新人教版必修3配套练习 4-章末检测B
(人教版)高中英语必修第三册 Unit 4单元测试试卷02及答案
Unit 4 Space Exploration单元测试第一部分阅读（共两节，满分50分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）AIt's 2035. You have a job, a family and you're about 40 years old! Welcome to your future life.Getting ready for work, you pause in front of the mirror. “Turn red,” you say. Your shirt changes from sky blue to deep red. Tiny preprogrammed electronics (智能电子元件) are rearranged in your shirt to change its color. Looking into the mirror, you find it hard to believe you're 40. You look much younger. With amazing advances in medicine, people in your generation may live to be 150 years old. You're not even middle-aged!As you go into the kitchen and prepare to pour your breakfast cereal into a bowl, you hear, “To lose weight, you shouldn't eat that!” from your shoes. They read the tiny electronic code(电子源码)on the cereal box to find out the nutrition details. You decide to listen to your shoes. “Kitchen, what can I have for breakfast?” A list of possible foods appears on the counter as the kitchen checks its food supplies.“Ready for your trip to space?” you ask your son and daughter. In 2015 only specially trained astronauts went into space—and very few of them. Today anyone can go to space for day trips or longer vacations. Your best friend even works in space. Handing your children three strawberries each, you add, “The doctor says you need these for space travel.” Thanks to medical advances, vaccination shots (防疫针) are a thing of the past. Ordinary foods contain special vaccines. With the strawberries in their mouths, the kids head for the front door.It's time for you to go to work. Your car checks your fingerprints and unlocks the doors. “My office. Autopilot,” you command. Your car drives itself down the road and moves smoothly into traffic on the highway. You sit back and unroll your enewspaper. The latest news downloads and fills the viewer. Looking through the pages, you watch the news as video film rather than read it.1. What changes the color of your shirt?A. The mirror.B. The preprogrammed electronics.C. The sunlight.D. The medicine.2. How do the shoes know that you shouldn't eat the________ breakfast cereal?A. By pouring the breakfast into a bowl.B. By getting the doctor's advice.C. By testing the food supplies in the kitchen.D. By checking the nutrition details of the food.3. The strawberries the children eat serve as ________.A. breakfastB. lunchC. vaccinesD. nutrition4. How is the text organized?A. In order of time.B. In order of space.C. In order of preference.D. In order of importance.B“Siri, what's the weather like in San Francisco?”“Today's forecast for San Antonio is...”“No. San FRANCISCO !!”“The tapper Sisqo was born in Baltimore, Maryland.”Sometimes, talking to an artificially intelligent robot is, well, not so intelligent.Yohav Shoham, the Stanford computer science professor, said, “AI has made truly amazing progress in the past decade, but computers still can't exhibit the common sense or the general intelligence of even a 5-year-old.” Yann LeCun, a French scientist, put it more simply. “We're very far from having machines that can learn the most basic things about the world in the way humans and animals can do. In particular areas machines have superhuman performance, but in terms of general intelligence they're not even close to a rat,” he explained.Oren Etzioni, an Israeli scientist, said, “There's a brand of science fiction(小说) that's very dystopian(反面乌托邦的). These works of fiction talk about how the world is going to get much worse. I'm too much of an optimist (乐观者)to get a lot of pleasure out of reading such stories.”However, robots are becoming smarter. Indeed, our homes are becoming more intelligent when we place devices (设备) like the Amazon Echo and Google Home on our kitchen counter. But, at least for the moment anyway, we shouldn't feel intimidated by this artificial intelligence.There are robots that move like animals and robots that offer guidance. There's even a robot that can paint a picture of Einstein and a robot that can fold your laundry. Robots