5 Neo-Gricean Pragmatics
语用学——精选推荐
语⽤学⽐喻metaphor表达类expressives表述句constatives不可分离性non-detachability不可取消性non-cancellability不确定性indeterminacy承诺类commissives代码模式code model等级含意scalar implicatures地点指⽰space deixis调节性规则regulative rules动态语⽤学dynamic pragmatics断⾔类assertives对⽅修正other-repair⼆元关系dyadic relation发展语⽤学developmental pragmatics反讽/反语irony⽅式准则manner maxim⾮规约性non-conventionality讽刺sarcasm符号sign符号关系学syntactics符号学semiotics负⾯礼貌策略negative politeness strategy 负⾯⾯⼦negative face 负向转移negative transfer概念意义conceptual meaning功能语⾔学functional linguistics共知common knowledge构成性规则constitutive rules 关联/关联性relevance关联理论relevance theory关系准则relevant maxim规定语法prescriptive grammar规约含意conventional implicature规约性conventionality规则rule含混ambivalence含意implicature合适条件felicity condition后指⽤法cataphoric use互补性complementarity互动语⽤学interactive pragmatics互明mutual manifestness互知mutual knowledge互指co-referential话轮turn-taking话语utterance话语分析discourse analysis话语意义utterance meaning话语指⽰discourse deixis缓叙meiosis会话分析conversation analysis会话含意conversational implicature 会话结构conversational structure会话修正conversational repair会话原则conversational principle或然性probability记号symbol间接⾔语⾏为indirect speech act交际⽬的communicative goal/purpose 交际能⼒communicative competence 交际意图communicative intention交际⽤意communicative force交际原则communicative principle近指proximal terms经济原则principle of economy旧信息old information句法学syntax句⼦意义sentence meaning可接收性acceptability可取消性cancellability可推导性calculability可⾏性feasibility客观环境physical situation夸张hyperbole跨⽂化语⽤学cross-cultural pragmatics离格deviance礼貌politeness礼貌策略politeness strategy礼貌原则politeness principle连贯coherence两可性ambiguity量准则quantity maxim临床语⽤学clinical pragmatics笼统性generality论⾔有所为How to do things with words逻辑语义学logical semantics蒙塔古语法Montague grammar⾯⼦face1明⽰-推理过程ostensive-inferential process 明说explicature 命题⾏为propositional act模糊限制语hedges模糊性fuzziness内嵌施为句embedded performatives恰当性appropriateness前提presupposition前提触发语presupposition triggers前指⽤法anaphoric use⼈称指⽰person deixis⼈类⽂化⽅法论ethnomethodology认知效果cognitive effect认知语⽤学cognitive pragmatics认知语⽤学cognitive pragmatics认知原则cognitive principle弱陈meiosis三元关系triadic relation社会语⽤学societal pragmatics社交语⽤学social pragmatics社交-语⽤学socio-pragmatics社交指⽰social deixis施为动词performative verb施为假设performative hypothesis施为句performatives施为⽤意illocutionary force时间指⽰time deixis实⽤主义pragmatism顺应理论adaptation theory说话⼈意义speaker meaning 随意⾔谈loose talk 特殊含意particularized conversational implicature 同义反复句tautology投射规则projection rule推理努⼒processing effort威胁⾯⼦的⾏为face threatening acts委婉语understatement未知信息unknown information衔接机制cohesive device显性施为句explicit performatives新格赖斯会话含意理论neo-Gricean theory of conversational implicature新格赖斯语⽤学neo-Gricean pragmatics新信息new information信息意图informative intention信息照应information bridging形式语⽤学formal pragmatics修辞学rhetoric宣告类declarations选择限制selectional restriction⾔语交际verbal communication⾔语情景speech situation⾔语⾏为speech act⾔语⾏为理论speech act theory⼀般会话含意generalized conversational implicature 已知信息known information以⾔成事perlocutionary act以⾔⾏事illocutionary act以⾔⾏事⽬的/施为⽬的illocutionary goal以⾔指事locutionary act意思sense意图intention意向性intentionality隐含结论implicated conclusion隐含前提implicated premise隐性施为句implicit performatives隐喻metaphor语法性grammaticality语际语interlanguage语际语⽤学interlanguage pragmatics语境暗含contextual implication语境化contextualization语境假设contextual assumptions语境效果contextual effect语境意义contextual meaning语境因素contextual factor语句sentence语句意义sentence meaning语⾔学转向linguistic turn语⾔语境linguistic context语⾔语⽤学linguistic pragmatics语义前提semantic presupposition语义学semantics语⽤代码pragmatic code语⽤含糊pragmatic vagueness语⽤含意pragmatic force语⽤类属pragmatic category语⽤能⼒pragmatic competence语⽤歧义pragmatic ambiguity语⽤迁移pragmatic transfer2语⽤前提pragmatic