EC2000
从EC2000实施效果透视美国院校工程教育改革
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EC2000监控系统在峡口水电站的应用
随着 Ｉ ｔ ｒ ｅ 技术 的 日益成熟，实时监控 系统的部分功能得 以在 ｎ ｅｎ ｔ Ｉｔ ｒ ｅ ｎ ｅ ｎ ｔ上实现，这是为 了适应信 息时代 的需要而新 增加的功能 ，通 过远 程浏 览服 务 ，可 以在远 方 实时浏 览系 统监 控 画面和 查 询 历史 报 表、一览表 ，使在家里 值班 成为可 能，这也是 Ｅ ２ ０ Ｃ ０ ０的一大特 色 。
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１ 概 述
浙江省江 山市 峡 口电站位于江 山港上游距江 山市区 ４ ３公里处峡 口 镇 内。电站共有机 组 ：２× ５ ０ ｗ （ 称 ｌ ０ Ｋ 下 ０ 、２＃机 ） ０ ３年 ６ ，２ ０ 月经报废重 建后投产 ；２×２ ０ Ｋ （ ０ ０ Ｗ 下称 ３ 、４＃机 ） ９ ７年 ３月 ，１ ９ 投产 ，总装机 容量为 １ ０ ０ Ｗ 、２＃机 组及全厂公 用设备 的测量 、 ４ ０ Ｋ 。是 我们 做 到的是 将 ３ ｛ 机的遥测 、遥信等信 息量在操 作员工 作站 中实 现显 、４｝ 示 、监测 ；全厂 的远 动信 息 通 过通 讯机 发 送 至地 调 。 包括 输入 变化 检测 ，并根 据规 定产 生报 警 ；计 算 处理 综合 数据 ，主 要包 括功 率总 加、 脉冲 累计 、 电度量 或分 时 电度量 的 累计 ；记 录各
依利特EC2000GPC凝胶色谱工作站用户使用手册
EC2000 GPC凝胶色谱工作站用户使用手册大连依利特分析仪器有限公司D a l i a n E l i t e A n a l y t i c a l I n s t r u m e n t s C o.,L t d.目录第一章 EC2000 GPC 简介 (2)第二章凝胶色谱校正曲线基本知识...............................................................................................................4单分散窄分布标样标定法.......................................................................................................................4宽分布标样标定法 (5)普适标定法 (5)第三章 凝胶色谱分析的基本过程 (7)第四章 凝胶色谱分析数据采集与积分处理 (8)第五章 分子量校正曲线 (9)凝胶色谱分析方法的选择 (9)标准样品的设置与校正曲线 (12)打印和存储校正曲线 (15)样品分析与结果输出 (16)打印计算数据与凝胶色谱图 (17)分子量分布图与结果 (18)分子量分布图的打印 (20)第一章 EC2000 GPC 简介EC2000 GPC 凝胶色谱工作站是在依利特公司EC2000色谱数据处理工作站的平台上加载凝胶色谱专用数据处理功能模块EC2000 GPC 凝胶色谱色谱工作站具有如下基本功能和特点标样校正根据单分散或宽分布标样的数均分子量或重均分子量或和分散系数窄分布样品或未知样品的Mark-Houwink 常数(k and a)计算校正曲线任意数目标准样品和各标准样品多次平行进样的结果进行校正消除实验误差选择一次二次或三次方程回归校正曲线最小二乘法拟合并自动计算标准偏差和相关系数同时获得由拟合曲线反推计算标准样品的平均分子量及误差可直观判断拟合结果并随时修正分子量测定由分子量校正曲线及峰切片面积计算高分子物质的数均分子量重均分子量Z 均分子量Z+1均分子量粘均分子量等各种统计分子量及分散指数等通过设置切片方法可以对谱图中任意范围计算分析分子量分布计算得到积分分子量分布曲线累积重量分数分子量分布微分分子量分布曲线包括微分累积分子数分数分子量和微分累积重量分数分子量分布可按照分子量分子量对数及对数标度坐标系等三种方式显示分布图输出结果及打印输出凝胶色谱分离谱图校正曲线图积分分子量分布曲线微分累积分子数分数分子量微分累积重量分数分子量分布曲线各种分子量及相关参数计算结果根据实验目的可采用峰切割法选择局部或全部范围计算输出打印结果分子量计算结果表分子量分布图包括积分分布图和微分分布图分子量分布数据校正曲线标准品分子量数据可以发送到剪切板然后使用相关软件如Word EXCEL等进行处理具有极大灵活性双通道模式双通道各自独立工作可以同时进行常规色谱定性定量分析和凝胶色谱分析也可满足两种不同检测器串联使用的凝胶色谱分析硬件高精度色谱数据采集卡可以与各种型号的色谱仪联接使用RS-232通讯方式与电脑联接软件EC2000 GPC凝胶色谱工作站数据处理功能强大除了供凝胶色谱数据处理使用外兼容通用色谱数据处理工作站的全部功能有关这方面的信息请参阅EC2000色谱数据处理工作站用户使用手册第二章凝胶色谱校正曲线基本知识凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)测定高聚物的分子量及其分子量分布常用相对的测定方法即首先用已知分子量及分子量分布范围的标准进行试验建立分子量与保留时间或保留体积相关的关系即GPC标定曲线与传统色谱分析中的校正曲线的道理相似标定曲线的准确与否将直接影响到测量结果的可靠性由于高聚物分子结构的多样性针对不同类型的高聚物根据所采用标准高分子化合物的分子量分布等提出了多种形式的标定方法最常用的主要有窄分布标样标定法宽分布标样标定法和普适标定法三种它们的基本原理如下EC2000 GPC 工作站设计了三种校正方式单分散窄分布标样标定法用一组已知分子量的窄分布标样制定GPC标定线以此来测定相同化学结构试样的分子量及其分布的方法叫窄分布标样标定法此方法类似于其它化学分析上的工作曲线法它的前提是能够获得一系列不同分子量被测样品的单分散标样用这些单分散标样来制得logM-Ve标定线然后以此来测定样品在色谱柱测定分子量范围内样品分子量的对数与淋洗体积之间呈线性关系RBV A M −=log 式中M 样品分子量V R 样品淋洗体积 A B 常数图2-1所示为单分散标样的校正线绘制过程示意图所谓单分散标准样品是指高聚物的分子量分布宽度指数DMw/Mn 值在1.05 1.10以内当用光散射法渗透压法(或蒸汽压法)粘度法测定标样的分子量时各种方法测得的分子量必须一致在所有标定方法中该标定方法最为简单明了但是由于高聚物试样的多样性不是每种高聚物都可制得窄分布的标样图2-1 单分散标样的校正线宽分布标样标定法由于窄分布标样标定法受到样品来源的限制采用宽分布标样来订定GPC的标定线该法实际上是渐近较正法的一种它的最大优点是无需窄分布标样(或级分)而且所需宽分布标样的数量少因此在宽分布高聚物的测定中该法被越来越多的色谱工作者所采用然而在采用两点线性校正时只有当标样与试样的分子量及分子量分布相似的情况下测定结果才有好的准确性普适标定法普适标定法又叫通用标定法当待测样品与订定标定曲线所用的标样化学结构不同时该标定曲线不再适合测定待测样品的分子量和分布GPC 是按分子尺寸的大小来分离高聚物对于不同类型的高聚物虽然其分子量相同但分子尺寸并不一定相同但用高聚物分子在溶剂中的实际尺寸参数来代替M 对Ve作图就可实现用少数特定标样所作的标定线来满足其它类型高聚物的测定大量的实验事实证明以高聚物的流体力学体积[η]·M 作为GPC的通用标定参数具有极为广阔的通用性只要知道标样及试样在测定条件下的 K α参数值就可以将标样所订定的标定线转换成待测试样的标定线从而计算试样的分子量及分布不同高聚物在同样实验条件下进行凝胶色谱的实验若淋洗体积Ve 相同则这两个高聚物的流体力学体积相等即[η]1·M 1=[η]2·M 2利用Mark-Houwink 方程式将[η] =K ·M 代入上式并变换得到分子量与标准物质的转化关系为式中M 1标准物质分子量M2样品分子量K11标准物质Mark-Houwink常数K22样品物质Mark-Houwink常数上式中K1K2α1α2在固定条件下是常数只要知道两种高聚物在该条件下的参数K 1α1及K 2α2值就可由第一种高聚物标准样品的logM-Ve 标定线直接求出第二种高聚物被测样品的logM-Ve标定线由于该法的通用性极广所以在缺少标样或窄分布级分试样的情况下普适标定法是目前使用最多的方法但是并不是所有的高聚物都适合普适标定它的应用是有条件的只有那些在进行GPC 分离时遵从体积排除机理的高聚物才适合普适标定否则普适标定的结果不可靠普适标定对一些分子形态差异较大的支化高聚物接枝共聚物线形或无规线团形及刚性高聚物等均能适用对具有长支链的高聚物分子普适标定在一定程度上已经有了保留对于棒状刚性高聚物来说目前还没有足够的证据来证明普适标定对它们的适用性因此在对具体的高聚物采用普适标定时必需注意它们各自构型的特点大量的实验结果证明某些高聚物不符合普适标定可见对于某些未知体系或某些未经证明符合普适标定的高聚物试样不可轻易采用普适标定1212122log 11log 11log M K K M ααα++++=第三章 凝胶色谱分析的基本过程凝胶色谱的分析主要是确定样品中高分子化合物的各种分子量分子量分布分散系数等参数与指标凝胶色谱分析的主要过程简单归纳如下1. 弄清所分析的化合物的种类水溶性还是油溶性种类 2. 样品中高分子化合物的分子量范围 3. 选择适合分子量范围的凝胶渗透GPC或凝胶过滤GFC 色谱柱 4. 选择适当范围分子量的单分散或宽分布标准样品查找相关参数 5. 选择流动相种类流速进行标准和样品的分析6. 根据标准样品的淋洗体积和分子量获得分子量校正曲线7. 