are not taking over the world yet. So for now, we can simply sit back and relax. And have a robot waiter pour us a drink.5. What does the dialogue at the beginning of the text tell us?A. Robots aren't as smart as we expect.B. It isn't easy to forecast the weather correctly.C. A speaker may be misunderstood by another.D. Weather is a good subject to start a conversation.6. What do the scientists think about the artificially intelligent robots now?A. They have superhuman performance in kitchen tasks.B. They have the common sense of a 5yearold.C. They can only learn the basic things of humans.D. They are still poor at general intelligence.7. How did Oren find the dystopian science fiction?A. Pleasant.B. Typical.C. Realistic.D. Controversial.8. What does the underlined word “intimidated” mean?A. Comforted.B．Astonished.C. ThreatenedD. Disappointed.CMy husband and I recently went to Disney World with our children and grandchildren. Our grandchildren were excited about the attraction where they can drive the cars. Since our party was uneven in numbers and two people fit in each car, I sat out that one and headed down to take pictures of them.As I waited for them to drive by, I noticed a car with a father and his son who looked to be about 7. They rolled down the hill, and then as they neared where I sat, the car shook a few times and then stopped.The young driver looked frightened, “I can't do it.”His father quietly said, “Yes, you can.”“No, I can't!”“Yes, you can.”The little boy was almost in tears, “I CAN'T!”With deep patience, the father said, “Son, you can do this. I'm going to help you.”Then he talked him through starting the car. And moments later with the father helping his son, the two went smoothly on their way down the track.The scene brought tears to my eyes because I couldn't imagine how many times my father had to do that with me. Every time things got hard or when I had failures along the way, I'd say, “I can't do it.” He'd reply, “You can.” Time and time again he patiently encouraged me on the journey. And just like that little boy's dad, my sweet father would say, “Michelle, you can do this. I'm going to help you.”That's where the true strength comes in. I can't do things under my own power, but when my father comes beside me and provides wisdom(智慧) and strength, there's no way I can fail.9. Why didn't the author join others in driving the cars?A. Her family could drive except her.B. Her family fit in the cars without her.C. She was attracted by something else.D. She wanted to take photos of her family.10. What made the 7yearold son frightened?A. He got the car to leave the track.B. He failed to drive the car well.C. He rolled too fast down the way.D. He just couldn't get the car started.11. How did the father help his son?A. By forcing him to drive bravely.B. By praising him for his efforts.C. By encouraging him patiently.D. By starting the car himself.12. What's the author's tone in writing the text?A. Confused.B. Humorous.C. Concerned.D. Grateful.DEvery year you collect a large amount of junk. Think about Christmas presents, birthday presents and holiday souvenirs, and the list goes on. Where does it all end up? Well, if you don't throw it out, it goes to the basement(地下室).However, things with huge amounts of value might be buried in those unwanted gifts. Perhaps there's a beautiful crystal boat in a bottle that was made just long enough ago to be worth a large amount of money. Or, maybe it's an old board game that was never used and has now become a collectable. Yes, these items can be your ticket to a hidden treasure, and all you need to do is go hunting.Once you find the items, you'll probably be wondering how to sell them. Most people choose the standard yard sale and this, of course, is a mistake. You won't find the collectors by this type of sale. Instead, you need to reach the widest audience possible. The answer? eBay.With eBay, you can gain a large amount of attention, start an auction(拍卖) and get selling. Of course, before you can do this, you have to set yourself up as a trusted seller. You