江苏省江阴市峭岐中学高三英语复习 并列句讲义
江阴市峭岐中学高三英语复习定语从句讲义
定语从句考点清单定语从句的基本用法一．定语从句的基本知识1．定义：定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有：when, where, why等。
2. 定语从句的位置: 定语从句的位置只能放在它所修饰词的后面。
Tom, who is 17, is my classmate.Tom is my classmate, who is 17.3．定语从句的结构:被修饰的名词 / 代词 + 关系代词 + 从句“被修饰的名词/代词”= “先行词”这儿要强调的是先行词只能是名词或代词4．定语从句的分类: 限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句见清单 P89 一二、关系代词的用法1. 关系代词which, that的用法which（指物，作宾语可省略, 如介词提前则不能省略，）, that（指人/物，作宾语可省略）所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语。
例如：A prosperity which / that had never been se en before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。
（which / that在句中作主语）The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。
（which / that在句中作宾语）注意：定语从句中，只能用关系代词that或只能用关系代词which 的情况：见清单P90 二、（二）2.○3当关系代词后面带有插入语时, 只能用whichHere is the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.○4避免重复当先行词为that时或一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个用了that，另一个宜用which That which you borrowed is out of date.I bought some magazines that might help me to kill time and which I could pass on toothers when I finished them.2. 关系代词who, whom, whose的用法见清单 P90 二、（一）1，2指人时，宜用who的情况（4点）①非限定性定语从句中指人的时候，只能用who②避免重复。
江苏省江阴市峭岐中学高三英语复习 名词性从句补充讲义
名词性从句补充整合及补充5+3P93-94的一. 名词性从句的分类和特征；二. 名词性从句的连接词，得如下内容：(一) that:I. 总特征：后跟完整陈述句, that在句中无词义，只起连接作用II. 在各类从句中的运用：1. 在宾语从句中的使用注意点(1) that引导动词后的宾语从句时，一般情况可省She sensed (that) she was being watched by a tall man.(2) 若主句动词后有两个或以上的宾语从句，除第一个that外，其余均不可省。
(3) 若有宾语补足语,可用it作形式宾语,把真正的宾语放在补足语后面，这时that不省We think it highly probable that he is dead.(4)有些表语形容词后可以带宾语从句:（常见的有：afraid, sure, pleased, glad……）I am not sure that he will pass the exam.(5) 不能跟宾语从句的动词后面需要从句时, 必须让it先行,常见的动词有enjoy, like, dislike, resent, hate, take , help, appreciateI take it that you don’t agree with me.I hate it when I have to speak French on the phone.(6)that从句一般不用在介词后面的，能跟that从句的介词只有except, in, but, besides少数几个，其中except，in最常见．这时that一般不省．其他介词后面需要用that从句时, 必须让it 先行He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading.Please see to it that you bring enough money.2. 在主语从句中的使用注意点(1) that从句位于句首时，that一定不省That we are invited to a concert this evening is good news to us.(2) that从句作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而把that从句放后，这时that可省,常见的句型有：① It is + adj + that从句，其中It is + adj. ( strange, necessary, important,vital, essential, desirable, appropriate, natural…)+that从句，主语从句得用虚拟语气(should )+ V 原形It is certain that we wi ll do well in the exam.It is important that we should learn English well.② It is + n. + that从句It is a pity that we can’t go.③ It is +pp + that从句，其中It is suggested（建议）/ recommended/ordered…+ that从句，主语从句得用虚拟语气(should )+ V 原形It’s said that he has gone abroad.It is suggested that he finish it this week.④ It happens that-从句….→ sb/sth+ happen to do….碰巧…..It happened that he was covering the event.= He happened to be covering the event.⑤ It occurs (to sb) that-从句…被想到, 出现在头脑里边It occurred (to him) that his wife was doing something stupid.⑥ It doesn’t m atter (to sb )that-从句It didn’t matter (to me )that the weather was bad.3. 在表语从句中的使用注意点在表语从句中，that一般情况不省①It appeared /seemed/turned out that the meeting was a great success.②The reason why he was late was that he got up late.③My suggestion is that we should carry it out at once. (注意用虚拟语气)4. 在同位语从句中的使用注意点同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容, that一般情况不省①There is no doubt that he will come.②Word came that our team had won.③There is no possibility that he will come.④The suggestion that he should not go there is of great value. (注意用虚拟语气)(二) whether/ifI. 总特征：①有词义：是否②从句都要用陈述句语序, 注意主从句时态搭配要合理谐调II. 在各类从句中的运用：1. 在宾语从句中的使用注意点(1) 作动宾时，用whether和if均可；作介宾时，只能是whether① She asked whether/if he would come this evening.② It depends on whether the weather is fine.