依据分子量校正曲线和未知样品的淋洗体积保留时间求得未知样品的分子量第四章 凝胶色谱分析数据采集与积分处理请参见EC2000色谱数据处理工作站用户使用手册相关内容凝胶色谱分析过程一般先进行标准分子量样品的进样分析然后进行样品的分析分别将数据采集存储并积分后可以进行凝胶色谱处理与计算第五章 分子量校正曲线注意凝胶色谱校正曲线的准确性对样品分子量分布的计算非常关键为了获得真实有效的结果必须保证实验条件的一致性和仪器性能的稳定性同时也要注意采集和处理数据最好在相同条件下进行EC2000 GPC色谱数据处理工作站将各峰的保留时间淋洗体积和面积峰高等参数存储起来然后根据这些信息计算组分分子量EC2000 GPC 色谱数据处理工作站提供了以下几种计算方法 单分散标样标定 宽分布标样标定普适法标定凝胶色谱分析方法的选择准样品谱图单击方法下拉菜单中选择定量分析方法选择出现分析方法选择对话框在校正方法框内选择单一分布标样校正宽分子量分布校正或普适校正法并按确认回到谱图显示主界面出现左图所方口注意色谱柱的排除体积为完全被填料颗粒网孔排阻的大分子的保留体积总保留体积为能自由进出填料颗粒网孔的小分子的保留体积在作分子量与洗脱体积的校正曲线时洗脱体积是色谱峰的保留时间与流动相流速的乘积凝胶色谱通常使用洗脱体积进行作图在某些情况下用保留时间与分子量对数作校正曲线图此时输入流速值为1校正曲线图的横坐标的范围依据输入的排除体积和总保留体积的值部分计算结果如分配系数Kd等的结果要用到排除体积和总保留体积的值上述数据不准确会影响到相关结果单击右键如图所示选择GPC 量方法择校正方法输入凝胶色谱分析流动相流速排除体积和总保留体积渗透体积输入普适校正法标准样品和未知样的计算常数选择普适法校正时)计算粘均分子量的计算常数不同种类样品的普适校正常数可以通过手册查阅但是常数的值可能会由于来源不同存在差异在应用前最好采用适当方法进行确认以免引起系统偏差标准样品的设置与校正曲线右键然后选择打开标准样品选择一个标准品点击按钮若有多个标准品则依次选择并添加添加完成击按注意对于含有多个标准峰的一个混合物色谱图可以依次用同样的方式设置各色谱峰对应的分子量与单独进样的标准一样名对于单分散标准样品在分子量栏输入相应的分子量对于宽分分子量品则分别在数均分子量和重均分子量栏输入分子量值然后点击确定依次输入所有标准品的分子量点击右键选择设置标准样品的标准品双击所要计算的组分或选中该组分然后点击修改按钮注意EC2000 GPC凝胶色谱工作站可以实现一次回归二次回归或三次回归选择哪种模式应该结合试验选用的标准和色谱柱的情况点击右键在弹出的对话框中选择计算分子量或浓度选择一次回归二次回归或三次回归后单击计算定量曲线曲线下部为相关数据包括组分名洗脱体积标准分子量LogM算到分子量计算分子量相对误差回归方程相关系数等信息打印和存储校正曲线角的图标关闭校正曲线窗口击图标或文件下拉菜单中选择另存为定义存储位置后标准曲线保存下次可以直接打开标准曲线下单击图标显示右图所示校正线页面单击打印校正曲线打印样品分析与结果输出查准曲线正曲线文件然后在文件下拉菜单中选择打开数据到指定位置打开已经采集存储的样品凝胶色谱分析谱图中点击图标在弹出的对话框中选择使用时间窗口再选择计算分子量或浓度工作站将对数据进行重新计算得到各色谱峰对应的分子量值分散系数等结果打印计算数据与凝胶色谱图单击方法下拉菜单中选择定量分方法选择出现分析方法选择对话框在校正方法框内选择其它校正外标内标等并按确认回到谱图显示主界面下单击图标显示右图所示凝胶色谱图和分子量等参数计算结果可按放大缩小改变预览图的大小单击打印报告打印单击关闭关闭预览分子量分布图与结果在数据下拉菜单中选择各种平均分子量及分子量分布图单击后出现以下对话框该对话框分为四个区域分别为微分与积分分布图谱图选项谱峰选择与数据功能选项分布图的左侧纵坐标为微分分布图的坐标可以设置更改最大值右侧纵坐标为积分分布图的坐标100不能更改可以通过鼠标选择分布图显示积分分布图微分累积重量分数分子量分布图和微分累积分子数分数分子量分布图三个图可以同时选择也可以选择一个或两个横坐标为分子量可以选择三种不同的坐标显示方式在谱峰选择与数据区域中显示各色谱峰对应的分子量及相关数据单击鼠标选择不同的色谱峰栏分布图中显示相应谱图对应的分布单击发送分布图到剪切板发送分子量计算结果到剪切板可以分别将相关内容转移到其他处理软件中数据出现左侧的对话框显示分子量等信息的切片结果通过更改时间间隔可以改变切片的区间间隔通过输入起始分子量和终止分子量可以计算在一定分子量范围内的分布百分比单击将数据发送到剪切板可以将据转WORD EXCEL中进行处理EC2000 GPC 凝胶色谱工作站用户使用手册分子量分布图的打印注意其他相关内容请参考EC2000色谱数据处理工作站用户使用手册下单击图标显示选定的色谱峰或整体的积分和微数可以点击放大缩小改变预览图的大小单击打印报印单击关闭关闭预览在右侧对话框中选择打印峰可以通过下拉选择希望打谱峰号选择后关闭对话框回到色谱图主界面下。
2000 76 EC 中文
指令2000/76/EC的欧洲议会和理事会对2000年12月4日对垃圾焚烧欧洲议会和欧洲联盟理事会，考虑到建立欧洲共同体条约，特别是第175（1）款，考虑到从（1）委员会的建议，考虑到经济和社会委员会（2）认为，考虑到该区域委员会（3）认为，代理中所确立的条约第251条（4）规定的程序行事，并在由上二零零零年十月一十一号调解委员会批准的联合案文光，鉴于：（1）第五个环境行动纲领：迈向可持续发展- 以欧洲共同体的政策和行动计划中有关环境和可持续发展，补充其审查决定书字号2179/98/EC（5），设置为目标，临界载荷和某些污染物的水平，如氮氧化物（NOx），二氧化硫（SO2），重金属和二恶英，不应超过，而在空气质量方面的目标是所有的人民应该得到有效保护，对公认的健康风险从空气污染。
这是客观的确定来源的二恶英排放量减少90％，到2005年（1985级）和至少70名来自各镉途径（光盘），汞（Hg）％减少，并导致1995年（铅）排放方案进一步套。
（2）由社区内签署了联合国欧洲经济委员会（欧洲经委会）远距离越境空气污染公约持久性有机污染物的框架协议规定了二恶英和呋喃的排放具有法律约束力的限制值0.1纳克/立方米;的TE（毒性当量）燃烧超过3占都市固体废物，0,5小时，吴吨/米装置;燃烧每超过1吨的医疗废物小时，而0装置的TE，2毫微克/平方米;燃烧超过1小时，每公吨的危险废物设施的TE。
（3）对重金属议定书由社区内签署了联合国欧洲经委会公约远距离越境空气污染框架集的颗粒为10 mg/m3危险废物和医疗废物焚烧和具有法律约束力的排放限值对危险废物焚烧排放的汞的0.05 mg/m3和城市垃圾焚烧0,08 mg/m3。
（4）为研究国际癌症研究机构和世界卫生组织表明，一些多环芳烃（PAHs）的芳香族碳氢化合物是致癌物质。
因此，各会员国可为多环芳烃等污染物排放限值。
（五）与辅助性和相称的原则载于本条约第5条指出，有必要采取在社区一级的行动。
Ultra EOTec 2000 系统概述（PLC 串行通信） 说明书
EOTec 2000 系统概述（PLC/串行通信）Ultra Electronics 公司生产的 EOTec 2000 光纤转换器包括一系列模块，这些模块设计用于连接传统的铜缆网络，将其承载的信号转换成光纤信号，然后再转换回去。
所有的模块都可装配到标准的 35mmDIN 导轨，每个模块有一个集成底板。
这样便不需要去单独购买底板，模块之间也不需要外部配线，只需要简单地将模块装入 DIN 导轨，滑动它们直到相互紧密配合到一起。
对于使用铜缆来互连通讯节点所遇到的传统性问题，EOTec 2000系列是一种非常灵活且易于扩展的解决方案。
它不仅支持多模光纤链路，而且还支持单模光纤链路。
它提供多种选择方案，支持所有的常用光纤接头（ST 、SMA 、SC 等），帮助用户架构可靠、耐用的网络。
通过使用 EOTec 2000 光纤转换器，可以消除诸如接地回路、绝缘、雷击等问题。
光纤通信链路也可以延伸到更长许多的距离，并能容纳铜缆网络所没有的物理拓扑结构。
例如，使用铜缆互联时，不可能采取星形和自愈环拓扑结构。
但使用 EOTec 2000 则可以轻松实现这些配置。
只要用户记住一些简单的指导原则，架构光纤通信节点就非常容易。
用户至少应该知道，每个光纤节点都需要一个电源模块 (PSM)、电气接口模块 (EIM) 以及光接口模块 (OIM)。
电源模块 (PSM)这个模块将接受用户的直流或交流电源输入，并向接插到底板接头的任何模块提供直流电压。
电源模块的部件号总是以 2A 开头，如 2A08 是直流电源。
关键的选用标准：9 安装现场提供交流电还是直流电？9 是否要求提供冗余配置？网站：点到点 菊花链星形电气接口模块 (EIM)这个模块将连接到铜缆通信链路。
它将接收铜缆链路传输的信号，调制这些信号，然后向底板提供信号以便进行转换。
EIM 也接收底板传输的信号，然后再将这些信号传输给所连接的铜缆链路。
用户必须为要转换的铜缆协议选择合适的 EIM。
EC 2000_532 Waste_List
II(Acts whose publication is not obligatory)COMMISSIONCOMMISSION DECISIONof3May2000replacing Decision94/3/EC establishing a list of wastes pursuant to Article1(a)of Council Directive 75/442/EEC on waste and Council Decision94/904/EC establishing a list of hazardous waste pursuant to Article1(4)of Council Directive91/689/EEC on hazardous waste(notified under document number C(2000)1147)(Text with EEA relevance)(2000/532/EC)THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community,Having regard to Council Directive75/442/EEC of15July 1975on waste(1),as amended by Directive91/156/EEC(2), and in particular Article1(a)thereof,Having regard to Council Directive91/689/EEC of12 December1991on hazardous waste(3),and in particular Article1(4),second indent thereof,Whereas:(1)Several Member States have notified a number of wastecategories which they consider to display one or more ofthe properties listed in Annex III to Directive91/689/EEC.(2)Article1(4)of Directive91/689/EEC requires theCommission to examine notifications from MemberStates with a view to amending the list of hazardouswastes laid down in Council Decision94/904/EC(4).(3)Any waste inserted in the list of hazardous wastes mustalso be included in the European Waste Catalogue laiddown in Commission Decision94/3/EC(5).It is appro-priate,in order to increase the transparency of the listingsystem and to simplify existing provisions,to establishone Community list which integrates the list of wasteslaid down in Decision94/3/EC and that of hazardouswastes laid down in Decision94/904/EC.(4)The Commission is assisted in this task by theCommittee established by Article18of Directive75/442/EEC.