南京师范大学英语语言学基础(复)2004真题
2004级语言学期末考试题A卷
西南大学课程考核命题单命题教师：教研室或系负责人：主管院长：年月日第1 页共6页4. _____ studies the changes in language and language use with respect to social factors.试题 A 卷4. _____ studies the changes in language and language use with respect to social factors.A. SociolinguisticsB. Comparative linguisticsC. SyntaxD. Computational linguistics5. A ______ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can beadded.A. rootB. free morphemeC. stemD. suffix6. The phonetic transcription with diacritics is called _____.A. broad transcriptionB. International Phonetic AlphabetC. American English PronunciationD. narrow transcription7. The Black English senten ce “I don't gotta do nothing” is considered incorrect because:a) it contains a double negative and is thus inherently incorrectb) it is impossible to understandc) it is not associated with the upper class use of standard Englishd) both a and b above8. According to their ______, words can classified into closed-class and open-class words.A. variabilityB. membershipC. similaritiesD. functions9. When language is used to "do things", it serves the _____ function.A. evocativeB. expressiveC. directiveD. performative10. "Classroom" is a _______.A. free morphemeB. derivativeC. compoundD. root.Ⅱ. Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Write the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET. (15 Points)Column A1. selectional restrictions2. applied linguistics3. phoneme4. assimilation5. blending6. design features7. pragmatics8. root9. endocentric constructions10. diglossia西南大学课程考核命题单(试题 A 卷)Column BA. the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identityB. word formed by combining parts of other wordsC. a sociolinguistic situation where two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to playD. one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituentsE. the minimal unit in the sound system of a language, which is of distinctive value.F. the defining properties of human language as against animal communicationG. the restrictions on the type of noun that can be selected with each verbH. the study of the use of language or meaning in contextI. a type of phonological process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.J. the bridge between the theories of linguistics and the practice of foreign language teaching.Ⅲ. GAP FILLING，Choose the right word from the following liststo fill in each of the blanks in the passages. Write the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET. (30 Points)WORD LIST:A. appropriateB. b ehaviorC. competenceD. completedE. contextF. conventionsG. differentH. eventsI. experienceJ. functionsK. knowledge L. learners M. line N. narrow O. nativeP. presenting Q. situations R. specific S. suggestion T. user The concept competence originally comes from Chomsky. It refers to the grammatical knowledge of the ideal language (1)and has nothing to do with the actual use of language in concrete (2). This concept of linguistic competence has been criticized for being too (3). To expand the concept of (4), D. H. Hymes proposes communicative competence,which has four components: possibility-- the ability to produce grammatical sentences; feasibility—the ability to produce sentences which can be decoded by the human brain; appropriateness—the ability to use proper forms of language in a specific sicio-cultural (5); performance—the fact that the utterance is (6).It is easy to see how inequalities can arise in communicative competence to theColumn B试题 A 卷extent that this is learned through (7). There is no (8)that some people have more communicative competence overall than others, but there clearly are differences relative to (9) types of situation. Some people are good at light chit-chat, others at (10) lectures or after-dinner speeches; some people know the(11) for ordering beer in a pub, or for ordering wine in a restaurant, and others don’t. All these skills require knowledge; indeed, no clear (12) can be drawn between “knowledge”(knowing what to do) and “skill” (being able to put it into practice) in any kind of (13),from tying knots through driving a car to speaking (arguably the most complicated of all behavior). A particularly obvious kind of inequality in communicative competence distinguishes (14) speakers of a language from non-native (15).In Hymes’ view, the learner acquires (16) of sentences not only as grammatical but also as (17). The aim of language learning is the ability to perform a repertoire of speech acts so as to take part in speech (18). This is another way of saying that learning language is learning to perform certain (19). The theory of communicative competence stresses the context in which an utterance occurs. In its application, the teacher may teach how in (20) situations the same sentence can perform the function of statement, command, or request.IV. READING COMPREHENSION. Read the following passage and answer each of the questions based on it. Choose the correct answer write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 Points)Most of us are taught to pay attention to what is said --- the words. Words do provide us with some information, but meanings are derived from so many other sources that it would hinder our effectiveness as a partner to a relationship to rely too heavily on words alone. Words are used to describe only a small part