论西部大开发中的人力资本战略

保密级别内部学位级别硕士论文提交日期 2002年5月论文答辩日期 2002年6月论文题目论西部大开发中的人力资本战略Expounding the Strategy of Human Capitalin the Western Region Exploitation作者及所在单位李纲吉林大学马列教研中心指导教师及所在单位徐翔副教授吉林大学马列教研中心分类标识 F127主题标识开发人力资本匮乏Exploitation Human Capital Scarcity总页数：46页是否有无图表：无中文摘要论文摘要西部大开发战略是一个巨大的系统工程，它需要全方位地从基础设施建设、生态环境保护、科技教育发展和对外开放扩大等方面启动，而其中人力资本的开发与合理配置起着基础性、战略性、决定性的作用，必须给予高度重视。

本文围绕着在西部大开发战略中如何进行人力资本开发提出一点建议，但愿这篇拙作能对政策的制定与运作有些微启发。

内容如下：一、当代经济学中人力资本理论与实践（一）人力资本理论的产生与发展人力资本的概念和理论直接来自于“新古典学派”，后经过经济学家李斯特、斯特鲁米林和沃尔什逐步发展完善，美国芝加哥大学教授西奥多・Ｗ・舒尔茨集其大成。

舒尔茨首次提出“人力资本投资”的概念，并阐述了人力投资的成本及教育经济效益的核算，从而完整地创立了人力资本理论。

（二）人力资本的投入与产出研究表明，人力资本投资有巨大的经济价值，能增加国民收入，但决定人们进行人力资本投资的重要因素却是个人的收益多少。

无论是正规教育、在职培训，还是其它的人力资本投资，人们都要进行核算比较，只有预期收益的现值至少等于支出的现值时，人们才有可能决定进行这项投入。

（三）人力资本理论在发展中国家的实践发展中国家形成了两种不同的资本投资战略：物质资本密集战略和人力资本密集战略，实践证明，后一种战略有利于国家的经济增长。

历史经验表明，由健康投资和智力投资构成的人力资本投资，是发展中国家改造传统经济，加强现代化进程的关键措施。

二、西部大开发与西部地区人力资本状况（一）社会经济发展与人力开发东西方经济的差距和西部大开发战略的提出，要求我们加快社会经济发展，而人力开发和经济发展有密切关系。

文章通过引用马克思、邓小平和江泽民的讲话，及人力开发对经济发展推动作用的具体论述，指出人力资本开发在西部大开发中的基础性、战略性作用。

（二）西部地区人力资本的现状资料显示，西部地区人力资本现状堪忧。

表现在：第一，人口多、增长快，给人力资源开发带来困难；第二，学校机构设施少；第三，文盲、半文盲等低素质人口较多；第四，人口平均文化程度低；第五，就业人口文化程度低；第六，年龄结构断档，导致人才出现断层；第七，高素质人才外流现象严重。

（三）西部地区人力资本匮乏的基本原因造成西部地区人力资本匮乏的原因有很多，基本原因是：第一，我国人力资本投资力度低，西部地区尤为严重；第二，教育投资效益差，资源配置严重浪费；第三，教育结构不合理，人力资源结构不适应经济结构的要求；第四，师资待遇差，教学队伍不稳定，教学质量差。

三、西部地区人力资本战略选择（一）人力资本开发的宏观政策开发人力资本，首先，要转变观念；其次，要大力发展教育事业，创建学习型社会；再次，加快制定与西部开发相配套的人才开发计划，并建立全国统一开放的人力资本市场，促进人力资本合理配置；最后，强化政策意识，吸引人力资本“回流”。

（二）教育发展的战略目标根据建立社会主义市场经济体制和运行机制的目标和要求，西部地区要努力实现：西部地区人民受教育水平有明显提高，各类专门人才的拥有量基本满足区内建设的需要，形成具有区域特色的、面向市场、面向21世纪的社会主义教育体制的基本框架。