can do that quite simply by buying a few small, cheap items first. This will raise the rating(等级) of your little online shop. After that, you should have no trouble at all attracting buyers.Of course, this can just be the beginning. Once you know how to sell things online, you can start making a lot more money by investing and reselling. It's a great choice for a second income.13. According to the text, the gifts we get every year ________.A. are a waste of moneyB. can be valuable sometimesC. should go to yard salesD. should be kept in a safe place14. Why does the author suggest selling your things on eBay?A. It's designed for collectors.B. It follows official standards.C. It has a much larger audience.D. It seldom makes any mistakes.15. What do you have to do before selling things on eBay?A. Gain public attention.B. Buy some expensive things.C. Attend several local auctions.D. Raise your shop's credit rating.第二节(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。
精品人教版英语必修3 Unit 4 练习含答案
必修3 Unit 4 高考试卷分块专练练(一)语言知识运用保分练(1篇完形＋1篇语法填空，限时25分钟)Ⅰ.完形填空It was an unforgettable weekend.I had a great time at the __1__.However, after I arrived home, I noticed my owl necklace was __2__.I was so anxious that I __3__ every room in the house, but my efforts were __4__ vain.Then I decided to head back to the beach.My husband thought I was __5__，as the huge beach was nine miles from our home.How could I __6__ one tiny necklace? What if it came off in the ocean? I was __7__ to even consider that as a possibility.I knew I had to try.After searching for several hours at the beach, I __8__ an elderly man with a metal detector (探测器) in his hand.I __9__ up to him and asked whether he had come across a necklace.He opened his hand and showed me his __10__ —some coins.He said if he saw my necklace he would __11__ return it to me.I also wanted him to have enough __12__ to mail it so I gave him a $5 bill and told him my name and my address.Then I left.My husband __13__ me and said that he would buy me a new one.But I turned down his nice __14__，as that necklace couldn't be __15__.It was my dad who had found a special way to give me that __16__ necklace.There had been a yard sale in my community.Among the things that were put on __17__ he found the necklace.Unable to __18__ it, my dad offered to build a bookshelf for the owner as a(n) __19__.Unexpectedly, three days later, I received a package.Inside were a $5 bill and my owl necklace.The moment I saw the necklace, I couldn't help __20__.语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文，讲述作者在沙滩上把自己的项链丢失了，然后又回到沙滩上找，没有找到，最后被一个老人找到并寄给作者的故事。
第四章章末综合检测 新人教版必修3
第四章章末综合检测一、选择题(每小题4分，共60分)(2013·辽阳月考)下图为1995～2005年西辽河流域各土地利用类型数量的变化。
读图回答1～2题。
1．各土地类型中面积减少的有( )①未利用土地②建设用地③水域④草地⑤林地⑥耕地A．①③④B．②④⑥ C．①③⑥ D．④⑤⑥2．图中反映出，造成西辽河流域草地面积变化的主要原因是( )A．城市建设 B．过度放牧C．过度垦殖 D．退草还林(2013·吉林月考)东北某黑土丘陵区南北坡坡度相同其坡度小于东西坡，各坡向降水差异很小。
读下图完成3～4题。
3．两个年份该区域各坡向侵蚀沟密度( )A．西南坡大于东南坡 B．东南坡大于西北坡C．南北坡大于东西坡 D．西北坡大于东北坡4．侵蚀沟密度表现为南坡大于北坡的自然原因是A．南坡为夏季风迎风坡，风力侵蚀力大B．南坡为阳坡，积雪融化快，流水作用强C．北坡为冬季风迎风坡，降水侵蚀力大D．北坡为阴坡，昼夜温差大，冻融作用强(2013·漳州月考)某学校研究性学习小组的学生通过调查，记录了该地区农事活动的时间表。
分析表中信息，A．松嫩平原 B．黄淮海平原C．鄱阳湖平原D．准噶尔盆地的绿洲6．该地区发展农业生产的主要限制性因素可能是( )A．低温、冻害 B．地形、水源 C．旱涝、盐碱D．光照、风沙(2013·太原月考)推进城市化与工业化协调发展，拉动新一轮经济增长，促进广东率先实现现代化，是当前社会经济发展中的一项重大课题。
回答7～8题。
7．2001年广东省第二、三产业的生产总值占全省国内生产总值的比重约86%，城镇人口中全省总人口比重约为42%，这两个比重的差距如此之大说明广东城市化( ) A．明显滞后B．明显过快C．发展比较合理D．与经济的发展相适应8．一个地区城市化发展到高级阶段时表现的特点有( )①城镇人口的比重增长缓慢甚至停滞②城乡差别很小③第三产业成为国民经济的主导产业④非农业人口向农业人口转化A．①②③ B．②③④ C．①③④ D．①②④(2013·南阳月考)读“珠江三角洲区域示意图”，完成9～11题。
高中英语(新人教版)必修第三册课后习题：UNIT 4 Section B(课后习题)【含答案及解析】