(5)The measures laid down in this Decision are in accord-ance with the opinion expressed by the aforementionedCommittee,HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION:Article1The list in the Annex to this Decision is adopted.Article2Wastes classified as hazardous are considered to display one or more of the properties listed in Annex III to Directive91/ 689/EEC and,as regards H3to H8,H10(6)and H11of that Annex,one or more of the following:692/32/EEC(OJ L154,5.6.1992,p.1.)amen-ding for the seventh time Directive67/548/EEC the term‘toxic for1p.47.—flash point≤55°C,—one or more substances classified(1)as very toxic at a total concentration≥0,1%,—one or more substances classified as toxic at a total concen-tration≥3%,—one or more substances classified as harmful at a total concentration≥25%,—one or more corrosive substances classified as R35at a total concentration≥1%,—one or more corrosive substances classified as R34at a total concentration≥5%,—one or more irritant substances classified as R41at a total concentration≥10%,—one or more irritant substances classified as R36,R37,R38 at a total concentration≥20%,—one or more substances known to be carcinogenic of category1or2at a total concentration≥0,1%,—one or more substances toxic for reproduction of category 1or2classified as R60,R61at a total concentration ≥0,5%,—one or more substances toxic for reproduction of category 3classified as R62,R63at a total concentration≥5%,—one or more mutagenic substances of category1or2 classified as R46at a total concentration≥0,1%,—one or more mutagenic substances of category3classified as R40at a total concentration≥1%.Article3Member States may decide,in exceptional cases,on the basis of documentary evidence provided in an appropriate way by the holder,that a specific waste indicated in the list as being hazardous does not display any of the properties listed in Annex III to Directive91/689/EEC.Without prejudice to Article1(4),second indent,of Directive91/689/EEC,Member States may decide,in exceptional cases,that a waste indicated in the list as being non-hazardous displays one or more of the properties listed in Annex III to Directive91/689/EEC.All such decisions taken by Member States shall be communicated on a yearly basis to the Commission.The Commission shall collate these decisions and examine whether the Community list of wastes and hazardous wastes should be amended in the light of them.Article4Member States shall take the measures necessary to comply with this Decision not later than1January2002.Article5Decision94/3/EC and Decision94/904/EC are repealed with effect from1January2002.Article6This Decision is addressed to the Member States.Done at Brussels,3May2000.For the CommissionMargot WALLSTRÖMMember of the Commission(1)The classification as well as the R numbers refer to Council Direc-tive67/548/EEC of27June1967on the approximation of the laws,regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classi-fication,packaging and labelling of dangerous substances(OJ196,16.8.1967,p.1.)and its subsequent amendments.The concentra-tion limits refer to those laid down in Council Directive88/ANNEXList of wastes pursuant to Article1(a)of Directive75/442/EEC on waste and Article1(4)of Directive91/689/EEC on hazardous wasteIntroduction1.The present list is a harmonised list of wastes.It will be periodically reviewed and if necessary revised in accordancewith Article18of Directive75/442/EEC.However,the inclusion of a material in the list does not mean that the material is a waste in all circumstances.Materials are considered to be waste only where the definition of waste in Article1(a)of Directive75/442/EEC is met.2.Wastes included in the list are subject to the provisions of Directive75/442/EEC except where Article2(1)(b)of thisDirective applies.3.The different types of waste in the list are fully defined by the six-digit code for the waste and the respectivetwo-digit and four-digit chapter headings.This implies that the following steps should be taken to identify a waste in the list.3.1.Identify the source generating the waste in Chapters01to12or17to20and identify the appropriate six-digit codeof the waste(excluding codes ending with99of these chapters).Note that a specific production unit may need to classify its activities in several chapters.For instance,a car manufacturer may find its wastes listed in Chapters12 (wastes from shaping and surface treatment of metals),11(inorganic wastes containing metals from metal treatment and the coating of metals)and08(wastes from the use of coatings),depending on the different process steps.3.2.If no appropriate waste code can be found in Chapters01to12or17to20the Chapters13,14and15must beexamined to identify the waste.3.3.If none of these waste codes apply,the waste must be identified according to Chapter16.3.4.If the waste is not in