语用学指示词研究Deixis
语用学之指示语
(16)“The capture of this man was crucial to the rise of a free Iraq,”said Mr. Bush.” It marks the end of the road for him and for all who bullied and killed in his name.” “You will not have to fear the rule of Saddam Hussein ever again, ” he said. “All Iraqis who take the side of freedom have taken the winning side.” (“‘Dark and Painful Era’Over for Iraq , says Bush ”,VOA, 15 Dec.2003)
“我们”、“咱们”与“we”表示第 一人称复指关系，交际中存在三种用法： A.包括交际的双方或多方，对方可以 在场，也可以不在场或根本不存在 B.不包括交际的对方 C.仅指交际的对方或听话人一方，不 包括说话人一方
（22）主持人：你管片的居民都怕不怕你？ 观众二：我没把自己当成一个警察就老去管 人家，愿意跟老百姓处在一块儿。 主持人：（对观众三）民警的工作很辛苦， 咱们实话实说，你有没有怕他们的时候？
指示词语用例
（1）我一个小时后回来。 假设你在某教室看到这样一张没有落 款和时间的纸条，你会选择等待还是离开？ 我们不能确定那个“我”究竟是谁，不知 道“一个小时后”是什么时候，因为“我” 和“一个小时后”都是指示语，要确定其 具体意义必须参照具体的语境 ——究竟是谁在什么时候留下了这张纸 条。当这些基本的语境信息缺失时，我们 无法断定这句话中指示语的意义。
第三章 指示语
指示语就是指需借助以讲话人为中心的语境因 素及话语上下文为参照而确定所指的词语。
——郭靖楷
二、指示词语的不同用法
1.指示词语的两种指示用法 菲尔默（Fillmore，1971）：身势用法（gestural usage） 和象征用法（symbolic usage）。 身势用法的指示词语只有借助对言语事件的实在的听觉、 视觉、触觉才能理解。 This one is genuine,but this one is fake. （这是真货，这是假货） 象征用法的指示词语只需要知道言语事件的基本时间空间 参数就可以理解。例如： This city is really beautiful.（这座城市真美呀！） You can all come with me if you like. （如果愿意，你们都可以跟我来）
（我出生在伦敦，自出生后一直住在那儿） 非照应用法，例如： I met this weird guy the other day. (我那天遇到这么个古怪的家伙)
当指示语的所指实体及其意义通过语境确定时, 指 示语及其所指构成文外照应关系, 属指示用法; 当所指存 在于语篇中时, 构成文内照应, 即指示语把篇章的各个部 分连接起来, 属非指示用法。语用学关注语言和语境的关 系, 因此, 主要研究指示语的指示用法。
根据菲尔莫尔（Fillmore,1971）的《指示语 讲座》和列文森（1983）的归纳，指示语分为以 下五类： 人称指示（person deixis） 地点指示（place deixis） 时间指示（time deixis） 话语指示（discourse deixis） 社交指示（social deixis）
指示语deixis
指示语deixis话语中跟语境相联系的表示指示信息的词语，就叫做指示语。
指示是语用研究中一个重要概念，涉及到一些词语，如代词、称谓、时间处所词语等。
这些词语的具体或确切的指称意义，必须结合具体的语境，才能准确理解。
指示语主要有：1、人称指示。
称指示是话语中关于人物人称的指示。
最典型的是人称代词，又分第一人称指示、第二人称指示、第三人称指示。
2、时间指示。
时间指示是话语中关于时间的指示。
时间是一个抽象的概念，人们只能人为地选定一些参照点。
在言语交际中，时间指示是以说话时刻作为参照点来计算和理解的。
3、空间指示。
空间指示是话语中关于处所、方位的指示。
空间指示主要有：表示方位和处所的名词、副词、指示代词，具有位移意义的动词如“来”“去”“走”“离开”“到达”等。
4、话语指示。
话语指示又称语段指示、上下文指示，是用来指明话语中部分与部分之间关系的。
由于言语交际是在一定的时间、空间中展开的，所以话语指示与时间指示、空间指示有密切关系，有些时间指示、空间指示同时也是话语指示。
5、社交指示。
社交指示是用来指明发话人和受话人之间，或发话人跟所谈及的人（第三方、之间的社会关系的词语。
DeixisFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaIn linguistics, deixis refers to the phenomenon wherein understanding the meaning of certain words and phrases in an utterance requires contextual information. Words are deictic if their semantic meaning is fixed but their denotational meaning varies depending on time and/or place. Words or phrases that require contextual information to convey any meaning - for example, English pronouns - are deictic. Deixis is closely related to both indexicality and anaphora, as will be further explained below. Although this article deals primarily with deixis in spoken language, the concepts can apply to written language, gestures, and communication media as well. And even though this article is primarily concerned with English, deixis is believed to be a feature (to some degree) of all natural languages.[1]The term’s origin is Ancient Greek: δεῖξις ""display, demonstration, or reference"", the meaning "point of reference" in contemporary linguistics having been taken over from Chrysippus.[2Types of deixis[edit]Traditional categoriesPossibly the most common categories of contextual information referred to by deixis are those of person, place, and time - what Fillmore calls the “major grammaticalized types” of deixis.[3] [edit]PersonPerson deixis concerns itself with the grammatical persons involved in an utterance, (1) those directly involved (e.g. the speaker, the addressee), (2) those not directly involved (e.g. overhearers—those who hear the utterance but who are not being directly addressed), and (3) those mentioned in the utterance.