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外研社英国文学史及选读(第二版)第二册教学课件Chapter 12 William Makepeac

外研社英国文学史及选读(第二版)第二册教学课件Chapter 12 William Makepeac
The subtitle of the novel—A Novel Without a Hero—points to the author’s intention to portray not individuals singly but the whole of the notorious “Vanity Fair”, the English bourgeois and aristocratic society.
Selections
Vanity Fair
The Story
Vanity Fair is Thackeray’s masterpiece, taking the title from the fair in Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress, where all sorts of cheats are displayed for sale. The novel presents a panorama of the society of the English uppermiddle class in the 19th century. What is more important, none of his other novels can rival it in width of social life, and in depth of social criticism.
Chapter 12 William Makepeace Thackeray
Life and Works
His delightful fairy tale, The Rose and the Ring, was published in 1855 at the same time when The Newcomes was appearing in numbers. The central character of The Newcomes was another view of Thackeray himself as a young man of good instincts which were thwarted by his own shortcomings.

《物理双语教学课件》Chapter 12 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 理想气体定律

《物理双语教学课件》Chapter 12 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 理想气体定律

Chapter 12 The Kinetic Theory of GasesClassical thermodynamics has nothing to say about atoms or molecules. Its laws are concerned only with such macroscopic variables as pressure, volume, and temperature. However, we know that gas is made up of atoms or molecules (groups of atoms bound together). The pressure exerted by a gas must surely be related to steady drumbeat of its molecules on the walls of its container. The ability of a gas to take on the volume of its container must surely be due to the freedom of motion of its molecules. And the temperature and internal energy of a gas must surely be related to the kinetic energy of these molecules. Perhaps we can learn something about gases by approaching the subject from this direction. We call this molecular approach the kinetic theory of gases.12.1 Ideal Gases1、Our goal in this chapter is to explain the macroscopic properties of a gas, such as its pressure and its temperature, in terms of the behavior of the molecules that make it up.2、The experiments show that, at low enough densities, all real gases tend to obey the relation )pV , innRTgas(lawidealwhich p is the absolute pressure, A N N n /= is the number ofmoles of gas present, andR , the gas constant , has the same value for all gases, namely, K mol J R ⋅=/31.8. The temperature T must be expressed in kelvins. Above equation is called the ideal gas law . Provided the gas density is reasonably low, it holds for any type of gas, or a mixture of different types, with n being the total number of moles present.3、 Work done by an ideal gas at constant temperature :(1). Suppose that a sample of n moles of an ideal gas, confined to a piston-cylinder arrangement, is allowed to expand from an initial volume i V to a final volume f V .(2). Suppose further that the temperature T of the gas is held constant throughout the process. Such a process is called an isothermal expansion (and the reverse is called an isothermal compression ).4、Let us calculate the work done by an ideal gas during an isothermal expansion, we have⎰⎰==f i f i V V V V dV V nRT pdV W i fV V nRT ln =. Recall that the symbol ln specifies a naturallogarithm, that is, a logarithm to base e .12.2 Pressure, Temperature, RMS Speed, and Translational Kinetic Energy1、 Let n moles of an ideal gasbeing confined in a cubical box ofvolume V , as in the figure.2、 A typical gas molecule, of mass m and velocity v, is about to collide with the shaded wall. We assume that any collision of a molecule with a wall is elastic , so the change in the particle’s momentum is along the x axis and its magnitude is x x x x mv mv mv p 2)()(-=--=∆. Hence the momentum x p ∆ delivered to the wall by the molecule during the collision is x mv 2+.3、 The average rate at which momentum is delivered to the shaded wall by this single molecule is Lmv v L mv t p x x x x 2/22==∆∆. 4、 F rom Newton’s second law, the rate at which momentum is delivered to the wall is the force acting on that wall. To find the total force, we must add up the contributions of all molecules that strike the wall, allowing for the possibility that they all have different speeds. Dividing the total force x F by the area of the wall then gives the pressurep on that wall. Thus))((///2222132222212xN x x xN x x x v v v Lm L L mv L mv L mv L F p +++=+++== , where N is the number of molecules in the box.5、 Since A nN N = in which A N is Avogadro’s number ,above equation can be re-expressed as223x x A v V nM v L nmN p ==, where A mN M = is the molar mass of the gas , and V is thevolume of the box.6、 For any molecules, 2222z y x v v v v ++=. Because there aremany molecules and because they are all moving in random direction, the average values of the squares of their velocity components are equal, so that3/22v v x =. Thus V v nM p 32=. 7、 The square root of 2v is a kind of average speed, called the root-mean-square speed of the molecules and symbolized by rms v .8、 Using the relationnRT pV = for an ideal gas, it leads to M RT nM pV v v rms 332===.See the RMS speeds ofsome molecules in Table.9、 The averagetranslational kinetic energy of a single molecule of an ideal gas iskT T N R M RT m mv mv K A rms 23)(23)3)(21(212122=====, where the constantK J N R k A /1038.1/23-⨯== is the Boltzmann constant . So we come to the conclusion that at a given temperature T , all ideal gas molecules, no matter what their mass, have the same average translational kinetic energy . When we measure the temperature of a gas, we are also measuring the average translational kinetic energy of its molecules.12.3 Mean Free Path1、 Table gives us the RMS speed of some molecules, A question often arises: If molecules move so fast, why does it take as long as a minute or so before you can smell perfume if someone open a bottle across a room? This is because although the molecules move very fast between collisions, a given molecule will wander only