2014年1月最新托福阅读预测

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2005-031.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:We must seriously question the idea of majority rule. The majority grinned and jeered when Columbus said the world was round. The majority threw him into a dungeon for his discoveries. Where is the logic in the notion that the opinion held by a majority of people should have the power to influence our decisions?Adapted from James A. Reed, ―Majority Rule‖ASSIGNMENT: Is the opinion of the majority—in government or in anyother circumstances—a poor guide? Plan and write an essay in which youdevelop your point of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoningand examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observation.2.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:Given the importance of human creativity, one would think it should have a high priority among our concerns. But if we look at the reality, we see a different picture. Basic scientific research is minimized in favor of immediate practical applications. The arts are increasingly seen as dispensable luxuries. Yet as competition heats up around the globe, exactly the opposite strategy is needed.ASSIGNMENT: Is creativity needed more than ever in the world today?Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view on this issue.Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observation.3.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:Even scientists know that absolute objectivity has yet to be attained. It's the same for absolute truth. But, as many news reporters have observed, the idea of objectivity as a guiding principle is too valuable to be abandoned. Without it, the pursuit of knowledge is hopelessly lost.Adapted from ―Focusing Our V alues‖, Nieman ReportsASSIGNMENT: Are people better at making observations, discoveries,and decisions if they remain neutral and impartial?Plan and write anessay in which you develop your point of view on this issue. Support yourposition with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observation.4.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:If you think that what you do is your own business, you are wrong. In this world your conduct affects not only you but the conduct of other people as well. If you behave in a way that is considered unacceptable and other people copy your behavior, you are the consequences.Adapted from Margaret Banni ng, ―Letter to Susan‖ASSIGNMENT: Is a person responsible, through the example he or shesets, for the behavior of other people? Plan and write an essay in which youdevelop your point of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoningand examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observation.2005-051.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:It's easy to see why—aside from the income it provides—having a job is so desirable in our culture. Work works for us. It structures our time and imposes a rhythm on our lives. It gets us organized into various kinds of communities and social groups. And perhaps most important, work tells us what to do every day.Adapted from Joanne B. Ciulla, The Working LifeASSIGNMENT: Do people depend on work—whether it is a job, schoolwork, or volunteer work—to determine what their daily activitiesand interactions with others should be? Plan and write an essay in whichyou develop your point of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observation.2.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:There is no progress unless someone comes up with a new way of looking at things, of trying things that have never been done or thought of before. We cannot move forward by looking backward to old customs and past experience. There can be no advancement or improvement unless there are people who look forward in pursuit of the new and untried.ASSIGNMENT: Does progress depend on people with new ideas ratherthan on people whose ideas are based on the current way of doingthings? Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view on thisissue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observation.3.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:We are afraid that our cause is unjust, or that it is unclear, or that it is too insignificant to justify the horrors of a confrontation with Authority. We will endure almost any inconvenience before undertaking head-on, I'm-here-to-tell-you complaint.Adapted from William F. Buckley, Jr., ―Why Don't We Complain?‖ASSIGNMENT: Are people afraid to speak out against authority,whether the authority is an individual, a group, or a government? Planand write an essay in which you develop your point of view on this issue.Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observations.4.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:Alone we can afford to be wholly whatever we are and to feel whatever we feel absolutely. With others we are busy wondering what does my companion see or think of this, and what do I think of it? The original impact of our feelings gets lost or reduced.Adapted from May Sarton, The Rewards of Living a Solitary LifeASSIGNMENT: Does worrying too much about other people’s opinionsprevent us from seeing things clearly? Plan and write an essay in which youdevelop your point of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoningand examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observations.2005-061.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:Many persons believe that to move up the ladder of success and achievement, they must forget the past, repress it, and relinquish it. But others have just the opposite view. They see old memories as a chance to reckon with the past and integrate past and present.Adapted from Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot, I've Known Rivers: Lives of Loss and Liberation ASSIGNMENT: Do memories hinder or help people in their effort tolearn from the past and succeed in the present? Plan and write an essay inwhich you develop your point of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observation.2.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:I cannot comprehend those who emphasize or recognize only what is useful. I am concerned that learning for learning's sake is no longer considered desirable, that everything we do and think must be directed toward the solution of a practical problem. More and more we seem to try to teach how to make a good living and not how to live a good life.Adapted from Philip D. Jordan, ―The U sefulness of Useless Knowledge‖ASSIGNMENT: Do people put too much emphasis on learning practicalskills? Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view on thisissue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observation.3.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:Most of our schools are not facing up to their responsibilities. We must begin to ask ourselves whether educators should help students address the critical moral choices and social issues of our time. Schools have responsibilities beyond training people for jobs and getting students into college.Adapted from Svi ShapiroASSIGNMENT: Should schools help students understand moral choicesand social issues? Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point ofview on this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples takenfrom your reading, studies, experience, or observation.4.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:The media not only transmit information and culture, they also decide what information is important. In that way, they help to shape culture and values.Adapted from Alison Bernstein, ―Artists Thrive on Freedom a nd Freedom Thrives on the Arts‖ASSIGNMENT: Do newspapers, magazines, television, radio, movies,the Internet, and other media determine what is important to mostpeople? Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view on thisissue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observation.2005-101.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:1.Success in life is largely a matter of luck. It has little correlation with merit. And in all fields of life therehave always been people of great merit who did not succeed.Karl Popper, Popper Selections2.As Colin Powell said, ―there are no secrets to success. Don’t waste time looking for them. Success is theresult of preparation, hard work, and learning from failure.‖Adapted from Barry Farber, ―Selling Points‖ASSIGNMENT: Is success in life earned or do people succeed becausethey are lucky? Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point ofview on this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples takenfrom your reading, studies, experience, or observations.2.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:1.Celebrities have the power to attract ―communities‖of like-minded followers; they provide an identitythat people can connect to and call their own. Celebrities are trusted; they stand for certain ideas and values to which followers can express allegiance.Adapted from William Greider, Who Will Tell the People?2.Admiration for celebrities is often accompanied by contempt for ―average‖ people. As we focus on thefamous, other people become less important to us. The world becomes populated with a few ―some bodies‖ and an excess of ―near-nobodies.‖Adapted from Norman Solomon and Jeff Cohen, Wizards of Media OzASSIGNMENT: Is society’s admiration for famous people beneficial or harmful? Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view onthis issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observations.3.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:This is a time for shallowness. Seriousness is so rare these days that we tend to make all kinds of allowances for those who only seem to possess it. In this way, shallow ideas are not recognized for what they are, and they are increasingly mistaken for deep thoughts.Adapted from Margaret Talbot, ―The Perfectionist‖ASSIGNMENT: Do we live in a time when people do not engage inserious thinking? Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point ofview on this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples takenfrom your reading, studies, experience, or observations.4.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:Nowadays nothing is private: our culture has become too confessional and self-expressive. People think that to hide one’s thoughts or feelings is to pretend not to have those thoughts or feelings. They assume that honesty requires one to express every inclination and impulse.Adapted from J. David V elleman, ―the Genesis of Shame‖ASSIGNMENT: Should people make more of an effort to keep somethings private? Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point ofview on this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples takenfrom your reading, studies, experience, or observations.2005-111.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:Beauty is not a quality in people or in objects themselves. It exists in the mind that perceives those objects, and each mind perceives beauty differently. To seek real beauty, in some absolute sense, is pointless. Where one person sees beauty, another may even see the opposite. For this reason, we all ought to accept our own perceptions of who or what is beautiful, and not be influenced by the perceptions of others.Adapted from David H ume, ―Of the Standard of Taste‖ASSIGNMENT: Should our perceptions of beauty be influenced by the perceptions of beauty of other people? Plan and write an essay in which youdevelop your point of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoningand examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observation.2.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:There are situations where flattery is mandatory: The bride is always beautiful. If we look at someone's artwork, we are obliged to say something complimentary to the artist. If we visit someone with a new baby, we are required to say the infant is cute. In such situations, to say nothing is interpreted as rudeness. We compliment each other because we understand that flattery makes life run smoothly.Adapted from Richard Stengel, Y ou're Too Kind: A brief History of FlatteryASSIGNMENT: Is praising others, even if the praise is excessive or undeserved, a necessary part of life? Plan and write an essay in which youdevelop your point of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoningand examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observation.3.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:Conflict is not necessarily bad, and it does not necessarily indicate a failed interaction. It is a signal, a message that says, "Things aren't working around here. We've got to do something different." Thus, conflict can be a catalyst-a motivating force-encouraging people to interact and communicate in ways that are more satisfying. Conflict can actually benefit people by pushing them to make necessary changes.Adapted from Beverly Potter, From Conflict to CooperationASSIGNMENT: Is conflict helpful? Plan and write an essay in which youdevelop your point of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoningand examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observation.4.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:What explains our increasing obsession with money and the things it can buy? It seems as though the acquisition of money is gradually replacing real measures of success, such as integrity, honesty, skill, and hard work.Adapted from Alan Durning, ―Limiting Consumption: Toward a Sustainable Culture‖ASSIGNMENT: Has the acquisition of money and possessions replacedmore meaningful ways of measuring our achievements? Plan and writean essay in which you develop your point of view on this issue. Support yourposition with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observations.2005-121.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:We like to think that if someone has "the right stuff," he or she will naturally rise to the top. But it isn't true. In that same way that acting talent doesn't guarantee stardom, the capacity for leadership doesn't guarantee that one will run a corporation or a government. In fact, at least in our time, genuine achievement is not highly valued, and those who are skilled at achieving greatness are not necessarily those who are ready to lead.Adapted from Warren Bennis, On Becoming a LeaderASSIGNMENT: Are leaders necessarily people who are most capable of leadership? Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view onthis issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observations.2.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:How valuable is history for our generation? On the surface this question is not as easy as it once might have been, for there is a widespread belief that history may no longer be relevant to modern life. We live, after all, in an age that appears very different from the world that came before us.Adapted from Stephen Vaughn, ―History: Is It Relevant?‖ASSIGNMENT: Is knowledge of the past no longer useful for us today?Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view on this issue.Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observations.3.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:The free expression of thoughts and opinions is one of humanity's most precious rights. Every citizen must be able to speak, write, and publish freely, provided that he or she is held accountable for the abuse of this liberty in cases determined by the law.Adapted from Thomas Paine, Rights of ManASSIGNMENT: Is it necessary to limit or put restrictions on freedom ofthought and expression? Plan and write an essay in which you develop yourpoint of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examplestaken from your reading, studies, experience, or observations.4.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:Progress is likely to slow down once science and technology have met our basic human needs. New developments in science and technology will not continue to produce more societal benefits. In fact, the promise that science and technology will continue to benefit us is increasingly doubtful when so many individuals find their lives changing in ways they cannot control and in directions they do not desire.Adapted from Daniel Sarewitz, ―So cial Change and Science Policy‖ASSIGNMENT: Do the benefits of scientific and technological developments come at the cost of undesirable changes to people's lives?Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view on this issue.Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observations.2006-011.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:A colleague of the great scientist James Watson remarked that Watson was always ―lounging around, arguing about problems instead of doing experiments.‖ He concluded that ―there is more than one way of doing good science.