[4] In English, the distinctions are generally indicated by pronouns. The following examples show how. (The person deictic terms are in italics [a signaling notation that will continue through this article].)I am going to the movies.Would you like to have dinner?They tried to hurt me, but he came to the rescue.GenderIn many languages, that only have male and female, referring to gender neutral subjects has different aspects. Objects , or things have their own gender too between male or female. When referring to a genderless object, it is often referred to as a male, though the object is genderless. In the English language, when referring to any character that has no gender, a self-aware entity, it is referred to a male, or as a "He", such as an "it" is inappropriate when calling the sentient object a thing. In many languages, they would address to people as in male, such as a group mixed with men and women is referred to as a male, such as Ils in French. An example would be :A man is responsible for his own soulas opposed toEach person is responsible for his or her own soulcommon in many religious text referring to people of all genders using only the male gender. This can be understood in context, the male gender being used to signify male or female persons.PlacePlace deixis, also known as space deixis, concerns itself with the spatial locations relevant to an utterance. Similarly to person deixis, the locations may be either those of the speaker and addressee or those of persons or objects being referred to. The most salient English examples are the adverbs“here” and “there”and the demonstratives“this” and “that” - although those are far from being the only deictic words.[3]Some examples:I enjoy living in this city.Here is where we will place the statue.She was sitting over there.Unless otherwise specified, place deictic terms are generally understood to be relative to the location of the speaker, as inThe shop is across the street.where “across the street” is understood to mean “across the street from where I am right now.”[3] It is interesting to note that while “here” and “there” are often used to refer to locations near to and far from the speaker, respectively, “there” can also refer to the location of the addressee, if they are not in the same location as the speaker. So, whileHere is a good spot; it is too sunny over there.exemplifies the former usage,How is the weather there?is an example of the latter.[4]Languages usually show at least a two-way referential distinction in their deictic system: proximal, i.e. near or closer to the speaker, and distal, i.e. far from the speaker and/or closerto the addressee. English exemplifies this with such pairs as this and that, here and there, etc. In other languages, the distinction is three-way: proximal, i.e. near the speaker, medial, i.e. near the addressee, and distal, i.e. far from both. This is the case in a few Romance languages and in Korean, Japanese, Thai, Filipino and Turkish The archaic Englishforms yon and yonder (still preserved in some regional dialects) once represented a distal category which has now been subsumed by the formerly medial "there".[5]TimeTime, or temporal, deixis concerns itself with the various times involved in and referred to inan utterance. This includes time adverbs like "now", "then", "soon", and so forth, and also different tenses. A good example is the word tomorrow, which denotes the consecutive next day after every day. The "tomorrow" of a day last year was a different day than the "tomorrow" of a day next week. Time adverbs can be relative to the time when an utterance is made (what Fillmore calls the "encoding time", or ET) or when the utterance is heard (Fillmore’s "decoding time", or DT).[3] While these are frequently the same time, they can differ, as in the case of prerecorded broadcasts or correspondence. For example, if one were to writeIt is raining out now, but I hope when you read this it will be sunny.the ET and DT would be different, with the former deictic term concerning ET and the latterthe DT.Tenses are generally separated into absolute (deictic) and relative tenses. So, forexample, simple English past tense is absolute, such as inHe went.while the pluperfect is relative to some other deictically specified time, as inHe had gone.Other categoriesThough the traditional categories of deixis are perhaps the most obvious, there are other types of deixis that are similarly pervasive in language use. These categories of deixis were first discussed by Fillmore and Lyons.