very slowly away from its release point.2、 The right figure shows the path of atypical molecule as it moves through the gas,changing both speed and direction abruptlyas it collide elastically with other molecules.Between collisions, our typical moleculemoves in a straight line at constant speed.Although the figure shows all the other molecules as stationary,they too are moving in much the same way.3、 One useful parameter to describe this random motion is the mean free path λ. As its name implies, λ is the average distance traversed by a molecule between collisions.4、 The expression for the mean free path can be deduced from following steps:(1). First we assume that our molecule is traveling with a constant speed u and that all other molecules are at rest. We assume further that the molecules are spheres of diameter d. A collision will then take place if the centers of the molecules come within a distance d of each other. A help way to look at this situation is to consider our single molecule to have radius of d and all the other molecules to be points.(2). As our single molecule zigzags through the gas, it sweeps out a short cylinder of cross-sectional area 2d π between successive collision. If we watch this molecule for a time interval t ∆, it moves a distance t u ∆. So the volume of the cylinder is t u d ∆2π. The number of collisions that occur is then equal to the number of (point) molecules that lie within this cylinder. It is t u d V N ∆2)/(π.(3). The mean free path is the length of the path divided by the numberof collisions)/()/(22V N u d v V N t u d t v collisions of numbers path of length ππλ=∆∆==.(4). The u in the denominator is the mean speed of our single molecule relative to the other molecules, which are moving. A detailed calculation, taking into account the actual speed distribution of the molecules, gives thatv u 2=. So )/(212V N d πλ=.5、The mean free path of air molecules at sea level is about m μ1.0. At an altitude of km 100, the mean free path is about 16cm. At 300 km, the mean free path is about 20 km.12.4 The Distribution of Molecular Speeds1、 In 1852, Scottish physics James Clerk Maxwell first solved the problem of finding the speed distribution of gas molecules. His result, known as Maxwell’s speed distribution law , isRT v M e v RT M v P 2/22/32)2(4)(-=ππ. Here v is the molecular speed, Tis the gas temperature, M is the molar mass of the gas, and R is the gas constant. The quantity )(v P is a probabilitydistribution function , defined as follow: The product dv v P )( isthe fraction of molecules whose speeds lie in the range v to dv v +.2、 As figure (a) shows, thisfraction is equal to the area of astrip whose height is)(v P and whose width is dv . The totalarea under the distribution curvecorresponds to the fraction ofthe molecules whose speed liebetween zero and infinity. Allmolecules fall into this category,so the value of this total area isunit.3、 There are two otherspeeds. The most probable speed P v is the speed at which )(v P is a maximum. The average speed v is a simple average of the molecular speeds. We will find thatM RT v π8= and M RT v P 2=,so we have relationsrms P v v v <<.12.5 Degree of Freedom and Molar Specific Heats1、 The right figure showskinetic theory models ofhelium (a monatomic gas),oxygen (diatomic), and methane (polyatomic). On the basis of their structure, it seems reasonable to assume that monatomic molecules, which are essentially point-like and have only a very small rotational inertia about any axis, can store energy only in their translational motion. Diatomic and polyatomic molecules, however, should be able to store substantial additional amount of energy by rotating or oscillating.2、To take these possibilities into account quantitatively, we use the theorem of the equipartition of energy, introduced by James Clerk Maxwell: Every kind of molecules has a certain number f of degree of freedom, which are independent ways in which the molecule can store energy. Each such degree of freedom has associated with it, on average, an energy of 2/kT per molecule (or 2/RT per mole).3、For translational motion, there are three degrees of freedom. For rotational motion, a monatomic molecule has no degree of freedom. A diatomic molecule has two rotational degrees of freedom. A molecule with more than two atoms has six degrees of freedom, three rotational and three translational.4、Internal energy is the energy associated with random motion of atoms and molecules. So a sample of n moles of a gas containsnN atoms. The internal energy of the sample is then AnRT f kT f nN E A 2)2)((int ==. Thus, the internal energy int E of anideal gas is a function of the gas temperature only; it does not depend on any other variable .5、 Molar specific heat at constant volume : (1) According to the definition of molar specific heat, we have T nC Q v ∆=. (2) Substituting it into the first law of thermodynamics, we find T nC T nC W Q E V v ∆=-∆=-=∆0int . (3) So we will have the relation R f T n RT f n T n E C v 2)2(int =∆∆=∆∆=. 6、 Molar specific heat at constant pressure : (1) the heat is T nC Q p ∆=. (2) According to the first law of thermodynamics, wehave T nC T nR T nC V p T nC W Q E V p p ∆=∆-∆=∆-∆=-=∆int .(3) So we have relationR C C V p +=.12.6 The Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas1、 Using the first law of thermodynamics, we have pdV Q dE -=int pdV -=. It means pdV dT nC V -=.2、 From the ideal gas law ()nRT pV = we have nRdT Vdp pdV =+ 3、 Combining these two equations, we have 0)(=+V dV C C p dp V p . Replacing the ratio of the molar specific heats with γ and integrating yieldt cons a pV tan =γ.11 4、 Using the ideal gas law, we also have t cons a TV tan 1=-γ, and t cons a T p tan 1=--γγ.5、 Free expansion: Since a free expansion of a gas is an adiabatic process that involves no work done on or by the gas, and no change in the internal energy of the gas. A free expansion is thus quite different from the type of adiabatic process described above, in which work is done and the internal energy changes. Since the int ernal energy isn’t change for free expansion, we must havef i RT f n RT f n 22=. It means f i T T =, andso f f i i V p V p =.。

