药典注射剂通则

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药典注射剂通则

药典注射剂通则

附录ⅠB 注射剂注射剂系指药物与适宜的溶剂或分散介质制成的供注入体内的溶液,乳状液或混悬液及供注入体内的溶液、乳状液或混悬液及供临用前配制或稀释成溶液或混悬液的粉末或浓溶液的无菌制剂。

注射剂可分为注射液、注射用无菌粉末与注射用浓溶液。

注射液包括溶液型、乳状液型或混悬型注射液,可用于肌内注射、静脉注射、静脉滴注等。

其中,供静脉注射用的大体积(除另有规定外,一般不小于100ml)注射液也称静脉输液。

注射用无菌粉末系指药物制成的供临用前用适宜的无菌溶液配制成澄清溶液或均匀混悬液的无菌粉末或无菌块状物。

可用适宜的注射用溶剂配制后注射,也可用静脉输液配制后静脉滴注。

无菌粉末用溶剂结晶法、喷雾干燥法或冷冻干燥法等制得。

注射用浓溶液系指药物制成的供临用前稀释后静脉滴注用的无菌浓溶液。

注射液在生产与贮藏期间应符合下列有关规定。

一、溶液型注射液应澄明;除另有规定外,混悬型注射液中药物粒度应控制在15µm以下,含15~20µm (间有个别20~50µm)者,不得超过10%,若有可见沉淀,振摇时应容易分散均匀,混悬型注射液不得用于静脉注射或椎管注射;乳状液型注射液应稳定,不得有相分离现象,不得用于椎管注射。

静脉用乳状液型注射液中乳滴的粒度90%应在1µm以下,不得有大于5µm的乳滴。

除另有规定外,静脉输液应尽可能与血液等渗。

二、注射剂所用的原辅料应从来源及工艺等生产环节进行严格控制并应符合注射用的质量要求。

注射剂所用溶剂必须安全无害,并不得影响疗效额质量。

一般分为水性溶剂和非水性溶剂。

(1)水性溶剂最常用的为注射用水,也可用0.9%氯化钠溶液或其他适宜的水溶液。

(2)非水性溶剂常用的为植物油,主要为供注射用大豆油,其他还有乙醇、丙二醇和聚乙二醇等溶剂。

供注射用的非水性溶剂,应严格限制其用量,并应在品种项下进行相应的检查。

三、配制注射剂时,可根据药物的性质加入适宜的附加剂。

中美欧药典注射剂通则比对.pdf

中美欧药典注射剂通则比对.pdf
• 多剂量容器包装的注射用制剂 必需添加防止微生物生长的适宜物 质,不论其灭菌 方法,但不包括下列情况之 一:(1)各品种正 文另有规定 ;(2)添加物含有物 理半衰期少 于24小时的核素; (3)有效成分本身为抗菌药。这 类添加剂的 使用浓度应能防止 注射用制剂的微生物的生长或杀灭注射用制剂的微生物。
三 溶剂和添加剂
• 不 皂 化 物 - 脂肪油 10ml 与 氢氧 化 钠 溶液 (1→6)15ml 和乙醇30ml蒸汽浴回 流,时时 振摇直至混合物澄清。将溶液转移到平皿,蒸 汽浴上挥去乙醇 ,残渣加水100ml,应生成澄 清的溶液。
• 游离脂肪酸 -用于中和10g脂肪油中的游离脂肪 酸所需 的 0.020N 氢氧 化 钠 溶液 不得过 2.0ml (见脂肪和脂肪油<401>)
三 溶剂和添加剂
• 添加剂-为提高稳定性和方便使用,注射 用制剂中可加 入适当的物质,这些物质 应在该药量下 无害,不影响疗 效,不干 扰规定的含量 测定和 检查 。肠道 外给药 的溶液中 不得 添加仅 为对最终 制剂 着色 的着色 剂(并见 凡例 中的添加剂项和 附 录抗菌效率检查<51>)。
三 溶剂和添加剂
一定义
• USP术语和定义 • NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS • 术语和定义 • Nomenclature* • 术语
•. • 下列术语适用于5种注射给药的一般剂型。这些制剂
可能含有缓冲剂、防腐剂或其他添加剂。
一定义
• 1.[药物]注射液- 药物或其溶液的液体制剂。 • 2.注射用[药物]- 干固体,加适宜溶剂制成的溶液符合
• Vehicles and Added Substances
• 成分
• 溶剂和添加剂

注射剂(2010年版药典三部附录ⅠA)

