英文诗歌理解入门
(完整版)英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释(英文版)
The Basic Elements of Appreciating English Poetry1.What is poetry?➢Poetry is the expression of Impassioned feeling in language.➢“Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.”➢“Poetry, in a general sense, may be defined to be the expression of the imagination.”➢Poetry is the rhythmical creation of beauty.➢Poetry is the image of man and nature.➢“诗言志，歌咏言。
” ---《虞书》➢“诗言志之所以也。
在心为志，发言为诗。
情动于中而行于言，言之不足，则嗟叹之；嗟叹之不足，故咏歌之；咏歌之不足，不知手之舞之，足之蹈之也。
情发于声；声成文，谓之音。
”---《诗·大序》➢“诗是由诗人对外界所引起的感觉，注入了思想与情感，而凝结了形象，终于被表现出来的一种‘完成’的艺术。
” ---艾青：《诗论》2.The Sound System of English Poetrya. The prosodic features➢Prosody (韵律)---the study of the rhythm, pause, tempo, stress and pitch features of a language.➢Chinese poetry is syllable-timed, English poetry is stress-timed.➢Stress: The prosody of English poetry is realized by stress. One stressed syllable always comes together with one or more unstressed syllables.eg. Tiger, /tiger, /burning /brightIn the /forest /of the/ night,What im/mortal /hand or /eyeCould frame thy/ fearful /symme/try? ---W. BlakeLength: it can produce some rhetorical and artistic effect.eg. The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea,The Ploughman homeward plods his weary way,And leaves the world to darkness and to me.---Thomas GrayLong vowels and diphthongs make the poem slow, emotional and solemn; short vowels quick, passionate, tense and exciting.Pause: it serves for the rhythm and musicality of poetry.b. Meter or measure (格律)poem---stanza/strophe---line/verse---foot---arsis + thesis;Meter or measure refers to the formation way of stressed andunstressed syllables.Four common meters:a) Iambus; the iambic foot (抑扬格)eg. She walks/ in beau/ty, like/ the nightOf cloud /less climes/ and star/ry skies;And all/ that’s best /of dark/ and brightMeet in /her as /pect and /her eyes. ---Byronb) Trochee; the trochaic foot（扬抑格）eg. Never /seek to/ tell thy/ love,Love that/ never/ told can/ be. ---Blake c) Dactyl; the dactylic foot （扬抑抑格）eg. Cannon to/ right of them,Cannon to/ left of them.Cannon in/ front of them,V olley’d and/ thunder’d. ---Tennysond) Anapaest; the anapestic foot（抑抑扬格）eg. Break,/ break, /break,On thy cold /grey stones,/ O sea!And I would /that my tongue/ could utterThe thought/ that arise /in me. ---Tennysonc) Other metersAmphibrach, the amphibrachic foot (抑扬抑格)；Spondee, the spondaic foot(扬扬格)；Pyrrhic, the pyrrhic foot (抑抑格)；d) Actalectic foot (完整音步) and Cactalectic foot（不完整音步）eg. Rich the / treasure,Sweet the / pleasure. (actalectic foot)Tiger,/ tiger, /burning /bright,In the/ forest/ of the/ night. (cactalectic foot )e) Types of footmonometer(一音步)dimeter（二音步）trimeter（三音步）tetrameter（四音步）pentameter（五音步）hexameter（六音步）heptameter（七音步）octameter（八音步）We have iambic monometer, trochaic tetrameter, iambicpentameter, anapaestic trimeter, etc., when the number offoot and meter are taken together in a poem.C. RhymeWhen two or more words or phrases contain an identicalor similar vowel sound, usually stressed, and theconsonant sounds that follow the vowel sound areidentical and preceded by different consonants, a rhymeoccurs.➢It can roughly be divided into two types:internal rhyme and end rhymeInternal rhymea) alliteration: the repetition of initial identical consonant sounds or any vowel sounds in successive or closely associated syllables, esp. stressed syllables.eg. The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,The furrow followed free.---ColeridgeI slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance,Among my skinning swallows.---Tennyson Whereat with blade, with bloody blameful blade,He bravely broached his boiling bloody breast.---Shakespeare “Consonant cluster” (辅音连缀)“internal or hidden alliteration” (暗头韵) as in“Here in the long unlovely street” (Tennyson)The Scian & the Teian muse,The hero’s harp, the love’s lute,Have found the fame your shores refuse.---Byron b) Assonance (腹韵/元音叠韵/半谐音)：the repetition of similar or identical vowel sounds in a line ending with different consonant sounds.eg. Do not go gentle into that nightOld age should burn and rave at close of day.Rage, rage against the dying of the light.Though wise men at their end know dark is right,Because their words have forked no lightning theyDo not go gentle into that night.c) Consonance (假韵): the repetition of the ending consonant sounds with different preceding vowels of two or more words in a line.eg. At once a voice arose amongThe bleak twigs overheadIn a full-hearted evensongOf joy illimited.