation of the conditions (49)5.8 Conditions for cumulation of origin (49)5.8.1 Option 1 - Status quo (49)5.8.2 Option 2 - Allocate origin on the basis of value added (49)5.8.3 Option 3 - Simplify the present conditions (50)5.8.4 Option 4 - Extend the scope of cumulation (51)5.9 Procedures for management and control of rules of origin (52)5.9.1 Option 1 - The status quo (52)5.9.2 Option 2 - Evidence of origin provided directly by registered exporters (52)5.9.3 Option 3 - Introduce certification by approved exporters only (54)5.9.4 Option 4 - Introduce certification by the exporter only (no registrationor approval) (54)5.10 Instruments to ensure compliance by the authorities of beneficiarycountries with their obligations (55)5.10.1 Option 1 - Status quo (55)5.10.2 Option 2 - Establish a programme to monitor the arrangements andprovide assistance and/or impose sanctions or safeguards whererequired (55)6. COMPARING THE OPTIONS (56)6.1 Revision of rules for the determination of origin - sufficient processingof goods which are not wholly obtained (56)6.2 Revision of rules for the determination of origin – conditions for whollyobtained fisheries products (61)6.3 Conditions for cumulation of origin (62)6.4 Procedures for management and control of rules of origin (64)6.5 Instruments to ensure compliance by the authorities of beneficiarycountries with their obligations (69)6.6 Overall conclusion (69)7. MONITORING THE OPTIONS (70)7.1 Revision of rules for the determination of origin (70)7.2 Conditions for cumulation of origin (70)7.3 Procedures for management and control of rules of origin (70)7.4 Instruments to ensure compliance by the authorities of beneficiarycountries with their obligations (71)A NNEXES:S EE SEPARATE DOCUMENTG LOSSARY Preferential tariff treatment (or preference) Reduced or zero import duty which is granted provided that goods originate in a beneficiary countryGSPGeneralised System of Preferences EBA Everything But Arms – a special arrangement under GSPfor LDCs, granting them duty- and quota-free access formost productsLDC Least Developed CountriesBeneficiary countries Countries eligible for preferential tariff treatment underthe GSP scheme (as listed in the GSP Regulation –Regulation 980/2005)Competent authorities:The authorities competent for the issue and verification ofproof of origin (Certificate of origin) Form A:Form used to claim the benefit of GSP preference HS or Harmonised SystemHarmonised Commodity Description and Coding System Wholly obtained Natural products from a beneficiary country and goodsmade entirely from them (not containing imported non-originating elements)Sufficient working or processing The conditions which products made using imported, non-originating materials or components must fulfil in abeneficiary country in order to be considered asoriginating thereCumulation of origin A facilitation which allows the countries in the cumulationzone to cooperate in order to comply with the rules.Originating products of country A may be furtherprocessed in country B and counted as originating.Regional cumulation of origin A specific type of cumulation in GSP, applicable to three separate regional groupsMinimal operations Working or processing operations regarded as insufficientto confer origin or the minimal level of processing that hasto be carried out in cumulation.Value added The value which must be added to non-originatingmaterials in order to obtain originEx-works price The price paid for the product ex-works to themanufacturer in whose undertaking the last working orprocessing is carried out, provided that the price includesthe value of all the materials used, minus any internaltaxes which are, or may be, repaid when the productobtained is exportedUtilisation rateThe proportion of imported products for which preferenceis claimed, compared to all those which are eligible for it.1.P ROCEDURAL ISSUES AND CONSULTATION OFINTERESTED PARTIES1.On 16 March 2005, the Commission adopted a communication entitled "The rulesof origin in preferential trade arrangements: Orientations for the future" (hereafter "the communication")1. This contained three elements: appropriate rules determining the acquisition of origin; efficient management and control procedures;and a secured environment for legitimate trade. With regard to the first element, the communication acknowledged that further analysis of the suitability of a value added method for determining origin was required. The communication was a general document concerning all preferential trade arrangements, but it envisaged that the first applications should be to priority, development-oriented arrangements such as the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP). The purpose of this impact assessment is to support a draft regulation for the reform of GSP rules of origin.2.An inter-service group was set up in September 2005, in which the following DGswere represented: Trade; Enterprise and Industry; Fisheries and Maritime Affairs;Agriculture and Rural Development; Development; Enlargement; EuropAid Cooperation Office; European Anti-fraud Office; Health and Consumer Protection;External Relations; Budget; Legal Service; Secretariat-General. The group decided that a full impact assessment was required, covering not just the value-added method, but also the procedural elements in the communication. The group met six times.3.The reform of GSP rules of origin is included as a simplification initiative on theCommission's work programme for 20072.4.Three studies on the use of a value-added method by outside consultants werecommissioned: a general study by Olivier Cadot, Jaime de Melo and Emmanuel Pondard of ADE s.a.3 (hereafter "ADE"); one focusing specifically on textiles, by Prof. Dr. Michiel Scheffer of Saxion Hogescholen4 (hereafter "Scheffer") and one concerning the fisheries sector by a consortium comprising Oceanic Développement (France) and MegaPesca Lda (Portugal)5 (hereafter "Oceanic/MegaPesca"). All consultants were required to consult stakeholders (beneficiary countries and industry representatives).5.The Commission services carried out a specific consultation to test ideas for certainoptions concerning sensitive agricultural products with 27 organisations representing the sectors concerned in the Community. These organisations were1COM(2005) 100.2 COM(2006) 629, 24.10.2006.3 "Evaluating the Consequences of Shift to a Value-added method for Determining Origin in EU PTAs", July 2006 (Letter of Contract No. 2005/103984, Framework Contract AMS/451 - LOT No. 11).4 "Study on the application of value criteria for textile products in preferential rules of origin", October 2006 (Tender 06-H13).5 Contrat Cadre FISH/2006/20, Specific Convention N° 3 "Rules of Origin in Preferential Trade Arrangements: New rules for the fishery sector".contacted by letter in March 2007 and given one month in which to respond (see Annex [1]. 16 did so.6.The Commission services also consulted European federations on the thresholds tobe applied to industrial products. A letter was addressed to them on 11 June 2007 (see Annex [2]).7.The Communication was the Commission's response to a major consultationexercise (Green Paper) on rules of origin launched at the end of 20036. It was published on the Commission's web-site and there was a 3-month consultation period. Responses were received from private companies, European trade and business organisations, national and local trade and business organisations, consultancy groups, authorities of Member States and of third countries, international and regional organisations, a research centre and a non-governmental organisation. A summary of the results was also published on the internet7.8.Both before and after the adoption of the communication, the Commission serviceshave had many meetings with representatives of thirds countries and of trade associations. In addition, in May 2005 and November 2006 two conferences were held with representatives of GSP beneficiary countries in Brussels to inform them about the communication and the options, and to hear their views.9.The respondents to the Green Paper almost unanimously agreed that rules of originwere too complex and needed to be changed. However, there was no agreement among respondents about how best to do this. At the conferences with beneficiary countries it likewise appeared that the current rules were considered unsatisfactory.10.The Impact Assessment Board considered this impact assessment at its meeting on29 August 2007. In response to its opinion, delivered on 31 August 2007, a glossaryhas been added, a point on the budgetary impact for the EU has been added and some other textual amendments have been made. In addition, a more comprehensive executive summary has been provided.However, the time available did not permit all issues (such as that the reasoning underlying the assumptions made concerning utilisation rate, the benefits and drawbacks of changes to cumulation, and the assessment of employment, social and environmental impacts resulting from the expected trade deflection) raised by the impact assessment board to be fully addressed. The Commission services do not underestimate the importance of these elements but consider that the information and analysis already included are already substantial.2.W HAT IS THE PROBLEM?2.1 GSP and the purpose of rules of origin1.GSP8 is a preferential trade arrangement which grants reduced or zero import dutyto products originating in 179 beneficiary countries. It is an arrangement with a6COM(2003) 787, 18.12.20037 http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/resources/documents/origin_consultation_final.pdf8 Currently implemented by Council Regulation (EC) No. 980/2005 (OL L 169, 30.6.2005, p. 1).development focus, aiming to facilitate the full insertion of developing countries into the world economy, supporting their economic and social development through better access to the Community market and strengthening regional economic integration. It contains three arrangements:– The general arrangement, which grants a range of reductions and suspensions for the products listed in the annex to the regulation;– a special incentive arrangement for sustainable development and good governance ("GSP Plus"), which provides additional benefits for 15 vulnerable countries implementing certain international standards in human and labour rights, environmental protection, the fight against drugs, and good governance;– a special arrangement for least developed countries (EBA), which grants duty- and quota-free access for all products except arms originating in the 49 Least Developed Countries (LDCs).2. Table 19 shows the average GSP preferences and global trade value of GSPpreferential imports into the EU.3. GSP is granted unilaterally by the Community and beneficiary countries range fromthe very large and relatively advanced (such as China) to tiny islands and the world's poorest countries. However, a "graduation" mechanism provides for the removal of preferences for countries (except those benefiting from EBA) whose exports reach a determined level in any sector. For this reason China, although still a GSP beneficiary, is excluded from preference for many sectors.4. The countries which make greatest use of GSP are not unexpectedly the largest andmost economically developed countries (see volumes of exports in column 5 of9 Source: ADE study.Notes: Computed from EUROSTAT. TRAINS data was used for tariffs equivalents of specific tariffs and tariff-rate-quotas for agricultural products. a : Thousand euros b : Value of imports eligible for preferences c : Total number of tariff lines (over all countries) to the EU at HS-8 level. See annex 2 of the ADE study for the exclusion of tariff lines due to missing data. d : Import value of preferences according to filing status requested at EU customs (i.e. on the assumption that the requested status was granted)e : Value of actual preferences ()MFN PREF ij i i ij t t M −∑. Does not include special regimes for ACP(37)and ACP(41).f: Import-weighted figures in parenthesis (weighted by imports at HS-8 level) g : See volume II, chapter 1 of the ADE study for definition of the construction of the index h : Maximum value-content of imports when applicable (see text for interpretation). k : Value of imports under the special Cotonou regime (bananas, rice, sugar). l : Value of misclaiming computed as ()CLAIM