‖ It was Watson’s form of idleness, the scientist went on to say, that allowed him to solve ―the greatest of all biological problems: the discovery of the structure of DNA.‖It is a point worth remembering in a society overly concerned with efficiency.Adapted from John C. Polanyi, ―Understanding Discovery‖ASSIGNMENT: Do people accomplish more when they are allowed to dothings in their own way? Plan and write an essay in which you develop yourpoint of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examplestaken from your reading, studies, experience, or observations.2.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:I do not feel terrible about my mistakes, though I grieve the pain they have sometimes caused others. Our lives are ―experiments with truth,‖ and in an experiment negative results are at least as important as successes. I have no idea how I would have learned the truth about myself and my calling without the mistakes I have made.Adapted from Parker Palmer, Let Y our Life SpeakASSIGNMENT: Is it necessary to make mistakes, even when doing sohas negative consequences for other people? Plan and write an essay inwhich you develop your point of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observations.3.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:An actor, when his cue came, was unable to move onto the stage. He said, ―I can’t get in, the chair is in the way.‖And the producer said, ―Use the difficulty. If it’s a drama, pick the chair up and smash it. If it’s a comedy, fall over it.‖ From this experience the actor concluded that in any situation in life that is negative, there is something positive you can do with it.Adapted from Lawrence Eisenberg, ―Caine Scrutiny‖ASSIGNMENT: Can any obstacle or disadvantage be turned into something good? Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point ofview on this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples takenfrom your reading, studies, experience, or observations.4.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:Every important discovery results from patience, perseverance, and concentration--sometimes continuing for months or years--on one specific subject. A person who wants to discover a new truth must remain absorbed by that one subject, must pay no attention to any thought that is unrelated to the problem.Adapted from Santiago Ramon Cajal, Advice for a Y oung InvestigatorASSIGNMENT: Are all important discoveries the result of focusing onone subject? Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of viewon this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken fromyour reading, studies, experience, or observation.2006-041.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:Inconsistency is commonly thought to be an undesirable personality trait, and inconsistent people are viewed as indecisive and weak willed. On the other hand, firm commitment to an idea or plan of action is associated with personal and intellectual strength, stability, and honesty. Thus, once we have made a choice or taken a stand, it is best not to change.Adapted from Robert B. Cialdini, Influence: How and Why People Agree to ThingsASSIGNMENT: Is it best not to change our ideas, opinions, or behaviors?Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view on this issue.Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observation.2.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:A teenager challenges everything and, by forming habits of intellectual and emotional independence, makes himself or herself into an adult. In a similar way, all people can learn the behaviors that they need to become the people they want to be. We can all change ourselves—our behaviors, our goals, our relationships—because our potential for change is unlimited.Adapted from Richard Stiller, HabitsASSIGNMENT: Is our ability to change ourselves unlimited, or are therelimits on our ability to make important changes in our lives? Plan andwrite an essay in which you develop your point of view on this issue. Supportyour position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observation.3.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:It is widely believed that people do their best work when they are promised rewards for their achievements. Our schools and workplaces operate on the assumption that good work occurs when people are competing for grades, money, or recognition from others. In truth, the prospect of rewards provided by others can inhibit and limit people's drive and creativity. People do their best work when motivated from within by their enjoyment of a particular challenge and their satisfaction in doing something well.ASSIGNMENT: What do you think motivates people to do their best?Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view on this issue.Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observation.4.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:Young people should have the right to control and direct their own learning—that is, to decide what they want to learn, when, and where. If we take from someone his or her right to decide what to be curious about, we destroy that person's freedom of thought. We say, in effect, "You must think about what interests and concerns us, not you."Adapted from John Holt, ―The R ight to Control One's Learning‖ASSIGNMENT: Should each individual decide what and how to learn?Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view on this issue.Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observation.2006-051.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:Some people claim that each individual is solely responsible for what happens to him or her. But the claim that we ought to take absolute responsibility for the kinds of people we are and the kinds of lives we lead suggests that we have complete control over our lives. We do not. The circumstances of our lives can make it more or less impossible to make certain kinds of choices.Adapted form Gordon D. Marino, ―I think You Should Be Responsible; Me, I’m not so Sure‖ASSIGNMENT: Are we free to make our own decisions or are we limitedin the choices we can make? Plan and write an essay in which you developyour point of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observation.2.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:Certainly anyone who insists on condemning all lies should think about what would happen if we could reliably tell when our family, friends, colleagues, and government leaders were deceiving us. It is tempting to think that the world would become a better place without the hand, perhaps there is such a thing as too much honesty.Adapted from Allison Kornet, ―The Truth About Lying‖ASSIGNMENT: Would the world be a better place if everyone alwaystold the complete truth? Plan and write an essay in which you develop yourpoint of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examplestaken from your reading, studies, experience, or observation.3.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:It is not that people dislike being part of a community; it is just that they care about their individual freedoms more. People value neighborliness and social interaction—until being part of a group requires them to limit their freedom for the larger good of the group. But a community or group cannot function effectively unless people are willing to set aside their personal interests.Adapted from Warren Johnson, The Future Is Not What It Used To BeASSIGNMENT: Does the success of a community—whether it is a class,a team, a family, a nation, or any other group—depend upon people's willingness to limit their personal interests? Plan and write an essay inwhich you develop your point of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observation.4.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt andassignment below:There is an old saying: "A person with one watch knows what time it is; a person with two watches isn't so sure." In other words, a person who looks at an object or event from two different angles sees something different from each position. Moreover, two or more people looking at the same thing may each perceive something different. In other words, truth, like beauty, may lie in the eye of the beholder.Adapted from, Gregory D. Foster, ―Eth ics: Time to Revisit the Basics‖ASSIGNMENT: Does the truth change depending on how people look atthings? Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view on thisissue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observation.2006-061.Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt and。