---HardyEnd rhyme: lines in a poem end in similar or identicalstressed syllables.a) Perfect rhymePerfect rhyme (in two or more words) occurs in the following three conditions:identical stressed vowel sounds (lie--high, stay--play);the same consonants after the identical stressed vowels (park--lark, fate-- late);different consonants preceding the stressed vowels (first– burst);follow—swallow (perfect rhyme)b) imperfect/ half rhyme: the stressed vowels in two or more words are the same, but the consonant sounds after and preceding are different.eg. fern—bird, faze—late, like—rightc) Masculine and feminine rhymeeg. Sometimes when I’m lonely,Don’t know why,Keep thinking I won’t be lonelyBy and by.---Hughes The comrade of thy wanderings over Heaven,As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speedScarce seem’d a vision; I would ne’er have striven…---Shelley Rhyme scheme (韵式)a) Running rhyme scheme (连续韵)two neighbouring lines rhymed in aa bb cc dd:eg. Tiger, tiger, burning brightIn the forests of the night,What immortal hand or eyeCould frame thy fearful symmetry?In what distant deeps or skiesBurnt the fire of thine eyes?On what wings dare he aspire?What the hand dare seize the fire?b) Alternating rhyme scheme (交叉韵)rhymed every other line in a b a b c d c d:eg. Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:---Shakespearec) enclosing rhyme scheme (首尾韵)In a quatrain, the first and the last rhymed, and the second and the third rhymed in a b b a:eg. When you are old and gray and full of sleep,And nodding by the fire, take down this book,And slowly read, and dream of the soft lookYour eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;---W. B. YeatsD. Form of poetry ( stanzaic form)a) couplet: a stanza of two lines with similar end rhymes:eg. A little learning is a dangerous thing;Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian Spring.b) heroic couplet: a rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter:eg. O could I flow like thee, and make thy streamMy great example, as it is my theme:---DenhamThen share thy pain, allow that sad relief;Ah, more than share it, give me all thy grief.---Popec) Triplet / tercet: a unit or group of three lines, usu. rhymedeg. He clasps the crags with crooked hands;Close to the sun in lonely lands,Ringed with the azure world, he stands.The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls:He watches from his mountains walls,And like a thunderbolt he falls.---Tennyson d) quatrain: a stanza of four lines rhymed or unrhymed.eg. O my luve is like a red, red rose,That’s newly sprung in June;O my luve is like the melodieThat’s sweetly play’d in tune.As fair art thou, my bonie lass,So deep in luve am I;And I will luve thee still, my dear,Till a’ the seas gang dry.---Burnse) Sonnet: a fixed verse form of Italian origin consisting of14 lines that are characteristically in iambic pentameter:The Petrarchan / Italian sonnet (Francesco Petrarch):two parts: octave, asking question, presenting a problem,or expressing an emotional tension rhyming abba abba;while the sestet, solving the problem rhyming cde cde,cde cde, or cd cd cd.Shakespearean / English sonnet:arranged usually into three quatrains and a couplet,rhyming abab cdcd efef gg. The first quatrain introducesa subject, the second expands, and once more in the third,and concludes in the couplet.Spenserian sonnet: three quatrains and a couplet rhymingabab bcbc cdcd ee;Miltonic sonnet: simply an ltalian sonnet that eliminates thepause between the octave and sestet.f) Blank verse: the unrhymed iambic pentametereg. To be, or not to be: that is the question:Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep;---Shakespeareg) Free verse: poetry that is based on irregular rhythmiccadence of the recurrence, with variations, of phrases,images and syntactical patterns rather than theconventional use of meter.eg. DaysWhat are days for?Days are where we live.They come, they wake usTime and time over.They are to be happy inWhere can we live but days?Ah, solving that questionBring the priest and doctorIn their long coatsRunning over the fields.