[4][edit]DiscourseDiscourse deixis, also referred to as text deixis, refers to the use of expressions within an utterance to refer to parts of the discourse that contains the utterance — including the utterance itself. For example, inThis is a great story.“this” refers to an upcoming portion of the discourse, and inThat was an amazing day.that” refers to a prior portion of the discourse.Distinction must be made between discourse deixis and anaphora, which is when an expression makes reference to the same referent as a prior term, as inMatthew is an incredible athlete; he came in first in the race.Lyons points out that it is possible for an expression to be both deictic and anaphoric at the same time. In his exampleI was born in London and I have lived here/there all my life.“here” or “there” function anaphorically in their refe rence to London, and deictically in that the choice between “here” or “there” indicates whether the speaker is or is not currently in London.[1]The rule of thumb to distinguish the two phenomenon is as follows: when an expression refers to another linguistic expression or a piece of discourse, it is discourse deictic. When that expression refers to the same item as a prior linguistic expression, it is anaphoric.[4]Switch reference is a type of discourse deixis, and a grammatical feature found in some languages, which indicates whether the argument of one clause is the same as the argument of the previous clause. In some languages, this is done through same subject markers and different subject markers. In the translated example "John punched Tom, and left-[samesubject marker]," it is John who left, and in "John punched Tom, and left-[different subject marker]," it is Tom who left.[citation needed][edit]SocialSocial deixis concerns the social information that is encoded within various expressions, such as relative social status and familiarity. Two major forms of it are the so-called T-V distinctions and honorifics.Usages of deixisIt is helpful to distinguish between two usages of deixis, gestural and symbolic, as well asnon-deictic usages of frequently deictic words. Gestural deixis refers, broadly, to deictic expressions whose understanding requires some sort of audio-visual information. A simple example is when an object is pointed at and referred to as “this” or “that”. However, the category can include other types of information than pointing, such as direction of gaze, tone of voice, and so on. Symbolic usage, by contrast, requires generally only basic spatio-temporal knowledge of the utterance.[4] So, for exampleI broke this finger.requires being able to see which finger is being held up, whereasI love this city.requires only knowledge of the current location. In a similar vein,I went to this city one time . . .is a non-deictic usage of "this", which does not reference anything specific.Rather, it is used as an indefinite article, much the way "a" could be used inits place.。
指示词语的翻译与语用学
son,1983:21)指示词语是语用学中的重要课题之一。 翻译是跨 文化交流的一种形式， 它探讨如何实现两种语言之间的转换，
和语用学有着密不可分的关系。本文介绍语用学中的指示词 语理论并探讨指示语的翻译策略。 2.指示词语的语用含义
指示词语(deixis) 这个术语来源于希腊语， 原意为“ 指点
或指明” 。指示词语就是表示指示信息的词语。语言学家巴 尔一系勒尔(Bar- Hil el ) 于1954年发表《 l 指示词语》 (Indexical
语用学是语言学的一门生气勃勃的独立的新科学，它为 语言研究开辟出一片广阔的新天地 ，为言语交际中话语意义
的恰当的表达和准确的理解提出了理论 、方法和一套应该遵 从的原则。列文森(Levinson )认为“ 语用学是对语言和语境之 间对说明语言理解具有重要性的那些关系的研究” 。(Levin-
这一现象本身的复杂性， 因此很难形成一个统一的理论， 而语 用学正是推断语言在语境中意义的学问， 它可以从语用语言
它 意 就 法 定 例 I'll b- 'iet, againinanhour 这 们的 义 无 确 。 如，
句话， 离开了产生它的语境， 听话人就无法知道是谁在什么时 间再次到什么地方来。 这句话里的I是人称指示词， here是地点 指示词， an hour这个短语虽然不是一个指示词语， in 但对它的 理解是要以说话的时间( 即指示词now)所表示的时间为基点 去推算的， 因此， 离开了语境也就无法确定这个词的意义。语
在不同语境 中的含义。