presupposition语⽤推理pragmatic inference语⽤⾏为pragmatic act语⽤学pragmatics语⽤移情pragmatic empathy语⽤语⾔学pragmalinguistics语⽤原则pragmatic principle寓意⾔谈metaphorical talk元交际⾏为metacommunicative behaviour 元指⽤法meta-phoric use原意或刻意⾔谈literal talk原则principle远指distal terms约略性approximation蕴涵entailment哲学语⽤学philosophical pragmatics正⾯礼貌positive politeness正⾯⾯⼦positive face正向转移positive transfer指称reference指令类directives指⽰词语deictic expressions指⽰语deixis, indexicals质准则quality maxim中介语/语际语interlanguage主题topic字⾯⽤意literal force⾃我修正self-repairadaptability顺应性（1.2.2）affective mutuality情感共享（4.5.3）agreement maxim⼀致准则（2.2.1）anaphora前照应（6.1.1）anaphoric use前照应⽤法（6.1.1）approbation maxim赞誉准则（3.2.4）appropriate conditions合适条件（3.2.4）assertives断⾔类（以⾔⾏事）（3.2.3）behabitives表态类以⾔⾏事（3.2.1）calculability（含意的）可推导性（4.4.2）calendric time units历法时间单位（6.1.3）cancellability（含意的）可取消性（4.4.2）change-of-state verbs状态变化动词（6.2.4）code model代码（交际）模式（2.1.1）cognitive environment认知环境（5.2）cognitive mutuality认知共享（4.5.3）cognitive pragmatics认知语⽤学（1.5）collaborative performatives协作性施为句（3.2.1) commissives承诺类（以⾔⾏事）（3.2.1) common knowledge共知（5.2）communicative competence交际能⼒（7.1）communicative intention交际意图（1.3.2）communicative language ability语⾔交际能⼒（7.1）constatives表述句（3.2.1)context语境（1.1)context of situation情景语境（5）contextual assumptions语境假设（1.5.4）contextual correlates语境相关因素（5.1.1) contextual effects语境效果（1.5.4）contextual features语境特征（5.1.1）contextual implication语境暗含（1.5.4）contextual meaning语境意义（1.2.3)contrastive markers对⽐性标记语（6.4.1) contrastive pragmatics对⽐语⽤研究（1.5.2）conventional implicature常规含意（4.4.1）conventionalization规约化（1.3.2）conversation analysis/CA会话分析（1.2.2）conversational implicature会话含意（4.4.1）conversation structure会话结构（1.2.2）cooperative principle/CP合作原则（2.1.2）co-text上下⽂（5.1.1）cross-cultural communication跨⽂化交际（8.1）cross-cultural pragmatics跨⽂化语⽤学（1.2.2）culture-loaded words富含⽂化内涵词语（8.2.1）declarations宣告类（以⾔⾏事）（3.2.3）decoding解码（2.1.1）defeasibility（含意的）可废除性（6.2.5）deictic center指⽰中⼼（6.1.1）deictic expression指⽰语（1.1）deictic use指⽰⽤法（6.1.1）deictics指⽰语（1.1）deixis指⽰语（1.1）developmental pragmatics发展语⽤学（1.6）directives指令类（以⾔⾏事）（3.2.3）disambiguation消除歧义（5.4）discourse deixis话语指⽰（6.1.1）discourse markers话语标记语（1.2.4)discourse meaning语篇意义（1.2.4）discourse operator话语操作语（6.4）3discourse particles话语⼩品词（6.4）dynamic pragmatics动态语⽤学（4.6）elaborative markers阐发性标记语emphathetic deixis移情指⽰encoding编码encyclopaedic information百科信息entailment蕴涵equivalent effect等值效果/等效essential condition（实施⾔语⾏为的）基本条件ethnography（of communication）（交际中的）⼈类⽂化学exercitives⾏使类（以⾔⾏事）explicature明说explicit performatives显性施为句expositives阐述类（以⾔⾏事）expressives表情类（以⾔⾏事）extended speech act theory扩充的⾔语⾏为理论face⾯⼦face theory⾯⼦理论face threatening acts/FTA威胁⾯⼦的⾏为factive verbs叙实性动词felicity conditions合适条件filler填充语gambits话语策略语general pragmaticsgeneralized implicature⼀般会话含意generosity maxim慷慨准则gestural use⼿势⽤法grammatical competence语法能⼒group performatives群体性施为句guiding culture主⽂化hearing meaning听话⼈意义hedge模糊限制语illocutionary competence施为能⼒illocutionary force施为⽤意implicated conclusion暗含结论implicated premise暗含前提implicative verbs含蓄性动词implicature暗含/含意implicit performatives隐性施为句indeterminacy（含意的）不确定性indirect speech act间接⾔语⾏为inference推理inferential markers推导性标记语语⽤学重要术语英汉对照解释1、Adjacency pair: 相邻对 A sequence of two utterances by different speakers in conversation. The second is a response to the first, e.g., question-answer.2、Background entailment: 背景蕴涵Any logical consequence of an utterance.3、Commissive: 承诺句A speech act in which the speaker commits himself or herself to some future action, e.g. a promise.4、Content conditions: 内容条件In order to count as a particular type of speech act, an utterance must contain certain features, e.g. a promise must be about a future event.5、Conversational implicature: 会话含义An additional unstated meaning that has to be assumed in order to maintain cooperative principle, e.g.if someone says “The President is a mouse”, something that is literally false, the hearer must assume the speaker means to convey more than is being said.6、Declaration: 宣告句A speech act that brings about a change by beinguttered, e.g. a judge pronouncing a sentence.