Chapter 12Shock分析课件

Chapter 12Shock分析课件
of Shock
9
3
Microcirculation Theory
Section 2.
Presented by Lillehei in 1964.
Shock is a syndrome mainly of microcirculation impairment.
The sympathetic-adrenal system is consecutive excited all time during shock development, leading to decreased tissue perfusion by vasoconstriction.
1. Ischemic anoxia phase of shock (compensatory stage of shock )
2. Stagnant anoxia phase of shock (reversible decompensatory stage) 3. Refractory shock stage
pre-capillary sphincter
arteriole
15
5
Section 2.
Stage I
(2) Mechanism of microcirculation impairment
Hypovolemic shock ↘
excitation of
Cardiogenic shock → B.P.↓ sympathetic
4
Section 1.
Etiology and Classification of Shock
5
6
Section 1.
1. Etiology and Classification of shock

外教社中国概况(英文版)PPT课件CHAPTER 12

外教社中国概况(英文版)PPT课件CHAPTER 12
civilian archery
martial chery
civilian archery
Dragon Dance
The Chinese dragon is a totem of the Chinese people.
express their wishes and prayers for peace
II
Sports in Modern China
1
Sports in Schools
2
Mass Sports
3
Competitive Sports
1. Sports in Schools
two characteristic sports exercises
• the Sunshine Sports • the Eye Exercises.
3. Differences between the Chinese and Western Sports Concepts
different cultural backgrounds
• one of farming culture • usually a marine one • different spiritual
IVIII
Wushu — Martial Arts
1
The Origin and Development of Wushu
2
Classification of Wushu
3
Characteristics and Functions of
Wushu
4
Cultural Aspects in Wushu
• In 1963, starting from some schools in Beijing.

Chapter 12Shock分析课件-精品文档52页

Chapter 12Shock分析课件-精品文档52页

11
5
Microcirculation:
Section 2.
1 The circulation between microartery and microvein
. The basic structural and functional unit of material metabolism and exchange between blood and tissue.
5) Anaphylaxis Anaphylactic shock
6) Acute heart failure Cardiogenic shock
7) Strong stimulation on nerve system Neurogenic shock
6
2
Section 1.
(2) According to the initial changes of shock development
Constriction of Pre-capillary
sphincCteor anndstProisct-tairtoerniole
Decreased blood
flow of true capillary net
Local accumulation of products and histamine
Catecholamines , AII → cardiac contractility peripheral vascular resistance
③ Redistribution of blood → Decrease blood flow to the skin, skeletal muscle, kidneys and abdominal organs → maintain blood supplying to heart and brain