Chapter16either,the99code(wastes not otherwise specified)must be used in the section ofthe list corresponding to the activity identified in step one.4.Any waste marked with an asterisk(*)is considered as a hazardous waste pursuant to Article1(4),first indent,ofDirective91/689/EEC on hazardous waste,and subject to the provisions of that Directive unless Article1(5)of that Directive applies.5.For the purpose of this Decision,‘dangerous substance’means any substance that has been or will be classified asdangerous in Directive67/548/EEC as amended;‘heavy metal’means any compound of antimony,arsenic,cadmium, chromium(VI),copper,lead,mercury,nickel,selenium,tellurium,thallium and tin,including these metals in metallic form,as far as these are classified as dangerous substances.6.If a waste is identified as hazardous by a specific or general reference to dangerous substances,the waste ishazardous only if the concentrations of those substances are such(i.e.percentage by weight)that the waste presents one or more of the properties listed in Annex III to Council Directive91/689/EEC.As regards H3to H8,H10and H11,Article2of this Decision applies.For the characteristics H1,H2,H9and H12to H14Article2of the present Decision does not provide specifications at present.7.The following rules for numbering of the items in the list have been used:For those wastes that were not changedthe code numbers from Decision94/3/EC have been used;The codes for waste that were changed have been deleted and remain unused in order to avoid confusion after implementation of the new list;Wastes added have been given a code that was not used in Decision94/3/EC.INDEXChapters of the listTwo-digit01Wastes resulting from exploration,mining,dressing and further treatment of minerals and quarry02Wastes from agricultural,horticultural,hunting,fishing and aquacultural primary production,food preparation and processing03Wastes from wood processing and the production of paper,cardboard,pulp,panels and furniture04Wastes from the leather,fur and textile industries05Wastes from petroleum refining,natural gas purification and pyrolytic treatment of coal06Wastes from inorganic chemical processes07Wastes from organic chemical processes08Wastes from the manufacture,formulation,supply and use(MFSU)of coatings(paints,varnishes and vitreous enamels),adhesives,sealants and printing inks09Wastes from the photographic industry10Inorganic wastes from thermal processes11Inorganic metal-containing wastes from metal treatment and the coating of metals,and non-ferrous hydrometallurgy 12Wastes from shaping and surface treatment of metals and plastics13Oil wastes(except edible oils,05anbd12)14Wastes from organic substances used as solvents(except07and08)15Waste packaging;absorbents,wiping cloths,filter materials and protective clothing not otherwise specified16Wastes not otherwise specified in the list17Construction and demolition wastes(including road construction)18Wastes from human or animal health care and/or related research(except kitchen and restaurant wastes not arising from immediate health care)19Wastes from waste treatment facilities,off-site waste water treatment plants and the water industry20Municipal wastes and similar commercial,industrial and institutional wastes including separately collected fractions01WASTES RESULTING FROM EXPLORATION,MINING,DRESSING AND FURTHER TREATMENT OF MINERALS AND QUARRY0101Wastes from mineral excavation010101Waste from mineral metalliferous excavation010102Waste from mineral non-metalliferous excavation0102Wastes from mineral dressing010201Wastes from the dressing of metalliferous minerals010202Wastes from the dressing on non-metalliferous minerals0103Wastes from further physical and chemical processing of metalliferous minerals010301Tailings010302Dusty and powdery waste010303Red mud from alumina production010399Wastes not otherwise specified0104Wastes from further physical and chemical processing on non-metalliferous minerals010401Waste gravel and crushed rocks010402Waste sand and clays010403Dusy and powdery waste010404Waste from potash and rock-salt processing010405Waste from washing and cleaning of minerals010406Waste from stone cutting and sawing010499Waste not otherwise specified0105Drilling muds and other drilling wastes010501Oil-containing drilling muds and wastes010502Barite-containing drilling muds and wastes010503Chloride-containing drilling muds and wastes010504Fresh-water drilling muds and wastes010599Wastes not otherwise specified02WASTES FROM AGRICULTURAL,HORTICULTURAL,HUNTING,FISHING AND AQUACUL-TURAL PRIMARY PRODUCTION,FOOD PREPARATION AND PROCESSING0201Primary production wastes020101Sludges from washing and cleaning020102Animal tissue waste020103Plant tissue waste020104Waste plastics(except packaging)020105*Agrochemical wastes020106Animal faeces,urine and manure(including spoiled