(2) discuss后用whether引导宾语从句We need to discuss whether we should go.(3)作动宾时，whether…or not= if…or not; 但whether or not ≠ if or n otI don’t care whether/if he comes or not.= I don’t care whether or not he comes.2. 在主语从句中的使用注意点(1)主语从句位于句首,只能用whether,不能用if引导Whether they can take our advice is a question.(2)如用it作形式主语，那后置的真正的主语从句可用whether/if引导,但还是whether常见It is a question whether/if they can tale our advice.(3) 如用it作形式主语，后置的真正的主语从句中含有表选择意义的or时，必须用whether It remains to be seen whether this idea can be put into practice or not.3. 在表语从句中的使用注意点只能用whether引导，不能用if4. 在同位语从句中的使用注意点只能用whether引导，不能用if(三)as if/as though 见5+3P94-95添加：看情况决定是用陈述还是虚拟语气It looks as if it is going to rain. （陈述）She treated the girl as if she were her own daughter. (虚拟)(四) 连接代词I. 总特征：①连接代词在从句中充当主语，宾语或表语；②连接代词在从句中有词义, 是疑问的词义，根据其词义来选择用哪一个连接代词来引导从句；③从句要用陈述句的语序;II. 在各类从句中的使用：见5+3P95(五) 连接副词I. 总特征：①连接副词在从句中充当状语；②连接副词在从句中有词义, 是疑问的词义，根据其词义来选择用哪一个连副词来引导从句；③从句要用陈述句的语序;II. 在各类从句中的使用：见5+3P95添加：(六) what/wha tever…….引导的名词性关系从句I.总特征：①这类从句的连接词都是陈述的语气，没有疑问的色彩，what相当于the thing(s) which/that, 意思为”所….的东西”，在从句中作主语，宾语或表语；where (…的地方，在从句作状语)；when (…的时候，在从句中作状语) ，why(…的原因,在从句中作状语)② whoever, whatever, whomever, whichever, 等特殊疑问词＋ever的词，意为“ (任何…的人/物…=anyone／anything that…..)”II. 在各类从句中的使用：①I can still remember when this used to be a small village. (宾从)②Whichever book he bought would be paid for. (主从)③ This is wher e our problem lies. (表从)④ I gave the girl a big doll, exactly what she longed to have. (同位语从句)易混易错一. that引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别见5+3P95二.名词性从句的语序见5+3P95三.who/whom与whoever/whomever的区别(1) who, whom 都是“谁”的意思，表示疑问，在引导名词性从句时, 在从句中作主语时用who, 作宾语时用whom/who;Who has taken away my bag is unknown.(2)whoever, whomever是强语势"无论谁",不含有疑问意味，在引导名词性从句时, 在从句中作主语时用whoever, 作宾语是用whomever/whoever.①You can give it to whomever/whoever you like.②Who ever wants to see this film can go with us tonight.四. what/whatever与which/whichever的区别见5+3P95五. because, why引导表语从句见5+3P95添加：Things are not always as they seem to be.（as: 像…一样；此句中的as不是“因为”的意思，当as意为“因为”时，不能引导表语从句）添加：六. think, believe, expect, imagine, suppose 宾语从句① I don’t think he is right.② I don’t think he is right, is he?You don’t think he is right, do you?③ Wh at do you think he is doing?④ Do think he is coming?Yes, I think so.No, I don’t think so. / No I think not.注意：I hope/am afraid/guess so. I hope/am afraid/guess not.七. 比较不同句型①Jerry told us what/all that/ / all /all what he had seen abroad.②It is known to all that China has joine d the WTO.③As is known to all, China has joined the WTO.④What is known to all is that China has joined the WTO.八.. 疑问词-ever , 即whatever, whichever, whomever, whenever….①既可以引导名词性从句≠ no matter+连接词引导的从句I believe whatever he says. (此句不能用no matter what替换)②也可以引导让步状语从句 = no matter+连接引导的从句Whatever he says, I will never believe him.= No matter what he says, I will never believe him.九. whether 与 if 的区别总结相同点:①引导动词的宾语从句时，whether/if都可用②引导动词的宾语从时，whether…or not =if …. or not③如用it作形式主语，那后置的真正的主语从句可用whether/if引导,但还是whether常见不同点：①在表语、同位语从句中只能用whether②主语从句位于句首,只能用whether,③如用it作形式主语，后置的真正的主语从句中含有表选择意义的or时，必须用whether④直接跟动词不定式时,只用whether⑤宾从中，后面紧跟or not 时,只用whether⑥在介词后, 只用whether⑦某些动词后（discuss/decide/depend）只用whether⑧注意区别if引导的宾语从句和条件状语从句。
江苏省江阴市峭岐中学高中英语 Unit3 Science and nature reading导学案(无答案)牛津译林版必修5