译文:这里野生的许多种类我们很熟悉， 是欧洲园林内种 植的种类一一像这一奇异的百合花等种类。 中国读者会对“ 我们” 感到很困惑， 因为“ 我们” 欧洲园 对“ 林内的植物” 并不熟悉 ， 因此 ， 这句话当中的“ 最好翻译成 us” “ 西方游客” 。 从该例句中， 不难发现， 相对于中文， 英语常使用人称指 示词语。因此， 在翻译过程中， 我们通常将英语的人称指示词 语译成汉语的名词， 甚至在一些广告的翻译中可以将其省略。 下面是一则减肥产品的广告。 例2 :世界首例， 中国一绝， 天然椰子汁。 译文:Natural Coco Juice,a world special.You enjoy beyond
语言学知识_语用学
语用学一．语用学（Pragmatics）的定义：语用学是用以研究语言使用者如何使用句子成功进行交际的学问。
语用学（Pragmatics）与语义学（Semantics）虽然都涉及对语言意义的研究，但是语义学（Semantics）只是将语言视作一个独立的系统来研究，而语用学（Pragmatics）则是将语言置于语境（context）之中。
所以，语用学（Pragmatics）与语义学（Semantics）本质区别在于是否将语境（context）因素纳入考量范围之内。
二．句子意义与话语意义（Sentence Meaning Vs. Utterance Meaning）：1) 句子意义（Sentence Meaning）：句子意义指的是独立于语境的句子本身所传达的字面意义。
2）话语意义（Utterance Meaning）：话语意义指的是将句子的意义置于特定语境中以表达言者某种意图的意义。
三．指示现象（Deixis）：指示现象指的是说话人利用语言形式表达说话内容所涉及的人员、事物、时间、地点等方面。
指示现象是连接语言形式及其发生语境的桥梁。
指示语主要分为以下三类：1）人称指示语（person deixis）：用于表达言语交际的参与者。
2）空间指示语（spatial deixis）：用于指代言语活动中所涉及的人、物或事的相对位置。
3）时间指示语（temporal deixis）：用于表达言语交际活动中的时间点和时间段。
四．言语行为理论（Speech Act Theory）：1) 约翰·奥斯汀（John Austin）的言语行为模式：英国哲学家约翰·奥斯汀（John Austin）于20世纪50年代提出的言语行为模式区分了言有所述（constative）和言有所为（performative）。
随后，他又对原先的理论进行了发展，放弃了言有所述（constative）和言有所为（performative）的区分，发展出了新的言语行为模式。
Deixis
Eg. We can illustrate the distinction by taking the word “there”. It has all three uses. Its gestural use can be seen in a sentence like,’ I want you to put it there’. You have to know where the speaker is pointing in order to know what place he is indicating. The symbolic use is exemplified in the telephoner’s utterance, “ Is Johny there?” This time we understand the word “there” as meaning “ in the place where you are.” An example of the anaphoric use of “ there” is a sentence like “ I drove the car to the parking lot and left it there.” In that case the word refers to a place which had been identified earlier in the discourse, namely the parking plot(C.Fillmore,1997).
There is the speaker of the utterance, the sender of the message,what grammarians call the “first person”; there is, secondly, the addressee of the message or utterance, the message’s intended recipient, what we usually refer to as the “second person”; there is a third category of person deixis which plays a role of the intended audience. Other individuals referred to in sentences can be identified negatively with respect to these categories as being, for example, somebody who is neither speaker nor addressee, or somebody who is neither speaker nor addressee nor audience(C.Fillmore,1997).
语用学2 deictic words
2.2.4 discourse or textual deixis(篇章指示) Discourse deixis has to do with the use of expressions in some utterances in reference to a certain portion of the on-going discourse. Some expressions of discourse deixis are taken directly from time and place deictic.
The word deixis is from a Greek word meaning indicating or pointing. It has been taken over as a technical term in linguistics to refer to certain aspects of their contexts of utterance, including the role of participants in the speech event and their spatio-temporal and social location.
在有一名说话人和至少一名听话人参与的语言交际活动中，对参与者所 谈及的人物、事物、事件、过程和活动等做出确切的理解都必须把它们 和某些语境构成要素联系起来。使用和理解指示词语必须有一个明确的 参照点（point of reference）。在语言交际活动中，这个参照点都集中 在说话人身上，处于交际活动中心的人是正在说话的那个人。
Person deictic information is mainly provided by the system of the first, second and third person pronouns. It also includes possessive(所有格) and vocative(呼格) forms.
Deixis指示语 课件
? There we go. (idiomatic expression) ? I did this and that. (idiomatic expression)
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modest.
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‘We' means ‘you'
How are we feeling today?
When the speaker wants to show his concern and to share the problem with the addressee
咱爸咱妈 咱老爷子身体(shēntǐ)怎么样？
1.4 Different uses of deictic expressions
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1.1 Deixis
Deixis – indicating, pointing
Deictics Deictic words
Deictic expressions Yehoshua Bar- Hillel 1954
第二十页，共73页。
‘You':
indefinite pronoun in informal situations
My son is very naughty. Once you buy him
any toy, he will always break it into little
pieces before you know it.
(deictics, indexicals, indexical expressions)