of the many ideas we associate with any given message. Sometimes we can gain insight into some of those associations if we listen for more than words. We don’t always say what we mean or mean what we say. Sometimes our words don’t mean anything except “I’m letting off some steam. I don’t really want you to pay close attention to what I’m saying. Just pay attention to what I’m feeling.” Mostly we mean several things at once. A person wanting to purchase a house says to the current owner, “This step has to be fixed before I buy.” The owner says, “It’s been like that for years.”Actually, the step hasn’t been like that for years, but the unspoken message is: “I don’t want to fix it. We put up with it. Why can’t you?” The search for a more expansive view of meaning can be developed by examining a message in terms of who said it, when it occurred, the related conditions or situation, and how it was said.西南大学课程考核命题单(试题 A 卷)When a message occurs can also reveal associated meaning. Let us assume two couples do exactly the same amount of kissing and arguing. But one couple always kisses after an argument and the other couple always argues after a kiss. The ordering of the behaviors may mean a great deal more than the frequency of the behavior. A friend’s unusually docile behavior may only be understood by noting that it was preceded by situations that required an abnormal amount of assertiveness. Some responses may be directly linked to a developing pattern of responses and defy logic. For example, a person who says “No!” to a series of charges like “You’re dumb,” “You’re lazy,” and “You’re dishonest,” may also say “No!” and try to justify his or her response if the next statement is “And you’re good looking”.We would do well to listen for how messages are presented. The words, “It sure has been nice to have you over,” can be said with emphasis and excitement or ritualistically. The phrase can be said once or repeated several times. And the meanings we associate with the phrase will change accordingly. Sometimes if we say something infrequently it assumes more importance; sometimes the more we say something the less importance it assumes.1. Effective communication is rendered possible between two conversing partners, if they ______.A. use proper words to carry their ideasB. both speak truly of their own feelingsC. try to understand each other’s ideas beyond wordsD. are capable of associating meanings with their words2. “I’m letting off some steam” in Paragraph 1 means ______.A. I’m just calling your attentionB. I’m just kiddingC. I’m just saying the oppositeD. I’m just giving off some sound3. The house-owner’s example shows that he actually means _____.A. the step has been like that for yearsB. he doesn’t think it is necessary to fix the stepC. the condition of the step is only a minor faultD. the cost involved in the fixing should be sharedColumn B试题 A 卷4. Some responses and behaviors may appear very illogical, but are justifiable if ______.A. linked to an abnormal amount of assertivenessB. seen as one’s habitual pattern of behaviorC. taken as part of an ordering sequenceD. expressed to a series of charges5. The word “ritualistically” in the last paragraph equals something done _____.A. without true intentionB. light-heartedlyC. in a way of ceremonyD. with less emphasisV. Answer the following questions, each in 80 to 150 words. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (30 Points)1.What is the basic distinction between a vowel and a consonant? How are theconsonants in English classified? (10 Points)(Clue: Make sure your classification if well organized; you need not go into the details by naming all the subcategories.)2.Exemplify what conversational implicatures are and how they arise. (10 Points)3.What’s your impression about linguistics? What suggestions do you have about thecourse of linguistics? (10 Points)(Clue: For the first question, you can talk about what you have learned in this course and/or what you think this course should teach the students; for the second question, you just speak out your own ideas. Make sure your answer is logical and clearly stated.)。
2019年南京师范大学外国语学院硕士研究生复试名单公示
考生编号 103199460224064 103199340215217 103199321811680 103199330214189 103199321310333 103199360117938 103199141901725 103199340716042 103199422823008 103199131800928 103199340415601 103199340115039 103199370619411 103199142001774 103199321209999 103199370619406 103199340716041 103199340716043 103199351017485 103199322112852 103199320809099 103199130600598 103199371720540 103199340415600 103199330914531 103199511024502 103199340515759 103199360117935 103199340115040 103199370118765 103199370319064 103199650625940 103199360117933 103199320809058 103199320809060 103199321611181 103199350317392 103199320809067 103199340215220 103199131800927 103199340415602 103199414021870 103199231803043 103199371019924 103199322012572 103199421122583 103199414522123 103199370619413 103199340716045
2004年南京师范大学英语语言学考研复试试题
4. The relations between the words “animal” and “fox” are ________.
A) hyponymy B) polysemy C) homonymy D) synonymy
A) Sense B) Reference C) Concept D) Symbol
8.The relationship between “married/ single” is ________.
A) relational opposites B) complementary
7.displacement: 8.synchronicity:
9.homonymy: 10.inflection:
三、判断
1.In most cases, the illocutionary force of “Freeze!” is a warning.