-7、Deixis: 指⽰“Pointing” via language, using a deictic expression,e.g. “this”, “here”.8、Directive: 指令句A speech act used to get someone else to do something,e.g. an order.9、Discourse analysis: 话语分析The study of language use with referenceto the social and psychological factors that influence communication.10、Dispreferred: 不期待The structurally unexpected next utterance as aresponse, e.g. an invitation is normally followed by an acceptance, so a refusal is dispreferred.411、Entailment: 蕴涵Something that logically follows from what is asserted.12、Expressive: 表达句A speech act in which the speaker expresses feelings or attitudes, e.g. an apology.13、Face: ⾯⼦A person’s public self-image.14、Felicity conditions: 恰当条件 The appropriate conditions for a speech act to be recognized as intended.15、Generalized conversational implicature: ⼀般性会话含义An additional unstated meaning that does not depend on special or local knowledge. 16、Honorific: 敬语 Expression which marks that the addressee is of higher status.17、Illocutionary force: ⾔外之⼒The communicative force of an utterance.18、Insertion sequence: 插⼊系列 A two part sequence that comes between the first and second parts of another sequence in conversation.19、Manner Maxim: ⽅式准则One of the maxims, in which the speaker is to be clear, brief, and orderly.20、Maxim: 准则One of the four sub-principles of the cooperative principle.21、Particularized conversational implicature: 特殊会话含义An additional unstated meaning that depends on special or local knowledge.22、Performative verb: ⾏事动词A verb that explicitly names the speech act, e.g. the verb “promise” in the utterance “I promise to be there”.23、Perlocutionary act: 以⾔成事 The effect of an utterance used to perform a speech act.24、Person deixis: ⼈称指⽰Forms used to point ot people, e.g. “me”, “you”.25、Pragmatics: 语⽤学 The study of speaker meaning as distinct from word or sentence meaning. 26、Preferred: 期待的The structurally expected next utterance used ina response.27、Preparatory conditions: 准备条件Specific requirements prior to an utterance in order for it to cont as a particular speech act.28、Presupposition: 前提Something the speaker assumes to be the case.29、Projection problem: 映射问题The problem of the presupposition of a simple structure not surviving when part of a more complex structure.30、Quality maxim: 质量准则One of the maxims, in which the speaker has to be truthful.31、Quantity maxim: 数量准则One of the maxims, in which the speaker has to be neither more nor less informative than is necessary.32、Reference: 照应An act by which a speaker uses a word, or words, to enable a listener to identify someone or something.33、R elation maxim: 相关准则One of the maxims, in which the speaker has to be relevant.34、Representative: 阐述句A speech act in which the speaker states what is believed or known, e.g. an assertion.35、Sincerity conditions: 诚意条件Requirements on the genuine intentions of a speaker in order for an utterance to count asa particular speech act.36、Social deixis: 社会指⽰Forms used to indicate relative social status.37、Speech act: ⾔语⾏为An action performed by the use of an utterance to communicate.38、Textual function: 篇章功能The use of language in the creation of well-formed text.39、Turn-taking: 轮换The change of speaker during conversation5。
(完整版)语用学级期末复习思考题
I。