---Philip Larkin3.The semantic system of English poetrya. The meaning of poetryPoetry is “the one permissible way of saying one thingand meaning another”. (Frost)The meaning of a poem usually consists of three levels,that is, the literal (the lowest), the sensory (the medium)and the emotional (the highest).b. Image---the soul of the meaning in poetrya) Definition: “language that evokes a physical sensationproduced by one or more of the five senses--- sight,hearing, taste, to uch and smell.” (Kirszner and Mandell)A literal and concrete representation of a sensoryexperience or of an object that can be known by one ormore of the senses.b) Types of imagesIn terms of senses：visual image (视觉意象)auditory image（听觉意象）olfactory image（嗅觉意象）tactile image （触觉意象）gustatory image （味觉意象）kinaesthetic image （动觉意象）eg. Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king,Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing:Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!---Thomas Nashe In terms of the relation between the image and the object:Literal (字面意象) and figurative image （修辞意象）The former refers to the one that involves no necessarychange or extension in the obvious meaning of the words;or the one in which the words call up a sensoryrepresentation of the literal object or sensation.The latter is the one that involves a turn on the literalmeaning of the words.eg. Let us walk in the white snowIn a soundless space;With footsteps quiet and slow,At a tranquil pace,Under veils of white lace.---Elinor WylieIn terms of the readers: fixed and free image（稳定意象和自由意象）By fixed or tied image, it is the one so employed that itsmeaning and associational value is the same ornearly the same for all readers.By free image, it is the one not so fixed by the context thatits possible meanings or associational values are limited, itis therefore, capable of having various meanings or valuesfor various people.eg. SnakeI saw a young snake glideOut of the mottled shadeAnd hang limp on a stone:A thin mouth, and a tongueStayed, in the still air.It turned; it drew away;Its shadow bent in half;It quickened and was gone.I felt my slow blood warm.I longed to be that thing,The pure, sensuous form.And I may be, some time. ---Theodore Roethkec) The function of image:➢to stimulate readers’ senses;➢to activate readers’ sensory and emotional experience;➢to involve the readers in the creation of poetry with personal and emotional experience; ➢to strike a responsive chord in the hearts of readers;eg. FogThe fog comeson little cat feet.It sits lookingover harbor and cityon silent haunchesand then moves on.---Carl Sandbergeg. Fire and iceSome say the world will end in fire,Some say in ice.From what I’ve tasted of desireI hold with those who favor fire.But if it had to perish twice,I think I know enough of hateTo say that for destruction iceIs also greatAnd would suffice. ---R. FrostC. The means of expressing meaninga) Phonetic devicesonomatopoeiaA widow birdeg. A widow bird was mourning for her loveUpon a wintry bough;The frozen wind crept on above,The freezing stream belowThere was no leaf upon the forest bare,No flower upon the ground,And little motion in the airExcept the mill-wheel’s sound. P. B. Shelley Puneg.The little black thing among the snowCrying “’weep, ’weep” in notes of woe!b) figures of speechA. comparison: metaphor; simile (tenor 本体, vehicle 喻体)B. conceitC. personificationD. metonymy (换喻)E. apostropheF. synaesthesia （“通感”或“联觉”）G. symbolismH. hyperboleI. Allusion （典故）c) Deviation (变异)：the digression from the normal way ofexpressionsLexical deviation (self-made words)Grammatical deviation (slang, vernacular)Deviation of registersDeviation of cultural subjects。
ABC_of_Poetry(英文诗歌知识入门)
As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass, So deep / in luve / am I : And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear, Till a` / the seas / gang dry:
William Blake: The Tyger
1.3 Anapaestic
• 1.3 Anapaestic （抑抑扬格、轻轻重格）: 每 个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构 成。如：三音步抑抑扬格
• O O / O O /
• Like a child / from the womb, Like a ghost / from the tomb, I arise / and unbuild / it again.