注射剂(2010年版药典三部附录ⅠA)
注射剂
2010年版药典三部附录ⅠA
注射剂
注射剂 系指以生物制品原液为原料药物,加入适宜稳定剂或其他辅料等制成的 可供注入体内的无菌溶液、乳液、混悬液及临用前用无菌溶剂复溶为溶液、混悬 液的无菌冻干制剂。 注射剂可分注射液、注射用无菌粉末。 注射液 包括溶液型、乳液型或混悬型注射液。可用于皮下注射、皮内注射、肌 内注射、静脉注射和静脉滴注。其中,供静脉滴注用的大体积(除另有规定外, 一般不小于50ml)注射液也称静脉输液。 注射用无菌粉末 系指供临用前以适宜的无菌溶液配制成澄明溶液或均匀混悬液 的无菌固体制剂。可用适宜的注射用溶剂配制后注射,也可用静脉输液配制后静 脉滴注。以冷冻干燥法制备的无菌粉末,称为注射用冻干制剂。
除另有规定外,注射剂应进行以下相应检查。
【装量】 注射液照下述方法检查,应符合规定。检查法 单剂量供试品 标示装量为2ml或2ml以下者,取供试品5支(瓶);2ml以上至50ml 者,取供试品3支(瓶);50ml以上者,取供试品1瓶。 将内容物分别用相应体积的干燥注射器及注射针头抽尽,然后缓慢连续地注入经标 化的量入式量筒内(量筒的大小应使待测体积至少占其额定体积40%.不排尽针头 中的液体),在室温下检视。标示装量为10ml以上者,可将供试品开盖后直接缓慢 倾入标化的量筒,室温检视。也可采用重量除以相对密度计算装量。准确量取供试 品,精密称定,求出每1ml供试品的重量(即供试品的相对密度);精密称定用干 燥注射器及注射针头抽出或直接缓慢倾出供试品内容物的重量,再除以供试品相对 密度,得出相应的装量。 混悬液和乳液在抽取和相对密度测定前充分混匀;开启时注意避免损失;黏稠液体 倾出后,将容器倒置15分钟,尽量倾净。 每支(瓶)注射液的装量均不得低于其标示量。 多剂量供试品 取供试品1瓶(支),按照标示的剂量数和每剂的装量,分别用注射 器抽出,按照单剂量的步骤测定单次剂量,应不低于标示量。 预装式注射器和弹筒式装置的供试品ml以上至50ml者,取供试品3支。 供试品与所配注射器、针头或活塞装配后将供试品缓慢连续注入容器(不排尽针头 中的液体),按单剂量供试品要求进行装量检查,应不低于标示量。 (支)不符合规定,应另取10瓶(支)复试,应符合规定。