2. Since the illocutionary force of a speech act depends on the context of the utterance, speech act theory is a part of pragmatics.
pared with “nurture” position, “nature” position advocates that human beings are innately equipped with _______ in the process of second language acquisition.
B: I don’t have an eye for beauty, I’m afraid.
南师大英语语言学考试题目
2003年南师大英语语言学考试题目---初试一、单选题。
1.The scholars who put forward interaction hypothesis hold ________.A) language acquisition is a process of “stimulus-response”.B) humans are predisposed to acquire a language.C) human’s linguistic potentiality must be combi ned with the environment.D) human’s linguistic environment can be ignored as long as humans have languageacquisition device.2.American Black English is _______.A) a socialvariety B) a regional varietyC) a combination of social and regional dialect. D) a temporal dialect3.According to Basil Bernstein, elaborated code is extensively used by _________.A) middle class people and their children.B) working-class people and their children.C) both middle class and working class peopleD) parents of children without any distinction of social background.4. Read the following two sentences and decide what kind of error the learnercommits in the second sentence:He practiced English a lot last month. (1)*She comed back home early yesterday. (2)The error in the second sentence belongs to the category of ___________.A) mother tongue interference B) overgeneralizationC) cross-association D) performance error5.In the Semantic Triangle advanced by Ogden and Richards, “thought orreference” is ______.A) word, sentence B) the object C) concept D) symbol6.The word “laze” is an example of _______ in word formation.A) acronym B) blending C) functional shift D) back formation7. Pragmatics is a study of ________.A) language learning B) language acquisitionC) language planning D) language in use8. A linguist is interested in _________.A) what is said B) what is right both in syntax and in semanticsC) what is grammatical D) what ought to be said9. In English elements in construction are generally _______.A) linear B) continuous C) discontinuous D) endocentric10. __________ is a sound produced by bringing the tip of the tongue into contactwith the upper teeth to create the obstruction.A) An alveolar B) A bilabial C) A palatal D) A dental二、名词解释1.linguistic universalsnguage acquisition device:3.cultural diffusion4.suggestopedia:5.polysemy6.utterance meaning:7.coinage 8.articulatory phonetics:9.endocentric construction 10.structural change:三、判断1.According to Chomsky, the word “competence” is not limited to the ability of an ideal native speaker to construct and recognize grammatical sentences in his language.2.Eskimos have countless words for snow because snow is so common in their culture that they regard it far less important.3.Plato and Aristotle argued that the categories of thought determined the categories of language.4.Audiolingualism, contrary to American structuralism and behaviorist psychology, emphasizes the importance of regular patterns.5.People in the west tend to verbalize their gratitude and compliments less than Chinese speakers.6.It is unlikely that there is a prelinguistic stage when babies just babble.7.When varieties are classified in terms of use, they are called registers.8.From sociological view we can derive meaning from context.9.The relationship between “alligator” and “reptile” is homonymy.10.Denotation id the additional meaning than an expression carries while often shows people’s attitudes or emotions towards the subjects being talked about.11.Speech act theory was proposed by Austin and has been developed by Grice.12.A language is weakened when it borrows large numbers of words from other languages.13.Searle suggests 5 basic categories of illocutionary acts as follows: assertives, commissives, expressives, informatives and declarations.14.There is a single cause of language change.15.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.16.Spoken utterances share some common linguistic features with written utterances.17.A small set of rules can generate an infinite number of sentences, all of which are idiomatic.18.IC analysis shows linear relationship, so it helps to account for the ambiguity of certain constructions.19.Linguists are interested in the sounds that convey meaning in human linguistic communication.20.Simply speaking, a morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit of meaning.四、问答1.Of all the theories you have learned on language acquisition, which one seemsto you most reasonable? Why?2.Point out the marked differences between sociolinguistic study andtraditional linguistic studies.3.How does the following exchange of conversation illustrate the PolitenessPrinciple?A: We’ll miss Bill and Agatha, won’t you?B: Well, we’ll miss BILL.4.What is the distinction between sense and reference?5.How do you tell compounds from the noncompounded word sequence?6.What are the two criteria suggested by Chomsky for judging grammar?2003年南师大英语语言学考试题目---复试一、判断Passage one:The study of how we do things with sentence is the study of speech acts. In studying speech acts, we are acutely aware of the importance of the context of utterance. In some circumstances There is a sheepdog in the closet is a warning, but