Science and nature（ReadingⅠ）Learning aims：To get a general idea about the textTo master reading strategyTo participate in a discussion to find out different attitudes to cloning.Part 1 : Answer the following questions.1. What is cloning?______________________________________________________________________2. What was the name of the first cloned mammal?_______________________________________________________________________3. Is Pauline Carter for or against human cloning?________________________________________________________________________Part 2: Match each paragraph with its correct main idea.Para 1 The first cloned mammal was Dolly.Para 2 Ian Wilmut is shocked that some scientists are considering cloning human beings. Para 3 An announcement about the first cloned human embryo caused much debate.Para 4 Chinese scientists continue to research ways in which cloning can benefit mankind. Para 5 A woman wants to have a cloned baby.Para 6 Cloning human embryos is illegal in many countries, but some scientists still want to clone human beings.Part3 :Complete the table belowesPart 4 :WritingM5Unit3 Science and nature—话题作文：克隆Recently, _________________________________________________(进行了一项调查) about whether we should clone human beings. ___________________________________________.(结果如下)_____________________________________________(一些人赞同) because they think that__________ ________________________________________________________________________.(克隆生产出能拯救人类生命的组织和器官) On the other hand, the new tissues and organs _________________________________________________________________.(治疗癌症等疾病) In addition, human cloning_______________________________________________________________.(对无法生育的人来说是好消息)___________________________________________________________(然而，其他人反对) According to these people , ____________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________.(克隆干涉自然，违背自然) At the same time, ________________________ _______________________________________________.(带来更多的疾病) They also argue that __________________________________________________________________________________________(少生孩子，减少地球上的人口数量)On a personal note, ______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________. (克隆不合理，因为这是在挑战道德问题) _______________ ______________________________________________(此外,对生命也不尊重)M5 U3 Science and nature （Reading 2）Language points【重点突破】1. Scientists have announced that they have cloned the first human embryo.(P42L1)announce vt. 宣布，宣告，名词为announcement【辨析】announce 侧重宣告人们所关心或感兴趣的事，尤指新闻之类的消息。
江苏省江阴市峭岐中学高三英语复习 非谓语动词考点总结归纳讲义
非谓语动词考点总结归纳非谓语动词包括不定式，动名词和分词。
它们是高中所学的基础语法，也是高考必考内容。
既是高考的难点又是高考的热点。
真正领悟非谓语动词的用法要具备以下基础知识：①具有句子结构的知识，会分析句子成分。
②具有简单句最基本的五种句型的知识，要分得清双宾语和复合宾语。
③具有扎实而丰富的动词知识，要分得清及物动词和不及物动词。
④具备各种复合句的知识，能够拆析复合句和长难句。
1．三种非谓语动词的构成及变化形式。
不定式主动被动To do To be done一般形式（本身包含将去做的含义）进行形式To be doing --------------完成形式To have done To have been done动词的ING 形式主动被动一般形式（本身包含正在进Ving Being Ved行的含义）完成形式Having Ved Having been Ved●过去分词 done （无变化）●所有非谓语动词的否定形式都是把否定副词not,never放在非谓语动词的前面。
2. 三种非谓语动词形式句法功能比较主宾表定状补功能种类不定式√√√√√√动名词√√√√分词√√√ √考点一：非谓语作主语。
1. 在很多情况下没有明显的不同. Seeing is believing.=To see is to believe.2. 不定式做主语表示某一次具体的,特定的或有待实现的动作, 而动名词则表示通常的情况.eg:To tell him the truth would be the best. / Painting is an art.动词不定式（短语）作主语时，另一种形式是在句首用先行代词it作形式主语，而将动词不定式（短语）移到谓语之后作真正主语。
用于这种形式是一些特定形容词，动词和名词1)形容词作表语It is adj/n.(for sb.) to do sth. （常见的形容词是：necessary,important,possible等）It is adj./n.(of sb.) to do sth. (常见的形容词是clever,stupid,foolish,wise,cruel等)2)常见的动词有：require, cost, amuse, delight, annoy等eg: It takes much time to do sth./ It didn’t occur to me to ask him to help me.3)一些名词作表语eg: It seems a pity to waste them./It is a great pleasure to do this./It is a good idea to think this way动名词做主语时常用的句型有：It is nice doing sth./It’s foolish doing sth./It is useless doing that/It’s a waste of time doing this./It’s worth one’s while doing sth./ It’s no good (use) doing that.It’s an awful job doing this. /It’s fun doing this.There is/ was no sense in doing/no point in doing考点二：非谓语动词作宾语详细见5+3 P70-72页补充:1.begin和start在下列三种情况下, 通常跟不定式, 不跟动名词1) 当begin和start的主语是无生命之物时. eg: Snow began to melt.2) 当begin和start用于进行时时. eg: He is beginning to study English.3) 当begin和start后面跟着一些表示心理状态的词时. eg: I began to believe his story.2. be afraid to do 不敢去做…… be afraid of doing 害怕发生某事3. be sure to do 一定会…… be sure of doing 确信会……eg: Tom is sure to pass the exam.(说话人的看法, 认为Tom 一定会考试通过.)Tom is sure of passing the exam. ( Tom 对自己通过考试很有把握.)考点三：非谓语动词作表语不定式、动名词、分词做表语：1.不定式做表语常表示谓语动词所表示动作之后发生的动作。