ELIG iji i ij t t M−∑where CLAIM i t is the tariff applicable to the status claimed and ELIG i t is the eligible status for the claiming country. A ‘+’ is entered for overclaiming (CLAIM ELIG ii t t >) and a ‘-’ for underclaiming (CLAIM ELIG i i t t <) m : Value of imports for GSP (92) countries under tariff lines that claimed either GSP or ACP status when these lines were not eligible for GSP status (corresponding value preference in parenthesis)Annex 310). LDCs tend to export mainly textiles and clothing and footwear, and (where they have the natural resources) processed agricultural and fisheries products.Country range Description of the valueGSP but neitherACP nor EBA (92)ACP but not EBA(37)EBA and also ACP(41)EBA but not ACP(9)EU imports a 152.191.986 11.718.363 4.847.399 1.566.684GSP eligible b 100.584.679 All lines All lines All linestariff lines c 99.26210.9347.3763.494Imports under preference: of which dGSP(ACP) 14.021.313(6.446.738)133.884(1.747.487)14.174(677.104)760.523(1.837)Value of preference e GSP(ACP)487.037(439.086)6.332(168.953)2.844(64.428)90.280(290)Value of Mis-claiming l Overclaim(underclaim)1.398(-261.978)8.361(0)(0)(0)Value of imports (overclaiming) for ineligible GSP lines m 1.269.032 ( 41.533 )Import Value under Special ACPregime k6.118 381.932 54.083 0Average MFN tariff f 5,08% (2,27%) 4,75% (1,71%) 4,18% (1,50%) 7,91% (11,90%) Average Preferential tariff f 2,66% (1,15%) 0,17% (0,01%)Table 1: Preferences and their value in the EU market, 2004EUR (000)5.The rules of origin are a tool serving on the one hand to ensure that the activitywhich takes place in the beneficiary country represents a real economic input andthat the benefit of the tariff preferences goes to the intended beneficiaries, and onthe other hand to prevent abuse. As such, they are an essential component ofCommunity trade policy.10 Source: UNCTAD. The data in Annex I present the utilisation rates with regard to the most exported products from both GSP and EBA countries. Exports of products subject to MFN duty equals zero and which are not covered by the GSP preferences are not taken into account. The figures do not refer to smaller quantities of exports even if low export value could also imply problems in the fulfilment of the origin rules. However, a full analysis of all the headings lines for a large number of countries goes beyondthe scope of this impact assessment. Generally the attention is focused on the most exported goods as the economies represent already a certain level of specialisation and intend to maximise the benefits of the existing natural resources, for the purpose of this document called wholly obtained products. It is impossible to set up a system of rules of origin where every country will produce everything. The objectiveis, on the other hand, to tie permanently the economies of the developing countries with the global economy in order to maximise their internal economic potentials.6.Rules of origin consist of two parts: substance and procedures:–Substance means the conditions for goods to be considered as originating in the beneficiary country. To qualify for preference, products must be "wholly obtained" in it (essentially, natural products or products obtained therefrom) or have undergone "sufficient working or processing" there. For this purpose, the present rules lay down a product-by-product list of requirements as well as detailed conditions for cases in which origin may be "cumulated" with other countries. Fuller details are given in Annex [4].–Procedures means the system of administrative cooperation for the management and control of origin. Proof of origin must be given, usually by means of a certificate of origin Form A stamped for each individual export by the competent authorities of the beneficiary country. These authorities are also responsible for carrying out subsequent verifications. Fuller details are given in Annex [5].2.2 The nature of the problem1.The preferences for some products are under-used in some cases. Statisticsshow relatively low use rates by many of the least developed countries (LDCs) and other vulnerable countries (Annex 3) – utilisation rates for the top fifteen exported products). Although many factors affect investment decisions and the ability to export under preference (including geography and infrastructure, the available workforce and political stability), it appears that one reason is that rules of origin may act as a barrier to trade for such countries, because exporters there are unable to comply with them because they are complex and/or too stringent.2.The under-utilisation cannot be ascribed to the preferences duty rates not being lowenough for LDCs, since they already enjoy zero duty for virtually all their exports. 3.Rules of origin do not affect all sectors equally; the utilisation rates varysubstantially from sector to sector. For agricultural and fishery goods they are high (80-100%). This is because these goods are generally "wholly obtained", i.e.extracted mineral products, harvested vegetables, live animals etc. The lack of these products among the most exported goods seems not to be caused by the stringency of origin rules, as their main objective is to support the use of local raw materials produced in a given country.4.From the figures in Annex 3 it appears that there are problems in complying withthe origin conditions in the industrial sectors. The sector with the lowest utilisation rates is the clothing industry, namely Chapters 61 and 62 of the Combined Nomenclature (CN) (the rate varies from 0 to 50%, even though there are differences at the heading level and a strong differentiation between countries). At a first glance it appears that there are also anomalies with regard to other industrial products exported in large quantities from developing countries (chemicals, machinery and transport equipment). The under-utilisation in these sectors affects more developed GSP countries (Brazil, Russia, Indonesia, Malaysia or Thailand, for example). There are only traces of exports of those products from the LDCs (and the utilisation rates are zero, i.e. they seem not to be able to use the preferences at all).5.Rules of origin do not affect all beneficiaries equally, but tend to penalise thesmaller and least developed countries, which have less integrated economies.However, other, larger countries are able to export extremely large volumes to the Community despite the current rules of origin. See table 2, and in particular columns 5 and 7.Table 2: Volumes of import in the EU market from India and Sri Lanka and therespective utilisation rates and their value1.Graphic 1 below and point 1 of Annex [4] show how for exporters of productswhich are not wholly obtained the complexity is particularly acute, since it is a multi-step process: they must contend not only with a product-by-product list of rules (and in some cases, alternative rules) defining the level of processing requiredto confer origin, but also a number of exceptions and conditions (minimal operations which can never confer origin, tolerances, etc.), all giving rise to repeated problems of interpretation, without mentioning the possible use of cumulation.Graphic 1: Deciding whether products originate or not2. There are in fact currently 545 different list rules used for the various preferential arrangements in which the EU is involved, corresponding to 509 different categories of products 11, plus 107 alternative rules. There is no common indicator or tool to measure what is 'sufficient processing', which means that the origin requirement can discriminate between products or manufacturing processes which are similar. Nor are the rules easily adapted to the appearance of new products, new processes or changing trade patterns. Annex [6] indicates some of the problems of interpretation encountered, while the following table 3 shows the breakdown of use of various criteria amongst the total number of list rules (alternative rules are not included):WO CTH SP VP WO+CTHWO+VP 29 98 150 128 44 5,3% 18% 27,5%23,5% 0,7%0,7% CTH+VP SP+VP WO+CTH+VP Sets+VPNRTOTAL 94 28 22 654517,2% 5,1% 0,4%0,4%1,1%100% Table 3: Current rules for sufficient working or processing, by type.WO= manufacture from wholly obtained or already originating productsCTH= change of tariff heading or subheading (positive or negative test)VP= value percentageSP= specific process11 For some categories of products, two or even three rules are offered at the choice of the exporter (not to mention possible 'alternative rules').NR= 'no rule' ('manufacture from any heading')3.The ADE study demonstrates the correlation between the strictness of rules oforigin and low use rate. This trend is also amply confirmed by anecdotal evidence.On the other hand, in cases where rules of origin have been relaxed, experience shows that the use rate can go up: for example, when the EU reduced the processing requirement for textile products from three stages to two, and following specific initiatives by other donor countries such as the USA and Canada).4.The rules for "wholly obtained" products are relatively clear, but not free of alldifficulty: for example, the case, illustrated in point 4 of Annex [4], of the conditions for fishing vessels catching fish outside the territorial waters of the beneficiary country. These rules are not always easy to interpret or apply to concrete cases and it is particularly difficult to establish the ownership of companies, where several holding companies may be concerned.5.Cumulation is a facilitation of the normal rules, which allows the processingrequired to be carried out in a group of countries instead of the beneficiary country alone. GSP regional cumulation aims at encouraging economic cooperation and thus promoting regional integration, but sustained anecdotal evidence shows that it too is under-used12. Because of its strict and complex conditions, described in point2 of Annex [3], it has proved hard to apply in practice. The allocation of origin inthis context is particularly important, since different countries are subject to different levels of preference.6.Cost. Participation in preferential trade causes costs for enterprises as well as forpublic administrations. The current system of rules of origin is seen as burdensome and excessively complicated. The complexity of multiple rules adds to costs for all parties.7.The administrative costs of rules of origin are those which are incurred byenterprises for the determination of the preferential status of exported products, its permanent control and the issuing of proofs of origin. The administrative costs of any substantial reform affect different stakeholders. As the GSP rules of origin concern an autonomous system of unilateral preferences, the possible costs can be evaluated from the perspective of:- economic operators;- public authorities.8.The ADE study concludes that there is an average total compliance cost of 3.2%13.It further observes that using its "restrictiveness index" compliance costs can be broken down into two components: "an industry-specific distortionary cost due to the RoO’s effect on input sourcing −forcing a minimum of sourcing from the preferential trading zone as opposed to potentially cheaper sources outside− and an administrative (paperwork) component which we assume, for simplicity, to be the same across industries." By this means it arrives at "an average administrative 12 There is no requirement to indicate the use of cumulation on Form A (even if some countries do). Consequently, the Community does not hold statistics on the use of regional cumulation.13 Point 2.3 in part I。
Chapter12-shaft-design
轴的类型
• 根据承受载荷的不同，轴可分为转轴、传动轴和心轴 三种。
• 转轴既承受转矩又承受弯矩，如减速器的转轴； • 传动轴主要承受转矩，不承受或承受很小的弯矩；如
汽车的传动轴 • 心轴只承受弯矩而不传递转矩；
按轴线的形状轴可分为：直轴，曲轴和挠性轴。
轴的结构设计
• (1)满足制造安装要求，便于加工、方便 装拆； • (2)满足定位要求； • (3)满足工艺性要求；
Chapter 12 shaft design
• The big picture, you are the designer • 12-1 objectives of this chapter • 12-2 shaft design procedure • 12-3 forces exerted on shafts by machine elements • 12-4 stress concentrations in shafts • 12-5 design stresses for shafts • 12-6 shafts in bending and torsion only • 12-7 shaft design example • 12-8 recommended basic sizes for shafts • 12-9 additional design examples • 12-10 spreadsheet aid fro shaft for shaft design
• Gear-type speed reducers,belt or chain drives, conveyors, pumps, fans,agitators, and many types of automation equipment.