Put the following English terms into Chinese. (1'×10＝10’)所指对象referent所指论Referential theory专有名词 proper name普通名词 common nouns固定的指称记号 rigid designators指称词语deixical items确定性描述语definite descriptions编码时间 coding—time变异性variability表示反复的词语 iterative表述句 constative补救策略redressive strategies不可分离性 non—detachability不确定性indeterminacy不使用补救策略，赤裸裸地公开施行面子威胁行bald on record without redressive actions 阐述类言语行为 representatives承诺类言语行为 commissives指令类言语行为directives表达类言语行为expressives，宣告类言语行为declarations诚意条件 sincerity condition次要言外行为 secondary illocutionary act等级含义 scalar implicature等级划分法 rating scales副语言特征 paralinguistic features非公开施行面子威胁行为 off record非规约性non—conventionality非规约性意义 non-conventional implicature非论证性的 non—demonstrative非自然意义non—natural meaning (meaning—nn)否定测试法negation test符号学 semiotics构成性规则 constitutive rules古典格莱斯会话含义理论 Classical Gricean theory of conversational implicature关联论Relevance Theory关联原则Principle of Relevance归属性用法 attributive use规约性含义conventional implicature人际修辞 interpersonal rhetoric篇章修辞textual rhetoric含蓄动词 implicative verbs合适条件 felicity conditions呼语 vocatives互相显映 mutually manifest会话含义 conversational implicature话语层次策略 utterance-level strategy积极面子positive face间接言语行为 indirect speech acts间接指令 indirect directives结语 upshots交际意图communicative intention可撤销性 cancellability可废弃性 defeasibility可推导性 calculability跨文化语用失误cross—cultural pragmatic failure跨文化语用学cross—cultural pragmatics命题内容条件 propositional content condition面子保全论 Face-saving Theory面子论 Face Theory面子威胁行为 Face Threatening Acts （FTAs）蔑视 flouting明示 ostensive明示－推理模式ostensive—inferential model摹状词理论Descriptions粘合程度 scale of cohesion篇章指示 discourse deixis前提 presupposition前提语 presupposition trigger强加的绝对级别absolute ranking of imposition确定谈话目的 establishing the purpose of the interaction确定言语事件的性质 establishing the nature of the speech event 确定性描述语 definite descriptions认知语用学 cognitive pragmatics上下文 co—text社会语用迁移sociopragmatic transfer社交语用失误 sociopragmatic failure施为句 performative省力原则 the principle of least effort实情动词 factive verbs适从向 direction of fit手势型用法 gestural usage首要言外行为 primary illocutionary act双重或数重语义模糊 pragmatic bivalence/ plurivalence顺应的动态性 dynamics of adaptability顺应性adaptability语境关系的顺应(contextual correlates of adaptability)、语言结构的顺应(structural objects of adaptability)、顺应的动态性（dynamics of adaptability)和顺应过程的意识程度（salience of the adaptation processes）。
后格莱斯理论之列文森
Types of Q-implicature
Q-scalar implicature Q-clausal implicature (p or q,p and q,since p then q,if p then q,know that,believe that) Q-alternate implicature,which come from a nonentailment semantic (contrast) set.
<succeed,try˃ In 1888,Van Gogh tried to set up an artist's studio at Arles. +˃In 1888,Van Gogh did not succeed in setting up an artist's studio at Arles. <boil,grill,stir-fry˃ Stir-fry the bean sprouts,please. +˃please,don't,for example,boil the bean spouts as well. (Yan Huang2009:44)
In Sperber and Wilson's approach and that of Horn's,it is exactly adopted what grice had anticipated--to use the principle of revelance to subsume the second maxim of Quantity.Now Levinson believes that is mistaken.In his view, maxims of Quantity have to do with the quantity of information,while the maxim of Relation is “a measure of timely helpfulness with respect to interactional goals”(p.401).and “is largely about the satisfaction of others' goals in interaction,and the satisfaction of topical and sequencing constraints in discourse,as in the expection that answer will follow a question”(Levinson 1989:467).It is not,at least not primarily,about information.So he renames the second maxim of Quantity the Principle of Informativeness,I-principle for short;and the first maxim of Quantity the Principle of Quantity,or Q-principle.