Section B Reading and Thinking必备知识基础练Ⅰ.单句填空1.Babies are not born knowing the basic fact of universe.2.She (signal) a passing taxi and asked him to take her to the railway station.3.The professor was delighted to find that two thirds of the project had been finished by the students (independent).4.I handed out my resumes and went home feeling very (disappoint).5.While (intelligence) people can often simplify the complex,a fool is more likely to complicate the simple.6.Johnny broke away and ran outside,determined never (go) to another dance.7.Our feelings of well-being at any moment are (determine) to a certain degree by genes.8.He has improved greatly at piano playing after a year’s (far) study.9.Chang’e 4 has been sent (explore) the far side of the moon.10.It took him a long time (acquire) the skills he needed to become a good dancer.Ⅱ.短语填空(注意动词的适当形式)1.I come here knowing more about the accident from you.2.They the immigrant who lived upstairs alone and wanted to pay a visit to him.3.She looked around to that she was alone and then entered the nearby bar.4.A high percentage of the crime in this area drug abuse,so the police are taking measures to fight against drugs.5.Why not study at medical college like Lin Qiaozhi and your super work?6.,pay more attention to your health.7.Have the passengers been yet?The plane to Mexico is about to take off.8.We the news that he failed in the election of astronauts.9.It was important for me to my parents financially and mentally.10.She was lucky and entering a college to accept further study.Ⅲ.一句多译1.我们的校长总是每天第一个到达学校。
新教材 人教版高中英语必修第三册Unit4 Space Exploration 课时练习题及单元测验
Unit4 Space Exploration课时作业1 ...................................................................................................................... - 1 - 课时作业2 ...................................................................................................................... - 5 - 课时作业3 ...................................................................................................................... - 9 - 单元综合测验................................................................................................................ - 13 -课时作业1Ⅰ.单词拼写根据汉语或首字母提示写出下列单词1．As the saying goes “Mystery creates wonder and wonder is basis of man's desire(渴望) to understand it.”2．He put down the election procedure(程序) for astronauts on the blackboard.3．It is known that Yang Liwei is a famous astronaut(宇航员) in China.4．They had to do a lot of mental and physical training before being sent into space.5．He must be intelligent enough to be admitted into the key university.6．Now the country has succeeded in making rockets that could escape Earth's gravity．7．Unfortunately astronauts on America's Challenger died during the launch(发射)．8．He was very disappointed at the news that his parents can't see him off at the airport.9．He reads English words every morning since he has been determined to learn English well.10．He has lived and learned independently(独立地) at abroad since he was 16 years old.Ⅱ.阅读理解AWith today's pressures, play is one of the most ignored privileges (特权) of a child, and for this reason, there is a special day devoted to play—World Play Day. It is celebrated on 28 May each year in over 40 countries around the world.Nationally, World Play Day has been celebrated at various Toy Libraries，ECD Centers and Government Departments for the past five years. Each year has seen a new theme and a new focus, although the aim is always the same—for children to let go of the stresses of daily life and play.The theme of the inaugural World Play Day in 2014 wa s “we create time to play”. In 2015 it was “play is fun”；2016 focused on “play for all ages”；2017 saw the theme “sustainable (可持续的) play” take to the stage; at the theme of 2018 is “free play”．Vanessa Mentor, the Early Childhood Development expert at A frika Tikkun, says, “Play is of the greatest importance for the developing child.It is through play at an early age that children learn to connect with the world around them and interact with the people in their lives. Play allows themto explore the world，develop new abilities, overcome fears and increase their confidence.It allows children to use their imagination and creativity. Physical play also leads to active lifestyles and healthy bodies.This year's ‘free play’ is held in a perfect time when childre n feel themselves most free.Play time is their time.”So, whether you have children, play with them, by considering yourself as“a big kid”. Anyone can celebrate World Play Day on 28 May.【语篇解读】本文语篇类型是说明文，主题语境是节日。
人教新课标高考复习配套测评卷必修3-4