数学英语词汇
英语词汇-数学词汇abbreviation 简写符号；简写 abscissa 横坐标absolute complement 绝对补集 absolute error 绝对误差absolute inequality 绝不等式 absolute maximum 绝对极大值absolute minimum 绝对极小值 absolute monotonic 绝对单调absolute value 绝对值 accelerate 加速acceleration 加速度acceleration due to gravity 重力加速度; 地心加速度accumulation 累积 accumulative 累积的accuracy 准确度 act on 施于action 作用; 作用力 acute angle 锐角acute-angled triangle 锐角三角形 add 加addition 加法 addition formula 加法公式addition law 加法定律addition law(of probability) （概率）加法定律additive inverse 加法逆元; 加法反元 additive property 可加性adjacent angle 邻角 adjacent side 邻边adjoint matrix 伴随矩阵algebra 代数 algebraic 代数的algebraic equation 代数方程 algebraic expression 代数式algebraic fraction 代数分式；代数分数式algebraic inequality 代数不等式algebraic number 代数数 algebraic operation 代数运算algebraically closed 代数封闭 algorithm 算法系统; 规则系统alternate angle （交）错角 alternate segment 内错弓形alternating series 交错级数alternative hypothesis 择一假设; 备择假设; 另一假设altitude 高；高度；顶垂线；高线ambiguous case 两义情况；二义情况amount 本利和；总数 analysis 分析；解析analytic geometry 解析几何angle 角 angle at the centre 圆心角angle at the circumference 圆周角angle between a line and a plane 直与平面的交角angle between two planes 两平面的交角angle bisection 角平分angle bisector 角平分线；分角线angle in the alternate segment 交错弓形的圆周角angle in the same segment 同弓形内的圆周角angle of depression 俯角angle of elevation 仰角angle of friction 静摩擦角; 极限角angle of greatest slope 最大斜率的角angle of inclination 倾斜角angle of intersection 相交角；交角angle of projection 投射角angle of rotation 旋转角angle of the sector 扇形角 angle sum of a triangle 三角形内角和angles at a point 同顶角 angular displacement 角移位angular momentum 角动量 angular motion 角运动angular velocity 角速度annum(X% per annum) 年（年利率X%）anti-clockwise direction 逆时针方向；返时针方向anti-clockwise moment 逆时针力矩anti-derivative 反导数; 反微商anti-logarithm 逆对数；反对数anti-symmetric 反对称apex 顶点 approach 接近；趋近approximate value 近似值 approximation 近似；略计；逼近Arabic system 阿刺伯数字系统 arbitrary 任意arbitrary constant 任意常数 arc 弧arc length 弧长 arc-cosine function 反余弦函数arc-sin function 反正弦函数arc-tangent function 反正切函数area 面积 Argand diagram 阿根图, 阿氏图argument (1)论证; (2)辐角argument of a complex number 复数的辐角argument of a function 函数的自变量arithmetic 算术arithmetic mean 算术平均；等差中顶；算术中顶arithmetic progression 算术级数；等差级数arithmetic sequence 等差序列arithmetic series 等差级数 arm 边array 数组; 数组arrow 前号 ascending order 递升序ascending powers of X X 的升幂 assertion 断语; 断定associative law 结合律 assumed mean 假定平均数assumption 假定；假设asymmetrical 非对称asymptote 渐近asymptotic error constant 渐近误差常数at rest 静止augmented matrix 增广矩阵auxiliary angle 辅助角auxiliary circle 辅助圆auxiliary equation 辅助方程average 平均；平均数；平均值average speed 平均速率axiom 公理axiom of existence 存在公理axiom of extension 延伸公理axiom of inclusion 包含公理axiom of pairing 配对公理axiom of power 幂集公理axiom of specification 分类公理axiomatic theory of probability 概率公理论axis 轴axis of parabola 拋物线的轴axis of revolution 旋转轴axis of rotation 旋转轴axis of symmetry 对称轴 back substitution 回代bar chart 棒形图；条线图；条形图；线条图 base （1）底；（2）基；基数base angle 底角 base area 底面base line 底线 base number 底数；基数base of logarithm 对数的底 basis 基Bayes´ theorem 贝叶斯定理bearing 方位（角）；角方向（角）bell-shaped curve 钟形图belong to 属于Bernoulli distribution 伯努利分布Bernoulli trials 伯努利试验bias 偏差；偏倚biconditional 双修件式; 双修件句bijection 对射; 双射; 单满射bijective function 对射函数; 只射函数billion 十亿bimodal distribution 双峰分布binary number 二进数binary operation 二元运算binary scale 二进法binary system 二进制binomial 二项式 binomial distribution 二项分布binomial expression 二项式 binomial series 二项级数binomial theorem 二项式定理 bisect 平分；等分bisection method 分半法；分半方法bisector 等分线；平分线Boolean algebra 布尔代数boundary condition 边界条件boundary line 界（线）；边界bounded 有界的bounded above 有上界的；上有界的bounded below 有下界的；下有界的bounded function 有界函数bounded sequence 有界序列brace 大括号 bracket 括号breadth 阔度 broken line graph 折线图calculation 计算calculator 计算器；计算器calculus (1) 微积分学; (2) 演算 cancel 消法；相消canellation law 消去律 canonical 典型; 标准capacity 容量 cardioid 心脏Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标Cartesian equation 笛卡儿方程Cartesian plane 笛卡儿平面Cartesian product 笛卡儿积category 类型；范畴catenary 悬链Cauchy sequence 柯西序列Cauchy´s principal value 柯西主值Cauchy-Schwarz inequality 柯西 - 许瓦尔兹不等式central limit theorem 中心极限定理central line 中线central tendency 集中趋centre 中心；心centre of a circle 圆心centre of gravity 重心centre of mass 质量中心centrifugal force 离心力centripedal acceleration 向心加速度centripedal force force 向心力centroid 形心；距心certain event 必然事件chain rule 链式法则chance 机会change of axes 坐标轴的变换change of base 基的变换change of coordinates 坐标轴的变换change of subject 主项变换change of variable 换元；变量的换characteristic equation 特征(征)方程characteristic function 特征(征)函数characteristic of logarithm 对数的首数; 对数的定位部characteristic root 特征(征)根chart 图；图表check digit 检验数位checking 验算chord 弦chord of contact 切点弦circle 圆circular 圆形；圆的circular function 圆函数；三角函数circular measure 弧度法circular motion 圆周运动circular permutation 环形排列; 圆形排列; 循环排列circumcentre 外心；外接圆心circumcircle 外接圆circumference 圆周circumradius 外接圆半径circumscribed circle 外接圆cissoid 蔓叶class 区；组；类class boundary 组界class interval 组区间；组距class limit 组限；区限class mark 组中点；区中点classical theory of probability 古典概率论classification 分类clnometer 测斜仪clockwise direction 顺时针方向clockwise moment 顺时针力矩closed convex region 闭凸区域closed interval 闭区间coaxial 共轴coaxial circles 共轴圆coaxial system 共轴系coded data 编码数据coding method 编码法co-domain 上域coefficient 系数coefficient of friction 摩擦系数coefficient of restitution 碰撞系数; 恢复系数coefficient of variation 变差系数cofactor 余因子; 余因式cofactor matrix 列矩阵coincide 迭合；重合collection of terms 并项collinear 共线collinear planes 共线面collision 碰撞column (1)列；纵行；(2) 柱column matrix 列矩阵column vector 列向量combination 组合common chord 公弦common denominator 同分母；公分母common difference 公差common divisor 公约数；公约common factor 公因子；公因子common logarithm 常用对数common multiple 公位数；公倍common ratio 公比common tangent 公切commutative law 交换律comparable 可比较的compass 罗盘compass bearing 罗盘方位角compasses 圆规compasses construction 圆规作图compatible 可相容的complement 余；补余complement law 补余律complementary angle 余角complementary equation 补充方程complementary event 互补事件complementary function 余函数complementary probability 互补概率complete oscillation 全振动completing the square 配方complex conjugate 复共轭complex number 复数complex unmber plane 复数平面complex root 复数根component 分量component of force 分力composite function 复合函数; 合成函数composite number 复合数；合成数composition of mappings 映射构合composition of relations 复合关系compound angle 复角compound angle formula 复角公式compound bar chart 综合棒形图compound discount 复折扣compound interest 复利；复利息compound probability 合成概率compound statement 复合命题; 复合叙述computation 计算computer 计算机；电子计算器concave 凹concave downward 凹向下的concave