Foot
• Foot: the basic unit used in the scansion or measurement of verse. A foot usually contains one accented syllable and one or two unaccented syllables, but the monosyllabic foot, the sponaic foot (spondee) and the dipodic foot are all modifications of this principle. （音步）
•
---Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892): Crossing the Bar
Ballad: The Babes in the Wood
• • • • • • • • Sore sick he was, and like to die, No help his life could save; His wife by him as sick did lie, And both possest one grave. No love between these two was lost, Each was to other kind, In love they liv‘d, in love they died, And left two babes behind. A B A B
英文诗歌理解入门
看到版主Andy如此煞费苦心，提高大家对英文诗歌的兴趣，我也有些手痒，来捧捧场。
下面这篇文章是我学poetry时找到的，可惜忘记了网站地址。
这个文章是有JPG格式的，更加容易理解，谁需要的话，请留言。
括号里的文字是我自己的一点理解和补充，不尽详实之处，望大家不吝赐教。
唯抛砖引玉而）Metrics in English Poetry By Samuel Schuman, Univ. of MN, MorrisMetrics How to go about the analysis of the rhythm, the meter and the rhyme scheme of an English poem.(作者通篇都是用下面这首简单的小诗来介绍诗歌)A Stupid PoemI put my hat upon my headAnd walked into the strandAnd there I met another manWhose hat was in his hand.First, divide the lines into syllables(音节), and count them:I / put / my / hat / up/on / my / head (8) And / walked / in/to / the / strand (6) And / there / I / met / a/noth/er / man (8) Whose / hat / was / in / his / hand (6)(诗歌分析的第一步是划分音节。
对我们这样非英语母语的人可能有点困难。
基本的方法是一个元音一个音节，例如upon是两个音节，another是三个音节。
有的时候诗人为了强调方言等原因，会使用省略字，这种情况就要具体问题具体分析了。
也有的时候是为了凑音节而省略的)Which syllables are accented or “stressed?”(重读)“Stress”in English poetic metrics means “said loudly.”It has nothing to do with the tension in your life. The symbol u means unstressed; the symbol / means stressed(诗歌里的重读，与一个单词本身发音里的重读未必是一回事。
英语诗歌赏析技巧
英语诗歌赏析技巧
1.理解诗歌的主题和目的：诗歌是一种表达情感和思想的艺术形式，因此理解诗歌的主题和目的非常重要。
诗歌的主题可以是爱情、自然、社会等等，而目的则可能是表达感情、抒发思想、探索生命等等。
2. 注意诗歌的韵律和节奏：诗歌通常具有一定的韵律和节奏，
这样可以让诗歌更加优美和易于记忆。
因此，理解诗歌的韵律和节奏可以更好地欣赏和理解诗歌。
3. 关注诗歌的象征意义和隐喻：诗歌中常常使用象征和隐喻的
手法，通过把某个事物比喻成另外一个事物来表达作者的感情和思想。
因此，注意诗歌中的象征意义和隐喻对于理解诗歌的深层含义非常重要。
4. 分析诗歌的语言和修辞手法：诗歌的语言和修辞手法是表达
情感和思想的重要手段。
因此，分析诗歌的语言和修辞手法可以更好地理解诗歌的意义和作者的意图。
5. 了解诗歌的历史和文化背景：诗歌是文化的产物，了解诗歌
的历史和文化背景可以更好地理解诗歌的意义和价值。
因此，对于诗歌的赏析来说，了解诗歌的历史和文化背景也非常重要。
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英文诗歌鉴赏方法与技巧
英文诗歌鉴赏方法与技巧英文诗歌是一种具有高度艺术性和表现力的文学形式，鉴赏英文诗歌需要读者具备一定的文学素养和语言能力。
以下是一些英文诗歌鉴赏的方法和技巧:1. 了解诗人和历史背景：了解诗人的生活背景和时代背景可以帮助读者更好地理解诗歌的内涵和情感。
此外，了解诗歌的历史发展和演变也可以加强对诗歌的理解和欣赏。
2. 关注诗歌的结构和形式：英文诗歌的结构通常比较严谨，例如押韵、格律、词距等。
读者需要关注诗歌的形式，理解诗歌的韵律、节奏和意境。
3. 分析诗歌的语言和修辞：英文诗歌的语言通常富有隐喻和象征意义。