straw),effluent,collected separately and treated off-site 020107Waste from forestry exploitation020199Waste not otherwise specified0202Wastes from the preparation and processing of meat,fish and other foods of animal origin 020201Sludges from washing and cleaning020202Animal tissue waste020203Material unsuitable for consumption or processing020204Sludges from on-site effluent treatment020299Waste not otherwise specified0203Wastes from fruit,vegetables,cereals,edible oils,cocoa,coffee and tobacco preparation and processing;tobacco processing;conserve production020301Sludges from washing,cleaning,peeling,centrifuging and separation020304Materials unsuitable for consumption or processing020305Sludges from on-site effluent treatment020399Wastes not otherwise specified0204Wastes from sugar processing020401Soil from cleaning and washing beet020402Off-specification calcium carbonate020403Sludges from on-site effluent treatment020499Wastes not otherwise specified0205Wastes from the dairy products industry020501Materials unsuitable for consumption or processing020502Sludges from on-site effluent treatment020599Wastes not otherwise specified0206Wastes from the baking and confectionery industry020601Materials unsuitable for consumption or processing020602Wastes from preserving agents020603Sludges from on-site effluent treatment020699Wastes not otherwiese specified0207Wastes from the production of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages(except coffee,tea and cocoa) 020701Waste from washing,cleaning and mechanical reduction of raw materials020702Waste from spirits distillation020703Waste from chemical treatment020704Materials unsuitable for consumption or processing020705Sludges from on-site effluent treatment020799Wastes not otherwise specified03WASTES FROM WOOD PROCESSING AND THE PRODUCTION OF PAPER,CARDBOARD, PULP,PANELS AND FURNITURE0301Wastes from wood processing and the production of panels and furniture030101Waste bark and cork030102Sawdust030103Shaving,cuttings,spoiled timber/particle board/veneer030199Wastes not otherwise specified0302Wood preservation wastes030201*Non-halogenated organic wood preservatives030202*Organochlorinated wood preservatives030203*Organometallic wood preservatives030204*Inorganic wood preservatives0303Wastes from pulp,paper and cardboard production and processing030301Bark030302Dregs and green liquor sludges(from black liquor treatment)030303Bleaching sludges from hypochlorite and chlorine processes030304Bleaching sludges from other bleaching processes030305De-inking sludges from paper recycling030306Fibre and paper sludge04WASTES FROM THE LEATHER,FUR AND TEXTILE INDUSTRIES0401Wastes from the leather and fur industry040101Fleshings and lime split waste040102Liming waste040103*Degreasing waste containing solvents without a liquid phase040104Tanning liquor containing chromium040105Tanning liquor free of chromium040106Sludges,in particular from on-site,effluent treatment containing chromium040107Sludges,in particular from on-site effluent treatment free of chromium040108Waste tanned leather(blue sheetings,shavings,cuttings,buffing dust)containing chromium040109Waste from dressing and finishing040199Waste not otherwise specified0402Wastes from the textile industry040201Waste from unprocessed textile fibres and other natural fibrous substances mainly of vegetable origin 040202Waste from unprocessed textile fibres mainly of animal origin040203Waste from unprocessed textile fibres mainly of artificial or synthetic origin040204Waste from unprocessed mixed textile fibres before spinning and weaving040205Waste from processed textile fibres mainly of vegetable origin040206Waste from processed textile fibres mainly of animal origin040207Waste from processed fibres mainly of artifical or synthetic origin040208Waste from processed mixed textile fibres040209Waste from composite materials(impregnated textile,elastomer,plastomer)040210Organic matter from natural products(e.g.grease,wax)040214*Waste from finishing containing organic solvents040215Waste from finishing other than mentioned in040214040216*Dyestuffs and pigments containing dangerous substances040217Dyestuffs and pigments other than those mentioned in040216040219*Sludges from on-site effluent treatment containing dangereous substances040220Sludges from on-site effluent treatment other than mentioned in040219040299Wastes not otherwise specified05WASTES FROM PETROLEUM REFINING,NATURAL GAS PURIFICATION AND PYROLYTIC TREATMENT OF COAL0501Oily sludges and solid wastes050102Desalter sludges050103*Tank bottom sludges050104*Acid alkyl sludges050105*Oil spills050106Sludges from plant,equipment and maintenance operations050107*Acid tars050108*Other tars050109*Sludges from on-site effluent treatment containing dangerous substances050110Sludges from on-site effluent treatment other than those mentioned