polygon 凹多边形concave upward 凹向上的concentric circles 同心圆concept 概念conclusion 结论concurrent 共点concyclic 共圆concyclic points 共圆点condition 条件conditional 条件句；条件式conditional identity 条件恒等式conditional inequality 条件不等式conditional probability 条件概率cone 锥；圆锥（体）confidence coefficient 置信系数confidence interval 置信区间confidence level 置信水平confidence limit 置信极限confocal section 共焦圆锥曲congruence (1)全等；(2)同余congruence class 同余类congruent 全等congruent figures 全等图形congruent triangles 全等三角形conic 二次曲; 圆锥曲conic section 二次曲; 圆锥曲conical pendulum 圆锥摆conjecture 猜想conjugate 共轭conjugate axis 共轭conjugate diameters 共轭轴conjugate hyperbola 共轭(直)径conjugate imaginary / complex number 共轭双曲conjugate radical 共轭虚/复数conjugate surd 共轭根式; 共轭不尽根conjunction 合取connective 连词connector box 捙接框consecutive integers 连续整数consecutive numbers 连续数；相邻数consequence 结论；推论consequent 条件；后项conservation of energy 能量守恒conservation of momentum 动量守恒conserved 守恒consistency condition 相容条件consistent 一贯的；相容的consistent estimator 相容估计量constant 常数constant acceleration 恒加速度constant force 恒力constant of integration 积分常数constant speed 恒速率constant term 常项constant velocity 怛速度constraint 约束；约束条件construct 作construction 作图construction of equation 方程的设立continued proportion 连比例continued ratio 连比continuity 连续性continuity correction 连续校正continuous 连续的continuous data 连续数据continuous function 连续函数continuous proportion 连续比例continuous random variable 连续随机变量contradiction 矛盾converge 收敛convergence 收敛性convergent 收敛的convergent iteration 收敛的迭代convergent sequence 收敛序列convergent series 收敛级数converse 逆(定理)converse of a relation 逆关系converse theorem 逆定理conversion 转换convex 凸convex polygon 凸多边形convexity 凸性coordinate 坐标coordinate geometry 解析几何；坐标几何coordinate system 坐标系系定理；系；推论coplanar 共面coplanar forces 共面力coplanar lines 共面co-prime 互质; 互素corollary 系定理; 系; 推论correct to 准确至；取值至correlation 相关correlation coefficient 相关系数correspondence 对应corresponding angles (1)同位角；(2)对应角corresponding element 对应边corresponding sides 对应边cosecant 余割cosine 余弦cosine formula 余弦公式cost price 成本cotangent 余切countable 可数countable set 可数集countably infinite 可数无限counter clockwise direction 逆时针方向；返时针方向counter example 反例counting 数数；计数couple 力偶Carmer´s rule 克莱玛法则criterion 准则critical point 临界点critical region 临界域cirtical value 临界值cross-multiplication 交叉相乘cross-section 横切面；横截面；截痕cube 正方体；立方；立方体cube root 立方根cubic 三次方；立方；三次(的)cubic equation 三次方程cubic roots of unity 单位的立方根cuboid 长方体；矩体cumulative 累积的cumulative distribution function 累积分布函数cumulative frequecy 累积频数；累积频率cumulative frequency curve 累积频数曲cumulative frequcncy distribution 累积频数分布cumulative frequency polygon 累积频数多边形；累积频率直方图curvature of a curve 曲线的曲率curve 曲线curve sketching 曲线描绘(法)curve tracing 曲线描迹(法)curved line 曲线curved surface 曲面curved surface area 曲面面积cyclic expression 输换式cyclic permutation 圆形排列cyclic quadrilateral 圆内接四边形cycloid 旋输线; 摆线cylinder 柱；圆柱体cylindrical 圆柱形的damped oscillation 阻尼振动data 数据De Moivre´s theorem 棣美弗定理De Morgan´s law 德摩根律decagon 十边形decay 衰变decay factor 衰变因子decelerate 减速decelaration 减速度decile 十分位数decimal 小数decimal place 小数位decimal point 小数点decimal system 十进制decision box 判定框declarative sentence 说明语句declarative statement 说明命题decoding 译码decrease 递减decreasing function 递减函数；下降函数decreasing sequence 递减序列；下降序列decreasing series 递减级数；下降级数decrement 减量deduce 演绎deduction 推论deductive reasoning 演绎推理definite 确定的；定的definite integral 定积分definition 定义degenerated conic section 降级锥曲线degree (1) 度; (2) 次degree of a polynomial 多项式的次数degree of accuracy 准确度degree of confidence 置信度degree of freedom 自由度degree of ODE 常微分方程次数degree of precision 精确度delete 删除; 删去denary number 十进数denominator 分母dependence (1)相关; (2)应变dependent event(s) 相关事件; 相依事件; 从属事件dependent variable 应变量; 应变数depreciation 折旧derivable 可导derivative 导数derived curve 导函数曲线derived function 导函数derived statistics 推算统计资料; 派生统计资料descending order 递降序descending powers of x x的降序descriptive statistics 描述统计学detached coefficients 分离系数(法)determinant 行列式deviation 偏差; 变差deviation from the mean 离均差diagonal 对角线diagonal matrix 对角矩阵diagram 图; 图表diameter 直径diameter of a conic 二次曲线的直径difference 差difference equation 差分方程difference of sets 差集differentiable 可微分differential coefficient 微商; 微分系数differential equation 微分方程differential mean value theorem 微分中值定理differentiate 求...的导数differentiate from first principle 从基本原理求导数differentiation 微分法digit 数字dimension 量; 量网; 维(数)direct impact 直接碰撞direct image 直接像direct proportion 正比例direct tax, direct taxation 直接税direct variation 正变(分)directed angle 有向角directed line 有向直线directed line segment 有向线段directed number 有向数direction 方向; 方位direction angle 方向角direction cosine 方向余弦direction number 方向数direction ratio 方向比directrix 准线Dirichlet function 狄利克来函数discontinuity 不连续性discontinuous 间断(的);连续(的); 不连续(的) discontinuous point 不连续点discount 折扣discrete 分立; 离散discrete data 离散数据; 间断数据discrete random variable 间断随机变数discrete uniform distribution 离散均匀分布discriminant 判别式disjoint 不相交的disjoint sets 不相交的集disjunction 析取dispersion 离差displacement 位移disprove 反证distance 距离distance formula 距离公式distinct roots 相异根distincr solution 相异解distribution 公布distributive law 分配律diverge 发散divergence 发散(性)divergent 发散的divergent iteration 发散性迭代divergent sequence 发散序列divergent series 发散级数divide 除dividend (1)被除数；(2)股息divisible 可整除division 除法division algorithm 除法算式divisor 除数；除式；因子divisor of zero 零因子dodecagon 十二边形domain 定义域dot 点dot product 点积double angle 二倍角double angle formula 二倍角公式double root 二重根dual 对偶duality (1)对偶性; (2) 双重性due east/ south/ west /north 向东/ 南/ 西/ 北dynamics 动力学eccentric angle 离心角eccentric circles 离心圆eccentricity 离心率echelon form 梯阵式echelon matrix 梯矩阵edge 棱；边efficient estimator 有效估计量effort 施力eigenvalue 本征值eigenvector 本征向量elastic body 弹性体elastic collision 弹性碰撞elastic constant 弹性常数elastic force 弹力elasticity 弹性element 元素elementary event 基本事件elementary function 初等函数elementary row operation 基本行运算elimination 消法elimination method 消去法；消元法ellipse 椭圆ellipsiod 椭球体elliptic function 椭圆函数elongation 伸张；展empirical data 实验数据empirical formula 实验公式empirical probability 实验概率；经验概率empty set 空集encoding 编码enclosure 界限end point 端点energy 能; 能量entire surd 整方根epicycloid 外摆线equal 相等equal ratios theorem 等比定理equal roots 等根equal sets 等集equality 等(式)equality sign 等号equation 方程equation in one unknown 一元方程equation in two unknowns(variables) 二元方程equation of a straight line 直线方程equation of locus 轨迹方程equiangular 等角(的)equidistant 等距(的)equilateral 等边(的)equilateral polygon 等边多边形equilateral triangle 等边三角形equilibrium 平衡equiprobable 等概率的equiprobable space 等概率空间equivalence 等价equivalence class 等价类equivalence