读者需要分析诗歌的语言运用，理解其中的修辞手法和表达技巧，例如比喻、对比、排比等。
4. 感受诗歌的情感和意境：英文诗歌通常表现出深刻的情感和人生哲理。
读者需要通过阅读和感受诗歌，理解其中的意境和情感，进而深入欣赏诗歌的艺术价值。
5. 借鉴和学习诗歌鉴赏技巧：读者可以通过阅读其他诗人的诗歌和文学经典，学习到不同的诗歌鉴赏技巧和分析方法。
此外，还可以通过阅读和分析诗歌作品，提高自己的诗歌鉴赏能力。
拓展:1. 了解英文诗歌的发展历程和主要流派：英文诗歌的发展历程可以追溯到古代希腊和罗马的诗歌传统，后来发展到巴洛克、浪漫主义和现代诗歌等主要流派。
了解这些历史背景和流派可以帮助读者更好地理解英文诗歌的文化背景和艺术特色。
2. 关注英文诗歌的文学价值和意义：英文诗歌是一种具有高度文学价值和艺术价值的诗歌形式。
读者可以通过阅读和研究英文诗歌，了解和感受诗歌在人类文化史上的重要性和影响力。
3. 欣赏英文诗歌的韵律和美感：英文诗歌的韵律和美感是其独特的艺术特色之一。
读者可以通过练习朗诵和欣赏英文诗歌，感受到英文诗歌的韵律和美感，进而更好地理解和欣赏英文诗歌。
《英语诗歌赏析指南》
《英语诗歌赏析指南》
首先，这本指南可能会从诗歌的形式和结构入手。
它会介绍各
种常见的诗歌形式，如抒情诗、叙事诗、讽刺诗等，并解释它们的
特点和用途。
此外，它还可能讨论韵律、节奏和押韵等诗歌的音韵
特征，以及它们对诗歌意义和表达方式的影响。
其次，这本指南可能会探讨诗歌的主题和意义。
它会帮助读者
分析诗歌中的隐喻、象征和意象，以揭示作者想要表达的深层含义。
此外，它还可能讨论诗歌中的情感表达，如爱、悲伤、忧郁等，以
及这些情感如何通过诗歌语言和修辞手法得以体现。
此外，这本指南可能会关注诗歌的历史背景和文化背景。
它可
能会介绍不同时期和不同地区的英语诗歌的发展和特点。
通过了解
诗歌创作的背景，读者可以更好地理解诗歌中的文化和社会意义。
另外，这本指南可能会引用一些经典的英语诗歌作品作为案例
分析。
通过具体的诗歌分析，读者可以学习如何解读诗歌，如何理
解诗歌中的隐含意义和修辞手法。
最后，这本指南可能会提供一些阅读诗歌的技巧和方法。
它可
能会介绍如何进行诗歌朗读，如何分析诗歌的语言和结构，以及如
何将个人情感与诗歌联系起来。
总之，《英语诗歌赏析指南》旨在帮助读者从多个角度全面理
解和欣赏英语诗歌。
通过深入分析诗歌的形式、主题、背景和技巧，读者可以提升对诗歌的理解和欣赏水平。
英语诗歌入门
英语诗歌入门引言：英语诗歌是一种美妙的表达艺术，它具有丰富的情感和独特的韵律，能够启发读者的想象力和情感共鸣。
无论你是英语学习者还是对文学有兴趣的人，学习英语诗歌都能够帮助你提高英语能力和文学素养。
本文将介绍英语诗歌的基本概念、常见的诗歌形式和一些入门技巧，帮助你开始探索英语诗歌的魅力。
一、英语诗歌的基本概念1. 韵律：英语诗歌中的韵律是与音节和音调有关的，它赋予诗歌以节奏感和韵律感，使诗歌更加动听和有吸引力。
2. 押韵：押韵是指在诗歌中使用相同或类似的韵脚或音韵，它能增强诗歌的韵律感和美感。
英语诗歌中的押韵有时是强制性的，有时是选择性的，取决于诗人的意图和创作风格。
3. 韵脚：韵脚是一种由重音和非重音音节组成的音序，它在诗歌中起到抓重音和保持韵律的作用。
英语诗歌中常见的韵脚有爱护韵、顺韵和眼韵等。
二、常见的英语诗歌形式1. 抒情诗：抒情诗是表达诗人个人情感和意象的诗歌形式，它可以是诗人情感的抒发、对于自然、爱情、生活等主题的思考和描绘。
2. 叙事诗：叙事诗是一种通过叙述故事来表达情感和思想的诗歌形式。
它常常具有故事性强、人物形象鲜明和情感真实的特点。
3. 颂歌：颂歌是一种歌颂和赞美特定事物的诗歌形式，它可以是对爱情、友谊、自然、英雄等的赞美和歌颂。
4. 独白诗：独白诗是一种通过直接讲述或对话的方式来表达诗人个人的思想和情感的诗歌形式。
它可以是对某一事物或情感的深入思考和探索。
三、英语诗歌的写作技巧1. 选择主题：选择一个真实而有意义的主题是创作成功的关键。
可以从自己的经历、观察到的事物或者对于社会、自然等的思考中找到灵感。
10首小朋友易理解的英文诗歌
10首小朋友易理解的英文诗歌孩子学英语，创造一个合适的语言环境是至关重要的。
只有在一定的语言环境下才能很好地运用。
下面，小编在这给大家带来10首小朋友易理解的英文诗歌，欢迎大家借鉴参考!NO.1：THE CUCKOO第一首：布谷鸟In April,Come he will,四月里，它就来了，In May,Sing all day,五月里，整天吟唱多逍遥，In June,Change his tune,六月里，它在改变曲调，In July,Prepare to fly,七月里，准备飞翔，In August,Go he must!八月里，它就得离去了!NO.2：COLOUR第二首：颜色What is pink? A rose is pink什么是粉红色?By the fountain's brink.喷泉边的玫瑰就是粉红色。
What is red? A poppy's red什么是艳红色?In its barley bed.在大麦床里的罂粟花就是艳红色。
What is blue? The sky is blue什么是蔚蓝色?天空就是蔚蓝色，Where the clouds float thro'.云朵飘过其间。
What is white? A swan is white什么是白色?Sailing in the light.阳光下嬉水的天鹅就是白色。
What is yellow? Pears are yellow, 什么是黄色?梨儿就是黄色，Rich and ripe and mellow.熟透且多汁。
What is green? The grass is green, 什么是绿色?草就是绿色，With small flowers between.小花掺杂其间。