《中国药典》 通则9201使用的药品类型

《中国药典》 通则9201使用的药品类型

《我国药典》通则9201使用的药品类型一、引言我国药典是我国国家药典委员会颁布的一部权威的中药和中药材标准集合。

它对于我国的药品行业具有重要的指导作用,涵盖了丰富的药品和药材信息。

《我国药典》的通则9201主要规定了药品的使用类型,包括了常见的药品类型和用法用量等内容。

二、药品类型1.西药西药是指以化学合成方法或生物技术制备的药品,按照其药理作用和化学结构可分为多个类别,例如抗生素、抗病毒药、消炎药等。

在《我国药典》中,对于西药的使用类型主要包括了口服药、注射剂和外用药等。

其中,口服药适合于溶解度好、生物利用度高且不会被胃酸破坏的药物,而外用药适合于表皮疾病的治疗,注射剂适合于需要快速治疗的急危重症患者。

2.中药中药是指在我国传统医学理论指导下,采用天然药材为原料制剂的药品。

按照中药的性味归经可分为寒热药、温凉药、苦甘药等,而根据用法用量分类可分为口服剂、外用剂、注射剂等。

中药的使用类型在《我国药典》中有着详细的规定,强调了中药对于疾病的治疗特点和注意事项。

3.生物制品生物制品是指通过生物技术手段获得的治疗性制剂,例如血液制品、疫苗、生物制剂等。

根据其来源和用途可分为人血及其制品、动物源药品、细菌和真菌制品等。

生物制品的使用类型在《我国药典》中有着严格的规定和标准,旨在确保生物制品的安全性和有效性。

4.药物辅料药物辅料是指制药过程中所使用的辅助剂,例如赋形剂、增稠剂、溶剂等。

根据其用途和性质可分为固体辅料、液体辅料、气体辅料等。

《我国药典》对药物辅料的使用类型进行了规范和标准,以保证药品的制造过程和质量。

5.其他药品除了上述提到的药品类型,还有一些特殊的药品类型也被纳入了《我国药典》的规范范畴中,例如中草药提取物、中药配方颗粒、中药饮片等。

这些药品类型在药品的生产、质量控制和临床应用方面都有着特殊的要求,需要根据《我国药典》的规定进行操作。

三、结语《我国药典》通则9201使用的药品类型规范了药品的类别和使用要求,为我国的药品行业提供了重要的指导和标准。

药典中注射剂对抗氧剂的要求

药典中注射剂对抗氧剂的要求

药典中注射剂对抗氧剂的要求
中国药典2015年版四部 0102 注射剂通则中:配制注射剂时,可根据需要加入适宜的附加剂,如渗透压调节剂、pH 值调节剂、增溶剂、助溶剂、抗氧剂、抑菌剂、乳化剂、助悬剂等。

所用附加剂应不影响药物疗效,避免对检验产生干扰,使用浓度不得引起毒性或明显的刺激性。

常用的抗氧剂有亚硫酸钠、亚硫酸氢钠和焦亚硫酸钠等,一般浓度为0.1% 〜0.2%。

但一些产品由于其结构的特殊性,其主要成份在空气中极易氧化,有可能其抗氧剂用量需要超过0.2%时,主药才能比较稳定。

但有人说,如果抗氧剂用量比如亚硫酸氢钠用量大后,其过多的氢离子可能增加药液对血管的刺激性。

我们有一注射剂产品因主药成份极易氧化,虽然进行充氮处理并控制其残氧量,但稳定性并不是很好,通过对抗氧剂亚硫酸氢钠等用量的筛选,确定浓度为0.3%比较合适,同时进行了过敏性、溶血性、血管刺激性等试验,结果表明:家兔每日耳缘缓慢静脉滴注浓度为2.0mg/ml的该产品8ml/kg,另侧给予等体积的生理盐水,连续3次,于末次给药后24h取家兔耳缘静脉观察未见明显刺激反应。