relation 等价关系equivalent 等价(的)error 误差error allowance 误差宽容度error estimate 误差估计error term 误差项error tolerance 误差宽容度escribed circle 旁切圆estimate 估计；估计量estimator 估计量Euclidean algorithm 欧几里德算法Euclidean geometry 欧几里德几何Euler´s formula 尤拉公式；欧拉公式evaluate 计值even function 偶函数even number 偶数evenly distributed 均匀分布的event 事件exact 真确exact differential form 恰当微分形式exact solution 准确解；精确解；真确解exact value 法确解；精确解；真确解example 例excentre 外心exception 例外excess 起exclusive 不包含exclusive disjunction 不包含性析取exclusive events 互斥事件exercise 练习exhaustive event(s) 彻底事件existential quantifier 存在量词expand 展开expand form 展开式expansion 展式expectation 期望expectation value, expected value 期望值；预期值experiment 实验；试验experimental 试验的experimental probability 实验概率explicit function 显函数exponent 指数exponential function 指数函数exponential order 指数阶; 指数级express…in terms of… 以………表达expression 式；数式extension 外延；延长；扩张；扩充v1.0 可编辑可修改extension of a function 函数的扩张exterior angle 外角external angle bisector 外分角external point of division 外分点extreme point 极值点extreme value 极值extremum 极值face 面factor 因子；因式；商factor method 因式分解法factor theorem 因子定理；因式定理factorial 阶乘factorization 因子分解；因式分解factorization of polynomial 多项式因式分解fallacy 谬误FALSE 假(的)falsehood 假值family 族family of circles 圆族family of concentric circles 同心圆族family of straight lines 直线族feasible solution 可行解；容许解Fermat´s last theorem 费尔马最后定理Fibonacci number 斐波那契数；黄金分割数Fibonacci sequence 斐波那契序列fictitious mean 假定平均数figure (1)图(形)；(2)数字final velocity 末速度finite 有限finite dimensional vector space 有限维向量空间finite population 有限总体finite probability space 有限概率空间finite sequence 有限序列finite series 有限级数finite set 有限集first approximation 首近似值first derivative 一阶导数first order differential equation 一阶微分方程first projection 第一投影; 第一射影first quartile 第一四分位数first term 首项fixed deposit 定期存款fixed point 定点fixed point iteration method 定点迭代法fixed pulley 定滑轮flow chart 流程图focal axis 焦轴focal chord 焦弦focal length 焦距focus(foci) 焦点folium of Descartes 笛卡儿叶形线foot of perpendicular 垂足for all X 对所有Xfor each /every X 对每一Xforce 力forced oscillation 受迫振动form 形式；型formal proof 形式化的证明format 格式；规格formula(formulae) 公式four leaved rose curve 四瓣玫瑰线four rules 四则four-figure table 四位数表fourth root 四次方根fraction 分数；分式fraction in lowest term 最简分数fractional equation 分式方程fractional index 分数指数fractional inequality 分式不等式free fall 自由下坠free vector 自由向量; 自由矢量frequency 频数；频率frequency distribution 频数分布；频率分布frequency distribution table 频数分布表frequency polygon 频数多边形；频率多边形friction 摩擦; 摩擦力frictionless motion 无摩擦运动frustum 平截头体fulcrum 支点function 函数function of function 复合函数；迭函数functional notation 函数记号fundamental theorem of algebra 代数基本定理fundamental theorem of calculus 微积分基本定理gain 增益；赚；盈利gain perent 赚率；增益率；盈利百分率game （1）对策；（2）博奕Gaussian distribution 高斯分布Gaussian elimination 高斯消去法general form 一般式；通式general solution 通解；一般解general term 通项generating function 母函数; 生成函数generator (1)母线; (2)生成元geoborad 几何板geometric distribution 几何分布geometric mean 几何平均数；等比中项geometric progression 几何级数；等比级数geometric sequence 等比序列geometric series 等比级数geometry 几何；几何学given 给定；已知global 全局; 整体global maximum 全局极大值; 整体极大值global minimum 全局极小值; 整体极小值golden section 黄金分割grade 等级gradient (1)斜率；倾斜率；(2)梯度grand total 总计graph 图像；图形；图表graph paper 图表纸graphical method 图解法graphical representation 图示；以图样表达graphical solution 图解gravitational acceleration 重力加速度gravity 重力greatest term 最大项greatest value 最大值grid lines 网网格线group 组；grouped data 分组数据；分类数据grouping terms 并项；集项growth 增长growth factor 增长因子half angle 半角half angle formula 半角公式half closed interval 半闭区间half open interval 半开区间harmonic mean (1) 调和平均数; (2) 调和中项harmonic progression 调和级数head 正面（钱币）height 高（度）helix 螺旋线hemisphere 半球体；半球heptagon 七边形Heron´s formula 希罗公式heterogeneous (1)参差的; (2)不纯一的hexagon 六边形higher order derivative 高阶导数highest common factor 最大公因子；最高公因式；最高公因子Hindu-Arabic numeral 阿刺伯数字histogram 组织图；直方图；矩形图Holder´s Inequality 赫耳德不等式homogeneous 齐次的homogeneous equation 齐次方程Hooke´s law 虎克定律horizontal 水平的；水平horizontal asymptote 水平渐近线horizontal component 水平分量horizontal line 横线；水平线horizontal range 水平射程hyperbola 双曲线hyperbolic function 双曲函数hypergeometric distribution 超几何分布hypocycloid 内摆线hypotenuse 斜边hypothesis 假设hypothesis testing 假设检验hypothetical syllogism 假设三段论hypotrochoid 次内摆线idempotent 全幂等的identical 全等；恒等identity 等（式）identity element 单位元identity law 同一律identity mapping 恒等映射identity matrix 恒等矩阵identity relation 恒等关系式if and only if/iff 当且仅当；若且仅若if…, then 若….则；如果…..则illustration 例证；说明image 像点；像image axis 虚轴imaginary circle 虚圆imaginary number 虚数imaginary part 虚部imaginary root 虚根imaginary unit 虚数单位impact 碰撞implication 蕴涵式；蕴含式implicit definition 隐定义implicit function 隐函数imply 蕴涵；蕴含impossible event 不可能事件improper fraction 假分数improper integral 广义积分; 非正常积分impulse 冲量impulsive force 冲力incentre 内力incircle 内切圆inclination 倾角；斜角inclined plane 斜面included angle 夹角included side 夹边inclusion mapping 包含映射inclusive 包含的；可兼的inclusive disjunction 包含性析取；可兼析取inconsistent 不相的(的)；不一致(的) increase 递增；增加increasing function 递增函数increasing sequence 递增序列increasing series 递增级数increment 增量indefinite integral 不定积分idenfinite integration 不定积分法independence 独立；自变independent equations 独立方程independent event 独立事件independent variable 自变量；独立变量indeterminate (1)不定的；(2)不定元；未定元indeterminate coefficient 不定系数；未定系数indeterminate form 待定型；不定型index,indices 指数；指index notation 指数记数法induced operation 诱导运算induction hypothesis 归纳法假设inelastic collision 非弹性碰撞inequality 不等式；不等inequality sign 不等号inertia 惯性；惯量infer 推断inference 推论infinite 无限；无穷infinite dimensional 无限维infinite population 无限总体infinite sequence 无限序列；无穷序列infinite series 无限级数；无穷级数infinitely many 无穷多infinitesimal 无限小；无穷小infinity 无限(大)；无穷(大)inflection (inflexion) point 拐点；转折点inherent error 固有误差initial approximation 初始近似值initial condition 原始条件；初值条件initial point 始点；起点initial side 始边initial value 初值；始值initial velocity 初速度initial-value problem 初值问题injection 内射injective function 内射函数inner product 内积input 输入input box 输入inscribed circle 内切圆insertion 插入insertion of brackets 加括号instantaneous 瞬时的instantaneous acceleration 瞬时加速度instantaneous speed 瞬时速率instantaneous velocity 瞬时速度integer 整数integrable 可积integrable function 可积函数integral 积分integral index 整数指数integral mean value theorem 积数指数integral part 整数部份integral solution 整数解integral value 整数值integrand 被积函数integrate 积；积分；......