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CHAPTER12WRITINGTHEABCsOFLANGUAGE
38
15
A MORPHOPHONEMIC
SPELLING SYSTEM
A morphophonemic spelling system will spell different words differently although they are pronounced the same: their, there, they’re
Hebrew and Arabic are in the same language family (Hamitosemitic, named after Ham and Shem in the Bible).
In Hebrew and Arabic the vowels are often not written. People who speak the languages can figure out the vowels.
38
5
PICTOGRAMS
Invent a pictogram for each of the following words:
eye
boy
library
tree
forest
war
honesty
ugly
run
Scotch tape smoke
(Fromkin Rodman Hyams [2011] 545-546)
A Syllabary System requires fewer symbols than does a pictographic or ideagraphic system.
But it would a different symbol for every consonant-vowel combination, not to mention that in English there are long and short vowels and consonant clusters, etc.
chapter 12卤素
(2) 与非金属的作用
F2 ：能与所有非金属（除N2、O2、一些稀
有气体外）直接化合，生成高价氟化
物。但有些反应需要加热。
h
F2 Xe
无水玻璃管
XeF2 XeF2
无色晶体
673K , p
Ni反应器
Cl2 ：能与大多数非金属直接化合。
剧烈程度不如氟。
2 S(s) Cl 2 (g) S 2 Cl 2 (l)
(HF) 2 HF H 2
一元酸
b: HF另一个独特之处可以腐蚀玻璃
SiO2 4 HF SiF4 2 H 2 O CaSiO3 6 HF CaF2 SiF4 3 H 2 O
HI 的特殊反应
HI Ag AgI H 2
（2）还原性： HI>HBr>HCl>HF
Br2 1.065
I2 0.535
(V)
2.87
X2 氧化性递减
X－ 还原性递增
除I2外， X2均为强氧化剂。
(1) 与金，生成高
价氟化物。而且反应常常是很猛
烈的，伴随着燃烧和爆炸。 例如 F2 把Co、V 和Bi 氧化为:CoF3，VF5，BiF5 ② 在室温下，F2 与Mg、Fe、Cu、Pb、Ni 作用时，在金属表面形成一层保护性的
Cl: 主要存在于海水、盐湖、盐井，盐床中，主要有钾石盐KCl、光卤石 KCl· MgCl2.6H2O。海水中大约含氯1.9%，地壳中的质量百分含量0.031%，占第 十一位。 Br: 主要存在于海水中，海水中溴的含量相当于氯的1/300，盐湖和盐井中 也存在少许的溴，地壳中的质量百分含量约1.6%. I： 碘在海水中存在的更少，碘主要被海藻所吸收，海水中碘的含量仅为 5 %,碘也存在于某些盐井盐湖中，南美洲智利硝石含有少许的碘酸钠。 At： 放射性元素, 研究的不多，对它了解的也很少。
Thomas12e_Chapter12托马斯管理经济学章12
12-11
垄断厂商的需求和边际收益
市场需求曲线就是厂商的需求曲线 垄断厂商为卖出更多的产品必须降低价格
~ 除了销售的第一单位产品外，其他所有单位产品的 边际收益均小于价格
当MR 为正 (负), 需求是富有弹性 (缺乏弹性) 的 对于一个线性市场需求来说，垄断厂商的边际 收益也是线性的，其纵轴截距与需求曲线相同， 而斜率是它的2倍
12-4
市场力的度量
市场力的强弱与需求的价格弹性负相关
~ 企业的需求弹性越小，市场力就越大 ~ 企业产品的相近替代品越少，需求的弹性（绝对值） 就越小，企业的市场力就越大 ~ 完全弹性的需求（需求曲线为水平线）没有任何市 场力
© 2016 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
1-1
学习目标
（12.1） 定义市场力，描述如何用价格弹性、需求交叉 弹性和勒纳指数来度量市场力； （12.2） 解释对于长期中的市场力，为什么进入壁垒是 必要的，并讨论进入壁垒的主要类型； （12.3）求出垄断企业利润最大化的产量和价格； （12.4）求出垄断企业利润最大化的投入使用量； （12.5）求出在垄断竞争条件下，利润最大化的价格和 产量； （12.6） 利用经验估计或预测的需求、平均变动成本和 边际成本，来计算垄断企业或垄断竞争企业实现利润最 大化的产量和价格； （12.7） 在给定总产量的多工厂企业中，选择各工厂的 生产水平，使生产总成本最小化。
导游英语(第二版) 电子教案Chapter 12 Sending off the Tour Group
• 2. Possible Delay of Sending off the Tourists离站可能遇到的延误
• 3. Handling the Issues after Sending off the Tourists离站送客后 续事宜
• Part B Listening Comprehension 导游听力训练
• The guide should announce the time for delivery of luggage so that the tourists could get ready in advance.