江苏省江阴市峭岐中学2020届高三英语复习 定语从句专项复习讲义
定语从句专项复习一. 定语从句的相关概念:1. 定语从句，在句子中起定语作用，修饰___________或____________，有时可修饰_________。
被定语从句修饰的词叫_____________。
核心要素: 先行词, 关系词⒉ 定语从句可分为_____________定语从句和_____________定语从句两种。
⒊ 引导定语从句的关系词有两种：关系代词：________________________________ 等关系副词：___________________________ 等区分如下句子中，哪些是定语从句，若为定语从句，则用横线划出先行词，并圈出相应的连接词：1. If a book is in English, that means slow progress for you.2. She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students which allows them to communicatefreely with each other.3. We will never forget the days that we spent together last year.4. The prize will go to the writer whose story shows the most imagination.5. She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction of which hastaken more than three years.6. The days are gone when physical strength was all you neede d to make a living.7. I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend where we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.8. As is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior school is increasing.二．定语从句的难点：定语从句/名词性从句定语从句/状语从句定语从句/强调句1．The fact ______ the earth moves around the sun was once questioned by people.The fact_______ he mentioned in the meeting was indeed ignored by people.A thatB whichC whenD where定语从句的引导词在从句中是否充当成分？ __________ 名词性从句中呢？__________2．You should make it a rule to leave things _______ you can find them again.You should make it a rule to leave things in the place _________ you can findthem again.A \B whichC in whichD where定语从句前面_______先行词，此时where=___________，地点状语从句则反之。
(江苏专用)2020版高考英语语法专题全辑专题六并列句和状语从句讲义牛津译林版
专题六并列句和状语从句并列句的核心考点1.并列句的基本概念并列句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成的。
在并列句中，这些简单句常由并列连词连在一起。
并列连词所连接的简单句被称为分句。
2. 常见的并列连词(1) 表示递进或顺承关系：常用的并列连词有and，not only...but (also)... 等。
He had plenty of money and he spent it freely.Not only did he speak more correctly ， but also he spoke more easily.(2) 表示选择关系：常用的并列连词有or ， either...or... 等。
Either you are right ，or I am.(3) 表示转折关系：常用的并列连词有but ， yet ， whereas 等。
Jane said she was ill，yet I saw her in the street just now.Some of the studies show positive results ， whereas others do not.(4) 表示因果关系：常用的并列连词有so， for 等。
It must have rained last night ， for it is wet all over.The shops were closed ，so I didn ’t get any milk.(5)when 还可用作并列连词，意为“那时，这时”，相当于and at this/that time 。
常用于下列句式：① sb. was doing sth. when... ；② sb. was about to do/going to do/onthe point of doing sth. when... ；③ sb. had just done sth. when... 。
江苏省江阴市峭岐中学高三英语复习名词性从句讲义
名词性从句(None Clauses)Task I: 名词性从句的概念和种类引导词引导的从句在复合句子中起_____________ 作用的句子叫_____________________ 名词从句分为 ________ 从句、___________ 从句、 _____________ 从句和___________ 从句。
划出下列句中的从句，指出哪种从句，并圈出相应的连接词：1）That they are good at English is known to us all. （2）The problem is that we don' t have eno ugh mon ey. （3）She expressed the hope that they would come to China one day. （4）It happened that I went out last night. （5）Everyone knew what happe ned and that she was worried. （6）What impressed memost was that all of them studied very hard. （Task II:名词性从句的难点：定语从句/名词性从句1.We all know the fact _______________ the first country to make paper was China.The facts ____________ he collected were eno ugh to prove he ”r guilt.2.He gave us a suggestio n _______________ w e should improve our liste ning ability.The suggestio n _____________ he put forward at the meet ing was very good.3. A new factory will be built i n the place _____________ was a wastela nd before.A new factory will be built in _______________ w as a wastela nd before.4.__________ is kn -own to all, Australia ns are fond of sports.__________ is known to all that Australia ns are fond of sports.__________ is known to all is that Australia ns are fond of sports.定语从句是对先行词或对句子的___________________ ;而名词性从句则是对名词的____________Task III: 名词性从句的主要考点：1）名词性从句的语序: 名词性从句和其它的从句一样要用________________ 语序。