in050109050199Wastes not otherwise specified0502Non oily sludges and solid wastes050201Boiler feedwater sludges0504Spent filter clays050401*Spent filter clays0505Oil desulphurisation wastes050501Waste containing sulphur050599Wastes not otherwise specified0506Wastes from the pyrolytic treatment of coal050601*Acid tars050602Asphalt050603*Other tars050604Waste from cooling columns050699Wastes not otherwise specified0507Wastes from natural gas purification050701*Sludges containing mercury050702Waste containing sulphur050799Wastes not otherwise specified0508Wastes from oil regeneration050801*Spent filter clays050802*Acid tars050803*Other tars050804*Aqueous liquid waste from oil regeneration050899Wastes not otherwise specified06WASTES FROM INORGANIC CHEMICAL PROCESSES0601Waste acidic solutions060101*Sulphuric acid and sulphurous acid060102*Hydrochloric acid060103*Hydrofluoric acid060104*Phosphoric and phosphorous acid060105*Nitric acid and nitrous acid060199*Wastes not otherwise specified0602Waste alkaline solutions060201*Calcium hydroxide060202*Soda060203*Ammonia060299*Waste salts and their solutions0603Waste salts and their solutions060301Carbonates(except020402)060302Saline solutions containing sulphates,sulphites or sulphides060303Solid salts containing sulphates,sulphites or sulphides060304Saline solutions containing chlorides,fluorides and halides060305Solid salts containing chlorides,fluorides and other halogenated solid salts 060306Saline solutions containing phosphates and related solid salts060307Phosphates and related solid salts060308Saline solutions containing nitrates and related compounds060309Solid salts containing nitrides(nitrometallic)060310Solid salts containing ammonium060311*Salts and solutions containing cyanides0604Metal-containing wastes060401Metallic oxides060402*Metallic salts(except0603)060403*Waste containing arsenic060404*Waste containing mercury060405*Waste containing other heavy metals060499Wastes not otherwise specified0605Sludges from on-site effluent treatment060502*Sludges from on-site effluent treatment containing dangerous substances060503Sludges from on-site effluent treatment other than those mentioned in0605020606Wastes from sulphur chemical processes(production and transformation)and desulphurisation processes060601Waste containing sulphur060699Wastes not otherwise specified0607Wastes from halogen chemical processes060701*Waste containing asbestos from electrolysis060702*Activated carbon from chlorine production060799Wastes not otherwise specified0608Waste from production of silicon and silicon derivatives060801Waste from production of silicon and silicon derivatives0609Wastes from phosphorus chemical processes060901Phosphogypsum060902Phosphorous slag060999Wastes not otherwise specified0610Waste from nitrogen chemical processes and fertiliser manufacture061001Waste from nitrogen chemical processes and fertiliser manufacture0611Waste from the manufacture of inorganic pigments and opacificiers061101Gypsum from titanium dioxide production061199Wastes not otherwise specified0613Wastes from other inorganic chemical processes061301*Inorganic pesticides,biocides and wood preserving agents061302*Spent activated carbon(except060702)061303Carbon black061304*Waste from asbestos processing061399Wastes not otherwise specified07WASTES FROM ORGANIC CHEMICAL PROCESSES0701Wastes from the manufacture,formulation,supply and use(MFSU)of basic organic chemicals 070101*Aqueous washing liquids and mother liquors070103*Organic halogenated solvents,washing liquids and mother liquors070104*Other organic solvents,washing liquids and mother liquors070107*Halogenated still bottoms and reaction residues070108*Other still bottoms and reaction residues070109*Halogenated filter cakes,spent absorbents070110*Other filter cakes,spent absorbents070111*Sludges from on-site effluent treatment containing dangerous substances0702Wastes from the MFSU of plastics,synthetic rubber and man-made fibres 070201*Aqueous washing liquids and mother liquors070203*Organic halogenated solvents,washing liquids and mother liquors070204*Other organic solvents,washing liquids and mother liquors070207*Halogenated still bottoms and reaction residues070208*Other still bottoms and reaction residues070209*Halogenated filter cakes,spent absorbents070210*Other filter cakes,spent absorbents070211*Sludges from on-site effluent treatment containing dangerous substances 070212Sludges from on-site effluent treatment other than those mentioned in070211 070213Waste plastic070299Wastes not otherwise specified0703Wastes from the MFSU of organic dyes and pigments(except0611) 070301*Aqueous washing liquids and mother liquors070303*Organic halogenated solvents,washing liquids and mother liquors070304*Other organic solvents,washing liquids and mother liquors070307*Halogenated still bottoms and reaction