2. Possible Delay of Sending off the
Tourists
• 2.Contact the ticket office to see if the earliest flight is available. Try your best to catch the earliest flight.
2020/6/30
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• 3.Choose other modes of transport to send off the tourists upon approval of the travel agency.
2020/6/30
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2. Listen again and answer the following
questions.
导游实务
• 1. Who is to blame if tourists miss the airplane?
• Generally speaking, the guide is to blame.
agency G. on behalf of the travel agency
• 3. Handling the Issues after Sending off the Tourists离站送客后 续事宜
• Part B Listening Comprehension 导游听力训练
• The guide should announce the time for delivery of luggage so that the tourists could get ready in advance.
2. Possible Delay of Sending off the
Tourists
• 2.Contact the ticket office to see if the earliest flight is available. Try your best to catch the earliest flight.
2020/6/30
15
• 3.Choose other modes of transport to send off the tourists upon approval of the travel agency.
2020/6/30
16
2. Listen again and answer the following
questions.
导游实务
• 1. Who is to blame if tourists miss the airplane?
• Generally speaking, the guide is to blame.
agency G. on behalf of the travel agency
达尔文主义
2. Ideas of Evolution before Darwin
• • *
•
• •
•
Carl Linnaeus 林奈 （1707-1778）
*依雄蕊和雌蕊的类型、大小、数量及相互排列等特征，将植物分
为24纲、116目、1000多个属和10 000多个种。纲、目、属、种的 分类概念是林奈的首创。
•
three key concepts of Darwinism
• 1. variation （all forms of life） • 2. heredity （similar organic to next generation）生物遗传性 • Struggle for existence • (survival of the fittest适者生存)
• In 1831, Darwn set out on H.M.S. Beagle as a self-financed gentleman companion to the 26-year-old captain, Robert Fitzroy. The Beagle was on a British science expedition around the world • lasted almost five years , Darwin spent most of that time on land investigating geology and making natural history collections • Darwin's job as naturalist aboard the Beagle gave him the opportunity to observe the various geological formations found on different continents and islands along the way, as well as a huge variety of fossils and living organisms. In his geological observations, Darwin was most impressed with the effect that natural forces had on shaping the earth's surface.
chapter-9-Lesson-Planning
第14页，共30页。
案例一
PEP BOOK3 Unit Two ( Pa从rt B教: L师et’的s角tal度k) 出发，“使学生…” “发
展学生的…” “训练学生的…” “培养
Teaching aims: 1. Aims on the knowledge
学生的…”，目标主体均为教师
(1) To enable the children to grasp the usage of the single and plural forms
5) By lesson planning, teachers also become aware of the teaching aids that are needed.
6) Lesson planning is a good practice and a sign of
professionalism. 7) Lesson planning will enable the teacher to improve
The time and date of the lesson;
The time duration of the lesson
第12页，共30页。
5.2 Teaching Aims
1. to learn the use of comparative form of adjectives
Able to use a number of comparative adjectives to compare things or people
Micro planning is planning for a specific unit or a lesson. Teachers may have different ways of writing their own lesson plans.
案例一
PEP BOOK3 Unit Two ( Pa从rt B教: L师et’的s角tal度k) 出发，“使学生…” “发
展学生的…” “训练学生的…” “培养
Teaching aims: 1. Aims on the knowledge
学生的…”，目标主体均为教师
(1) To enable the children to grasp the usage of the single and plural forms
5) By lesson planning, teachers also become aware of the teaching aids that are needed.
6) Lesson planning is a good practice and a sign of
professionalism. 7) Lesson planning will enable the teacher to improve
The time and date of the lesson;
The time duration of the lesson
第12页，共30页。
5.2 Teaching Aims
1. to learn the use of comparative form of adjectives
Able to use a number of comparative adjectives to compare things or people
Micro planning is planning for a specific unit or a lesson. Teachers may have different ways of writing their own lesson plans.
§12-2 相干光 光程及光程差
不同的特性，使得p点
干涉特性不定。
▲
相干波源S1、S2位于
同一波阵面上。
Chapter 12. 波动光学 §12-2 相干光 光程及光程差 作者：杨茂田
P. 5 / 15.
三、相干光的获得方法
1. 分波阵面法：
▲
相干波源S1、S2位于 同一波阵面上。
S1
d
S2
▲
相干波源S1、S2不位 于同一波阵面上：
光间亦有半波损失现象：
L2 L1 = (由几何路径差引起) + (额外光程差)*
2
Chapter 12. 波动光学 §12-2 相干光 光程及光程差 作者：杨茂田
P. 15 / 15.
1. 普通光源发光机制： 2. 获得相干光的两种方法：分波阵面法及分振幅法。 3. 光程 L 及光程差 δ : L nr
2 1 2 d sin
( 即固定的位相差 )