（三）教育体制的改革方向西部地区教育体制改革的方向，是改革包得过多、统得过死的管理体制，初步建立与社会主义市场经济体制、政治体制、科技体制相适应的教育新体制。

通过改革，加强教育与社会经济的联系，扩大教育的开放度和灵活性，促使教育事业与经济、政治、科技协调发展。

四、西部地区人力资本战略的实现措施（一）加快教育结构调整的步伐西部地区教育的发展必须调整教育结构，根据西部地区人口文盲半文盲比重大，劳动力素质低和整体文化水平低的状况和西部地区经济发展需要，建立以基础教育为基础,职业技术教育为主体，成人文化科技教育、高等教育为辅助的新型教育结构，并加快构建终身教育体系框架。

（二）加大教育投资的力度西部地区发展落后，依靠自身力量解决教育发展问题举步维艰，因此必须以立法的形式规定中央、地方政府对教育投入的数量，并全面征收城乡教育附加费；同时政府还应该积极支持、鼓励社会力量办学，加大个人投资比例，多方筹集教育经费，促进教育事业的发展。

（三）加快师资队伍建设的步伐西部地区要尽快培养和配备新型结构所需的师资力量，解决教师短缺问题。

首先,要培养大量的师范教师；其次，要大力改革现行师范院校的教学内容，尽可能增加培养实用技术型师资力量；还要大力抓好民族师范的师资教育、培训和进修等工作。

同时，在西部教育事业的发展中，大幅度提高西部地区、边远地区、贫困地区教师的社会地位和生活待遇，逐步建立政策优惠、考核科学、报酬合理的新机制来稳定教师队伍。

（四）加大人才引进利用的力度针对西部人才奇缺的现状，西部地区应为人才提供良好的科研条件，以高薪制、技术入股、东部安家西部创业等优惠政策“筑巢引凤”，吸纳贤良优才；同时，还要充分合理的利用当地人才，制止和减少专业技术人才外流、早衰和早亡的现象发生，努力做到人尽其才，才尽其用，发挥人才最佳效益。