表明该药血管刺激性试验符合要求。

欧洲药典注射剂通则

欧洲药典注射剂通则

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0ParenteralpreparationsMucoadhesive preparations DEFINITION Mucoadhesive preparations contain one or more active substances intended for systemic absorption through the buccal mucosa over a prolongedperiodof time.They may be supplied as mucoadhesive buccal tablets or as other mucoadhesive solid or semi-solid preparations.Mucoadhesive buccal tablets are prepared by compressionof mono-or multi-layeredtablets.They usually containhydrophilic polymers,which on wetting with the salivaproduce a flexible hydrogel that adheres to the buccal mucosa.PRODUCTION In the manufacture of mucoadhesive buccal tablets,measures are taken to ensure that they possess suitablemechanical strength to resist handling without crumbling or breaking.This may bedemonstratedby examining the Friability of uncoated tablets (2.9.7)and the Resistance to crushing of tablets (2.9.8).TESTS Dissolution .Unlessotherwisejustified and authorised,a suitable test is carried out to demonstrate the appropriate release of the active substance(s).01/2008:0520PARENTERAL PREPARATIONS Parenteralia The requirementsof this monograph do not necessarily apply to products derived fromhuman blood,toimmunological preparations,or radiopharmaceutical preparations.Special requirements may apply to preparations for veterinary use depending on the species of animal for which the preparation is intended.DEFINITION Parenteral preparations are sterilepreparations intended for administration by injection,infusion or implantation into the human or animal body.Parenteral preparations may require the use of excipients,for example to make the preparation isotonic with respect to blood,to adjustthe pH,to increase solubility,to prevent deterioration of the activesubstancesor to provideadequateantimicrobial properties,but not to adversely affect the intended medicinal action of the preparation or,at the concentrations used,to cause toxicity or undue local irritation.Containers for parenteral preparations are made as far as possible frommaterialsthat are sufficiently transparentto permit the visual inspection of the contents,except for implants and in other justified and authorised cases.Where applicable,the containers for parenteral preparations comply with the requirements for Materials used for the manufacture of containers (3.1and subsections)and Containers (3.2and subsections).Parenteral preparations are supplied in glass containers (3.2.1)or in other containers such as plastic containers (3.2.2,3.2.2.1and 3.2.9)and prefilled syringes.The tightness of the containeris ensured bysuitablemeans.Closuresensure a good seal,prevent the access of micro-organisms and other contaminants and usually permit the withdrawal ofa part or the whole of the contents without removal of the closure.The plasticmaterials or elastomers (3.2.9)used to manufacture the closures are sufficiently firm and elastic to allow the passage of a needle with the least possible shedding ofparticles.Closures for multidose containers aresufficiently elastic to ensure that the puncture is resealedwhen the needle is withdrawn.Severalcategories of parenteral preparations may be distinguished:—injections,—infusions,—concentrates for injections or infusions,—powders for injections or infusions,—gels for injections,—implants.PRODUCTIONDuringthe developmentof a parenteral preparation,theformulation for which contains an antimicrobial preservative,the effectiveness of the chosen preservative shall be demonstratedto the satisfaction of the competent authority.A suitable test method togetherwithcriteria forjudgingthe preservative properties of the formulation are provided under Efficacy of antimicrobial preservation (5.1.3).Parenteral preparations are prepared using materials and methods designed to ensure sterility and to avoidthe introduction of contaminants and thegrowth ofmicro-organisms.Recommendations on this aspect areprovided in the text on Methods of preparation of sterile products (5.1.1).Water used in the manufacture of parenteral preparationscomplies with the requirements of water for injections in bulk stated in the monograph on Water for injections (0169).TESTSParticulate contamination:sub-visible particles (2.9.19).For preparations for human use,solutions for infusion orsolutions for injection comply with the test.Inthe case of preparations for subcutaneous or intramuscular injection,higher limits may be appropriate.Radiopharmaceutical preparations are exempt from these requirements.Preparations for which the label states thatthe product is to be used with a final filter are exempt from these requirements,providing it has been demonstrated that the filter delivers a solution that complies with the test.For preparations for veterinary use,whensupplied in containers with a nominal content of more than 100ml and when the content is equivalent to a dose of more than1.4ml per kilogram of body mass,solutions for infusion orsolutions for injection comply with the test for particulate contamination:sub-visible particles.Sterility (2.6.1).Parenteral preparations comply with the test for sterility.STORAGEIn a sterile,airtight,tamper-proof container.LABELLINGThe label states:—the name andconcentration of any added antimicrobial preservative,—where applicable,that the solution is to be used in conjunction with a final filter,—where applicable,that the preparation is free frombacterial endotoxins or that it is apyrogenic.General Notices (1)apply to all monographs and other texts 735Parenteral preparations EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA6.0InjectionsDEFINITIONInjections are sterile solutions,emulsions or suspensions. They are prepared by dissolving,emulsifying or suspending the active substance(s)and any added excipients in water,in a suitable non-aqueous liquid,that may be non-sterile where justified,or in a mixture of these vehicles.Solutions for injection,examined under suitable conditions of visibility,are clear and practically free from particles. Emulsions for injection do not show any evidence of phase separation.Suspensions for injection may show a sediment which is readily dispersed on shaking to give a suspension which remains sufficiently stable to enable the correct dose to be withdrawn.Multidose preparations.Multidose aqueous injections contain a suitable antimicrobial preservative at an appropriate concentration except when the preparation itself has adequate antimicrobial properties.When a preparation for parenteral use is presented in a multidose container, the precautions to be taken for its administration and more particularly for its storage between successive withdrawals are given.Antimicrobial preservatives.Aqueous preparations which are prepared using aseptic precautions and which cannot be terminally sterilised may contain a suitable antimicrobial preservative in an appropriate concentration.No antimicrobial preservative is added when:—the volume to be injected in a single dose exceeds15ml, unless otherwise justified,—the preparation is intended for administration by routes where,for medical reasons,an antimicrobial preservative is not acceptable,such as intracisternally,epidurally,intrathecally or by any route giving access to thecerebrospinal fluid,or intra-or retro-ocularly.Such preparations are presented in single-dose containers.PRODUCTIONIn the manufacture of injections containing dispersed particles,measures are taken to ensure a suitable and controlled particle size with regard to the intended use. Single-dose preparations.The volume of the injection in a single-dose container is sufficient to permit the withdrawal and administration of the nominal dose using a normal technique(2.9.17).TESTSUniformity of dosage units.Single-dose suspensions for injection comply with the test for uniformity of dosage units (2.9.40)or,where justified and authorised,with the test for uniformity of content shown below.Herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations present in the dosage form are not subject to the provisions of this paragraph.Uniformity of content(2.9.6).Unless otherwise prescribed or justified and authorised,single-dose suspensions for injection with a content of active substance less than2mg or less than2per cent of the total mass comply with test