语言学重点讲解
三星级重点章节07年冬天，学校组织了一个讲座，请老师给我们谈考试重点，同时学生有什么问题，可以当面问他。
他说前五章是最重要的，第七和第八次之，第六，第九和第十二章也有考的内容，但不会很多，剩下的十章和十一章可以不看！所以，我就用三颗星表示最重要；俩颗星表示第二重要，一颗星表示第三重要。
王老师说只要把胡壮麟那本书背会了，肯定能考好！因为考试覆盖的知识点都在书上！其实，背会那本书是不实际的，而把那本书过5到6遍是可能的，也是必须的。
而且重点章节要在理解的基础上反复看。
虽然我们文科的知识，背时关键，但是理解更重要，尤其语言学这门课，比较抽象，不理解就背，效果不好，不容易背会。
北语没有提供考纲之类的东西，只告诉语言学参考书是胡壮麟的《语言学教程(修订版)》。
（09年不知是否会换成该书的第三版）所以能知道该书哪些章节是重点，能让我们有的放矢。
我这里所说的三星级重点，即最重要的章节是该书的前五章。
不知道外校的考生，他们学校开过这门课没有！我们北语大三下学期讲前五章，大四上学期讲的6，7，8，9，12这几章。
下面，我们先谈谈前五章该如何复习。
Chapter1: Invitations to linguistics；Chapter2: Speech Sounds；Chapter3: Lexicon；Chapter4: Syntax (新版中，这章改成From Word to Text，是变化最大的一章，变化的结果是比以前的简单了）；Chapter5: Meaning。
这五章可以说是语言学的基础和考试的重点。
我们一定要反复看，理解其中的定义等知识点。
一定要在理解的基础上记忆。
Chapter1: Invitations to linguistics这章是该书的开篇，目的是让大家对语言学这门课有个初步的了解，为后面几章作个铺垫。
也许你会说这种章节肯定不重要。
错！奇怪的是这一章居然很重要。
因为考点还不少！Design features of language: Arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement. 这四个特征要求理解，牢记，能背出定义。
Unit 3 Gricean Pragmatics Implicature格莱斯语用学会话含义
Implication
Definition:
Implication belongs to the
logical semantics, it discusses the relationship between two
1
propositional logics.
Example:
p: The president was assassinated.
semantics
Logical implication （逻辑蕴含）
meaning
Pragmatics
Conversational implicature （会话含义）
Implicature & Implication
The word ‘implicature’, like its cognate(同源词) ‘implication’, is derived from the verb ‘to imply’. Etymologically speaking（从词源学 角度讲）, ‘to imply’ means ‘to fold something into something else’. What is implied, or ‘folded in’ has to be ‘unfolded’ in order to be understood.
Example sentences: natural meaning
1
The number of concentric rings（年轮） means that the tree lived so many years.
2
2 Those black c来自ouds mean rain.
4
新格赖斯原则
4.荷恩考察的语言现象
• （1）元语言否定 • 一般否定，表示“原来的叙述太过分了”，而元语 言否定，则表示“不够充分”，通过语音手段实现 ,“强项成立” 如he didn't eat three carrots→he ate four of them. • （2）避免使用同义词 • Lee stopped the car. Lee got the car to stop. • （3）间接言语行为句 • Can you pass the salt?
•实际上，荷恩的意思是，包含其他成分的句子都 衍推包含末尾成分的句子。当这些句子为真时， 包含末尾成分的句子必真。如果倒过来，从逻辑 上讲，就不一定了。 •数量等级中只有<hot，warm>，或者<cold， cool>，而没有<hot，cold>，因为使用同一个数 量等级中词语的句子要具备衍推关系，这一条规 定把严格反义词，排除在数量等级之外 (1)This soup is hot (2) This soup is not cold (3)This soup is cold
〈5〉条件完备型推导: • If you can show me your IC, I will let you in . (A)如果 你能向我出示 IC,我就让你进去。→If and only if you can show me your IC, I will let you in .(B)当且仅当你 向我出示 IC 的条件下,我才会让你进去。 〈56〉模式型推导: • Jack pushed the cart to the checkout .(A)杰克推着购 物车来到出口的计价处。→Jack pushed the cart full of groceries to the checkout of the supermarket in order to pay forthem .(B)杰克推着装满食品杂货的购物 车走到超级市场出口的计价处, 以便付款后离去。
pragmatics语用学-PPT
Non-detachability
• John is a genius( a mental prodigy; an enormous intellect; a big brain; an exceptionally clever human being).
conversation, in which implicated messages are frequently involved.