江苏省江阴市峭岐中学高中英语 Unit1 Getting along w
U1 project (I)I. Write down your interesting things between you and you r friends._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________II. Careful readingAr ticle1 Teenagers’ friendshipMain ideaPart 1 Para____ _______________________________________________Part 2 Para____ _____________________________________________________Part 3 Para____ _____________________________________________________Character s AttitudesSimilarities DifferencesGirls1.2.3. 1 2 3 4Boys 1 2 3 4Article 2 What friendship mean s to meMain ideaPart 1 Para____ _____________________________________________________Part 2 Para____ _______________________________________________Part 3 Para____ _________________________________________Writer’s attitudetowardsfriendshipdetailsIII. S ummarize the first article according to the following questions1. What makes Robert puzzled?2. What conclusion can you dra w from the passage?3. What’re the differences in friendship between boys and girls?4. What’re the similarities in friendship between boys and girls?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________IV. English sayingsThe friend is like wine, the old, the better.A friend is a second self.A life without a friend is a life without a sun.Friendship is a love without wings.A friend in need is a friend indeed.V. Enjoy an English song.Shining frienda little (1) _________ brightens a rainy day 小小的信念照亮那下雨天life is difficult you can't go away 生活是困难的你总不能逃避don't (2) _________ yourselves in the corner 不要躲于角落you have my place to stay 我的胸怀可让你倚靠(3) _________ is gonna say goodbye 忧伤终会跟你说再见opens up you'll see the happy (4) _________张开眼睛你会看见快乐的阳光keep going on with your dream 继续追寻梦想chasing tomorrow's (5) _________向着明天的太阳追赶the (6) _________ can never die 不会逝去的是信念与理想sun will shine, my friend 好朋友太阳会闪耀won't let you cry, my dear 谁都不会令你流泪我亲爱的seeing you shed a tear make my world (7) _________你的一滴眼泪都会让我的世界灰暗you'll never be (8) _________ in darkness 在黑暗中你永不会孤独see my smile, my friend 好朋友看我的笑颜we are with you, holding hands 手牵手我们和你一起走you have got to (9) _________, you are my destiny 在我宁静的心灵你是我的信念与目标we're (10) _________ to be your friends 我们永远都会在一起that's what a friend should be 因为我们是朋友。
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并列句连词分为并列连词（连接并列句）和从属连词（连接复合句）。
参考《5+3》 P100 考点一1. He didn’t atten d the party because he was ill.（复合句）=He was ill, so he didn’t attend the party. (并列句)2. Although it rained heavily, they went on walking.(复合句)=It rained heavily, but they went on walking.(并列句)3. They entered the room and (they) laughed and talked. (并列句)= They entered the room, laughing and talking.句子的分类补充：有时并列句中的分句通过一定的标点符号如逗号、分号等来表现这种并列关系。
例如：Stand up; it is your turn to speak now.站起来；现在轮到你发言了。
because, as, since 不与so 连用;(al)though 不与but 连用“；”相当于并列连词and, but, so等常见的并列句补充：并列连词and，or 1）并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。
2）但有时and 也可用于否定句。
请注意其不同特点：There is no air or water in the moon.There is no air and no water on the moon.（在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。
）判断改错：（错）We will die without air and water.（错）We can't live with out air or water.（对）We will die without air or water.（对）We can't live without air and water.and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。
（or也有此用法）例如：Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance. = If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.One more effort, and you'll succeed. = If you make one more effort, you'll succeed.Give him an inch and he will take a yard. 得寸进尺。