the same sentence may be a promise or even a mere statement of fact, depending on circumstances. We call this purpose----a warning, a promise, a threat, or whatever----the illocutionary force of a speech act.Speech act theory aims to tell us when we appear to ask questions but are really giving orders, or when we say one thing with special (sarcastic) intonation and mean the opposite. Thus, at a dinner table, the question Can you pass the salt? means the order Pass the salt! It is not a request for information, and yes is aninappropriate response.1.Illocutionary acts are special case of speech acts, referring to the speaker’sintention in uttering something.2.Because the illocutionary force of a speech act depends on the context of theutterance, speech act theory is a part of pragmatics.3.In most cases, the illocutionary force of “Look out!” is a suggestion.4.The speech act theory originated with the British philosophy John Austin in thelate 70’s.5.Billy and Joe were long-time pals. One time Billy was in desperate need of money. His car had broken down and he needed $300 to fix it. So, he asked Joe for a load. Joe said he could lend Billy the money. This made Billy happy and he said to Joe;(a) “You are a terrible friend.”It is non-sarcastic answer.(b) “You are a fine friend.”It is a sarcastic one.Passage twoInflectional is a term used in Morphology to refer to one of the two main categories or processes of sword formation, the other being derivational. These terms also apply to the two types of affix involved in word formation. Inflectional affixes signal grammatical relationships, such as plural, past tense and possession, and do not change the grammatical class of the stems t which they are attached; that is, the words constitute a single paradigm, e.g. walk, walks, walked. A word is said to “inflect for” past tense, plural, etc. In traditional (pre-linguistic) grammatical studies, the term “accidence” was used in this sen se.In the phrase inflecting language (“inflectional” or “inflected” language), the term refers to a type of language established by comparative linguistics using structural (as opposed to diachronic) criteria, and focusing on the characteristics of the word. In this kind of language, words display grammatical relationships morphologically: they typically contain more than one morpheme but, unlike agglutinative languages, there is no one-to-one correspondence between these morphemes and the linear sequence of morphs. In languages such as Latin, Greek, Arabic etc. the inflectional forms of words may represent several morphological oppositions, e.g. in Latin amo(I love), the form simultaneously represents present tense, active, first person singular, indic ative. This “fusing” of properties has led to such languages being called fusional and had motivated the word-and-a model of analysis. As always in such classifications, the categories are not clear-cut: different languages will display the characteristic of inflection to a greater orlesser degree.1.A language in which nouns have inflectional properties is an inflectional language.2.The affix “un-” or “dis-” is an inflectional affix.3.The agglutinative language is a language that typically expresses concepts in complex words consisting of many elements, rather than by inflection or by usingisolated elements.4.Many English adjectives have inflectional properties.5.The Chinese language is an agglutinative language.Passage threeEach tongue draws a circle about the people whom it belongs, and it is possible to leave this circle only by simultaneously entering that of another people. Learning a foreign language ought hence to be the conquest of a new standpoint in thepreviously prevailing cosmic attitude of the individual. In fact, it is so to a certain extent, inasmuch as every language contains the entire fabric of concepts and the conceptual approach of a portion of humanity. But this achievement is not complete, because one always carries over into a foreign tongue to a greater or lesser degree one’s own cosmic viewpoint—indeed one’s personal linguistic pattern.(von Humboldt [1836]1971:39-40)1.This passage mainly discusses the relationship between one’s pe rsonal linguisticpattern and a foreign language.2.According to the author of this passage, language is a powerful instrument thatallows us to make sense of the world.3.This passage reveals the fact that one’s own cosmic viewpoint determineslinguistic orientation.4.The author of this passage seems to believe that language and the world outlookare two sides of the coin.5.The author of this passage seems to advocate that one’s language presupposesone’s way of thinking.二、问答1.Give examples to illustrate several different approaches to meaning.2.Why do we need two principles of conversation, i.e. the cooperative principle andthe politeness principle?3.What does it mean that a linguist is interested in what is said, not what he thinksought to be said?4.What is the advantage of IC analysis? Take “Drive the car near the station” asan example.5.Describe briefly the social differences in the use of language among speakers ofthe Chinese language.三、评论State clearly the interrelationship between language and cognition, giving theoretical analysis as well as empirical illustration.2004年南师大英语语言学考试题目---复试一、单选题。