residues070308*Other still bottoms and reaction residues070309*Halogenated filter cakes,spent absorbents070310*Other filter cakes,spent absorbents070311*Sludges from on-site effluent treatment containing dangerous substances 070312Sludges from on-site effluent treatment other than those mentioned in070311 070399Wastes not otherwise specified0704Wastes from the MFSU of organic pesticides(except020105)070401*Aqueous washing liquids and mother liquors070403*Organic halogenated solvents,washing liquids and mother liquors070404*Other organic solvents,washing liquids and mother liquors070407*Halogenated still bottoms and reaction residues070408*Other still bottoms and reaction residues070409*Halogenated filter cakes,spent absorbents070410*Other filter cakes,spent absorbents070411*Sludges from on-site effluent treatment containing dangerous substances 070412Sludges from on-site effluent treatment other than those mentioned in070411 070499Wastes not otherwise specified0705Wastes from the MFSU of pharmaceuticals070501*Aqueous washing liquids and mother liquors070503*Organic halogenated solvents,washing liquids and mother liquors070504*Other organic solvents,washing liquids and mother liquors070507*Halogenated still bottoms and reaction residues070508*Other still bottoms and reaction residues070509*Halogenated filter cakes,spent absorbents070510*Other filter cakes,spent absorbents070511*Sludges from on-site effluent treatment containing dangerous substances6.9.2000L226/13EN Official Journal of the European Communities0706Wastes from the MFSU of fats,grease,soaps,detergents disinfectants and cosmetics070601*Aqueous washing liquids and mother liquors070603*Organic halogenated solvents,washing liquids and mother liquors070604*Other organic solvents,washing liquids and mother liquors070607*Halogenated still bottoms and reaction residues070608*Other still bottoms and reaction residues070609*Halogenated filter cakes,spent absorbents070610*Other filter cakes,spent absorbents070611*Sludges from on-site effluent treatment containing dangerous substances070612Sludges from on-site effluent treatment other than those mentioned in070611070699Wastes not otherwise specified0707Wastes from the MFSU of fine chemicals and chemical products not otherwise specified070701*Aqueous washing liquids and mother liquors070703*Organic halogenated solvents,washing liquids and mother liquors070704*Other organic solvents,washing liquids and mother liquors070707*Halogenated still bottoms and reaction residues070708*Other still bottoms and reaction residues070709*Halogenated filter cakes,spent absorbents070710*Other filter cakes,spent absorbents070711*Sludges from on-site effluent treatment containing dangerous substances070712Sludges from on-site effluent treatment other than those mentioned in070711070799Wastes not otherwise specified08WASTES FROM THE MANUFACTURE,FORMULATION,SUPPLY AND USE(MFSU)OFCOATINGS(PAINTS,VARNISHES AND VITREOUS ENAMELS),ADHESIVES,SEALANTS ANDPRINTING INKS0801Wastes from MFSU and removal of paint and varnish080111*Waste paint and varnish containing organic solvents or other dangerous substances080112Waste paint and varnish other than those mentioned in080111080113*Sludges from paint or varnish containing organic solvents or other dangerous substances080114Sludges from paint or varnish other than those mentioned in080113080115*Aqueous sludges containing paint or varnish containing organic solvents or other dangerous substances080116080117*Aqueous sludges containing paint or varnish other than those mentioned in080115080118Waste from paint or varnish removal other than those mentioned in080117080119*Aqueous suspensions containing paint or varnish containing organic solvents or other dangeroussubstances080120Aqueous suspensions containing paint or varnish other than those mentioned in080119080121*Waste paint or varnish remover080199Wastes not otherwise specified0802Wastes from MFSU of other coatings(including ceramic materials)080201Waste coating powders080202Aqueous sludges containing ceramic materials080203Aqueous suspensions containing ceramic materials080299Wastes not otherwise specified0803Wastes from MFSU of printing inks080301*Waste ink containing halogenated solvents080302*Waste ink containing non-halogenated solventsL226/14EN Official Journal of the European Communities 6.9.2000 080305*Ink sludges containing halogenated solvents080306*Ink sludges containing non-halogenated solvents080307Aqueous sludges containing ink080308Aqueous liquid waste containing ink080309Waste printing toner(including cartridges)080310*Waste organic solvents used for cleaning080311*Waste etching solutions080399Wastes not otherwise specified0804Wastes from MFSU of adhesives and sealants(including waterproofing products)080409*Waste adhesives and sealants containing organic solvents or other dangerous