(完整word版)2014年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析(2),推荐文档

Next Year Marks the EU's 50th Anniversary of the TreatyA. After a period of introversion and stunned self-disbelief， continental European governments will recover their enthusiasm for pan-Europeaninstitution-building in 2007. Whether the European public will welcome a return to what voters in two countries had rejected so short a time before is another matter.B. There are several reasons for Europe’s recovering self-confidence. For years European economies had been lagging dismally behind America (to say nothing of Asia)， but in 2006 the large continental economies had one of their best years for a decade， briefly outstripping America in terms of growth. Since politics often reacts to economic change with a lag， 2006’s improvement in economic growth will have its impact in 2007， though the recovery may be ebbing by then.C. The coming year also marks a particular point in a political cycle so regular that it almost seems to amount to a natural law. Every four or five years，European countries take a large stride towards further integration by signing a new treaty： the Maastricht treaty in 1992， the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997， the Treaty of Nice in 2001. And in 2005 they were supposed to ratify a European constitution，laying the ground for yet more integration—until the calm rhythm was rudely shattered by French and Dutch voters. But the political impetus to sign something every four or five years has only been interrupted， not immobilised， by this setback.D. In 2007 the European Union marks the 50th anniversary of another treaty —the Treaty of Rome， its founding charter. Government leaders have already agreed to celebrate it ceremoniously， restating their commitment to “ever closer union”and the basic ideals of European unity. By itself， and in normal circumstances，the EU’s 50th-birthday greeting to itself would be fairly meaningless， a routine expression of European good fellowship. But it does not take a Machiavelli to spot that once governments have signed the declaration (and it seems unlikely anyone would be so uncollegiate as to veto it) they will already be halfway towards committing themselves to a new treaty. All that will be necessary will be to incorporate the 50th-anniversary declaration into a new treaty containing a number of institutionaland other reforms extracted from the failed attempt at constitution-building and —hey presto—a new quasi-constitution will be ready.E. According to the German government—which holds the EU’s agenda-setting presidency during the first half of 2007—there will be a new draft of a slimmed-down constitution ready by the middle of the year， perhaps to put to voters， perhaps not. There would then be a couple of years in which it will be discussed， approved by parliaments and， perhaps， put to voters if that is deemed unavoidable. Then，according to bureaucratic planners in Brussels and Berlin， blithely ignoring the possibility of public rejection， the whole thing will be signed， sealed and a new constitution delivered in 2009-10. Europe will be nicely back on schedule. Its four-to-five-year cycle of integration will have missed only one beat.F. The resurrection of the European constitution will be made more likely in 2007 because of what is happening in national capitals. The European Union is not really an autonomous organisation. If it functions， it is because the leaders of the big continental countries want it to， reckoning that an active European policy will help them get done what they want to do in their own countries.G. That did not happen in 2005-06. Defensive， cynical and self-destructive，the leaders of the three largest euro-zone countries—France， Italy and Germany —were stumbling towards their unlamented ends. They saw no reason to pursue any sort of European policy and the EU， as a result， barely functioned. But by the middle of 2007 all three will have gone， and this fact alone will transform the European political landscape.H. The upshot is that the politics of the three large continental countries，bureaucratic momentum and the economics of recovery will all be aligned to give a push towards integration in 2007. That does not mean the momentum will be irresistible or even popular. The British government， for one， will almost certainly not want to go with the flow， beginning yet another chapter in the long history of confrontation between Britain and the rest of Europe. More important，the voters will want a say. They rejected the constitution in 2005. It would befoolish to assume they will accept it after 2007 just as a result of an artful bit of tinkering.Questions 1-6 Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1？Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.TRUE if the statemenht reflets the claims of the writerFALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is possbile to say what the writer thinks about this1.After years’ introspection and mistrust， continental European governments will resurrect their enthusiasm for more integration in 2007.2. The European consitution was officially approved in 2005 in spite of the oppositon of French and Dutch voters.3. The Treaty of Rome ， which is considered as the fundamental charter of the European Union， was signed in 1957.4.It is very unlikely that European countries will sign the declaration at the 50th anniversary of the Treaty of Rome.5.French government will hold the EU’s presidency and lay down the agenda during the first half of 2008.6.For a long time in hisotry， there has been confrontation between Britain and the rest of European countries.Questions 7-10 Complet the following sentencces.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.Write your answer in Boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.7. Every four or five years， European countries tend to make a rapid progress towards ___________________by signing a new treaty.8. The European constitution is supposed to ______________________for yet more integration of European Union member countries.9. The bureaucratic planners in Brussels and Berlin rashly ignore the possibility of __________________and think the new consitution will be delivered in 2009-10.10. The politics of the three large continental countries， __________________ and the economic recovery will join together to urge the integration in 2007.Questions 11-14 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.11. Which of the following statemnts is true of Euopean economic development.A. The economy of Europe developed much faster than that of Asia before 2006.B. The growth of European economy was slightly slower than that of America in 2006.C. The development of European economy are likely to slow down by 2007.D. The recovery of European economy may be considerably accelerated by 2007.12. The word “immobilised” in the last line of Section C means ___________.A. stopped completely.B. pushed strongly.C. motivated wholely.D. impeded totally.13. Which of the following statements about the treaties in European countries is NOT TRUE.A. The Maastricht Treaty was signed in 1992.B. The Treaty of Amsterdan was signed in 1997.C. The Treaty of Nice was signed in 2001.D. The Treaty of Rome was signed in 2007.14. The European constitution failed to be ratified in 2005--2006， becauseA. The leaders of France， Italy and Germany were defensive， cynical and self-destructuve..B. The voters in two countries of the Union --France and Holland rejected the constitution.C. The leaders of the EU thought that it was unneccessary to pursue any European policy.D. France， Italy and Germany are the three largest and most influential euro-zone countries.Notes to the Reading Passage1. pan-Enropeanpan-：前缀：全，总，泛pan-African 全/泛非洲的(运动)pan-Enropean全/泛欧的(机构建设)2. outstrip超越，胜过，超过，优于Material development outstripped human development”“物质的发展超过了人类的进步”3. ebb回落跌落；衰退或消减The tide is on the ebb.正在退潮。