• In daily conversations people do not usually say things but tend to imply them. The word “implicature” is used to refer to the extra meaning that is not explicitly expressed in the utterance. In making a conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. This general principle is called the cooperative principle : “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”
2-参考文献格式(APA格式)
References (in APA style papers)In an APA style paper, the citation sources are listed in References on a separate page, which follows the final page of the text. Entries appear alphabetically according to the last name of the author; two or more works by the same author are listed in chronological order by the date of publication. All entries in the References page must correspond to the sources cited in the main text. The writers are supposed to observe the following rules:(1)All lines after the first line of each entry in the reference list should have one-half-inchhanging indentation from the left margin.(2)Authors’ names are inverted (last name first). If the work has more than seven authors, list thefirst six authors and then use ellipses after the sixt h author’s name. After the ellipses, list the last author’s name of the work.(3)Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.(4)If you have more than one article by the same author, single-author references ormultiple-author references with the exact same authors in the exact same order are listed in order by the year of publication, starting with the earliest.(5)All major words in journal titles are capitalized.(6)When referring to books, chapters, articles, or Web pages, capitalize only the first letter of thefirst word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.(7)Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.(8)Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journalarticles or essays in edited collections.1. Single-Author BookAitchison, J. (1987). Words in the mind: An introduction to the mental lexicon. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.Bach, K. (1987). Thought and reference. Oxford: Oxford University Press.2. Book with Two or More AuthorsFodor, J., & Lepore, E. (2002). The compositionality papers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hatch, E., & Brown, C. (1995). Vocabulary, semantics, and language education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.3. An Edited VolumeCole, P. (Ed). (1981). Radical pragmatics. New York: Academic Press.4. Book without Author or Editor ListedWebster’s new collegiate dictionary. (1961). Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam.5. Secondary ResourcesSperber, D. (1994). The modularity of thought and the epistemology of representation. In L. A.Hirschfeld, & S. A. Gelman (Eds.), Mapping the mind: Domain specificity in cognition and culture (pp.39-67). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.6. JournalsBarsalou, L. W. (1982). Context-independent information and context-dependent information in concepts. Memory & Cognition, 10, 82-93.Hu, Y., Wood, J. F., Smith, V., & Westbrook, N. (2004). Friendships through IM: Examining the relationship between instant messaging and intimacy. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(1), 38-48.7. DissertationMarunowski, K. R. (2006). The Euro: a multimodal study in presence. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio.8. An Entry in an EncyclopediaBergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508).Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica.9. Conference ProceedingsRichardson, J. F., & Richardson, A. W. (1990). On predicting pragmatic relations. In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society, Parasession on the Legacy of Grice (pp. 498-508).Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistic Society.10. Article in a MagazineHenry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28-31.11. Article in a NewspaperSchultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The Country Today, pp. 1A, 2A.12. Article From an Online PeriodicalBernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A list apart: For people who make websites, 149. Retrieved from /articles/writelivingSample ReferencesReferencesBergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508).Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica.Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A list apart: For people who makewebsites, 149. Retrieved from /articles/writelivingCarston, R.(1998). Informativeness, Relevance and Scalar Implicature. In R. Carston & S. Uchida(Eds.), Relevance theory: applications and implications(pp. 179-236). Amsterdam: JohnBenjamins.Carston, R. (2002). Thoughts and utterances: the pragmatics of explicit communication. Oxford:Blackwell.Castle, G. (2007). New millennial Joyce [Review of the books Twenty-first Joyce, Joyce’s critics:Transitions in reading and culture,and Joyce’s mes sianism: Dante, negative existence, and the messianic self]. Modern Fiction Studies, 50(1), 163-173. Available from Project MUSE Web site: /journals/modern_fiction_studies/toc/mfs52.1.htmlGreen, G. (1989). Pragmatics and natural language understanding. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and Conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax & semantics: speech acts (vol.3) (pp. 41-58). New York: Academic Press.Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in toda y’s schools. Time, 135, 28-31. Hirschberg, J. (1985). A theory of scalar implicature. Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.Horn, R. (1984). Towards a New Taxonomy for Pragmatic Inference: Q-based and R-based Implicature. In D. Schiffrin (Ed.), Meaning, form, and use in context: linguistic applications (pp. 11-42). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Horn, R. (1989). A nature history of negation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Huang, Y. (2004). Neo-Gricean Pragmatic Theory: Looking Back on the Past; Looking Ahead to the Future. Journal of Foreign Languages, 149, 2-25.Huang, Y. (2007). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Jiang, W. Q. (2000). Pragmatics: Theories and applications. Beijing: Beijing University Press. Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman.Levinson S. C.(1991). Pragmatic Reduction of the Binding Conditions Revisited. Journal of Linguistics, 27, 107-61.Levinson, S. C. (1987 a). Minimization and Conversational Inference. In J. Verschueren & M.Bertuccelli-Papi (Eds.),The pragmatic perspective(pp. 61-129). Amsterdam: JohnBenjamins.Levinson, S. C. (1987 b). Pragmatics and the Grammar of Anaphora: a Partial Pragmatic Reduction of Binding and Control Phenomena. Journal of Linguistics, 23, 379-434. Matsui, T. (1993). Bridging reference and the notions of “topic” and “focus”. Lingua, 90, 49 - 68. Matsui, T. (2000). Bridging and relevance. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Mey, J. L. (1993). Pragmatics. Oxford: Blackwell.Morgan, J. L. (1978). Two types of convention in indirect speech acts. In P. Cole (Ed.), Syntax and semantics, vol. 9 (pp. 261-280). New York: Academic Press.Neale, S. (1992). Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language. Linguistics and Philosophy, 15, 509-559.Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook linked to drug industry. The New York Times.Retrieved from Recanati, F. (1989). The pragmatics of what is said. Mind and Language, 4, 295-329. Recanati, F. (2002). Does linguistic communication rest on inference? Mind and Language, 17, 105-26.Recanati, F. (2004). Literal meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Richardson, J. F., & Richardson, A. W. (1990). On predicting pragmatic relations. In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society, Parasession on the Legacy of Grice (pp. 498-508).Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistic Society.Sadock, I. (1986). Remarks on the Paper by Deirdre Wilson and Dan Sperber. Chicago Linguistics Society, 22, 85-90.Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies.The CountryToday, pp. 1A, 2A.Sperber, D., & Wilson, D. (1986). Relevance: Communication and cognition. Oxford: Blackwell. Sperber, D., & Wilson, D. (1998). Relevance theory. In L. Horn & G. Ward (Eds.), Handbook of pragmatics. Oxford: Blackwell.Welker, K. (1994). Plans in the common ground: toward a generative account of conversational implicature. Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University.Yuan, Y. L. (1993). On the valence of nouns in Mandarin. Linguistics, 3, 137-206.。
Pragmatics—关联论几个概念对比
2
(Sperber, D & Wilson, D. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. 1986:63)
2.4 Ostensive-inferential communication
结合语码模式和推理模式，Sperber和Wilson 提出了明示推理交际(Ostensive-inferential communication)的概念。
然而，语码模式和推理模式都有其自身的不足，虽然 人类的交际很少有不涉及语码的运用，但通过语码而 表达的思想一般来说是比较简单的，复杂思想内容的 交际语码模式就不能解释，而且在言语交际中也存在 着纯推理交际；从另一方面来说，大部分的交际都涉 及语码的运用，这也是毋庸置疑的，所以推理模式也 只部分地解释了交际。（何兆熊2002：185）
Levinson 的会话含义三原则
Sperber & Wilson 的会话关联理论
1.2 Code Model & Inferential Model
From Aristotle through to modern semiotics, all theories of communication were based on a single model, which we will call the code model. According to the code model, communication is achieved by encoding and decoding messages. Recently, several philosophers, notably Paul Grice and David lewis, have proposed a quite different model, which we will call the inferential model. According to the inferential model, communication is achieved by producing and interpreting evidence.
cognitive pragmatics演示文稿cognitive pragmatics演示文稿
• The Approaches to Cognitive Pragmatics
• The Relationship between Cognitive Pragmatics and Cognitive Linguistics
3.From Philosophy of Language to Cognitive Science
• Broadly speaking there are two perspectives on pragmatics : the “philosophical” and “cognitive ” .