A for uniformity of content of single-dose preparations.Ifthe preparation contains more than one active substance, the requirement applies only to those substances that correspond to the above conditions.Bacterial endotoxins-pyrogens.A test for bacterial endotoxins(2.6.14)is carried out or,where justified and authorised,the test for pyrogens(2.6.8).Recommendations on the limits for bacterial endotoxins are given in chapter2.6.14.Preparations for human use.The preparation complies with a test for bacterial endotoxins(2.6.14)or with the test for pyrogens(2.6.8).Preparations for veterinary use.When the volume to be injected in a single dose is15ml or more and is equivalent to a dose of0.2ml or more per kilogram of body mass,the preparation complies with a test for bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14)or with the test for pyrogens(2.6.8).Any preparation.Where the label states that the preparation is free from bacterial endotoxins or apyrogenic,respectively, the preparation complies with a test for bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14)or with the test for pyrogens(2.6.8),respectively.InfusionsDEFINITIONInfusions are sterile,aqueous solutions or emulsions with water as the continuous phase.They are usually made isotonic with respect to blood.They are principally intended for administration in large volume.Infusions do not contain any added antimicrobial preservative.Solutions for infusion,examined under suitable conditions of visibility are clear and practically free from particles. Emulsions for infusion do not show any evidence of phase separation.PRODUCTIONIn the manufacture of infusions containing dispersed particles,measures are taken to ensure a suitable and controlled particle size with regard to the intended use. The volume of the infusion in the container is sufficientto permit the withdrawal and administration of the nominal dose using a normal technique(2.9.17).TESTSBacterial endotoxins-pyrogens.They comply with a test for bacterial endotoxins(2.6.14)or,where justified and authorised,with the test for pyrogens(2.6.8).For the latter test inject10ml per kilogram of body mass into each rabbit, unless otherwise justified and authorised. Concentrates for injections or infusions DEFINITIONConcentrates for injections or infusions are sterile solutions intended for injection or infusion after dilution.They are diluted to a prescribed volume with a prescribed liquid before administration.After dilution,they comply with the requirements for injections or for infusions.TESTSBacterial endotoxins-pyrogens.They comply with the requirements prescribed for injections or for infusions,after dilution to a suitable volume.Powders for injections or infusions DEFINITIONPowders for injections or infusions are solid,sterile substances distributed in their final containers and which,when shaken with the prescribed volume of a prescribed sterile liquid rapidly form either clear and736See the information section on general monographs(cover pages)EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0Patches,transdermal practically particle-free solutions or uniform suspensions.After dissolution or suspension,they comply with therequirements for injections or for infusions.Freeze-dried products for parenteral use are considered aspowders for injections or infusions.PRODUCTION The uniformity of contentand uniformityof mass offreeze-dried products for parenteral use are ensured by the in-process control of the amount of the solution prior to freeze-drying.TESTS Uniformity of dosage units .Powders for injections or infusions comply with the test for uniformity of dosage units (2.9.40)or,where justified and authorised,with the tests for uniformity of content and/or uniformity of mass shown below.Herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations present in the dosage form are not subject to the provisions of this paragraph.Uniformity of content (2.9.6).Unless otherwise prescribed or justifiedand authorised,powders for injections or infusions with a content of active substance less than 2mgor less than 2per cent of the total mass,or with a unit mass equal to or less than 40mg comply with test A for uniformity of content of single-dose preparations.If the preparation contains more than one active substance,the requirement applies only to those substances that correspond to the above conditions.Uniformity of mass (2.9.5).Powders for injections or infusions complywith the test for uniformity of mass ofsingle-dose preparations.If the test for uniformity of content is prescribed for all the active substances,the test for uniformity of mass is not required.Bacterial endotoxins-pyrogens.Theycomplywith the requirements prescribed for injections or for infusions,after dissolution or suspension in a suitable volume of BELLING The label states the instructions for the preparation of injections and infusions.Gels for injections DEFINITION Gels for injections are sterile gels with a viscosity suitable to guarantee a modified release of the active substance(s)at the site of injection.Implants DEFINITION Implants are sterile,solid preparations of a size and shape suitable for parenteral implantation and release of the active substance(s)over an extended period of time.Each dose is provided in a sterile container.01/2008:1011PATCHES,TRANSDERMALEmplastra transcutaneaDEFINITIONTransdermal patches are flexible pharmaceutical preparations of varying sizes,containing one or more activesubstances.Theyare intendedto be applied to the unbrokenskin in order to deliver the active substance(s)to the systemiccirculation after passing through the skin barrier.Transdermalpatches normally consist of an outer covering which supports a preparation which contains the activesubstance(s).The transdermal patches are covered on thesite of the release surface of the preparation by a protective liner,which is removed before applying the patch to the skin.The outer covering is a backing sheet impermeable to the active substance(s)and normally impermeable to water,designed to support and protect the preparation.The outer covering may have the same dimensions as the preparation or it may be larger.In the latter case the overlapping border of the outer covering is covered by pressure-sensitive adhesive substances which assure the adhesion of the patchto the skin.The preparation contains the active substance(s)togetherwith excipients such as stabilisers,solubilisers or substances intended to modify the release rate or to enhance transdermal absorption.It may be a single layer or multi-layer solid orsemi-solid matrix,and in this case it is the compositionand structure of the matrix which determines the diffusion pattern of the active substance(s)to the skin.The matrix may contain pressure-sensitive adhesives which assure theadhesion of the preparation to the skin.The preparation may exist as a semi-solid reservoir one side of which is amembranewhich may control the release and the diffusion of the active substance(s)from the preparation.The pressure-sensitive adhesive substances may,in this case,beapplied to some or all parts of the membrane,or only aroundthe border of the membrane of the outer covering.When applied to the dried,clean and unbrokenskin,thetransdermalpatch adheres firmly to the skin by gentle pressure of the hand or the fingers and can be peeled offwithout causing appreciable injury to the skin or detachment of thepreparation from the outer covering.The patch mustnot be irritant or sensitising to the skin,even after repeated applications.The protective liner generally consists of a sheet of plastic ormetal material.When removed,the protective liner does notdetach the preparation (matrix or reservoir)or the adhesive from the patch.Transdermal patches are normally individually enclosed in sealed sachets.PRODUCTIONInthe manufacture,packaging,storage and distributionof transdermalpatches suitable means are taken to ensuretheir microbial quality;recommendations onthis aspect are provided in the text on Microbiological quality ofpharmaceutical preparations (5.1.4).TESTSUniformity ofdosageunits .Transdermal patchescomplywith the test for uniformity of dosage units (2.9.40)or,where justified and authorised,with the test for uniformity General Notices (1)apply to all monographs and other texts 737。