2014年1月英语二-阅读理解 PART A

A.A big houseB. A special tourC. A stylish carD.A rich mealA.criticalB.supportiveC.sympatheticD.ambiguousA.consumers are sometimes irrationalB.popularity usually comes after qualityC.marketing tricks are after effectiveD.rarity generally increases pleasureA.has left much room for readers' criticismB.may prove to be a worthwhile purchaseC.has predicted a wider income gap in the usD.may give its readers a sense of achievementA.balance feeling good and spending moneyB.spend large sums of money won in lotteriesC.obtain lasting satisfaction from money spentD.become more reasonable in spending on luxuriesWhat would you do with $590m? This is now a question for Gloria MacKenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-found fortune will yield lasting feelings of fulfilment, she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and Michael Norton.These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive.Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly. What was once exciting and new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dumn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time —— as stories or memories —— particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most "happiness bang for your buck." It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it). Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason McDonald's restricts the availability of its popular McRib - a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.Readers of “Happy Money” are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfilment, not hunger. Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors’ policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.#799.According to Dumn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?#800.The author's attitude toward Americans' watching TV is ____.#801.Macrib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that ____.#802.According to the last paragraph, Happy Money ____.#803.This text mainly discusses how to ____.An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you're more beautiful than you are. We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to research into what the2014年1月英语二-阅读理解 PART AA.our self-ratings are unrealistically highB.illusory superiority is baseless effectC.our need for leadership is unnaturalD.self-enhancing strategies are ineffectiveA.rapid watchingB.conscious choiceC.intuitive responseD.automatic self-defenceA.underestimate their insecuritiesB.believe in their attractivenessC.cover up their depressionsD.oversimplify their illusionsA.instinctivelyB.occasionallyC.particularlyD.aggressivelyA.present their dishonest profilesB.define their traditional life stylesC.share their intellectual pursuitsD.withhold their unflattering sidescall the "above average effect", or "illusory superiority", and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93%in driving and 85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.We rose tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negativestereotypes to others to boost our own esteem, we stalk around thinking we're hot stuff.Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather than have people simply rate their beauty compared with others, he asked them to identify an original photogragh of themselves' from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image- which most did-they genuinely believed it was really how they looked.Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that, those who self-enhance the most (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higher self-esteem. “I don't think the findings that we having have are any evidence of personal delusion”, says Epley. “It’s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves’. If you are depressed, you won’t be self-enhancing.Knowing the results of Epley's study,it makes sense that why people hate photographs of themselves so viscerally-on one level, they don’t even recognize the person in the picture as themselves, Facebook therefore ,is a self-enhancer’s paradise, where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit ,style ,beauty, intellect and lifestyles. it’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest, says Catalina Toma of Wisconsin—Madison university ,”but they portray an idealized version of themselves.#804.According to the first paragraph, social psychologist have found that#805.Visual recognition is believed to be people's ____.#806.Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to ____.#807.The word “Viscerally”(Line 2,para.5) is closest in meaning to ____.#808.It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer's paradise because people can ____.The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries. And yet,it would be a mistake to think we are right now simply experiencing the painful side of a boom and bust cycle. Certain jobs have gone away for good, outmoded by machines. Since technology has such an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to restructure our economy in ways we can't immediately foresee.When there is exponential improvement in the price and performance of technology, jobs that were once thought to be immune fromA.ease the competition of man vs. machineB.highlight machines' threat to human jobsC.provoke a painful technological revolutionD.outmode our current economic structureA.technology is diminishing man's job opportunitiesB.automation is accelerating technological developmentC.certain jobs will remain intact after automationD.man will finally win the race against machineA.performed by innovative mindsB.scripted with an individual styleC.standardized without a clear targetD.designed against human creativityA.the predictability of machine behavior in practiceB.the formula for how work is conducted efficientlyC.the ways machines replace human labor in modern timesD.the necessity of human involvement in the workplaceA.How to Innovate Our Work PracticesB.Machines will Replace Human LaborC.Can We Win the Race Against MachinesD.Economic Downturns Stimulate Innovationsautomation suddenly become threatened. This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the book Race Against the Machine, by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who both hail from MIT's Center for Digital Business.This is a powerful argument, and a scary one. And yet,John Hagel, auther of The Power of Pull and other books, says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U.S.that tend to be "tightly scripted" and "highly standardized" ones that leave no room for "individual initiative or creativity." In short, these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much better at than human beings. That is how we have put a giant target sign on the backs of American workers, Hagel says. It's time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted, since we are still relying on a very 20th century notion of work, Hagel says. In our rapidly changing economy, we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative and exercise their imagination "to respond to unexpected events." That's not something machines are good at. They are designed to perform very predictable activities.As Hagel notes, Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in their book. We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine. In other words, we need to look at the ways in which machines can augment human labor rather than replace it. So then the problem is not really about technology, but rather, "how do we innovate our institutions and our work practices?"#809.According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would ____.#810.The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that ____.#811.Hagel argues that jobs in the U.S. are often ____.#812.According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson and McAfee discussed ____.#813.Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for text?When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy.Housing is seldom mentioned.Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value thathousing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention amongmultibillion-pound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.A.has attracted much attentionB.involves certain political factorsC.shoulders too much responsibilityD.has lost its real value in economyA.increased its home supplyB.offered spending opportunitiesC.suffered government biasesD.disappointed the governmentA.allow greater government debt for housingB.stop local authorities from building homesC.prepare to reduce housing stock debtD.release a lifted GDP growth forecastA.lower the costs of registered providersB.lessen the impact of government interferenceC.contribute to funding new developmentsD.relieve the ministers of responsibilitiesA.implement more policies to support housingB.review the need for large-scale public grantsC.renew the affordable housing grants programmeD.stop generous funding to the housing sector#799：B#800：A #801：D #802：B #803：A #804：A #805：C #806：B #807：A #808：D #809：B #810：A #811：D #812：D #813：C #814：B #815：C #816：A #817：C #818：D There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne,Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against theirhousing stock debt. Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability ofregistered providers to fund new developments from revenues.But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing £4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015, is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition's spending plans if returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.#814.The author believes that the housing sector ____.#815.It can be learned that affordable housing has ____.#816.According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may ____.#817.It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would ____.#818.The author believes that after 2015,the government may ____.参考答案：。