的积分integrating factor 积分因子integration 积分法integration by parts 分部积分法integration by substitution 代换积分法；换元积分法integration constant 积分常数interaction 相互作用intercept 截距；截段intercept form 截距式v1.0 可编辑可修改intercept theorem 截线定理interchange 互换interest 利息interest rate 利率interest tax 利息税interior angle 内角interior angles on the same side of the transversal 同旁内角interior opposite angle 内对角intermediate value theorem 介值定理internal bisector 内分角internal division 内分割internal energy 内能internal force 内力internal point of division 内分点interpolating polynomial 插值多项式interpolation 插值inter-quartile range 四分位数间距intersect 相交intersection (1)交集；(2)相交；(3)交点interval 区间interval estimation 区间估计；区域估计intuition 直观invalid 失效；无效invariance 不变性invariant (1)不变的；(2)不变量；不变式inverse 反的；逆的inverse circular function 反三角函数inverse cosine function 反余弦函数inverse function 反函数；逆函数inverse cosine function 反三角函数inverse function 反函数；逆映射inverse mapping 反向映射；逆映射inverse matrix 逆矩阵inverse problem 逆算问题inverse proportion 反比例；逆比例inverse relation 逆关系inverse sine function 反正弦函数inverse tangent function 反正切函数inverse variation 反变(分)；逆变(分) invertible 可逆的invertible matrix 可逆矩阵irrational equation 无理方程irrational number 无理数irreducibility 不可约性irregular 不规则isomorphism 同构isosceles triangle 等腰三角形iterate (1)迭代值; (2)迭代iteration 迭代iteration form 迭代形iterative function 迭代函数iterative method 迭代法jet propulsion 喷气推进joint variation 联变(分)；连变(分)kinetic energy 动能kinetic friction 动摩擦known 己知末项L´Hospital´s rule 洛必达法则Lagrange interpolating polynomial 拉格朗日插值多项代Lagrange theorem 拉格朗日定理Lami´s law 拉密定律Laplace expansion 拉普拉斯展式last term 末项latent root 本征根; 首通径lattice point 格点latus rectum 正焦弦; 首通径law 律；定律law of conservation of momentum 动量守恒定律law of indices 指数律；指数定律law of inference 推论律law of trichotomy 三分律leading coefficient 首项系数leading diagonal 主对角线least common multiple, lowest common multiple 最小公倍数；最低公倍式least value 最小值left hand limit 左方极限lemma 引理lemniscate 双纽线length 长(度)letter 文字；字母v1.0 可编辑可修改like surd 同类根式like terms 同类项limacon 蜗牛线limit 极限limit of sequence 序列的极限limiting case 极限情况limiting friction 最大静摩擦limiting position 极限位置line 线；行line of action 作用力线line of best-fit 最佳拟合line of greatest slope 最大斜率的直；最大斜率line of intersection 交线line segment 线段linear 线性；一次linear convergence 线性收敛性linear differeantial equation 线性微分方程linear equation 线性方程；一次方程linear equation in two unknowns 二元一次方程；二元线性方程linear inequality 一次不等式；线性不等式linear momentum 线动量linear programming 线性规划linearly dependent 线性相关的linearly independent 线性无关的literal coefficient 文字系数literal equation 文字方程load 负荷loaded coin 不公正钱币loaded die 不公正骰子local maximum 局部极大(值)local minimum 局部极小(值)locus, loci 轨迹logarithm 对数logarithmic equation 对数方程logarithmic function 对数函数logic 逻辑logical deduction 逻辑推论；逻辑推理logical step 逻辑步骤long division method 长除法loop 回路loss 赔本；亏蚀loss per cent 赔率；亏蚀百分率lower bound 下界lower limit 下限lower quartile 下四分位数lower sum 下和lower triangular matrix 下三角形矩阵lowest common multiple 最小公倍数machine 机械Maclaurin expansion 麦克劳林展开式Maclaurin series 麦克劳林级数magnitude 量；数量；长度；大小major arc 优弧；大弧major axis 长轴major sector 优扇形；大扇形major segment 优弓形；大弓形mantissa 尾数mantissa of logarithm 对数的尾数；对数的定值部many to one 多个对一个many-sided figure 多边形many-valued 多值的map into 映入map onto 映上mapping 映射marked price 标价Markov chain 马可夫链mass 质量mathematical analysis 数学分析mathematical induction 数学归纳法mathematical sentence 数句mathematics 数学matrix 阵; 矩阵matrix addition 矩阵加法matrix equation 矩阵方程matrix multiplication 矩阵乘法matrix operation 矩阵运算maximize 极大maximum absolute error 最大绝对误差maximum point 极大点maximum value 极大值mean 平均(值)；平均数；中数v1.0 可编辑可修改mean deviation 中均差；平均偏差mean value theorem 中值定理measure of dispersion 离差的量度measurement 量度mechanical energy 机械能median (1)中位数；(2)中线meet 相交；相遇mensuration 计量；求积法method 方法method of completing square 配方法method of interpolation 插值法; 内插法method of least squares 最小二乘法; 最小平方法method of substitution 代换法；换元法method of successive substitution 逐次代换法; 逐次调替法method of superposition 迭合法metric unit 十进制单位mid-point 中点mid-point formula 中点公式mid-point theorem 中点定理million 百万minimize 极小minimum point 极小点minimum value 极小值Minkowski Inequality 闵可夫斯基不等式minor (1)子行列式；(2)劣；较小的minor arc 劣弧；小弧minor axis 短轴minor of a determinant 子行列式minor sector 劣扇形；小扇形minor segment 劣弓形；小弓形minus 减minute 分mixed number(fraction) 带分数modal class 众数组mode 众数model 模型modulo (1)模; 模数; (2)同余modulo arithmetic 同余算术modulus 模; 模数modulus of a complex number 复数的模modulus of elasticity 弹性模(数)moment arm (1)矩臂; (2)力臂moment of a force 力矩moment of inertia 贯性矩momentum 动量monomial 单项式monotone 单调monotonic convergence 单调收敛性monotonic decreasing 单调递减monotonic decreasing function 单调递减函数monotonic function 单调函数monotonic increasing 单调递增monotonic increasing function 单调递增函数motion 运动movable pulley 动滑轮multinomial 多项式multiple 倍数multiple angle 倍角multiple-angle formula 倍角公式multiple root 多重根multiplicand 被乘数multiplication 乘法multiplication law (of probability) (概率)乘法定律multiplicative inverse 乘法逆元multiplicative property 可乘性multiplicity 重数multiplier 乘数；乘式multiply 乘multi-value 多值的mulually disjoint 互不相交mutually exclusive events 互斥事件mutually independent 独立; 互相独立mutually perpendicular lines 互相垂直n factorial n阶乘n th derivative n阶导数n th root n次根；n次方根n the root of unity 单位的n次根Napierian logarithm 纳皮尔对数; 自然对数natural logarithm 自然对数natural number 自然数natural surjection 自然满射。
6 shaft design
Lesson 6Shaft Design
• Data on permissible values of deflections are rare, probable because the range of values would be large and each situation has its own peculiarities. An old rule of thumb（经 验法则） for transmission shafting is that the deflection should not exceed 0.0005L, where L is the shaft length between supports; although greater stiffness may be desired. Preferably, on transmission shafts, the pulleys and gears should be located close to bearings in order to minimize moments. If journal bearings with “thick film” lubrication are used, the deflection across the bearing width should be only a small fraction of the oil-film thickness; if the slope is excessive here, there will be “binding” in the journal. A self-aligning bearing may eliminate this trouble if the deflection is otherwise acceptable. • On machine tools, rigidity is a special concern because of its relation to accuracy. If a shaft supports a gear, deflection is more of a consideration than if it carries a V-belt pulley.
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Fabric织物，布；结构，组织Punishment 罚，刑罚；虐待NHarvest 收获，收割Tent 帐篷Blanket 毛毯，毯子。
Tackle 对付，解决、处理；钓具；轱辘，滑车；抓住。
Sin 罪，罪孽；犯过失。
Slam砰地关上（放下）Rid 使摆脱，解除负担。
Myth 杜撰出来的人或事；神话；Owe 归因于；欠Infant 婴儿，幼儿，幼稚Hint 暗示Drones 无人机，雄峰Military 军人，军队Civilian 平民，百姓；民用的Extract 提取，榨取；汁Vessel 船、舰；血管；容器Array 数列，阵列，排列Fin 鱼鳍；鱼翅；Halfshaft design wordsInfrared 红外线n.,a.infraPeakVanlentine 情人，vanlentine’s day 情人节night-hawkdistract 转移；分心mental adj. 精神的；脑力的；疯的,n. 精神病患者alert vt. 警告；使警觉，使意识到,adj. 警惕的，警觉的；留心的; n. 警戒，警惕；警span 跨度，范围imperceptible 感觉不到的，细微的。