substances080410080411*Adhesive and sealant sludges containing organic solvents or other dangerous substances080412Adhesive and sealant sludges other than those mentioned in080411080413*Aqueous sludges containing adhesives or sealants containing organic solvents or other dangeroussubstances080414Aqueous sludges containing adhesives or sealants other than those mentioned in080413080415*Aqueous liquid waste containing adhesives or sealants with organic solvents or other dangerous substances080416Aqueous liquid waste containing adhesives or sealants other than those mentioned in080415080499Wastes not otherwise specified0805Wastes not otherwise specified080501*Waste isocyanates09WASTES FROM THE PHOTOGRAPHIC INDUSTRY0901Wastes from the photographic industry090101*Water-based developer and activator solutions090102*Water-based offset plate developer solutions090103*Solvent-based developer solutions090104*Fixer solutions090105*Bleach solutions and bleach fixer solutions090106*Waste containing silver from on-site treatment of photographic waste090107Photographic film and paper containing silver or silver compounds090108Photographic film and paper free of silver or silver compounds090110Single-use cameras without batteries090111*Single-use cameras containing batteries included in160601,160602or160603090112Single-use cameras containing batteries other than those mentioned in090111090199Wastes not otherwise specified10INORGANIC WASTES FROM THERMAL PROCESSES1001Wastes from power stations and other combustion plants(except19)100101Bottom ash100102Coal fly ash100103Peat and(untreated)wood fly ash100104*Oil fly ash100105Calcium-based reaction waste from flue gas desulphurisation in solid form100106Other solid waste from gas treatment100107Calcium-based reaction waste from flue gas desulphurisation in sludge form100108Other sludges from gas treatment100109*Sulphuric acid100111Aqueous sludges from boiler cleansing100112Spent linings and refractories。
系统维护手册-EC2000上位机
2010 年 10 月
2
南京南瑞集团公司
EC2000 用户手册（十）
系统维护手册
第二章
Windows Visual Studio
6.0 安装说明
Windows Visual Studio 6.0 的安装按照提示逐步安装即可，没有什么特殊的说明。
2010 年 10 月
（十）
第六章 EC2000 监控软件目录结构及说明„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ 17 第七章 EC2000 系统故障恢复步骤„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ 23 第八章 EC2000 常见异常状况及处理方法„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ 25
2010 年 10 月
I
南京南瑞集团公司
EC2000 用户手册（十）
系统维护手册
第三章
Microsoft Office 2000 安装说明
1. 在光驱中插入 Office 2000 光盘，启动 Office 2000 的安装程序（光盘根目 录下的 Setup.exe） 。 2． “姓名与单位信息和 CD Key” 出现 对话框， 如图 3.1,输入用户姓名与单位 CD Key 后按“下一步”按钮。
系统维护手册
第一章
Windows 2000 Server 安装说明
Windows 2000 Server 为从光盘安装方式安装。安装之前应先修改 CMOS 设置，把 引导顺序改为软盘→CDROM→硬盘，然后就可以直接用 Windows 2000 Server 光盘引导 启动安装程序。 整个安装过程分为两个阶段，第一阶段的安装完成后要重新启动计算机 后继续第二阶段的安装。 如果选择了从光盘安装方式， 则在重新启动计算机时应把 CMOS 设置中的引导顺序改回为软盘→硬盘→CDROM，从硬盘引导后进行第二阶段的安装。启 动安装程序后，按照屏幕提示安装，基本步骤如下： 1. 安装程序弹出协议对话框，询问是否接受协议，接受，进入下一步，不接受，退出 安装。毫无疑问，我们选择了接受协议，然后点击“下一步”。 2. 到了此步，安装程序进行检测系统，并作复制必要的安装文件到 C 盘和其它临时目 录，15 秒后电脑重新启动。 3. 电脑重新启动后，进入 WINDOWS2000 SERVER 安装界面。安装程序有三个选择项： a) 要开始安装 WIN2000，按 ENTER b) 要修复 WIN2000，按 R c) 要停止 WIN2000 并退出安装程序，按 F3 4. 我们按回车选择第一个选项，程序进入安装目录选择窗口，确定需要安装的盘符。 如果希望用硬盘尚未划分的磁盘分区来安装 Windows 2000，请按键盘上的 C 字母，如 果想删除高亮显示的磁盘分区请按键盘上的 D 键。我们按了回车，选择了 C 盘。 5. 程序进入下一个窗口，提示选择文件系统的格式，下面把它们都列了出来，共有三 种： a) 用 FAT 文件系统格式化磁盘分区 b) 将磁盘分区转换为 NTFS c) 保持现有文件系统(无变化)---默认 6. 如果发觉选择的磁盘分区不对，请按 ESC 键返回上一步。由于 NTFS 是 NT 系列平 台运行最高效率的磁盘文件系统格式，因此在第一个选项高亮时按了回车。Windows 2000 将会花几分钟检查磁盘空间,确保有足够空间安装 Windows 2000。
欧盟电子商务指令
《2000年6月8日欧洲议会及欧盟理事会关于共同体内部市场的信息社会服务，尤其是电子商务的若干法律方面的第2000/3l/EC号指令》(电子商务指令)欧洲议会(EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT)及欧盟理事会(COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION)，注意到《成立欧洲共同体条约》(Treaty establishing the European Community)，尤其是条约第四十七条第(2)款、第五十五条和第九十五条，注意到欧盟委员会(Commission)的建议(1)，注意到经济与社会委员会(Economic and Social Committee)的意见(2)，按照条约第二百五十一条规定的程序(3)，鉴于：(1) 欧盟正努力逐步实现欧洲各国与各民族间的更加紧密的联合，以确保经济与社会的发展；按照条约第十四条第(2)款，内部市场是没有内部边界的区域，在这一区域中，货物和服务的自由流动以及设立机构的自由得以确保；信息社会服务在这一没有内部边界的区域内的发展，对于消除分隔欧洲各民族的障碍是至关重要的。
(2) 信息社会中电子商务的发展为共同体，尤其为中小型企业带来了大量的就业机会；它也将刺激经济的增长以及欧洲企业用于创新的投资的增长；在人人都有机会使用国际互联网络的条件下，这种发展还可以增强欧洲工业的竞争力。
(3) 共同体的法律与共同体法律秩序的特征是促使欧洲公民与企业家充分利用电子商务所提供的机会，而不必考虑国界限制的重要保障；因此本指令的目的在于确保共同体法律的高度统一，以便为信息社会服务提供一个真正的无国界限制的区域。
(4) 确保电子商务能充分地从内部市场受益，并因此实现《1989年10月3日欧盟理事会关于协调成员国关于从事电视广播活动的法律、规章或行政诉讼的若干规定的第89/552/EEC号指令》(Council Directive 89/552/EEC of 3 October 1989 on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the pursuit of television broadcasting activities)(4)中规定的共同体的高度统一是非常重要的。
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EC2000评价学生学习成效的11项能力(a-k)
a.运用数学、科学和工程知识的能力
b.设计和实施实验及分析和解释数据的能力
c.考虑经济、环境、社会、政治、道德、健康、安全、易于加工、可持续性等现实约束条件下，设计系统、设备或工艺的能力
d.在团队中从不同学科角度发挥作用的能力
e.发现、提出和解决工程问题的能力
f.对所学专业的职业责任和职业道德的理解
g.有效沟通的能力
h.是否具备足够的知识面，能够在全球化、经济、环境的和社会背景下认识工程解决方案的效果
i.认识到需要终生学习以及具有终生学习的能力
j.具备从本专业角度理解当代社会和科技热点问题的知识
k.综合运用技术、技能和现代工程工具来进行工程实践的能力。