Chapter 12. 波动光学 §12-2 相干光 光程及光程差 作者：杨茂田
P. 6 / 15.
2. 分振幅法：
“0”
“1”
“2”
2 d sin 1、 两束光分别为上下两界面的反射光，为相干光。 ( 即固定的位相差 ) 2 2 1
Chapter 12. 波动光学 §12-2 相干光 光程及光程差 作者：杨茂田
P. 1 / 15.
12-2 相干光 光程及光程差
Chapter 12. 波动光学 §12-2 相干光 光程及光程差 作者：杨茂田
P. 2 / 15.
一、热光源的发光机制
自发辐射： 在没有外界干预下，原子会自发地从高 能级跃迁到低能级而引起的光辐射。
chapter 12 Light and optics
Images in plane mirror and lens
Lens——Convex/converging Lens and Concave/Diverging Lens
f
F
F
Images in plane mirror and lens
像相对于物的放大倍数
M
hi di ho do
物距相距和焦距的关系 d d f o i
Screen with two silts
L is much bigger than d.
Screen
P
Destructively interference
(相消干涉)
d
l
Constructively interference
（相长干涉）
L
Interference and diffraction（干涉与衍射）
Dispersion and spectrum（色散与光谱）
gamma rays X rays ultraviolet infrared
micro-waves
radio waves
Dispersion and spectrum（色散与光谱）
dispersion
In monochromatic red light ,a blue book will probably Scattering(散射) Color(颜色) appear to be________
critical angle
optically denser medium
Refraction（折射）
total reflection（全反射）
Refraction（折射）
Dispersion and spectrum（色散与光谱）
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Internal Factors
• Costs
– Set the floor for the price a company can charge for its product
• Cover the cost for producing, distributing, promoting the product
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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Internal Factors
• Marketing Objectives
– Survival – Current Profit Maximization
• Choose the price that will produce the maximum current profit
– Market-Share Leadership
• Charging too much chases away potential customers, charging too little cuts revenue that hardly maintain operations properly
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
MarketinMgafrokreHtinogspfiotralHityosapnidtalTiotyurainsdmT, o4uthriesmdi,ti4otnh edition KKoottlleerr,,BBoowweenn,,aannddMMaakkeennss
Factors to Consider when Setting Prices
• Understanding how to apply pricing strategies for existing products
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Chapter 12
Pricing Products:
Pricing Considerations,
Approaches, and Strategy
Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism, 4th edition Kotler, Bowen, and Makens
– Companies with lower costs can set lower prices that result in greater market share
– If costs>competitors to produce and sell its product, either charge a higher price or make less profit
External Factors
• Market and Demand
– Costs set the lower limits of prices, the market & demand set the upper limit
– Marketers must understand the relationship b/w price & demand for a product
External factors
• Competitors’ prices and offers
– Check the price, quality, features of competitive hotels
– Once aware of competitors’ prices, use this as starting point for your own price decision
• Elastic demand: demand changes greatly with small change in price (e.g. price increase leads to a large drop in demand)
– sellers can consider lower their prices which will produce more total revenue
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
MarketinMgafrokreHtinogspfiotralHityosapnidtalTiotyurainsdmT, o4uthriesmdi,ti4otnh edition KKoottlleerr,,BBoowweenn,,aannddMMaakkeennss
Chapter Objectives
• Outline the internal and external factors affecting pricing decisions
• Contrast the differences in general pricing approaches
• Identify the new product pricing strategies of market-skimming pricing and marketpenetration pricing
MarketinMgafrokreHtinogspfiotralHityosapnidtalTiotyurainsdmT, o4uthriesmdi,ti4otnh edition KKoottlleerr,,BBoowweenn,,aannddMMaakkeennss
Internal Factors
Price
• Price is the amount of money charged for a good or service
– E.g. airlines charge you a fare, hotels charge room rate, tuition for education
• The only marketing mix element that produces revenue
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
MarketinMgafrokreHtinogspfiotralHityosapnidtalTiotyurainsdmT, o4uthriesmdi,ti4otnh edition KKoottlleerr,,BBoowweenn,,aannddMMaakkeennss
General Pricing Approaches
“The real issue is value, not price.”
-Robert T. Lindgren
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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• Organizational Considerations
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
MarketinMgafrokreHtinogspfiotralHityosapnidtalTiotyurainsdmT, o4uthriesmdi,ti4otnh edition KKoottlleerr,,BBoowweenn,,aannddMMaakkeennss
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
MarketinMgafrokreHtinogspfiotralHityosapnidtalTiotyurainsdmT, o4uthriesmdi,ti4otnh edition KKoottlleerr,,BBoowweenn,,aannddMMaakkeennss
• Marketing Mix Strategy
– Price must be coordinated with product design, distribution, promotion decisions to form a consistent & effective marketing program