英文摘要AbstractThe strategy of western region exploitation is a giant system engineering, so it requires all-round striving including the construction of facilities, the protection of ecosystem, the development of technology and education, the enlargement of opening up. Among these measures, the development and the disposition of human capital play a strategic, basic and decisive r ole. So we should give it more attention. The text brings up some advices about how to exploit the human capital in the process of western development. I wish the poor manuscript could bring some suggestions in policy-making and operating. Contents as following:I. The theory and practice of contemporary human capital1.The foundation and development of human capitalThe concept and theory of human capital directly come form neo-classical school. With the help form many other economist such as Friedrich Li st, Strumi Lin and Wolsh , the theory is coming to perfection. Theodore？W？Schultz, professor of Chicago University, absorbed the essence form his old generation and first put forward the concept of human capital investment. He also expounded the accounting between the cost of investment of manpower and the benefit of educational economy and eventually established the human capital theory.2.The input and output of human capitalThe research indicates: the investment of human capital has numerous values, such as enhancement of national income. But the key fact that determines the capital investment of manpower is personal income.3. The practice of human capital in developing countryThe developing country has come to being two different investment strategies: the strategy of material capital-intensive and the strategy of human capital-intensive. The practice indicates that the latter is beneficial to the increasing of national economy. The history experience expresses that the investment of human capital con sisted of health investment and intelligenceinvestment is the key measure in reforming the traditional economy and enhancing the process of modernization in developing country.II. The western region development and the condition of western region human capital1.The development of social economy and exploit of manpowerThe gap between eastern economy and western economy and the strategy of western development require that we accelerate the economic development. However, the exploitations of manpower and development of economy have close relation. The article points out that the human capital plays a basic and strategic role in the development of western region through quoting the remarks of Max, DengXiao ping and Jiang Zemin and concrete expositions of economic impetus.2. The current condition of human capital in the westThe data shows that the human capital of western region is unsatisfied Such as: the difficulties of human capital because of population figure and rate; the little number of facilities o f school; the much number of illiteracy and Semi-illiteracy; the low degree of average culture; the low level of employee’s culture; the fault of structure of age and the scarcity of talented person; the out flow of high-brow seriously.2. The basic reason of scarcity of human capital in the west.There are many reasons that result in the short of human capital. First, the investment of human capital is low, particularly in the west. Second, the benefit of human capital investment is poor and the distributi on of resource is serious. Third, the form of education is unique and the structure of human capital didn’t adapted for the structure of economy. Forth, the treatment and quality of education are poor.III. The strategic choice of human capital in the west1. Macro-policy in the development of human capitalThe development of human capital has many measures. Such as: Changing the mind, strongly developing the educational business and creating to set up new model of study; quickly establishing development plan in order to match with the strategy of western development and constructing the unified, open human capital market in order to promote the distribution ofmanpower; enhancing the consciousness of policy and attracting manpower resource “the reflux”.2. The strategic target of educational developmentAccording to the target and requirement of socialist market-oriented economy and process mechanism, the west should strive to realize the following: the level of education in the west has remarkable enhancement and the specialized person should meet the demand of economical development in order to form a basic framework featuring western characteristics, market and 21-centruy.3.The target of reform of educational systemThe direction of reform of education system in the west is from much tied, tightened management system to new management system featuring Socialist market-oriented economic system, political system and technological system through strengthening the link between education and social economy, expanding the degree of opening up and flexibility and promoting the coordination between educational cause and economy, politic and technology.IV. The strategic measures of realizing human capital in the west1.Enhancing the adjustment of educational structureThe development of western education should adjust educational structure according to the condition feathering the high-level number of illiteracy and semi-illiteracy, the low degree of labor force and low overall culture in order to construct new educational framework which is founded on basic education, vocational education, technological education and higher education even all –time education.2.Strenthenign the degree of educational investmentBecause the west lags behind the other regions, it is important to stipulate the investment volume of center and local government according to the legislation; to overall collect the additional fee to positively support and encourage the individual investment; to raise the educational expenses and promote the development of educational cause.3.Enhancing the development of teacher capability constructionIt is necessary to cultivate and allocate the teacher capability in accordance with the new framework in order to solve the scarcity of teacher.First, we should cultivate normal teachers. Second, we should enhance the teaching content in order to promote the teacher’s technology especially the normal teaching contents of minority nationality. Third, we must enhance the social status and living standards in order to set up rational mechanism to stabilize the teacher team.4.Strenghening the introduction and reservation of talent.Because of the scarcity of talent, the west should create a good environment for the talent and set up new mechanism to attract and retain the talent such as high salary etc. At the same time, the west should make full use of local talent and prevent the vocational talent from outflow, premature senility and premature illness. After doing so,, the west could give full play to talent’s knowledge or skill.目录内容提要 (1)前言 (2)一、当代经济学中人力资本理论与实践 (3)（一）人力资本理论的产生与发展 (3)（二）人力资本的投入与产出 (8)（三）人力资本理论在发展中国家的实践 (12)二、西部大开发与西部地区人力资本状况 (14)（一）社会经济发展与人力开发 (14)（二）西部地区人力资本的现状 (16)（三）西部地区人力资本匮乏的基本原因 (18)三、西部地区人力资本战略选择 (22)（一）人力资本开发的宏观政策 (22)（二）教育发展的战略目标 (23)（三）教育体制的改革方向 (24)四、西部地区人力资本战略的实现措施 (25)（一）加快教育结构调整的步伐 (25)（二）加大教育投资的力度 (29)（三）加快师资队伍建设的步伐 (30)（四）加大人才引进利用的力度 (32)结束语 (34)注释 (35)参考文献 (36)论文摘要（中文） (1)论文摘要（英文） (1)内容提要随着知识经济的浪潮席卷世界，人力资源的开发与利用愈益成为经济增长、发展和可持续发展的决定因素。