Get out of the house or I will beat you.并列连词not only（merely）...but also/but…as well可连接两个并列成分，其中包括并列的句子，但侧重点在后一个并列句上，not only 放句首时它引导的句子要部分倒装。
Not only is he himself interested in computer but also his son is beginning to show an interest in it.= He himself is not only interested in computer but his son is beginning to show an interest in it as well/ too.并列连词neithe…nor "既不……也不……"连接主语时，谓语动词采用就近原则; 放句首要部分倒装。
Neither you nor he is to blame. 你和他都不该受指责。
Neither was John clever, nor Mary pretty.并列连词not…nor/neither…可连接两个并列的句子，后一个句子要倒装。
Mr. Black doesn’t smoke, nor does his son.Jane won’t join us for dinner tonight, neither will Tom (=Tom won’t either).并列连词not…but…意思为"不是…而是…" 连接主语时，谓语动词就近一致原则。
They were not the bones of an animal, but（the bones）of a human being.Not that I care what they think, but(that) it’s you I’m worrying about.他们怎么想我可不管，我担心的是你。
边际并列连词as well as, rather than, more than：介乎并列连词与从属连词或介词之间的结构，有时象并列连词，有时意义未变却又象从属连词或介词。
We have an army for fighting as well as an army for labor./ As well as printing the books, he publishes them.Joe prefers to skate rather than ski.表示转折的并列连词：Jack is clever, while/whereas his brother is stupid.It is very good, but(still/yet) it can be better./ =and yet it can be better.表示选择的并列连词：either…or"或者……或者……"。
连接主语时，谓语动词采用就近原则。
Either you or I am right. =Either you are right, or I am.(对比：whether…or… “不管……还是……”从属连词)I don’t mind whether you or he attends the meeting.or, otherwiseHurry up, or you’ll be late for class./ =or else you’ll be late for class./ =otherwise you’ll be late for class.表示因果关系的并列连词for, so (for是并列连词，表示附加或推断的理由、原因。
不位于句首。
) 判断改错：（错） For he is ill, he is absent today.（对） He is absent today, for he is ill.状语从句(Adverbial Clauses)一. 状语从句的语法意义和分类1. 意义: 在句中起状语作用,修饰主句的谓语动词,形容词,副词或整个句子. 状语从句通常由从属连词引导,与主句相连. 放在句首时,常在后面加上逗号; 若放在后面,其前一般不加逗号.2. 九种状从: 时间，地点和原因；目的，结果加条件；方式，让步与比较。
二. 状语从句的用法:1.时间状语从句一．when/while/as参照《5+3》P100-104 考点二1）while引导的从句谓语是延续性动词，侧重对比。
2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。
When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.3）从句表示"随着……"连词只能用as，不用when 或while。
As the day went on, the weather got worse.4) when=since, considering that 既然,考虑到,引导原因状语从句。
*It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could easily walk there in five minutes.二．关于”一…就…”的连词整理参照《5+3》 P101 考点二(二)*Hardly/Scarcely/Barely had they seen the movie star when/before the fans cried.*I had hardly / scarcely/barely got home when/before it began to rain. 刚回家，就下起雨来了。
* I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，主句必须用部分倒装，并注意主从句时态。
三. till, until和not… until 参照P101 （三）1）until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。
例如：Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.2）until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。
例如：---Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么时候？--- Until next Monday. 呆到下周一。
3）注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。
a) Not until…在句首，主句用部分倒装。
Not until the ea rly years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.b) It is not until… that…It was not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had wasted.四. before和since 参照P101(四)It is/was … that…（强调句）It is/was +时间＋when从句当…的时候It is/has been +时间＋since从句自从…有多久It will be long before… 要过很久才…It will not be long before… 不久就…五. 关于“每当…; 每次…; 下次…” 参照清单二 P102 (五)补：He sat there quietly all the time she sang.区别the first time 和for the first timethe first time是名词短语，用来引导时间状语从句*The first time I climbed onto the wall, I felt nervous.for the first time是介词短语，在句中做状语*When I climbed onto the wall for the first time, I felt nervous.2.地点状语从句参照P102 （一）注意区分where引导的定语从句与状语从句：Where引导的定从前面有地点的先行词。