What is violet? Clouds are violet 什么是紫色?夏日夕阳里的In the summer twilight.彩霞就是紫色。
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看到版主Andy如此煞费苦心，提高大家对英文诗歌的兴趣，我也有些手痒，来捧捧场。
下面这篇文章是我学poetry时找到的，可惜忘记了网站地址。
这个文章是有JPG格式的，更加容易理解，谁需要的话，请留言。
括号里的文字是我自己的一点理解和补充，不尽详实之处，望大家不吝赐教。
唯抛砖引玉而）Metrics in English Poetry By Samuel Schuman, Univ. of MN, MorrisMetrics How to go about the analysis of the rhythm, the meter and the rhyme scheme of an English poem.(作者通篇都是用下面这首简单的小诗来介绍诗歌)A Stupid PoemI put my hat upon my headAnd walked into the strandAnd there I met another manWhose hat was in his hand.First, divide the lines into syllables(音节), and count them:I / put / my / hat / up/on / my / head (8) And / walked / in/to / the / strand (6) And / there / I / met / a/noth/er / man (8) Whose / hat / was / in / his / hand (6)(诗歌分析的第一步是划分音节。
对我们这样非英语母语的人可能有点困难。
基本的方法是一个元音一个音节，例如upon是两个音节，another是三个音节。
有的时候诗人为了强调方言等原因，会使用省略字，这种情况就要具体问题具体分析了。
也有的时候是为了凑音节而省略的)Which syllables are accented or “stressed?”(重读)“Stress”in English poetic metrics means “said loudly.”It has nothing to do with the tension in your life. The symbol u means unstressed; the symbol / means stressed(诗歌里的重读，与一个单词本身发音里的重读未必是一回事。
一般来说，重读的词，都是有实际意义，在句子中起重要作用的词。
只要听清重读的词，就能够理解一句话的意思。
比如第一句，听清了put/hat/upon/head 这四个字就大致知道说的是什么，而只听清楚I/my/u/my 这四个字的话......)u / u / u / u /u / u / u / u / I put my hat upon my head u / u / u / And walked into the strand u / u / u / u / And there I met another man u / u / u / Whose hat was in his handNotice the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables:In this poem, there is a repeated pattern of one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable: (在这首诗里面，总是一个重读的音节跟着一个非重读的音节)I PUT / my HAT / upON / my HEADThe smallest unit (always 2 or 3 syllables) of repeated patterned stress is called a “poetic foot.”(音步? 我译的对吗？) Here, the first foot is “I put”the second “my hat”and so on.(若干个重读/非重读的音节重复出现，就构成了诗歌里最小的组成部分- 音步)In this idiotic poem, the lines are made up of alternating numbers of “feet:”Line 1 has 4 feet, line 2 has 3 feet, line 3 has 4 feet, and line 4 has 3 feet.(这首诗的音步是交替的四音步/三音步)Here, I’ve indicated the “feet:”I put * my hat * upon * my head (4 ft.) And walked * into * the strand (3) And there * I met * anoth*er man (4) Whose hat * was in * his hand (3)Types of Poetic Feetu / Iambic (抑扬格) - unstressed, stresssed (u /) - re peat/ u Trochaic (扬抑格) - (/ u) - un itu u / Anapestic(抑抑扬格) - (u u /) - in ter cede/ u u Dactylic(抑扬扬格) - (/ u u) - wash ing ton (这个单词字典上没查到，是我自己杜撰的）/ / Spondaic（扬扬格）- (/ /) - heart breakTypes of Poetic Lines (Number of Feet)(下面就简单了，学过字根的应该都认识哦。