英语课件Chapter12 Schools of Ls

英语课件Chapter12 Schools of Ls

Phonology (ical) oppositions
• 1. N. Trubetzkoy: Principle of Phonology (1939). • Phonetics & phonology: different for parole & langue. Phoneme: an abstract unit of the sound system. • 2. Contributions: • (1) distinctive functions of speech sounds and an accurate definition for the phoneme • (2) distinctions between phonetics and phonology, the sphere of phonological studies
12.2.1 Malinowski‟s theories
• 1. Language “is to be regarded as a mode of action, rather than as a counterpart of thought”. • 2. The meaning of an utterance comes from its relation to the situational context in which it occurs. • 3. Three types of situational context: • (1) situations in which speech interrelates with bodily activity; (2) narrative situations; • (3) situations in which speech is used to fill a speech vacuum—phatic communion.

Lecture 12 cohesion andcoherence 英语词汇学 教学课件

Lecture 12 cohesion andcoherence  英语词汇学 教学课件

Conjunctions
Conjuncts have a fundamental role in the cohesion of a text and may have various functions
Listing (indicating that what follows is a list of propositions) To start with, First, Second, Third
Chapter 12 Cohesion & Coherence
Revision Causes for Meaning Change in Words
1. Historical 2. Social 3. Psychological 4. linguistic
Pencil”, for instance, is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”. Later, when it was made of wood and graphite, it was still called a “pencil”. “Engine” originates in Latin word “ingenium, natural ability”. But when stream power was developed in the first quarter of the 19th century, the term “engine” comes to mean “a railroad locomotive”, and in contemporary English it means “any machine that uses energy to develop mechanical power, esp., a machine for starting motion in some other machine”

胡壮麟语言学课件chapter12(名牌大学教授整理)

胡壮麟语言学课件chapter12(名牌大学教授整理)

Chapter 12
15
第三、布拉格学派在另一种意义上把语言 看作功能,即语言是使用语言的社团完成 一系列基本功能和任务的工具。
Chapter 12
16
The Prague School
1. Phonology and phonological oppositions
The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology. The most influential scholar in this connection is Trubetzkoy, whose most complete and authoritative statements of principle are formulated in his Principles of Phonology published in 1939. Following Saussure's distinction between langue and parole, he argued that phonetics belonged to parole whereas phonology belonged to langue.
make clear the object of study for
linguistics as a science. He believed that
language is a SYSTEM OF SIGNS,
called conventions. He held this sign is
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函数
1,定义函数 2、函数原型和函数, 调用 3、函数参数和按值传递 4、函数和数组 5、函数和二维数组 6、函数和c-风格字符串 7、函数和结构 8、函数和string对象 9、递归 10、函数指针 11、使用引用参数 12、默认参数 13、c++内联函数 14、函数重载
15、函数模板
函数的定义

根据生存期的不同,可将程序中的变量分为 静态变量和自动变量
局部变量和全局变量

局部变量是在函数或分程序中说明的变量, 只能在本函数或分程序的范围内使用。 全局变量说明于所有函数之外,可以为本源 程序文件中位于该全局变量说明之后的所有 函数共同使用。


全局变量可以在各个函数之间建立数据传输 通道,但滥用会破坏程序的模块化结构。 如出现同名变量,遵循“地方保护主义”原则。
函数模板

用来定义通用的函数,其作用类似函数重载,但其编码却 要比函数重载简单得多。 利用函数模板定义的函数叫做模板函数。定义一个模板函 数的形式为:


template <<模板参数表>>
<类型> <函数名>(<参数表>)
{ „
}
其中<模板参数表>中的模板参数的形式为class <类型参数>
函数模板
}
内联函数
结果: void main() { cout << "Please enter two integer:"; int a,b; cin >> a >> b; cout << "The maximum is" << a> b?a:b << endl; }
带有缺省参数的函数
double func(double x,double y,int n=1000);
例:定义一个求两数最大值的模板函数 template <class T> T Max(T a, T b) {
return a>b?a:b;
} void main() { int i1 = 3, i2 = 5; float f1 = 3.3, f2 = 5.2; cout << "Type int: " << Max(i1, i2) << endl;