必修3 Unit4课时作业(十四)Astronomy：the science of the stars天文学：恒星科学Ⅰ.单项填空1．—Why does Mr Black look so sad this morning?—I hear that a fire________in his house and lots of valuable things were burned last night.A．broke into B．broke upC．broke down D．broke out2．I intended to catch the early train，but I didn’t get up______.A．at a time B．at one timeC．in time D．in no time3．The harm the modern farming methods have done________the countryside is considerable.A．on B．toC．at D．for4．________you’ve got a chance，you might as well make full use of it.A．For B．BecauseC．Even though D．Now that5．—Ca n I look at the menu for a few more minutes before I decide?—Of course.________，sir.A．Make yourself at home B．Enjoy yourselfC．It doesn’t matter D．Take your time6．Completely lost in the exciting________of the football match，Tom didn’t feel his pocket picked.A．scene B．viewC．atmosphere D．sight7．(2007年天津卷)He didn’t make________clear when and where the meeting would be held.A．this B．thatC．it D．these8．________he will offer us enough help doesn’t matter a lot to our success.A．If B．WhetherC．Before D．How9．I’m planning to hold a party in the open air，but I can make no guarantees because it________the weather.A．links with B．depends onC．connects to D．decides on10．—I’m thinking of the test tomorrow；I’m afraid I can’t pass this time.—________！I’m sure you’ll make it.A．Go ahead B．Good luckC．No problem D．Cheer up11．Don’t talk about such a thing in the________of young children.A．appearance B．surfaceC．existence D．presence12．Ten years ago，the population of our village was________that of theirs.A．as twice large as B．twice as large asC．twice as much as D．as twice much as13．You’d better take something to read when you go to see the doctor________you have towait.A．even if B．as ifC．in case D．in order that14．While in university，we were offered a number of after school activities to________our social skills.A．create B．growC．develop D．settle15．We can’t continue to pretend that the problem of homelessness doesn’t________in this city.A．exist B．liveC．be D．surviveⅡ.阅读理解(2009年东北三校第二次联考，A)It was Molly’s job to hand her father his brown paper lunch bag each morning before he headed off to work.One morning，in addition to his usual lunch bag，Molly handed him a second paper bag.This one was worn and held together with staples (书钉)．“Why two bags？”her father asked.“The other is something else，”Molly answered.“What’s in it？”“Just some stuff (东西)．Take it with you.”Not wanting to discuss the matter，he put both sacks into his briefcase，kissed Molly and rushed off.At midday he opened Molly’s bag and took out the contents：two hair ribbons (丝带)，three small stone s，a plastic dinosaur，a tiny sea shell，a small doll，and 13 pennies...The busy father smiled，finished eating，and swept the desk clean into the wastebasket，Molly’s stuff included.That evening，Molly ran up behind him as he read the paper.“Where’s my bag？”“What bag？”“The one I gave you this morning.”“I left it at the office，my dear.”“I forgot to put this note in it，” she said.“And，besides，Daddy，the things in the sack are the things I really like.I thought you might like to play with them.You didn’t lose the bag，did you，Daddy？”“Oh，no，”he said，lying.“I just forgot to bring it home.I’ll bring it tomorrow.”While Molly hugged her father’s neck，he unfolded the note that read，“I love you，Daddy.” Molly had given him her treasures—all that a 7-year-old held dear.Love was in a paper bag，and he missed it—not only missed it，but had thrown it in the wastebasket.So he went back to the office.Just ahead of the night janitor (看门人)，he picked up the bag from the wastebasket.He put the treasures inside and carried it home carefully.The bag didn’t look so good，but the stuff was all there and that’s what counted.After dinner，he asked Molly to tell him about the stuff in the sack.It took a long time to tell.Everything had a story or a memory.“Sometimes I think of all the great times in this sweet life.”he thought.We should all remember that it’s not the destination that counts in life，but the journey.That journey with the people we love is all that really matters.It is such a simple truth but it is so easily forgotten.1．Why did Molly give her father a second bag?A．She didn’t want to keep the things in the Bag.B．She hoped those things would bring happiness to her father.C．She wanted to remind her father of the stories behind the things.D．She enjoyed playing with her father.2．How did Father deal with the bag after he opened it?A．He kept it in the drawer.B．He took it back home.C．He threw it into the wastebasket.。