2015年版《中国药典》凡例和通则学习(1)

2015年版《中国药典》凡例和通则学习(1)

检查方法和限度
采用本版药典规定的方法进行检验时应 对方法的适用性进行确认; 采用其他方法检验时,应与药典方法作 比较试验,在仲裁时,应以药典方法为 准; 限度:标准中规定的各种纯度和限度数 值以及制剂的重(装)量差异,系包括上限 和下限两个数值本身及中间数值。规定 的这些数值不论是百分数还是绝对数字, 其最后一位数字都是有效位,计算时可 多保留一位。
项目与要求
2、鉴别: 【鉴别】项下包括经验鉴别、显微鉴别和理化鉴别。显 微鉴别中的横切面、表面观及粉末鉴别,均指经过一定方法 制备后在显微镜下观察的特征。理化鉴别包括物理、化学、 光谱、色谱等鉴别方法。
项目与要求
3、检查: 包括反映药品的安全性与有效性的试验方法和限度、均 一性与纯度等制备工艺要求等内容;对于规定中的各种杂质 检查项目,系指该药品在按既定工艺进行生产和正常贮藏过 程中可能含有或产生并需要控制的杂质(如残留溶剂、有关 物质等);改变生产工艺时需另考虑增修订有关项目。 对于生产过程中引入的有机溶剂,应在后续的生产环节 予以有效去除。除正文已明确列有“残留溶剂”检查的品种 必须对生产过程中引入的有机溶剂依法进行该项检查外,其 他未在“残留溶剂”项下明确列出的有机溶剂或未在正文中 列有此项检查的各品种,如生产过程中引入或产品中残留有 机溶剂,均应按通则“残留溶剂测定法”检查并应符合相应 溶剂的限度规定。
标准品与对照品
两者皆可用于鉴别、检查、含量测定的标准物质。 区别: 标准品:系指用于生物检定 或效价测定的标准物质,其特性 量一般按效价单位计; 对照品:指采用理化方法进 行鉴别、检 查或含量测定时所用 的标准物质,其特性量 值一般按 纯度(%)计。
标准品与对照品
标准品与对照品的建立或变更批号,应与国际标准品或原批 号标准品或对照品进行对比,并经过协作标定。然后按照国家 药品标准物质相应的工作程序进行技术审定,确认其质量能够