应符合C++对标识符的规定。在函数 名后面必须有一对圆括弧
函数值类型说明

说明调用该函数后所得到的函数值类型,是通过函数体内 部的return语句提供。 return语句提供的表达式的值的类型应与函数说明中的函 数值类型一致。 如果某一函数确实没有返回值,则使用说明符void。 例如:主函数
void main()
则其参数n带有缺省参数值
调用方式:
a = func(b,c);
a = func(b,c,2000);
C++的库函数
#include <ctype.h> #include <direct.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <math.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <iostream.h> #include <string.h>
函数重载
在VC++的函数库中,有4个功能相似的函数:
int abs(int);
double fabs(double);
long labs(1ong);
函数重载:若干参数和返回值不同的函数共用一个函数名。 oop技术:封装性、继承性、多态性。 多态性:一个名字,多个人口”,或称“同一接口,多种方法。

语句分为说明语句和执行语句两类。

对某具体变量来说,应先说明,后使用。
函数间的信息交换

主函数和子函数之间的信息交换是通过参数的结 合和return语句来实现的。 数据流程是:


在主程序中,先给实参赋值 通过函数调用,将数据从主函数带到子函数 形参带值后,即可进行相应的数据处理 如果有结果值,通过return语句带回到主函数
函数的调用

函数要先定义,后调用。
调用函数时要考虑到函数本身的参数;

调用标准库函数时,要包含相应的头文件 输入/输出函数 iostream.h 字符串函数 string.h 常用数学函数 math.h

调用自定义函数时,要定义相应的实参,并给这些实 参赋值。 “类型一致、位置一致、个数一致”
函数重载
例:重载绝对值函数
int abs(int x) { { { return x>0?x:-x;} return x>0?x:-x;} return x>0?x:-x;} double abs(double x)
1ong abs(1ong x)
void main()
{ int x1 = 1;double x2 = 2.5;1ong x3 = 3L;

静态变量的使用
例:静态变量的使用 //统计调用函数func()的次数 #include <iostream.h> int func() { } static int count=0; return ++count;
void main()
{ for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
cout<<func()<<endl;
cout << "Type float: " << Max(f1, f2) << endl;
}
变量的存储类别

在C++中,存储类别分为4种:


自动(auto)
静态(static)


寄存器(register)
外部(extern)
自动变量和静态变量

静态变量的生存期就是整个程序的运行期。 在程序开始运行前就为其分配相应的存储空 间,在程序的整个运行期间一直占用,直到 结束。 自动变量的生存期是说明了自动变量的函数 或分程序。它对存储空间的利用是动态的。 其初值在每次为自动变量分配存储后都要重 新设置。
变量的生存期与作用域
局部变量 全局变量
自动变量


函数原型可省略的情况: “先定义,后引用”
函数原型的一般形式:
<函数返回值的类型说明> <函数名> (<参数 表>);
函数原型
例:求两数中的大数。
#include <iostream.h> int max(int x,int y);
void main()
{ cout<<"Enter two integer:"; int a,b; cin>>a>>b; cout<<"The maxium number is "<<max(a,b)<<endl; } int max(int x,int y) { return x>y?x:y; }
{ ... ...
x = 0;
... ...
}
内联函数
调用函数: 断点现场保护、数据进栈、执行函数体、 保存返回值、恢复现场和断点等,开销 很大。
内联函数适用于:
函数体比较简单
被频繁调用
内联函数
例:将例5-3中的函数max()改写成内联函数
#include <iostream.h> inline int max(int x,int y) {return x>y?x:y;} void main() { cout << "Please enter two integer:"; int a,b; cin >> a >> b; cout << "The maximum is" << max(a,b) << endl;
cout << "|x1| = " << abs(x1) << endl; cout << "|x2| = " << abs(x2) << endl;
cout << "|x3| = " << abs(x3) << endl;}
局部变量和全局变量

根据作用域的不同,可将程序中的变量分为 局部变量和全局变量

函数是构成程序的基本模块,每个函数 完成一个计算或执行一个特定的动作, 具有相对独立的功能。
C++提供三种类型的函数:


main主函数
标准库函数 用户自定义函数
格式

函数必须先定义,后使用。//与变量类似
函数定义的一般格式:
<函数值类型说明> <函数名>(<形式参数表 >)
{
<函数体>
}
函数名
值调用

好处:减少了调用函数与被调用函数之间 的数据依赖,增强了函数自身的独立性。 缺点:被调用函数向调用函数传递的数据 仅有一个返回值,有时显得不够用。

引用调用
• 由于被调用函数向调用函数传递的数据仅有 一个返回值,有时显得不够用。
• 引用是一种特殊类型的变量,可以被认为是 另一个变量的别名。 • 通过引用名与通过被引用的变量名访问变量 的效果是一样的。
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