《创新设计》2022年高中人教版生物必修3练习：第4章 章末过关检测(四) B卷 Word版含答案
B卷(老师用书独具)一、选择题1．“食人鱼”是一种有极强生存力量的肉食鱼类，一旦进入自然生态水域，就会造成严峻的生态灾难。
假如该物种进入某湖泊，下图中的曲线能精确表达其种群数量变化特点的是()。
答案 A解析在自然界中，种群不能无限地增长，由于随着种群数量的增加，制约因素(捕食、食物供应、传染病流行等)的作用也在增加。
所以在自然环境中，全部生物的种群增长是一个“S”型曲线。
2．对某地区新引入一种鸟的种群增长速率1～7年的调查争辩，得到的数据如下表。
下列对该鸟种群描述正确的是()。
年份第1年第2年第3年第4年第5年第6年第7年增长速率0.66 1.24 2.81 3.67 2.94 1.65 0.03A.种群的年龄组成为稳定型B．种群数量呈“J”型曲线增长C．种群增长受种群密度的制约D．第3～4年中种内斗争最激烈答案 C解析从表中知，增长速率是先增大后削减，符合“S”型曲线的特征，种群个体的数量在不断增加，种群的年龄组成为增长型，故A、B错误。
生物的生存空间是有限的，随着种群数量的增加，种群密度的增大，种内斗争的加大，诞生率下降，死亡率上升，种群增长速率变慢，故C正确。
种内斗争最激烈时候应当是种内数量最大，种群密度最高时，由表可知是第七年，故D错误。
3．如图中曲线Ⅰ表示某种群的诞生率，曲线Ⅱ表示其死亡率。
则()。
A．种群在C点之前呈“J”型曲线增长，C点之后呈“S”型曲线增长B．种群数量增长最快的时期是A点对应的时期C．C点时此种群的个体总数达到环境容纳量D．曲线表明种群数量变化受食物的影响答案 C解析由图可知，随着时间的变化，种群死亡率渐渐上升，诞生率渐渐下降；C点时诞生率等于死亡率，说明此种群的个体总数达到环境容纳量；种群数量在C点之前呈现增长趋势，C点之后呈现下降趋势，种群数量增长最快的时期位于A点之前；从曲线中不能得出种群数量变化受食物影响的结论。
4．下图表示某群落中甲、乙两个种群的增长速率随时间变化的曲线，下列叙述中正确的是()。
高中物理必修三章末检测卷及答案解析(四)
高中物理必修三章末检测卷及答案解析（四）一、单项选择题(本题共8小题，每小题4分，共32分)1.关于电场线的下列说法中，正确的是()A.电场线上每一点的切线方向都跟电荷在该点的受力方向相同B.沿电场线方向，电场强度越来越小C.电场线越密的地方，同一试探电荷所受静电力就越大D.在电场中，顺着电场线移动电荷，电荷受到的静电力大小恒定答案C解析电场线上某点的切线方向就是该点的电场强度方向，和在该点的正电荷受力方向相同，和在该点的负电荷受力方向相反，故A错误；电场线的疏密表示电场强度的大小，电场线越密的地方，场强越大，与电场线的方向无关，由F＝Eq 可知，电场线越密的地方，同一试探电荷所受静电力越大，与是否沿着电场线的方向移动电荷无关，故B、D错误，C正确.2.(2021·渤海大学附属高级中学高一期中)由电场强度的定义式E＝Fq可知，在电场中的某一点()A.电场强度E跟F成正比，跟q成反比B.无论放入的试探电荷所带的电荷量如何变化，Fq始终不变C.电场中某点的场强为零，放入该点的电荷受到的静电力不一定为零D.试探电荷在该点受到的静电力的方向就是该点的场强方向答案B解析E是由电场本身决定，与F、q无关，A错误；在电场中的同一点，电场强度E是一定的，则无论试探电荷所带电荷量如何变化，Fq一直不变，B正确；若电场中某点的场强为零，放入该点的电荷受到的静电力一定是零，C错误；负试探电荷在某点受到的静电力方向与该点的场强方向相反，D错误.3.(2021·山东德州市月考)有一接地的导体球壳，如图1所示，球心处放一点电荷q，达到静电平衡时，则()图1A.q的电荷量变化时，球壳外电场随之改变B.q在球壳外产生的电场强度为零C.球壳内、外表面的电荷在壳外的合场强为零D.q与球壳内表面的电荷在壳外的合场强为零答案D解析当导体球壳接地时，壳内电荷在壳外表面所产生的感应电荷流入大地，这时壳内电荷与壳内表面的感应电荷在壳内壁以外(包含导体壳层)任一点的合场强为零.故选项D正确.4.完全一样的两个金属球A、B带有等量的电荷，相隔一定距离，两球之间相互吸引力的大小为F.今让第三个不带电的与A、B完全相同的金属球C先后与A、B 两球接触后移开球C，这时，A、B两球之间的静电力的大小为()A.F 8B.F4C.3F8D.3F4答案A解析假设开始时A 带电荷量为Q ，B 带电荷量为－Q ，两球之间相互吸引力的大小为F ＝k Q 2r 2；第三个不带电的相同金属球C 与A 接触后，A 和C 的电荷量都为Q 2，C 再与B 接触时由于二者带异种电荷，则C 、B 分开后电荷量均为－Q 4；这时，A 、B 两球之间的静电力大小F ′＝k Q 2·Q4r2＝18k Q 2r 2＝18F ，故A 正确.5.(2021·山东泰安英雄山中学高一期末)如图2所示，a 、b 、c 、d 四个点在一条直线上，a 和b 、b 和c 、c 和d 间的距离均为R ，在a 点处固定一电荷量为Q 的正点电荷，在d 点处固定另一个电荷量未知的点电荷，除此之外无其他电荷，已知b 点处的场强为零，则c 点处场强的大小为(k 为静电力常量)()图2A.0B.k 15Q 4R 2C.k Q 4R 2D.k Q R 2答案B解析据题可知，b 点处的场强为零，说明a 点处和d 点处的两个点电荷在b 点处产生的场强大小相等、方向相反，则有：k QR 2＝kQ ′2R2，得Q ′＝4Q ，电性为正.则a 点处的点电荷在c 点处产生的场强大小E 1＝kQ 2R2＝k Q4R 2，方向向右；d 点处的点电荷在c 点处产生的场强大小E 2＝k Q ′R 2＝k 4QR 2，方向向左；故c 点处场强的大小为E ＝E 2－E 1＝k15Q4R 2，B 正确.6.(2021·河北沧州市高二期末)如图3所示，△ABC是一等边三角形，在顶点A放置一个电荷量为Q的正点电荷，在顶点B放置一个电荷量为－Q的负点电荷，这时顶点C处电场强度的大小为E；若将A点处的正点电荷取走，并放置一个电荷量为－Q的负点电荷，则C点的场强()图3A.大小为2EB.大小为3EC.方向与AB平行向左D.方向垂直AB向上答案B解析若在顶点A放置一个电荷量为Q的正点电荷，则在C点产生的场强大小为E0，方向沿AC方向；若在顶点B放置一个电荷量为－Q的负点电荷，则在C点产生的场强大小也为E0，方向沿CB方向；二者成120°角，合场强大小为E，则E0＝E；若将A点处的正点电荷取走，并放置一个电荷量为－Q的负点电荷，则该电荷在C点的场强大小为E0，方向沿CA方向，则C点的合场强大小为E′＝2E cos 30°＝3E，方向垂直AB向下.故选B.7.如图4，一质量为m、电荷量为q的小球用细线系住，线的一端固定在O点.若在空间加上匀强电场，平衡时线与竖直方向成60°角.则电场强度的最小值为()图4A.mg 2qB.3mg2qC.2mgq D.mgq答案B解析以小球为研究对象，对小球进行受力分析，小球受到重力mg、线的拉力F1、静电力F2三个力作用，根据平衡条件可知，拉力F1与静电力F2的合力必与重力mg等大反向.当静电力F2垂直于悬线时，F2最小，故场强E也最小.此时有qE＝mg sin60°，所以E＝mg sin60°q＝3mg2q，故选B.8.如图5所示，三个点电荷Q1、Q2、Q3在一条直线上，Q2和Q3间的距离为Q1和Q2间距离的2倍，每个点电荷所受静电力的合力为0，由此可以判定，三个点电荷的电荷量之比Q1∶Q2∶Q3为()图5A.(－9)∶4∶(－36)B.9∶4∶36C.(－3)∶2∶(－6)D.3∶2∶6答案A解析由三电荷平衡模型的特点“两同夹异”可知，Q1和Q3为同种电荷，它们与Q2互为异种电荷.设Q1和Q2间的距离为r，则Q2和Q3间的距离为2r，对Q 1有k |Q 1Q 2|r 2＝k |Q 1Q 3|3r 2①对Q 2有k |Q 1Q 2|r 2＝k |Q 2Q 3|2r 2②对Q 3有k|Q 2Q 3|2r 2＝k |Q 1Q 3|3r 2③联立①②③式解得|Q 1|∶|Q 2|∶|Q 3|＝9∶4∶36.所以三个点电荷的电荷量之比Q 1∶Q 2∶Q 3＝(－9)∶4∶(－36)或9∶(－4)∶36，故选A.二、多项选择题(本题共4小题，每小题4分，共16分)9.如图6所示，用两根长度相同的绝缘细线把一个质量为0.1kg 的小球A 悬挂到水平板的M 、N 两点，A 上带有Q ＝3.0×10－6C 的正电荷.两线夹角为120°，两线上的拉力大小分别为F 1和F 2.A 的正下方0.3m 处放有一带等量异种电荷的小球B ，B 与绝缘支架的总质量为0.2kg(重力加速度g ＝10m/s 2；静电力常量k ＝9.0×109N·m 2/C 2，A 、B 球可视为点电荷)，则()图6A.