Deal with 处理，涉及，做生意Essential 基本的，必要的，本质的n.本质，要点，要素，必需品。
Random 随机的，抽样的，无规则的，任意的，胡乱的。
Intrude 把…强加;,闯入,侵入.打扰.Suppress 抑制；镇压；废止，禁止。
Jot 少量，稍许，简要记载下来，略记。
Insight 洞察力；洞悉Reflection 反射；沉思，映像，倒映。
Straining 应变，变形Lull 间歇，暂停，使平静，哄骗平息，减弱，停止Cram 填鸭式学的，死记硬背，填满，猛吃Depreciation n. 折旧；贬值Prerequisite 先决条件,首要条件-transmission 【机】传动装置[系统]; 变速器[箱]; 联动机件-transmit 传输, 转送, 传达, 传导, 发射, 遗传, 传播.-compensate vt., vi. -sated, -sating 补偿；赔偿；酬报suspension 悬, 吊; 悬挂物;悬架。
rear 后面, 背后, 后方, 屁股powertrain 传动系compliance n. 依从, 顺从;comply v. 顺从, 答应, 遵守comply with同意，答应；遵守，服从angulate adj. 有角的vt. 使有角stroke （运动或比赛中的）一次性动作characteristics 特征, 性能, 特色, 特性, 特点unique adj. 唯一的, 独特的vibration n. 振动, 颤动, 摇动, 摆动traction n 拖拉；牵引；曳;牵引力；拖力；拉力;阻力；磨擦力tractive forceconfiguration n. 构造, 结构, 配置, 外形prop n.支撑[持]物, 支柱[撑], 架, 撑脚[材], 顶杠prop shaft支持者, 后盾, 靠山differential adj. 微分的;n.微分; 〈汽车〉差速齿轮primarily acceleration drivenpropel vt. -ll- 推进，推动;驱策.Satisfy vt. -fied, -fying 满足, 使满意, 说服, 使相信-Strength n. 力，力量；强度.-Durability 耐久性, 耐用性; 坚固-Tire 轮胎, 疲劳, 劳累-Comfort n. 安慰, 舒适, 安慰者;vt. 安慰, 使(痛苦等)缓和-Vehicle’s frame-Unitized body-Sprung weight , spring-Constitute -tuted, -tuting 组成；构成-Leaf spring; coil spring; air spring; torsion bar-Mount v 爬上, 使上马, 装上, 制作...的标本, 上演-Incorporate adj. 合并的, 结社的, 一体化的;vt. 合并, 使组成公司, 具体表现-Compression n. 压缩，浓缩；压紧;（内燃机的）压缩Compression type coil spring.Pivot n. 枢轴, 支点, (讨论的)中心点, 重点Sway bar vi., vt. swayed, swaying 摇摆，摇动Rail n. 横杆, 围栏, 扶手, 铁轨Sturdy adj. -dier, -diest 结实的；强健的Strut n. 高视阔步, 支柱, 压杆vt. 支撑, 炫耀-conjunction n.连合［接］；联合;（事件的）同时发生.in conjunction with和...一道，结合beam n.梁；横梁；束，柱corvette n 小型护卫舰轻巡洋舰filament 丝, 线, 纤维wound 伤，负伤epoxy adj 环氧的; 环氧化物的longitudinal adj 经度的;长度的；纵长的bolt n.螺栓；插销vt.闩门fasten vt, vi 把…结牢；把…拴住；扣紧（钮扣）saddle n.鞍子，马鞍shackle n. 脚镣，枷锁手铐；脚镣；镣铐（类似挂锁活动部分的）U型钩套twist vt, vi 卷；捻；搓; 扭断；转断；捻断歪曲原义；曲解lengthwise 纵长的，纵向长的crosswise 成十字形地，交叉地exert vt（常与for, to连用）运用（影响、力量、技巧等）anchor 锚抛锚；停泊使稳固；使稳定pivot vt, vi -t- 旋转于枢轴上;给…装枢轴；置于枢轴上cushion 垫子；坐垫；靠垫缓和；减轻（压力）telescope n.望远镜v 套入, 迭进; 由相撞而直接插入, 重迭; 缩短strut （木质或金属的）支柱，撑木昂首阔步，神气活现的走路vt.(用支柱等)支撑universal adj 全体的普遍的；一般的全世界的fluid n 液体；流质adj.液体的；流体的不固定的；易变的restrict vt 限制；限定orifice (管子等的)口; 孔; 锐孔; 喷嘴;光澜, 遮光板;筛眼节流口; 阻尼孔;节流孔; 孔板; 隔板irregularity irregular不规则的+-ity 名词后缀n-ties 不规则；不整齐；不合常规;参差不齐；不一致不整齐的东西piston n.活塞bump 碰撞；猛击n,vviolent adj. 猛烈的, 狂暴的, 剧烈的, 利害的;热烈的, 激烈的;暴虐的, 凶暴的, 由暴力造成的;极端的;曲解的, 歪曲的align vt., vi.排成直线; 排成行使密切合作, 联合, 使结盟【物】匹配; 调准; 校直; 找平; 定线; 调整(电路、频率) compartment 区划，区分；间隔，部分舱，室；(分隔)间，箱，格，层水密舱，防水船舱隔板［膜，壁，室，舱］火车中的小房间分立而不相属的机能、作用等integral 构成整体所必需的, 组成的, 主要的, 必备的完整的, 整体的; 综合的lateral adj横的；侧面的self-locking nutcaliper 测径器, 卡钳, 弯脚器;vt.用卡钳测量castle n.城堡；巨大建筑物deflector 变流装置, 偏针仪挡板, 挡帘;防尘盖magnetise; magnetize; v 使磁化, 吸引magnetism; n. 磁, 磁力, 吸引力, 磁学magnetite; n. 磁铁矿magnetization; n 磁化demagnetization; n 除去磁性, 退磁Lab test buildingceil; vt. 装天花板, 装船内格子板ceiling n. 天花板, 最高限度epoxy coating epoxy adj. 环氧的PVC tile n. 瓦片, 瓷砖Crane n. 起重机Brick n. 砖, 砖块, 砖形物(如茶砖,冰砖等), <口>心肠好的人Cement n. 水泥, 接合剂; vt. 接合, 用水泥涂, 巩固vi. 粘牢concrete adj. 具体的, 有形的; n. 混凝土; v. 用混凝土修筑, 浇混凝土, 凝结emulsion n. 乳状液, [医]乳剂, [摄]感光, 乳胶; emulsion paint 乳化漆humidity n. 湿度, 湿气, 水分含量ventilation n. 通风, 流通空气extra adj. 额外的, 不包括在价目内的, 特大的, 特佳的voltage [电工]电压, 伏特数current n. 涌流, 趋势, 电流, 水流, 气流compressor n. 压缩物, 压缩机, [医]收缩肌code n 代码, 代号, 密码, 编码; v. 编码规范；礼法; 法典；法规as long as只要，在。
的时候。
front wheel driverear wheel drivetransmittransmissionindependent suspensionsolid tubularindependently suspended wheelcompensate for suspension movement in the vehicle carrydiversity n. 差异, 多样性because of the diversity in vehicle designs round the worldABS sensing ringNoise vibration hashness NVHInteriorconfigurationreserve n储备(物), 储藏量, 预备队; vt.储备, 保存, 保留, 预定, 预约platform n. (车站)月台, 讲台, 讲坛;平台geometry n. 几何学; 几何图形[形状, 结构, 条件]vital adj. 生死攸关的, 重大的, 生命的, 生机的, 至关重要的, 所必需的dire a. 迫切的，极端的（需要、危险）;可怕的；恐怖的accommodate 供应, 供给, 使适应, 调节, 和解, 向...提供, 容纳, 调和;vi. 适应expansion n. 扩充, 开展, 膨胀, 扩张物, 辽阔, 浩瀚slight adj. 纤弱的；细瘦的；脆弱的;细小的；微不足道的；轻微的.Puncture n,v. 刺孔；穿孔，车胎穿孔；刺穿；刺痕Acupuncture n.针刺疗法; v. 施行针刺疗法Curve n. 曲线, 弯曲, [棒球]曲线球, [统]曲线图表vt. 弯, 使弯曲;vi. 成曲形constitute vt.制定(法律), 建立(政府), 组成, 任命组成；构成interfere vi. 干涉, 干预, 妨碍, 打扰interfere with other components on the vehiclepeak hinge n. （门、盖等的）铰链, 枢纽, 关键planar adj. 平面的; 在(同一)平面上的; 平的【数】二维的, 二度的discrepancy n. 相差, 差异, 矛盾thermoplastic adj.热塑性的; n. 热塑性塑料neoprene n. 【化】氯丁(二烯)橡胶violation n. 违反, 违背, 妨碍, 侵害, [体]违例, 强奸convolute v. 回旋, 卷绕, 盘旋; adj.旋绕的ascend v.攀登, 上升transaxle n. 驱动桥(与变速箱连成一体, 用于前轮驱动的汽车)diagnostic adj. 诊断的diagnosis n.诊断fault diag,nosis 故障,/毛病诊断malfunction n. 失灵, 机能失常; 故障;出错; 失误store knuckle boltknuckle n. 指节, 关节troubleshooting n. 发现并修理故障, 解决纷争expectancy n. 期待, 期望practical limitssatisfactory adj. 令人满意的；符合要求的；合适的particular n.细节, 详细adj.特殊的, 特别的, 独特的, 详细的, 精确的, 挑剔critical adj. 评论的, 鉴定的, 批评的, 危急的, 临界的special n. 特派员, 专车, 专刊; adj.特别的, 特殊的, 专门的, 专用的typical adj. 典型的；具有代表性的；象征性的specific n. 特效药, 细节adj. 详细而精确的, 明确的, 特殊的, 特效的, [生物]种的especial adj. 特别的, 特殊的dynamic adj. 动力的, 动力学的, 动态的static adj. 静止的，静态的;呆板的；乏味的;〈电〉静止的，静态的objectionable adj. 引起反对的；使人不愉快的objection n. 反对;异议;不喜欢;缺点[陷];妨碍;反对的理由tolerate -rated, -rating 容忍；宽容；纵容;忍受ovalness adj. Oval 卵形的, 椭圆的;n. 卵形, 椭圆形ellipse = ellipsis;oblong n. 长方形, 椭园形;adj.长方形的, 椭园形的rectangle n长方形, 矩形straightness n.挺直度, (钢丝的)伸直度; 正直, 笔直, 率直straighten v.(使)弄直, 伸直straight adj.直的, 诚实的, 正直的, 率直的, 整齐的adv.直, 直接, 一直optimum adj.最佳的; 最适宜的; 最有利的optimize vt. 使尽可能完善，使最佳化（亦作：optimise）optimization n. 最佳化, 最优化mate n. 配偶, 对手, 助手;vt.使配对, 使一致, 结伴vi.成配偶, 紧密配合exceed vt.超越, 胜过;vi.超过其他excessive adj. 过多的, 过分的, 额外slip n.滑倒, 事故, 片, 纸片;vi.滑动, 滑倒, 失足, 减退vt.使滑动, 滑过, 摆脱, 闪开, 塞入;adj.=滑动的, 活络的, 有活结的thrust n.插, 戳, 刺, 推力, 猛推, 口头攻击vt.力推, 冲, 插入, 挤进, 刺, 戳, 强加, 延伸conjunction n.联合, 关联, 连接词evolutional adj.进化的, 进展的substantiate vt.使实体化, 证实perspective n.透视画法, 透视图, 远景, 前途, 观点, 看法, 观点, 观察integration成为整体; 集成; 综合; 一体化;【心理】融合; 统合; 整合;【数】积分(法)extensive adj.广大的, 广阔的, 广泛的jounce vi.上下震动, 颠簸, 摇撼. n.震动, 颠簸rebound vi. 弹回；跳回fraction n. 小部分, 片断, 分数.Multiply 乘, 增殖; 繁殖, 增加; 做乘法;Multiple adj.多样的, 多重的;n.倍数, 若干;v.成倍增加The greater of either…or …Stall vt., vi.（发动机）因动力不足停转，使因动力不足而停转;（飞机）失速，使失速;n. 货摊, 畜栏, 厩, 出售摊Cruise vi. 巡游, 巡航n.巡游, 巡航Cruising speed巡航速度Excess n.过度, 剩于, 无节制, 超过, 超额adj.过度的, 额外的in excess 过度;in excess of 超过,较...为多run to excess 走极端;go to excess 走极端to excess 过度, 过分steady adj.稳固的, 稳定的, 坚定的, 扎实的, 坚定不移的v.(使)稳定, (使)稳固origin n.起源, 由来, 起因, 出身, 血统, [数]原点magnitude n. 大小, 数量, 巨大, 广大, 量级clutch v.抓住, 攫住;n.离合器tractive adj. 