单音步，二音步，以次类推。
）Monometer - 1 foot (e.g. “I put.”) Dimeter - 2 (I put my hat) Trimeter - 3 (I put my hat upon) Tetrameter - 4 (I put my hat upon my head) Pentameter - 5 Hexameter - 6 Heptameter - 7So...for example, “trochaic tetrameter(扬抑格四音步）”is a line with 4 feet (8 syllables) with a pattern of stress-unstress in each foot: (一句题外话，中文的什么五音步抑扬格，除了考试，还得是中文考试，或者骗骗MM, 一点用处也没有。
)/ u * / u * / u * / u Lovely Morris figures rebatesand, “iambic pentameter”means five feet (10 syllables) with each foot consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable:u / * u / * u /*u /* u / “Which alters when it alteration finds”Most of Shakespeare’s verse is “iambic pentameter.”(知道莎翁用的大部分是五音步抑扬格，就可以开始骗人喽)What is the form of the “stupid poem”we have been examining?u / u / u / u / I put * my hat * upon * my head u / u / u / And walked * into * the strand u / u / u / u / And there * I met *anoth*er man u / u / u / Whose hat * was in * his hand.ANSWER:It is all iambic, with alternating lines of TETRAMETER (4 feet - lines 1 & 3) and TRIMETER (3 feet - lines 2 & 4). No problem, right?And now, for something easier--Rhyme Schemes(韵律安排？)The sound of the last syllable of every line is assigned a letter, beginning with “a”(韵律划分是诗歌分析的关键。
每一行的最后一个音节是一个韵律，用字母表示。
第一个韵律是a, 以次类推。
遇到和前面重复的韵律就用和前面相同的字母标记。
)I put my hat upon my head (a) And walked into the strand (b) And there I met another man (c) Whose hat was in his hand (b) The rhyme scheme is: a b c bStanzas(节）The combination of rhythm (that is, “iambic, trochaic, dactylic”, etc.), meter (that is, tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, etc.), and rhyme scheme (for example, “a b c b”) can create certain stanzaic forms which have become accepted poetic conventions.(又是一个很重要的概念。
简单的说，一个rhyme scheme 就可以当作一个stanza)Some of these historically important stanza forms in English poetry are:Couplets(对句)Any two lines which rhyme, regardless of rhythm and meter(couplets 是诗歌最早的形式，压韵即可)Example of a COUPLETCandy Is dandyHeroic Couplet(我找不到准确的译法，好象是英雄双句体)Two lines which rhyme (a couplet) which are written in iambic pentameter. The “Heroic Couplet”was the dominant form of English poetry in the 18th century, and lots of authors from Chaucer to the present have used this form.Example of an HEROIC COUPLETSay first, of God above, or man below What can we reason, but from what we know? (from Alexander Pope, An Essay on Man )Quatrains(四行诗)Any stanza with 4 linesCandy