• Grice took a philosophical appraoch to pragmatics. He was interested in such questions as what is meaning? What is i t for a speaker to say, or assert something as opposed to implying it? How might a rational hearer decide what a rational speaker intended to imply? Thus he introduced a new conceptual tool : the notion of imp licature.
I f i n a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n e x p l i c i t r e f e r e nc e i s made to the speaker or the user of the language, then we assign it (the investigation )to the field of pragmatics . If we abstract from the user of the language and analyze only the expressions and their designation, we are in the field of semantics . And , f i n a l l y , i f we abstract from the designation also and analyze only the relations between the expressions , we are in syntax .
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5.2 Q-, I- and M-Principles
• Levinson (1987) points out that Horn confuses formal minimization with semantic minimization. • formal minimization: the use of an unmarked simpler or shorter form as compared to a more complicated form
5.3 Anaphora: a case study
• The Binding Theory proposed by Noam Chomsky (约束理论): anaphor pronominal r-expression
5.3 Anaphora: a case study
• According to Levinson, only the a-clause is necessary because the other two can be generated by the Q-, I- and M-principles (Levinson 1987: 410):
5.2 Q-, I- and M-Principles
• b. Information Principle (I-Principle) Do not make your contribution more informative than required. Speaker’s maxim: Recipient’s corollary:
• semantic minimization: the use of a more specific rather than a more general expression
5.3 Anaphora: a case study
• Yan Huang黄衍：提出并系统发展了包括指代的新格赖斯语nd R-Principles
• a. the force of unification单一化力量 the speaker’s economy use one word for all meanings • b. the force of diversification多样化力量 the auditor’s economy use one word for one meaning
Unit 5 Neo-Gricean Pragmatics
Contents
• 5.1 Q- and R-Principles • 5.2 Q-, I- and M-Principles • 5.3 Anaphor: a case study
5.1 Q- and R-Principles
• Lawrence Horn points out that there are two competing forces governing people’s linguistic behavior: a. the force of unification单一化力量 b. the force of diversification多样化力量
5.2 Q-, I- and M-Principles
• c. Manner Principle (M-Principle) Speaker’s maxim: Recipient’sቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱcorollary:
5.2 Q-, I- and M-Principles
• a. Quantity Principle (Q-Principle) based on the first sub-maxim of Grice’s Quantity Maxim b. Information Principle (I-Principle) based on the second sub-maxim of Grice’s Quantity Maxim c. Manner Principle (M-Principle) based on the Manner Maxim
5.1 Q- and R-Principles
• Horn proposes two parallel conversational principles: a. The hearer-based Q-principle: Say as much as we can; b. The speaker-based R-principle: Say no more than we must.
5.3 Anaphora: a case study
• Horn scale霍恩级差规则
根据霍恩级差规则，语句的意义有强弱之分，同一含意的不同语句 可视其强度大小排列为<S, W>系列，在一定条件下说出弱项语句表 明强项语句的意义不能成立。
5.2 Q-, I- and M-Principles
• b. Information Principle (I-Principle) stereotypical relations常规关系： 从话语的理解特别是含意推导来 说 ， 常 规 关 系 被 提 炼 为 常 规 范 型 (stereotype)，在话语中体现为含意或称隐性表述(implicit expression)的具体内容，对语句的显性表述(explicit expression)作出阐 释或补足，使话语得以理解为相对完备的表达，达至交际的理解 （徐盛桓 2002: 6-7）。 徐盛桓. 2002. “常规关系与认知化 ——再论常规关系”.《外国语》 （1）：6-16.
5.1 Q- and R-Principles
• a. The hearer-based Q-principle: Say as much as we can; (the first sub-maxim of Quantity Maxim; the first two submaxims of Manner Maxim) • b. The speaker-based R-principle: Say no more than we must. (the second sub-maxim of Quantity Maxim and Relation Maxim; the third sub-maxim of Manner Maxim)
5.2 Q-, I- and M-Principles
• a. Quantity Principle (Q-Principle) Make your contribution as informative as required. Speaker’s maxim: Recipient’s corollary:
5.2 Q-, I- and M-Principles
• Proposed by Stephen Levinson a. Quantity Principle (Q-Principle) b. Information Principle (I-Principle) c. Manner Principle (M-Principle)