南京师范大学考研真题清单
南京师范大学考研真题清单611汉语综合2017When you are old and grey and full of sleep, And nodding by the fire, take down this book, And slowly read, and dream of the soft look Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep; How many loved your moments of glad grace, And loved your beauty with love false or true, But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you,And loved the sorrows of your changing face;And bending down beside the glowing bars, Murmur, a little sadly, how love fledAnd paced upon the mountains overhead And hid his face amid a crowd of stars.The furthest distance in the worldIs not between life and deathBut when I stand in front of youYet you don't know thatI love you.The furthest distance in the worldIs not when I stand in front of youYet you can't see my loveBut when undoubtedly knowing the love from both Yet cannot be together.The furthest distance in the worldIs not being apart while being in loveBut when I plainly cannot resist the yearningYet pretending you have never been in my heart. The furthest distance in the worldIs not struggling against the tidesBut using one's indifferent heartTo dig an uncrossable riverFor the one who loves you.倚窗远眺，目光目光尽处必有一座山，那影影绰绰的黛绿色的影，是春天的颜色。
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南师大英语语言学03-07复试题
2003年南师大英语语言学考试题目---复试一、判断Passage one:The study of how we do things with sentence is the study of speech acts. In studying speech acts, we are acutely aware of the importance of the context of utterance. In some circumstances There is a sheepdog in the closet is a warning, but the same sentence may be a promise or even a mere statement of fact, depending on circumstances. We call this purpose----a warning, a promise, a threat, or whatever----the illocutionary force of a speech act.Speech act theory aims to tell us when we appear to ask questions but are really giving orders, or when we say one thing with special (sarcastic) intonation and mean the opposite. Thus, at a dinner table, the question Can you pass the salt? means the order Pass the salt! It is not a request for information, and yes is an inappropriate response.1.Illocutionary acts are special case of speech acts, referring to the speaker’s intention in uttering something.2.Because the illocutionary force of a speech act depends on the context of the utterance, speech act theory is a part of pragmatics.3.In most cases, the illocutionary force of “Look out!” is a suggestion.4.The speech act theory originated with the British philosophy John Austin in the late 70’s.5.Billy and Joe were long-time pals. One time Billy was in desperate need of money. His car had broken down and he needed $300 to fix it. So, he asked Joe for a load. Joe said he could lend Billy the money. This made Billy happy and he said to Joe;(a) “You are a terrible friend.”It is non-sarcastic answer.(b) “You are a fine friend.”It is a sarcastic one.Passage twoInflectional is a term used in Morphology to refer to one of the two main categories or processes of sword formation, the other being derivational. These terms also apply to the two types of affix involved in word formation. Inflectional affixes signal grammatical relationships, such as plural, past tense and possession, and do not change the grammatical class of the stems t which they are attached; that is, the words constitute a single paradigm, e.g. walk, walks, walked. A word is said to “inflect for” past tense, plural, etc. In traditional (pre-linguistic) grammatical studies, the term “accidence” was used in this sense.In the phrase inflecting language (“inflectional” or “inflected” language), the term re fers to a type of language established by comparative linguistics using structural (as opposed to diachronic) criteria, and focusing on the characteristics of the word. In this kind of language, words display grammatical relationships morphologically: they typically contain more than one morpheme but, unlike agglutinative languages, there is no one-to-one correspondence between these morphemes and the linear sequence of morphs. In languages such as Latin, Greek, Arabic etc. the inflectional forms of words may represent several morphological oppositions, e.g. in Latin amo(I love), the form simultaneously represents present tense, active, first person singular, indicative. This “fusing” of properties has led to such languages being called fusional and had moti vated the word-and-a model of analysis. As always in such classifications, the categories are not clear-cut: different languages will display the characteristic of inflection to a greater or lesser degree.1.A language in which nouns have inflectional properties is an inflectional language.2.The affix “un-” or “dis-” is an inflectional affix.3.The agglutinative language is a language that typically expresses concepts in complex words consisting of many elements, rather than by inflection or by using isolated elements.4.Many English adjectives have inflectional properties.5.The Chinese language is an agglutinative language.Passage threeEach tongue draws a circle about the people whom it belongs, and it is possible to leave this circle only by simultaneously entering that of another people. Learning a foreign language ought hence to be the conquest of a new standpoint in the previously prevailing cosmic attitude of the individual. In fact, it is so to a certain extent, inasmuch as every language contains the entire fabric of concepts and the conceptual approach of a portion of humanity. But this achievement is not complete, because one always carries over into a foreign tongue to a greater or lesser degree one’s own cosmic viewpoint—indeed one’s personal l inguistic pattern.