支架对地面的压力大小为2.0NB.两线上的拉力大小F 1＝F 2＝1.9NC.将B 水平右移，使M 、A 、B 在同一直线上，此时两线上的拉力大小F 1＝1.225N ，F 2＝1.0ND.将B 移到无穷远处，两线上的拉力大小F 1＝F 2＝0.866N答案BC解析小球A、B间的库仑力为F库＝kQ·Qr2＝9.0×109×3.0×10－6×3.0×10－60.32N＝0.9N，以B和绝缘支架整体为研究对象受力分析图如图甲所示，地面对支架支持力大小为F N＝mg－F库＝1.1N，由牛顿第三定律可得支架对地面的压力大小为1.1N，A错误；以A球为研究对象，受力分析图如图乙所示，F1＝F2＝m A g＋F库＝1.9N，B正确；B水平向右移，当M、A、B在同一直线上时，A、B间距为r′＝0.6m，F库′＝k Q·Qr′2＝0.225N，以A球为研究对象受力分析图如图丙所示，可知F2′＝1.0N，F1′－F库′＝1.0N，F1′＝1.225N，C正确；将B移到无穷远，则F库″＝0，可求得F1″＝F2″＝1N，D错误.10.如图7所示，虚线AB和CD分别为椭圆的长轴和短轴，相交于O点，两个等量同种点电荷分别处于椭圆的两个焦点M、N上，下列说法正确的是()图7A.A、B两处场强相同B.C、D两处场强不同C.在虚线AB上O点的场强最小D.在虚线CD上O点的场强最大答案BC解析根据等量同种点电荷的电场分布特点，可知A、B两处的电场强度大小相等，方向相反，选项A错误；C、D两处的电场强度大小相等，方向相反，选项B正确；在虚线AB上O点的场强最小，在虚线CD上O点的场强也最小，故选项C正确，D错误.11.(2020·湖南师大附中高二期中)如图8所示为两个固定在同一水平面上的点电荷，距离为d，电荷量分别为＋Q和－Q.在它们水平中垂线上竖直固定一根长为L、内壁光滑的绝缘细管，有一电荷量为＋q的小球以初速度v0从上端管口射入，则小球()图8A.速度一直增大B.受到的静电力先做负功后做正功C.受到的静电力最大值为4kQqd2D.管壁对小球的弹力最大值为8kqQd2答案AD解析由等量异种点电荷形成的电场特点，根据小球的受力情况可知小球在细管内运动时，合力为重力，小球速度一直增大，A正确；静电力水平向右，不做功，B错误；在两点电荷连线中点处小球所受静电力最大，F＝kqQkqQ＝8kqQd2，C错误；管壁对小球的弹力与静电力是平衡力，所以最大值为8kqQd2，D正确.12.(2021·安徽宣城市高二月考)如图9所示，两根绝缘细线分别系住a、b两个带电小球，并悬挂在O点，当两个小球静止时，它们处在同一水平面上，两细线与竖直方向间夹角分别为α、β，α<β.现将两细线同时剪断，则()图9A.两球都做匀变速运动B.落地时两球水平位移相同C.两球下落时间t a＝t bD.a球落地时的速度小于b球落地时的速度答案CD解析设两球之间的库仑力大小为F，当两小球静止时，则有tanα＝Fm a g，tanβ＝Fm b g，因为α<β，所以有m a>m b，将两细线同时剪断后，两球在竖直方向只受重力，在竖直方向做自由落体运动，所以两球下落时间相同；在下落过程中，两球处于同一水平面，在水平方向上，在库仑斥力的作用下，两球间距增大，从而使得库仑力减小，则水平方向的加速度减小，所以两球不可能做匀变速运动；根据a ＝F m 可知，加速度a a <a b ，根据x ＝12at 2可知两球落地时水平位移x a <x b ，根据v ＝v x 2＋v y 2＝at2＋gt2可知a 球落地时的速度小于b 球落地时的速度，故A 、B 错误，C 、D 正确.三、非选择题(本题共5小题，共52分)13.(6分)如图10所示，把一个倾角为θ的光滑绝缘斜面固定在匀强电场中，电场方向水平向右，有一质量为m 、带电荷量为＋q 的物体以初速度v 0从A 端滑上斜面恰好沿斜面匀速运动，求匀强电场的电场强度的大小.(重力加速度为g )图10答案mgqtan θ解析物体匀速运动，说明它受到的重力、静电力、支持力的合力为零，如图所示由平衡条件知F ＝mg tan θ(3分)根据电场强度的定义知E ＝F q ＝mg qtan θ.(3分)14.(8分)空间中三点A 、B 和C 是直角三角形的三个顶点，且AB ＝4cm ，BC ＝3cm.现将点电荷Q A 和Q B 分别放在A 、B 两点，测得C 点的场强为E C ＝10N/C ，方向如图11所示，求：图11(1)Q A 和Q B 的带电性质；(2)如果撤掉Q A ，C 点场强的大小和方向.答案(1)负电正电(2)7.5N/C 方向由B 指向C 解析(1)由于Q A 、Q B 为点电荷，故Q B 在C 点产生的场强沿直线BC ，方向可能指向B 或C ，同理，Q A 在C 点产生的场强沿直线AC ，方向可能指向A 或C ，由于合场强平行于直线BA ，故Q B 在C 点产生的场强沿直线BC 指向C ，Q A 在C 点产生的场强沿直线AC 指向A ，如图所示，则Q B 为正电荷，Q A 为负电荷.(3分)(2)由图可知tan θ＝AB BC ＝43，又知tan θ＝E C E B，(2分)解得E B ＝7.5N/C(1分)所以撤去Q A ，C 点的场强大小E C ′＝E B ＝7.5N/C ，方向由B 指向C .(2分)15.(10分)(2021·安徽蚌埠期中)如图12所示，一质量m ＝2×10－4kg ，电荷量q ＝3×10－9C的带正电小球A用长为10cm的轻质绝缘细线悬挂于O点，另一带电量未知的小球B固定在O点正下方绝缘柱上(A、B均可视为点电荷).当小球A平衡时，恰好与B处在同一水平线上，此时细线与竖直方向的夹角θ＝37°.已知重力加速度g＝10 m/s2，静电力常量k＝9.0×109N·m2/C2，sin37°＝0.6，cos37°＝0.8，求：图12(1)小球A受到的静电力大小；(2)小球A所在位置的场强大小和方向；(3)小球B的电荷量.答案(1)1.5×10－3N(5)5×105N/C方向水平向右(3)2×10－7C解析(1)小球A受重力、细线的拉力和B球的斥力，根据小球A受力平衡可知，A球受到水平向右的静电力大小为F＝mg tanθ＝1.5×10－3N.(3分)(2)根据电场强度的定义式可知，小球A所在位置的电场强度大小为E＝F5q＝5×10 N/C，方向水平向右.(3分)(2分)(3)根据库仑定律得F＝kQqL sinθ2解得小球B的电荷量为Q＝2×10－7C.(2分)16.(14分)如图13所示，竖直放置的两块足够大的带电平行板间形成一个方向水平向右的匀强电场区域，电场强度E＝3×104N/C.在两板间用绝缘细线悬挂一个质量m＝5×10－3kg的带电小球，静止时小球偏离竖直方向的夹角θ＝60°(g取10m/s2).求：图13(1)小球的电性和电荷量；(2)悬线的拉力大小；(3)若小球静止时离右板的距离d ＝53×10－2m ，剪断悬线后，小球经多少时间碰到右极板.答案(1)正电533×10－6C (2)0.1N (3)0.1s 解析(1)受力分析图如图所示，小球受到的静电力方向水平向右，故带正电.由平衡条件有Eq ＝mg tan 60°(2分)解得q ＝533×10－6C(2分)(2)由平衡条件得F ＝mg cos 60°(2分)解得F ＝0.1N(2分)(3)剪断细线后，小球在水平方向做初速度为零的匀加速直线运动，竖直方向做自由落体运动在水平方向上有a x ＝Eq m(2分)d ＝12a x t 2(2分)联立以上两式解得t ＝0.1s.(2分)17.(14分)质量均为m 的两个可视为质点的小球A 、B ，分别被长为L 的绝缘细线悬挂在同一点O ，给A 、B 分别带上一定量的正电荷，并用水平向右的外力作用在A 球上，平衡以后，悬挂A 球的细线竖直，悬挂B 球的细线向右偏60°角，如图14所示.若A 球的电荷量为q ，重力加速度为g ，静电力常量为k ，求：图14(1)B 球的电荷量为多少；(2)水平外力多大.答案(1)mgL 2kq (2)32mg 解析(1)当系统平衡以后，B 球受到如图所示的三个力：重力mg 、细线的拉力F 1、库仑斥力F .合力为零，由平衡条件得F cos 30°－F 1cos 30°＝0(2分)F sin 30°＋F 1sin 30°－mg ＝0(2分)由库仑定律得F＝k qq BL2(2分)联立上述三式，可得B球的带电荷量q B＝mgL2kq.(2分)(2)A球受到如图所示的四个力作用，合力为零.得F T＝F′·cos30°(2分)而F′＝F＝mg(2分)所以，A球受到的水平推力F T＝mg cos30°＝32mg.(2分)。
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章末检测B卷(时间：60分钟满分：100分)难度及题号考查知识点及角度基础中档稍难种群及其特征1、3、4种群数量的变化 2 9、13群落及其结构5、6、7、10 14 15群落的演替11、12 81．(2011·东北三校联考)下列关于研究种群数量实验的叙述，正确的是( )。
A．调查某地区松树的种群数量，样方面积应该取1 cm2B．标志重捕法不适用于调查土壤动物中的蜈蚣C．对酵母菌计数时，用吸管吸取培养液滴满血球计数板的计数室及其四周边缘，轻轻盖上盖玻片后即可镜检D．可采用取样器采集土样调查鼠类数量解析松树个体较大，样方面积取 1 cm2太小。
对酵母菌计数时，先将盖玻片放在计数室上，用吸管吸取培养液，滴于盖玻片边缘，让培养液自行渗入。
调查鼠类数量时，应该采用标志重捕法。
土壤动物中的蜈蚣个体较小，不适合用标志重捕法调查，应用取样器取样法。