Is dandy But liquor Is quicker.Ballad Stanza(???)A “quatrain”with alternating tetrameter and trimeter E.g., the idiotic poem we have been studying! I put my hat upon my head And walked into the strand And there I met another man Whose hat was in his hand.A serious example of BALLAD STANZAThe king sits in Dumferline town, Drinking the blood-red wine: “O where will I get a good sailor To sail this ship of mine?”from anonymous, Sir Patrick Spens (after 1200)The Sonnet(十四行诗)14 lines Iambic pentameter Two main types:Italian or Petrarchan( 彼特拉克体十四行诗) - Two quatrains plus a “sestet”(6 line unit) - often abba abba cdecdeEnglish or Shakespearean(莎士比亚体十四行诗) - Three quatrains plus a couplet - often abab cdcd efef ggAn Italian SonnetDivers doth use, as I have heard and know, When that to change their ladies do begin To mourne and wail, and never for to lin, Hoping thereby to pease their painful woe. And some there be, that when it chanceth so That women change and hate where love hath been, They call them false and think with words to win The hearts of them which otherwhere doth grow. But as for me, though that by chance indeed Change hath outworn the favor that I had, I will not wail, lament, nor yet be sad, Nor call her false that falsely did me feed, But let it pass, and think it is of kind That often change doth please a woman’s mind. Wyatt, Divers Doth Use (c. 1540)A Shakespearean SonnetThat time of year thou mayst in me behold When yellow leaves, or none, or few do hang Upon those boughs which shake against the cold, Bare ruined choirs, where late the sweet birds sang. In me thou seest the twilight of such day As after sunset fadeth in the west; Which by and by black night doth take away, Death’s second self that seals up all the rest. In me thou seest the glowing of such fire, That on the ashes of his youth doth lie, As the deathbed whereon it must expire, Consumed with that which it was nourished by. This thou perceiv’st which makes thy love more strong, To love that well, which thou must leave ere long. (1609)Blank Verse(无韵诗)Unrhymed iambic pentameter Torment, sweet friend, that base and aged man That durst dissuade me from thy Lucifer, With greatest torments that our hell affords. Marlowe, Dr. Faustus (1604)Some other stanzaic formsRime royal - 7 lines, iambic pentameter, rhyming ababbcc Ottava rima - 8 lines rhyming abababcc Spencerian stanza - 9 lines, rhyming ababbcbcc, first 8 lines iambic pentameter, line 9 iambic hexameter You don’t need to know these !!!。