2014年1月12日托福写作真题

托福机经：2014年1月12日托福写作真题智课网整理综合写作：高速限速speed limit阅读：文章说汽车应该限速行驶(降低high way speed limit)，因为这样做会带来好处(1)可以减少严重事故，举了1974 年的数据做例子。

1974年美国实行限速令交通事故总量稳定下降(2)可以改善环境，减少废气排放。

当你从大于等于80 km每hour到小于80km每hour时你就会减少5-10%的气体排放量(3会带来经济效益的，更低的速度可以减少汽油耗费从而省钱。

听力：说限速的确有好处，但效果不显著(1)没有确凿的证据证明速度降低和事故减少直接有关係。

因为在速度降低之前事故就有降低的趋势，很可能降低的那十年是这个趋势的延续效果;还有road design 和汽车安全性能safety equipment提高也有可能降低事故。

另外，事故发生的原因不仅仅在于速度，也在于天气路况等因素。

(2) 确实会减少排放，但是废气排放的减少不一定需要限速。

举例在Texas 做了实验，污染指标只会下降0.5%，这个效果在城市中微乎其微。

(3)限速会带来不好的经济效应，以货车司机为例，司机如果被强制开慢，他们运输时间变长，工时上涨，使运输成本上涨，从而导致物价上涨。

The advice from grandparents has no use for their grandchildren because the world changed a lot during the past 50 years.Our world has changed so much in the last half a century. The invention of the internet alone has altered society to an astounding degree. Given that the world we live in now is so drastically different than the world of 50 years ago, can the advice of grandparents still be relevant for their grandchildren? I think so.For one thing, even though society has changed in countless ways, some things are still the same. We still have many of the problems we had 50 years ago. For example, things like war, hunger, and social inequality are still pervasive issues in today’s world. Because of that, a lot of the advice relevant 50 years ago will still be applicable today. I remember that my grandmother once telling me that she worked to feed the poor when she was younger. She then advised me to pursue philanthropic work at some point in my life. She said for her, philanthropic work gave her some of the most meaningful experiences of her life. This was true 50 years ago, and it likely still holds true today.For another thing, even though some advice from grandparents can be incredibly outdated, it can be useful to get such a different perspective on things sometimes. My grandfather often tells meabout his long and innocent courtship of my grandmother, and about all of the things he did in order to get her attention. I usually just smile and nod when he tells me to follow his example, though I never have any intention of using his tips. I think to myself, “Courtship today is such a different creature. We have cell phones and social networks and all of these different ways to interacting. How can such old fashion ed thinking be relevant today?” But hearing his advice made me think about a different way of doing things, and so even though I would never chase a girl in the way he described, I can adapt some of his ideas to mix up. Girls today are used to being chased a certain way, but if you throw in a technique out of your grandpa’s playbook once in a while, you can surprise them and make a deeper impression.Granted, we should not blindly heed all of our grandparents’ advice. Sometimes, the pointers they give really are too outdated to use. For example, my grandmother thinks I should get a Ph. D because it will help me get a job, but in reality, academic inflation is so severe today that a Ph. D will no longer guarantee you employment. Still, her advice did get me thinking about learning specific job skills to make me more competitive. In the end, I was still happy to hear her advice because it caused me to think about the issue in a different way.The world has changed much since our grandparents’ time. However, their accumulated experience can still serve us well in our modern world. With an open mind and some common sense, we can still get a lot of the advice of our grandparents.。

2014年1月英语二-阅读理解 PART A

2014年度托福总体趋势预测

2014年度托福总体趋势预测所谓“知己知彼，百战不殆”，准备参加2014年托福考试的烤鸭们，你们的福利来啦~~环球北美考试院教学经理李瑛老师基于2013年托福变化内容的回顾，为您带来2014年度托福总体趋势预测。

1、整体难度相对增加2、听力板块整体难度提升。

话题不变，但发音中增加英式英语。

3、写作话题日趋生活化4、阅读指代题不会单出，而是深入到其他题型，词汇题和细节题比重较大。

2013年口语第一，二题变化题型。

Task one不仅仅有“直接描述”的形式，还有“做判断”、“给建议”的形式。

其中“做判断”类型除了二选一之外，还出现了辩证分析和三选一的形式。

“Some schools require students to finish a reading list during school breaks. Talk about the advantages and disadvantages of this requirement.”(1/27)三选一“Which of followin g study methods do you think is the most effective, having discussions, repeating class materials or taking a lot of notes?” (3/17)上半年中的Task one还出现了4道建议题，“What suggestions would you give to a friend who is starting a new job? Give examples and details in your response.”(4/20)学生一定要注意Task one 会有哪些提问方式，及早掌握必备的应对句型。