答案 B2．下列选项中，对种群密度影响最严重的是 ( )。
编号生态系统采收对象现有生物量年增长率/% 年采收量①马尾松林马尾松200 000 m3 2 1 000 m3②淡水湖泊鲫鱼10 000 kg 35 3 500 kg③山地甘草 1 000 kg 20 300 kg④滩涂沙蚕10 000 kg 30 500 kg解析根据题意可知马尾松的年增加量为4 000 m3，而年采收量为1 000 m3，年采收量小于增加量；鲫鱼的年增加量为3 500 kg，年采收量与增长量持平；甘草的年增长量为200 kg，而年采收量为300 kg，远大于年增长量；沙蚕的年增长量为3 000 kg，而年采收量为500 kg，年采收量小于增长量。
答案 C3．下列有关种群的叙述，错误的是 ( )。
A．鼎湖山的一对雌雄昆虫能交配繁殖，有可育的后代，则它们属于同一物种B．青海一片草原中所有的藏羚羊个体所含有的全部基因组成了这个种群的基因库C．南海中的海马各年龄个体数目比例适中，则该种群应处于稳定阶段D．海南岛的气候适合种植高产杂交水稻，合理密植水稻时，其数量可以大于K值解析青海一片草原中所有的藏羚羊个体属于一个种群，所含有的全部基因组成了这个种群的基因库；南海中的海马各年龄个体数目比例适中，则该种群应处于稳定阶段；海南岛的气候适合种植高产杂交水稻，合理密植水稻时，其数量也不能大于K值。
答案 D4．如图是某种群年龄组成示意图，下列有关叙述正确的是 ( )。
A．该种群一定生活在稳定的生态系统中B．该种群的出生率一定大于死亡率C．该种群一定能适应所生活的环境D．该种群属于稳定型，种群密度在一段时间内会保持稳定解析种群的年龄组成大致可分为三种类型，题图所示属于稳定型，即种群中各个年龄的个体数目比例适中，这样的种群正处于稳定时期，种群密度在一段时间内可保持稳定。
答案 D5．下列说法错误的是( )。
A．羊吃草属于捕食关系B．大象和狮子抢夺水源而发生竞争关系C．水稻和稗草是寄生关系D．豆科植物和根瘤菌是互利共生关系解析水稻和稗草生活在一起争夺阳光、空间、营养等，是竞争关系，故选C。
答案 C6．从生物学角度看，下列古诗中表现为竞争关系的是 ( )。
A．兰溪三日桃花雨，半夜鲤鱼来上滩B．种豆南山下，草盛豆苗稀C．满园春色关不住，一枝红杏出墙来D．人间四月芳菲尽，山寺桃花始盛开解析草盛导致,豆苗稀属于,竞争关系。
答案 B7．下列生物群体属于生物群落的是( )。
A．一片森林中的各种乔木、灌木和草本植物B．一个池塘中的各种水生植物和水生动物C．一片草地上的各种杂草等植物和兔、鼠、昆虫等动物以及各种蘑菇等大型真菌D．一座山上各种植物、动物、菌类等全部生物解析生物群落是指同一时间内聚集在一定区域中各种生物种群的集合。
A、B、C三个选项中只说出了某一区域内部分生物的总和，而不是全部生物的总和，而D选项中包含了群落的两个重要的判断要素：(1)一定自然区域——一座山上；(2)所有生物的总和——全部生物。
故选D。
答案 D8．下列群落演替序列中，属于初生演替的是 ( )。
A．从湖底开始的水生演替B．草原的放牧演替C．农田弃耕后的恢复演替D．砍伐森林后的恢复演替解析从湖底开始的水生演替是从自由漂浮植物阶段演替而成的，这一阶段湖底有机物的积聚，主要靠浮游有机体的死亡残体，以及湖岸雨水冲刷所带来的矿质微粒，天长日久，湖底逐渐提高，湖底从来没有被植被覆盖，属于初生演替。
B、C、D三项原有的土壤条件并没有被破坏，属于次生演替。
答案 A9．下列调查活动或实验中，计算所得数值与实际数值相比，可能偏小的是 ( )。
A．标志重捕法调查野兔种群密度时个别标志物脱落B．调查某遗传病的发病率时以患者家系为调查对象C．样方法调查法国梧桐种群密度时在分布较稀疏的地区取样D．用血球计数板计数酵母菌数量时统计方格内和在相邻两边上的菌体解析标志重捕法调查野兔种群密度时个别标志物脱落会使计算出的数值比实际数值偏大。
调查某遗传病的发病率时应在较大的人群中进行，如果在患者家系中调查会使所得发病率偏大。
用血球计数板计数酵母菌数量时统计方格内和在相邻两边上的菌体，这样得到的数值基本上与实际相符。
样方法调查植物种群密度要随机取样，如果选择个体较少的区域作为样方，则计算的数值小于实际数值。
答案 C10．在森林群落中，乔木、灌木、草本植物三类绿色植物在空间配置上形成了有序的组合，从而使它们能( )。
A．有效地避免竞争B．合理地充分利用环境资源C．提高群落的光合产量D．以上选项均正确解析群落的垂直分层分布可有效地避免竞争，合理充分地利用资源，提高群落的净光合产量。
答案 D11．下列关于群落演替的叙述，错误的是( )。
A．群落自然演替是一个群落替代另一个群落的过程B．群落的初生演替在海洋和陆地均可发生C．群落的初生演替速度通常非常缓慢D．动物群落的演替与光照条件无关解析随着时间的推移，一定区域内一个群落被另一个群落所替代的过程叫群落的演替；在一个从来没有被植被覆盖的地面，或者是原来存在过植被、但被彻底消灭了的地方发生的演替叫初生演替，初生演替速度较慢，海洋和陆地均可发生；光照条件影响着动物的分布、生理、繁殖等，故影响动物群落的演替。
故选D。
答案 D12．东北东部山地的阔叶红松林受破坏之后，形成一片空地，叫做“林窗”，这时候往往最先进入的是杨树、白桦等。
但随着时间的推移，周围的红松林会慢慢在这片区域生长繁殖并逐渐替代杨树和白桦重新成为林地中的优势种。
下列有关说法正确的是( )。
A．杨树、白桦在受破坏的空地上生长繁殖引起的群落演替属于初生演替B．红松林重新取代杨树和白桦的结果说明红松林在竞争中处于优势C．在群落演替的初期，不存在种群间的竞争关系D．在群落演替的过程中，群落的物种组成不会发生变化解析红松林受破坏后原有的土壤和繁殖体基本保留，因此，在此地上进行的演替属于次生演替；在群落演替的整个过程中都存在种群间的竞争；在群落演替的过程中，群落的物种组成会发生改变。
答案 B二、非选择题(共40分)13．(10分)在某一片小麦田中，长有许多杂草，还有食草昆虫、青蛙、蛇等动物活动。
某研究小组对该农田生态系统进行研究，根据所学的知识回答有关问题。
(1)研究小组要估算该农田中荠菜的种群密度，应采用________法；在取样时，关键要做到________。
(2)此农田中新迁入了一种食草昆虫，图甲是与这种昆虫种群数量相关的出生率和死亡率的变化曲线。
请说出种群在B点后死亡率明显增加的原因：___________________________________________________________________________________________________(答出两点即可)。
(3)请根据图甲，在图乙坐标系中画出种群数量的变化曲线(将A、D标在纵坐标的合适位置上)。
解析植物种群密度的调查采用样方法，样方法的关键是取样要随机。
种群死亡率增加的主要原因是生存斗争加剧，包括食物、空间不足和天敌增多。
在绘图时一定要注意按照要求将A、D标在纵坐标的合适位置上，由于A点种群数量不为零，所以曲线的起点不能为零。
当种群数量为D时，出生率等于死亡率，此时种群数量达到K值(环境容纳量)，所以D点对应种群数量最大值。
答案(1)样方随机取样(2)生活资源和空间有限；天敌增多(3)如图所示(要求：画成“S”型曲线；纵坐标上A点对应起点，D点对应K值)14．(12分)有一片长着马尾松和山毛榉的针、阔叶混交林，对两个树种的存有量逐年进行统计，并把马尾松存有量与山毛榉存有量的比值记为C，作曲线如下图。
据图回答下面的问题。
(1)两树种处于竞争状态的年份段是______________________________________________。
(2)两树种处于平衡状态的年份段是______________________________________________。
(3)在a年的优势树种是________________________________________________________，在d年的优势树种是__________________________________________________________。
排除气候条件的变化，造成这一变化的重要原因是随着前一种群的繁盛，逐步改变了当地的________________________________________________________________________，使之反而适合后一种群的生存需求。
(4)由此可见，物种不是一成不变的。
在群落的发展过程中，一些种群________了，而另一些种群兴起了，从而使整个群落的结构和________都发生了变化，一直到群落达到动态平衡，这就称为群落的_____________________________________________________________。
解析(1)两树种在任何年份均存在竞争关系。
(2)在C值为1的年份，两树种竞争可达平衡状态。
(3)a年马尾松为优势种，d年山毛榉为优势种。
(4)在群落发展过程中可存在不同物种间的优势取代。
答案(1)O～e(2)b～c(3)马尾松山毛榉环境(4)消失物种组成演替15．(18分)某兴趣小组同学欲对“土壤动物的物种丰富度”进行调查研究。
对于有较强活动能力且身体微小的土壤动物，他们用自制的取样器进行土壤取样，通过调查样本中小动物的种类和数量来推测某一区域内土壤小动物的丰富度。
(1)本探究性研究在实施计划中，主要的操作环节有取样、采集小动物、观察和分类、统计和分析。
(2)在采集小动物时，对体型较大的可用________取出。
对体型较小的可用________采集。