(von Humboldt [1836]1971:39-40)1.This passage mainly discusses the relationship between one’s personal linguistic pattern and a foreign language.2.According to the author of this passage, language is a powerful instrument that allows us to make sense of the world.3.This passage reveals the fact that one’s own cosmic viewpoint determines linguistic orientation.4.The author of this passage seems to believe that language and the world outlook are two sides of the coin.5.The author of this passage seems to advocate that one’s language presupposes one’s way of thinking.二、问答1.Give examples to illustrate several different approaches to meaning.2.Why do we need two principles of conversation, i.e. the cooperative principle and the politeness principle?3.What does it mean that a linguist is interested in what is said, not what he thinks ought to be said?4.What is the advantage of IC analysis? Take “Drive the car near the station” as an example.5.Describe briefly the social differences in the use of language among speakers of the Chinese language.三、评论State clearly the interrelationship between language and cognition, giving theoretical analysis as well as empirical illustration.2004年南师大英语语言学考试题目---复试一、单选题。
2004年南京师范大学英语语言学考研复试试题
20041. The study of the way listeners perceive the sounds is called ______.A) acoustic phonetics B) auditory phoneticsC) articulatory phonetics D) phonology2. The word “FAQ” is an example of ________ in word formation.A) acronym B) blending C) functional shift D) back formation3. _______ is a sound made by bringing the back of the tongue into contact the velum, or the soft pate.A) An alveolar B) A palatal C) A velar D) A glottal4. The relations between the words “animal” and “fox” are ________.A) hyponymy B) polysemy C) homonymy D) synonymypared with “nurture” position, “nature” position advocates that human beings are innately equipped with _______ in the process of second language acquisition.A) comprehensible input B) language acquisition deviceC) competence D) language transfer6.Field of discourse, _________, and mode of discourse are the three social variables that determine the register.A) style of discourse B) formality of discourseC) tenor of discourse D) content of discourse7._________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A) Sense B) Reference C) Concept D) Symbol8.The relationship between “married/ single” is ________.A) relational opposites B) complementaryC) gradable opposites D) homonymy9._____ was built on American structuralism and behaviorist psychology.A) Audiolingualism B) Direct methodC) Situation language teaching D) Functional language teaching10.The sentence “The horse race past the barn fell” is an example of _________.A) simple sentence B) complex sentenceC) ambiguous sentence D) garden path sentence1.phoneme2.semantic features:3.idiolect:4.homonymy:5.code switching:6.Critical Period Hypothesis:7.displacement: 8.synchronicity:9.homonymy: 10.inflection:1.In most cases, the illocutionary force of “Freeze!” is a warning.2. Since the illocutionary force of a speech act depends on the context of the utterance, speech act theory is a part of pragmatics.3.Interlanguage is a second language.4.All languages change through time.5.All grammars contain rules for the formation of the words and sentences of a similar kind.6. G. Leech proposes the Cooperative Principle as a supplement to the Politeness Principle.7.The meaning of a sentence is the product of both lexical and grammatical meaning.8.Illocutionary acts are special case of speech acts, referring to the speaker’s intention in uttering something.9.Duality of language donates the spoken form and written form of language.10. Taboo refers to a descriptive term used in reference to words (or acts) that are not to be used (or performed) in “polite society”.11. Diglossia refers to a sociolinguistic situation similar to bilingualism.12.Similar grammatical categories (for example, noun, verb) are found in almost every language in the world.13.There is no gender difference in the use of intonation and lexical choices.14.Such types of utterances like question-answer, greeting-greeting, apology- minimization are adjacency pairs.15.The meaning which the speaker doesn’t assert but assumes the hearer can identify from the sentence refers to the presupposed meaning.1. Discuss the relationship between thought and language.2. Draw a tree diagram for each of the following to show its syntactic structure.A. the man with the hatB. The child found the puppy.3. Give some examples to illustrate the error analysis.4. How does the following exchange of conversation illustrate the Politeness Principle?A: How do you like my painting?B: I don’t have an eye for beauty, I’m afraid.5. What is the distinction between sentence meaning and utterance meaning?6. Give examples to illustrate several different methods for addition of new words.。