针对上述2013年的特殊提问方式，我们建议考生在2014年的备考过程中做到如下几点：•一熟练掌握必备句型,了解多种提问方式•二背熟高频素材•三独立任务也不能忽略TPO针对ETS要求，托福备考考生必备的五大技能：如何做到在托福听力中练习转述技能•Paraphrase what you have heard in listening, speaking conversations and lectures.•Eg: TOEFL long conversation’s common logic order：•1 What’s the purpose for the student?•2 How does the professor/faculty member help with the problem?•3 What’s the final suggestion from the professor/faculty member?听力长对话中的六大出题要点：1 Beginning (purpose/main idea)2 Purpose of the example3 Suggestion sentences (why don’t you…?)4 Emphasizing words: really. Best, important5 Transitional words: but, however…6 Final requirement (I’d love for you to…)Sample Summary for TOEFL CONVERSATIONThe conversation mentions that a student has some quick questions about how to write up the research project about climate variation. The professor suggests him to talk about the content to his parents at first as encouragement. After that, the professor tells him to put some journal notes, climate charts, and some statistical tests into his project. And then, the professor shares a personal experience with him in order to tell him to use note pad to memorize important detailed information on time. Finally, the professor offers to look over the draft version of his paper next week.备考托福听力四大有效练习方法：1、跟读Shadow Reading2、跟读学科词汇Words Recognition3、听述讲座中重点出题处句子Sentences Pattern Recognition4、按照讲座结构做转述Passage Structure。

2014最新雅思预测30篇阅读常考文章

第十篇指纹识名画
第十一篇打火石的大量生产
第十二篇古代化妆品
第十三篇天体形成
第十四篇大象沟通方式及构造
第十五篇印象派
第十六篇健脑药
第十七篇Power and Space
第十九篇：欧非大陆桥
第二十篇：清洁海滩
第二十一篇：儿童教育
第二十二篇：在线学习
第二十三篇：英国海岸线
第二十四篇：研究婴儿和稍大点小孩
第二十五篇：修建古堡
第二十六篇：香味猎取者
第二十七篇：苏梅克-列维9号彗星
第二十八篇：语言变化
第二十九篇：地图发展史
第三十篇：纸币发展史。

2014托福考试预测试卷

托福考试预测试卷红色为重点 0口语部分：（共10套） (1)写作部分：（共8套） (12)阅读部分：（共7套） (16)听力部分：（6套） (37)红色为重点口语部分：（共10套）Talk about an after school activity you enjoy doing the most. Give specific reasonsWhat quality do you think is the most important for a university student?Talk about an activity you would like to participate in the near future, explain your answer in details.Talk about how cellphone has changed people’s lives. Explain your answer in details.Talk about the ways internet has benefit people’s lives. Explain your answer in details.What type of music do you enjoy most? Explain why you enjoy this type of music. Include reasonsand details in you explanation.People often feel home sick when they are away from home. What do you often do to deal with home sickness?Which form of transportation is more enjoyable? Train, automobile orSome people prefer to spend spare time by themselves, others prefer to spend it with family members. Which do you prefer? Explain why.Do you agree or disagree with the statement: artists and musicians are important to our society.While doing group projects, some students prefer to lead, others prefer to support. WhichWhen traveling, do you prefer to stay at one place for a long time or spend less time but visit more places? Explain your answer in details.Do you agree or disagree with the statement that people live healthier lives than 100 years ago?Some people like to collect old things such as newspapers. Others throw things away after theyhave used them. Which do you prefer and why?Should the government spend money on projects which can encourage its citizens to lead a healthier lifestyle?Reading：Proposal：The student suggests to close down the coffee shopR1: The light is not good enough to studyR2: Few students go there anywayListening:Reading【Proposal】The university prohibit students riding bicycles on campus next semester. 【Reasons】1.There are some minor accidents. The university will reduce the accidents caused by ridingbicycles.2.Students can take free campus buses. So it will not affect students much.ListeningThe girl disagrees.【Reasons】1.The accidents took place at night because of low visibility.2.Free buses are not convenient. Buses are only available once an hour and waiting for buses isa waste of time.Reading【Proposal】No more poster on wall of students center, only can put on the building board. 【Reasons】1.Posters make the building unattractive.2.Posters will be put on the wall of the dining hall.ListeningThe girl disagrees.【Reasons】1. Boring square and grey concrete wall.2. Poster colorful and change make it charming, give it character.3. Not many people eat at dining hall and have no chance see the announcements.【公开信】学校在考试复习期间举办什么娱乐活动，期间取消校内公交车，有人感到不满给校长写信，原因一是噪音影响在宿舍复习的人，原因二是取消校内公交车对要乘车的人很不方便。

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2014年1月12日托福阅读预测2013年12月28日托福阅读真题回忆重点套题：P1R1：British colonial products in regulation act broughtR2：soil compositionR3：Mesoamerican art and architecture 词汇：exceedingly 非常；極端地（= extremely）hasten 加快；促進（= speed up; accelerate） bulk 大量（= mass） contribute 捐助；添加（= give; add to） enormous 巨大的；極大的（= huge; immense） embody 使具體化；代表（= incarnate; incorporate; represent） swift 迅速的（= fast; ready）P2R1：深海生物研究说有个欧洲人上了一艘爱琴海aegean sea research ship船，经常穿梭于两个海域之间，他做了一个极长无比的网子从海上捞鱼，根据他多年的经验，根据捞起来的鱼的种类判断，海里的动物分为8层渔网来捕捞海底的生物。

他做了1300英尺深的探索，发现下面的水中动物分了8层并且断定在1800尺下面没有生物了，这个说法太可笑了，而且很多人当时竟然都相信；接下来说还有一个更可笑的说法，有俩人一个人说海底全是冰，冰下面就不会有动物。