牵引的, 曳引的tractive effort牵引(效)力,牵引作用, 挽力tractive power牵引力, 牵引功率employ v.雇用, 用, 使用computation n.计算, 估计subject n.题目, 主题, 科目, 学科, 国民, [语法]主语adj.受他国统治的, 未独立的, 受制于...的, 受...影响的, 以...为条件的;vt.使屈从于...,使隶属;vt.（常与to连用）统治；支配;（与to连用）使经历；使遭受abusive adj.辱骂的, 滥用的shock or abusive loadimpose（常与on, upon连用）占（人）便宜；利用征税, 强加, 以...欺骗pave vt. paved, paving 铺（路、街道等）impulse n.推动, 刺激, 冲动, 推动力vt.推动inertia n. 惯性, 惯量moment of inertia 转动惯量; 惯性矩hence adv. 因此, 从此hereby; herewith; thereby; therefore; wherefore; accordingly; thus; consequently.Curb n.路边Curb weightStop-light dragFriction摩擦, 摩擦力; Frictional forceShudder vi.战栗, 发抖Disturbance n.骚动, 动乱, 打扰, 干扰, 骚乱, 搅动Know asSkidding n.曳出, 集材;滑轮;集材装置;滑行, 溜滑;侧滑, 侧行Skewing时(间) 滞(后), (两个相关信号间的) 相位差偏移, 偏置;歪扭;交叉轴sliding adj.滑动的;易变的，弹性的when the secondary torque are not equal, the net steer torque will cause the car to deviate from the straight ahead path.Garage shakeDepress使沮丧, 使消沉, 压下, 压低, 使不活泼, 使萧条;v.压下Pedal n. 踏板v.踩...的踏板Pan n.平底锅, 盘子, 面板Rather than (otherwise)不是别的而是...strut高视阔步, 支柱, 压杆;vi.大摇大摆地走, 肿胀vt.支撑, 炫耀Rzeppa JointBisect vt.平分；分为二等分No matter不要紧, 没关系Universal adj.普遍的, 全体的, 通用的, 宇宙的, 世界的Helix splineDisturbance n. 骚动, 动乱, 打扰, 干扰, 骚乱, 搅动Camming 凸轮系统cam【机】凸轮, 偏心轮Sector部分, 部门, [计]扇区, 地区, 象限, 扇形v.使分成部分, 把...分成扇形coincident adj.一致的, 符合的, 巧合的; 同时发生的funnel angle漏斗, 烟窗camming actionshallow adj.浅的, 浅薄的deep a.; depth n. ; kinematic adj.[物] 运动学的, 运动学上的govern vt.统治; 治理; 管理;控制; 抑制; 约束;支配; 影响;规定; 指导convex表面弯曲如球的外侧, 凸起的; 凸出的；凸面的. Essential adj. 本质的, 实质的, 基本的, 提炼的, 精华的.n. 本质, 实质, 要素, 要点Is or consists essentially of Perpendicular to its rotational axis.Orbit n. 轨道, 势力范围, 生活常规, 眼眶;vt.绕...轨道而行;vi.进入轨道, 沿轨道飞行, 盘旋.Coincide v.恰巧相合；刚好重合一致；相符合instantaneous adj.瞬间的, 即刻的, 即时的respect n. , vt.尊敬, 敬重, 注意, 考虑, 不防碍acronym n.只取首字母的缩写词NVH is an acronym used for Noise, Vibration and Harshness observed in a vehicleHoop stress; n.箍, 铁环, 戒指, 篮v.加箍于, 环绕Bending stress;Hertzian contact stressTrapTrilobular tipManeuvers v.机动n.机动Compatibility n.适合，适应（性）;一致（性）（彩色电视兼收黑白电视信号）; 相容性;通用性，兼容性grease compatibility testUltimate torsion and yield test; JAEL(Johnson’s Apparent Elastic Limit)Deformation n. 变形Abusive maneuvers 滥用的;机动Entry; 登录, 条目, 进入, 入口, [商]报关手续,Exit出口, 太平门, 退场, 去世vi.退出, 脱离, 去世diagnostic adj.诊断的diagnose v. 诊断diagnostication n. 诊断, 判断geometry n. 几何学geometrical adj. 几何学的, 几何的theory n. 理论, 学说, ...论, 原理, 意见, 推测theoretic adj. 理论上的, 空谈的theoretical adj. 理论的理论上的；推想的；假设的（亦作：theoretic）in theory; theoretically adv. 理论上, 理论地designate vt. 指明, 指出, 任命, 指派v. 指定, 指派delegate n. 代表vt. 委派...为代表empowered representativev. 授权与, 使能够n. 代表adj. 典型的, 有代表性的spalling n.(水泥的)散裂;剥落;破裂, 裂开;脱皮(金属自然锈蚀的现象)flak n.高射炮火flaking n.刨成片, 压成片;片状剥落(干酪缺陷);耐火材料剥落scaling n.起[生成]氧化皮, (搪瓷)起鳞, 分层(缺陷)剥落生成水锈, 结垢;除氧化皮, 除铁鳞, 除锈irregular adj.不规则的, 无规律的shape n.外形, 形状, 形态, (尤指女子的)体形, 身段, 形式;vt.制作,, 使成形, 塑造, 使符合;vi.成形, 成长sharp n.高调, 内行, 利刃, 骗子;adj锐利的, 锋利的, 明显的, 强烈的, 刺耳的,精明的, 敏捷的;adv.整, 锐利地, 急速地cavity n.洞, 空穴, [解剖]腔pittingpit n.深坑, 深渊, 陷阱, （物体或人体表面上的）凹陷, (英国剧场的)正厅后排、正厅后排的观众;vt. 窖藏, 使凹下, 去...之核, 使留疤痕, 使竞争;vi. 起凹点, 凹陷adhesive wear(galling, scoring, seizing)adhesive adj. 带粘性的, 胶粘; n.粘合剂particle n.粒子, 点, 极小量, 微粒, 质点, 小品词, 语气void n. 空间, 空旷, 空虚, 怅惘;adj.空的, 无人的, 空闲的, 无效的, 无用的, 没有的chipping n. 碎屑, 破片fragment n. 碎片, 断片, 片段wear poketingdepression n. 降低；被降低；被压下;凹陷；凹陷处低气压区；低气压indentation n.缩排, 呈锯齿状, 缺口, 印凹痕fretting v. (使)烦恼, (使)焦急, (使)腐蚀, (使)磨损discoloration n. 变色, 污点oxide-layer;buildup n. 组合, 集结, 累积, 形成amplitude n. 宽广；广阔;丰富；充足; 振幅scuffing n. 刮[磨, 擦, 划]伤;折皱变形;塑性变形(齿轮)咬接superficial adj. 表面的, 肤浅的, 浅薄的Boot termsConvolute v. 回旋, 卷绕, 盘旋; adj.旋绕的Fold n.折, 羊栏, 折痕, 信徒;vt.折叠, 包, 合拢, 抱住, 笼罩, 调入, 交迭vi.折叠起来, 彻底失败skirt n. 裙子;v.环绕neckbushing n. [机]轴衬, [电工]套管clover n. [植]三叶草, 苜蓿crush ribscrush vt.压碎, 碾碎, 压服, 压垮, 粉碎, (使)变形; 弄皱；起皱rib n.肋骨trace n.痕迹, 踪迹, 微量, 迹线, 缰绳vt.描绘, 映描, 画轮廓, 追踪, 回溯, 探索vi.上溯, 沿路走Murphy n. 马铃薯，土豆Burp n.饱嗝儿, 打嗝;v.打饱嗝Terminology n. 专门名词, 术语术语学; 名词学–ies Affix vt. 使固定；贴上；粘上n.附加物；附件;词缀Wheel hub 轮轴，轴心;（重要性、活动等的）中心Side gear 伞齿轮Split v.劈开, (使)裂开, 分裂, 分离;n.裂开, 裂口, 裂痕Collet 宝石座, [机]筒夹, 夹头;vt.镶进底座, 装筒夹或夹头split colletStiffness n.劲度, 刚度; 声劲;硬挺性[度];弹性限度内的抗挠性;船的抗摇摆性;柔性的缺乏Rigidity n.坚硬, 僵化, 刻板, 严格, 刚性, 硬度Ultimate adj. 最后的, 最终的, 根本的.n 最终The maximum torque reached before fracture. Fracture n. 破裂, 骨折v.(使)破碎, (使)破裂JaelJohnson’s Apparent Elastic Limit is the point on a torque/angle curve where the rate of deformation is 50% greater than initial rate of deformation.Apparent adj.显然的, 外观上的Elastic adj.弹性的; 灵活的Deformation n.变形;畸形Jounce vi. 上下震动, 颠簸, 摇撼Rebound vi.弹回；跳回Bound vi.跳；跃n. 跃进, 跳, 范围, 限度adj.正要启程的, 开往...去的, 被束缚的, 装订的oscillation n.【物】振动[荡];动摇; 摆动; 犹豫; 彷徨踌躇;振幅; 消长度; 上下波动;【无】发杂音sweep angle v.扫, 打扫, 清扫, 席卷, 冲光, 扫过, 掠过collapse lock washercollapse n. 倒塌, 崩溃, 失败, 虚脱;vi.倒塌, 崩溃, 瓦解, 失败, 病倒enforcement n. 执行, 强制comprehend vt. 领会, 理解, 包括(包含), 由...组成invention n. 发明, 创造Cage window grinderSimultaneous adj. 同时的, 同时发生的diamond n. 钻石；金刚石conveyor n. 传送者，传播者; 传送装置，传送带peripheral adj. 外围的；非重要的; 周围的peripheral speedprogrammable adj. 可设计的, 可编程的swivel v. 旋转n. 转环；旋转轴承gantry n.构台,桶架tries （移动式起重机的）龙门架（铁路的）跨轨信号架cursor keys n. 指针;（计算尺的）游标; 〈计〉光标cast 投, 抛, 投射, 浇铸, 计算, 派(角色)iron n. 铁, 熨斗, 坚强, 烙铁, 镣铐cast iron structureDischarge vt. 卸下, 放出, 清偿(债务), 履行(义务), 解雇, 开(炮), 放(枪), 射(箭)Chute n. 瀑布, 斜道, 降落伞Sludge n. 软泥, 淤泥, 矿泥, 煤泥slurry泥浆；稀泥Proximity n. 接近, 亲近Proximity switchAdjustable-in-width horizontal blade for Cage orienting. Blade n.刀刃, 刀片Oscillation n. 摆动, 振动;振幅; 消长度; 上下波动; oscillate v. 动摇；犹豫；彷徨振荡Vibration n 振动, 颤动, 摇动, 摆动Isolation n. Isolate v. isolate vibration隔绝, 孤立, 隔离, 绝缘, 离析Eccentricity n. 偏心, 古怪, [数]离心率Eccentric adj. （常与to连用）不同圆心的;离心的. Sleeve n. 袖子，衣袖; （机器的）套管，套Re ciprocate vt. 互给, 互换; 回报; 报答【机】使往复运动; 上下移动Reciprocating motionSlot n. （机械或工具上的）狭缝；长孔；槽沟Encode vt. 把(电文.情报等)译成电码(或密码);编码Watertight . adj. 不漏水的, 水密的Oil mist lubrication 润滑油Mist薄雾Ergonomic adj. 人类环境改造学的economic经济(上)的, 产供销的, 经济学的economy n. Interval 间隔, 距离, 幕间休息;n. 时间间隔Dressing intervalsoluble可溶的, 可溶解的soluble oil 乳化液pinion小齿轮v. （常与to连用）绑住；束缚opinion意见, 看法, 主张, 判断, 评价metallurgy冶金; 冶金学; 冶金术me’tallurgymetrology度量衡学, 度量衡me’trologymetrological度量衡学的quite相当, 完全, 十分, 彻底,a.quiet静止的, 宁静的,a.quit离开, 辞职, 停止v. quit smoking , give up smoking valve阀, [英] 电子管, 真空管regulator调整者, 校准者, 调整器, 标准仪filtration过滤, 筛选filter滤波器, 过滤器, 滤光器, 筛选modular数][物]模的, 有标准组件的；模块化frequency convertor 变频器fume n. (浓烈或难闻的)烟, 气体, 一阵愤怒(或不安) v. 用烟熏,冒烟, 发怒exhauster vt. 用尽, 耗尽, 抽完, 使精疲力尽, 排气. n.排气, 排气装置fume exhausterconvertor 转炉, [电工]变换器, 变流器conveyor 传送者，传播者;传送装置，传送带peripheral speed adj.外围的; 非重要的; 周围的simultaneous adj. 同时的, 同时发生的simultaneously other than 不同于，除了。