注射剂的基本要求

注射剂的基本要求
• (2)离子交换 • (3)凝胶滤过法:也称分子筛滤过法,当制备的注射剂其分子量明显大于热原
分子时,可用此法除去热原。 • (4)超滤法:3.0~15nm(<50nm)超滤膜,效果较好 • (5)反渗透法
(二)除去容器上热原的方法
(1)高温法:在洗涤干燥后,经180°C 加热2h或250°C,加热30min,可以破坏热原。 (2)酸碱法: 重铬酸钾硫酸清洗液或稀氢氧代钠溶液。
5.产品密闭不合格,在储存中被污染
二、使用过程中的污染
临床使用的器具如输液器、注射针筒针头、配满药器具等的污染会带 入热原,中心配药室或临床科室配药过程,由于环境、操作、用品、 混入的其他药品等因素的污染也可能带入热原。
Байду номын сангаас
(一)除去药液或溶剂中热源的方法
• (1)吸附法: 活性炭是常用的吸附剂,用量一般为溶液体积0.1-0.5%。活性炭 除吸附热原外,还有脱色除臭、助滤作用
3.水溶性 由于磷脂结构上连接有多糖,所以热原能于水,在水或水溶液中呈 分子状态。
4.不挥发性 热原本身不挥发,但必须注意在蒸馏时,防止随水蒸气雾滴带入药液或注射 用水中,因此在配制和蒸馏水室的蒸发器上部设隔沫装置,以分离蒸汽和雾 滴。 5.其他性质 热原能被活性炭吸附,也能被强酸、强碱、强氧化剂破坏,超声波亦能破坏 热原。
污染热源的途径
一、生产过程中的污染 1、从溶剂中带入
是热原污染的主要途径,主要指配制注射液用的注射用水, 尽管水本身并非是微生物良好的培养基,但易被空气或含 尘空气中的微生物污染。虽经蒸馏可将热原除去,但若操 作不当或蒸馏设备结构不合理,水蒸气中带有细小的水滴 则可将热原带入
另外,注射用水储存不当或储存时间过长被微生物污染也 可产生热原。
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附录ⅠB 注射剂
注射剂系指药物与适宜的溶剂或分散介质制成的供注入体内的溶液,乳状液或混悬液及供注入体内的溶液、乳状液或混悬液及供临用前配制或稀释成溶液或混悬液的粉末或浓溶液的无菌制剂。

注射剂可分为注射液、注射用无菌粉末与注射用浓溶液。

注射液包括溶液型、乳状液型或混悬型注射液,可用于肌内注射、静脉注射、静脉滴注等。

其中,供静脉注射用的大体积(除另有规定外,一般不小于100ml)注射液也称静脉输液。

注射用无菌粉末系指药物制成的供临用前用适宜的无菌溶液配制成澄清溶液或均匀混悬液的无菌粉末或无菌块状物。

可用适宜的注射用溶剂配制后注射,也可用静脉输液配制后静脉滴注。

无菌粉末用溶剂结晶法、喷雾干燥法或冷冻干燥法等制得。

注射用浓溶液系指药物制成的供临用前稀释后静脉滴注用的无菌浓溶液。

注射液在生产与贮藏期间应符合下列有关规定。

一、溶液型注射液应澄明;除另有规定外,混悬型注射液中药物粒度应控制在15µm以下,含15~20µm (间有个别20~50µm)者,不得超过10%,若有可见沉淀,振摇时应容易分散均匀,混悬型注射液不得用于静脉注射或椎管注射;乳状液型注射液应稳定,不得有相分离现象,不得用于椎管注射。

静脉用乳状液型注射液中乳滴的粒度90%应在1µm以下,不得有大于5µm的乳滴。

除另有规定外,静脉输液应尽可能与血液等渗。

二、注射剂所用的原辅料应从来源及工艺等生产环节进行严格控制并应符合注射用的质量要求。

注射剂所用溶剂必须安全无害,并不得影响疗效额质量。

一般分为水性溶剂和非水性溶剂。

(1)水性溶剂最常用的为注射用水,也可用0.9%氯化钠溶液或其他适宜的水溶液。

(2)非水性溶剂常用的为植物油,主要为供注射用大豆油,其他还有乙醇、丙二醇和聚乙二醇等溶剂。

供注射用的非水性溶剂,应严格限制其用量,并应在品种项下进行相应的检查。

三、配制注射剂时,可根据药物的性质加入适宜的附加剂。

如渗透压调节剂、pH值调节剂、增溶剂、助溶剂、抗氧剂、抑菌剂、乳化剂、助悬剂等。

所用附加剂应不影响药物疗效,避免对检验产生干扰,使用浓度不得引起毒性或明显的刺激。

常用的抗氧剂有亚硫酸钠、亚硫酸氢钠和焦亚硫酸钠等,一般浓度为01.%~0.2%;常用的抑菌剂为0.5%苯酚、0.3%甲酚和0.5%三氯叔丁醇等。

多剂量包装的注射液可加适宜的抑菌剂,,抑菌剂的用量应能抑制注射液中微生物的生长,加有抑菌剂的注射液,仍应采用适宜的方法灭菌。

静脉输液与脑池内、硬膜外、椎管内用的注射液均不得加抑菌剂。

除另有规定外,一次注射量超过15ml
的注射液,不得加抑菌剂。

四、注射剂常用容器有玻璃安瓿、玻璃瓶、塑料安瓿、塑料瓶(袋)等。

容器的密封性,须用适宜的方法确证。

除另有规定外,容器应符合有关注射用玻璃容器和塑料容器的国家标准规定。

容器用胶塞特别是多剂量包装注射液用的胶塞要有足够的弹性和稳定性,其质量应符合有关国家标准规定。

除另有规定外,容器应足够透明,以便内容物的检视。

五、生产过程中应尽可能缩短注射剂的配制时间,防止微生物与热原的污染及药物变质。

静脉输液的配制过程更应严格控制。

制备混悬型注射液、乳状液型注射液过程中,要采取必要的措施,保证粒子大小符合国家标准的要求。

注射用无菌粉末应按无菌操作制备。

注射剂必要时进行相应的安全性检查,如异常毒性、过敏反应、溶血与凝聚、降压物质、热原或细菌内毒素等,均应符合要求。

六、灌装标示装量为不大于50ml的注射剂,应按下表适当增加装量。

除另有规定外,多剂量包装的注射剂,每一容器的装量不得超过10次注射量,增加装量应能保证每次注射用量。

接触空气易变质的药物,在灌装过程中,应排除容器内空气,可填充二氧化碳或氮等气体,立即熔封或严封。

七、熔封或严封后,一般应根据药物性质选用适宜的方法灭菌,必须保证成品无菌。

注射剂在灭菌时或灭菌后,应采用减压法或其他适宜的方法进行容器检漏。

八、除另有规定外,注射剂应避光保存。

九、注射剂所用辅料,在标签或说明书中应标明其名称,抑菌剂还应标明浓度;注射用无菌粉末,应注明注射用溶剂。

除另有规定外,注射剂还应进行以下相应检查。

【装量】注射剂及注射用浓溶液照下述方法检查,应符合规定。

检查法标示装量为不大于2ml者取供试品5支,2m以上至50ml者取供试品3支;开启时注意避免损失,将内容物分别用相应体积的干燥注射器及注射针头抽尽,然后注入经标化的量入式量筒内(量筒的大小应使待测体积至少占其额定体积的40%),在室温下检视。

测定油溶液或混悬液的装量时,应先加温摇匀,再用干燥注射器及注射针头抽尽后,同前法操作,放冷,检视,每支的装量均不得少于其标示量。

标示装量为50ml以上的注射液及注射用浓溶液照最低装量检查法(附录X F)检查,应符合规定。

【装量差异】除另有规定外,注射用无菌粉末照下述方法检查,应符合规定。

检查法取供试品5瓶(支),除去标签,铝盖,容器外壁用乙醇擦净,干燥,开启时注意避免玻璃屑等异物落入容器中,分别迅速精密称定,倾出内容物,容器用水或乙醇洗净,在适宜条件下干燥后,再分别精密称定每一容器的重量,求出每瓶(支)的装量与平均装量。

每瓶(支)装量与平均装量相比较,应符合下列规定,如有1瓶(支)不符合规定,应另取10瓶(支)复试,应符合规定。

凡规定检查含量均匀度的注射用无菌粉末,一般不再进行装量差异检查。

【渗透压摩尔浓度】除另有规定外,静脉输液及椎管注射用注射液按各品种项下的规定,照渗透压摩尔浓度测定法(附录Ⅸ G)检查,应符合规定。

【可见异物】除另有规定外,照可见异物检查法(附录Ⅸ H)检查,应符合规定。

【不溶性微粒】除另有规定外,溶液型静脉用注射液、注射用无菌粉末及注射用浓溶液照不溶性微粒检查法(附录Ⅸ C)检查,应符合规定。

【无菌】照无菌检查法(附录Ⅺ H)检查,应符合规定。

【细菌内毒素】或【热原】除另有规定外,静脉用注射剂按各品种项下的规定,照细菌内毒素检查法(附录Ⅺ E)或热原检查法(附录Ⅺ D)检查,应符合规定。

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