他们愚昧得忽视了冰的密度比水小，会浮在水面上，还有个人说海底下面是密度很大的压缩水导致动物不能生存，继续愚昧，其实水在自然状态下是不会被压缩的，然后说前面两种都白扯，其实有个人早在第一个人之前就证明了水底是有动物的，不是什么8层冰层的问题，他在1818年就已经从更深的地方捕到过海洋生物。

他也做过一个实验，在另一个海搜索，其实已经比第一个人探索的更深了，最后说为什么第一个人的实验错了：第一个原因是爱琴海是比较特殊的海底生物比较少的海，第二海底水压大，鱼都长得比较扁，他做的渔网网眼太大了，鱼都跑没了R2已考R3：第一段说有个美国小城干旱缺水，一般城内使用水利设施采水，城外自己打井，水源来自附近雪山；第二段说久而久之由于global warming，山上的积雪变少，原本山上有个湖，以前水很多，现在所剩不多了；?第三段说农民完全依赖于灌溉系统。

但是用水分配不是按照比例来的而是按照一个绝对的水量数值，但是这个数值是某个雨水丰富的年份采集的，在多数年份都根本不够分；第四段说山上水少了就可能产生冲突，分水的原则是按先来后到，但是先来的农民都在下游，这些农民取了水，后来的农民们住在上游反而就更没有法采水了，结果上游农民急眼了就会截流，下游农民就可以起诉，搞得鸡飞狗跳。

P3R1：关于水资源在农业上的利用，以一个古国为例，说过渡灌溉造成盐碱化的内容较多。

R2：外星体撞击造成恐龙灭绝的理论R3：好像是珊瑚礁什么的。

R4：石油化工的发展P4 版本1R1：是关于动物的dispersal 的原因。

什么松鼠的雄性松鼠分得远，雌性的近，原因可能是威客保护幼儿。

还有说也可能狮子也用这种现象，但是原因可能是为了战胜获得配偶什么。

R2：是关于各种动物的化石形成的原因，软体的还有不是软体的动物都是怎么样被保存在化石中的。

R3：在火星还有金星上的水什么的，为什么他们不存在水。

版本2R1：讲什么某种Plant和mammal 的分布和演化和灭亡的，什么被分到不同的大路上，和其他物种替代或者环境影响，有些分布比较广泛但是已经延伸很多亚种，一种可以存活在地球很久和在经历其他大extinction的时候可以保存下来的R2：依然生物，讲最早的有机物有机体形成机制的，三个观点，有人说直接反应出来但是被质疑会被很快分解，有种说法是外太空的陨石带上有些有机物所以可能是大阳系某些东西变成有机物了又和那些陨石啥的合在一起（有个单词题貌似是incorporated）落在地球上，现在的某些掉下来的石头也有这些东西，第三种说海洋什么底层的某些ridge上的water 和某些物质blabla上升到海水表面的。

R3：讲什么蜜蜂里面会有随着young 到adult 的多样分工和某种大脑xx分泌的物质有关，然后做了实验用类似的物质发现了确实可以让他们大脑复杂化（什么变化是个考题，是容量还是branch变多什么的），然后就可以出门做更复杂的事情（有题，下列哪个不是被提到的复杂事情），而且说这种变化是可变的，比如食物少的蜂群会让这种物质分泌变多，所以更多蜜蜂出门找吃的之类的，很无聊的文章。

P5R1：是讲古埃及为什么要选MEMPHIS作为首都。

有一道题目印象中很难啊。

有地图。

讲说MEMPHIS连接上埃及的肥沃土地及下埃及的尼罗河三角洲，同时还提到MEMPHIS离沙漠中的通商路线也很近，非常方便。

R2：讲述文艺复兴时期的音乐发展，其中提到了GUTERNBURG发明了活字印刷术，大大提高了印刷的效率（详情百度，比毕升牛），以及中产阶级追求贵族式的生活和享受，增加了对音乐的刚需，刺激了音乐的发展。

R3：讲海草，水流强弱，以及纬度高低，盐分等等。

温度是其中一个很重要的考点，然后记住盐分对于海草影响比较小。

里面有一个例子来说明温度对海草生长的影响，其中提到了某种海草可以在很广的温度区间生存，但同时也说温度过低或者过高对于海草的生长不利，甚至造成死亡。

P6R1：在大河与海洋的交汇处，那里的动物，有的他们的器官能忍受高的，盐含度，有的能保持自身的盐含度。

还有一些生物能有根，attached 水底神马的，防止被水冲走（有题）R2：讲什么美国公园的，商人看到有利润，就搞什么旅社什么的，做广告吸引游人来参过，从而获利。

然后发展发展什么的，黄石公园，悠闲每地，就是这样发展起来的。

然后越来越多的人想旅游什么的，就要求高速公路的发展，然后政府就发展他，然后政府也成立什么浮云般的部门，去监控这些公园神马的（有题，然后这些公园的发展就更趋向于保护环境什么的，里面提到大神对美国东部的人对保护环境的意识的提高有突出贡献，（有转述题和原因题，两个啊，同学们注意）补充：美國國家公園的開發第一段講為啥要開發（有一題選哪個不是要開發公園的原因，選教育目的那個選項）第二段說最早開發的一般都是鐵路沿線，鐵路公司為了讓更多人坐火車，積極開發沿線公園啥的。

例舉了黃石公園等幾個國家公園（有題，問黃石等公園的共同點）第三段說汽車的發展和高速公路建設促進了公園發展，人們出去旅遊的更多了。

第四段說開發過程中，人們一直關注通過開發保護野生資源等等。

R3：14世纪欧洲遇到什么经济危机什么，原因是温度下降，有个例子关于全球变暖的，这个是用来强调这个温度下价的对自然的影响（全球变暖和这个比起来，都是各种弱暴了。

）然后一个原因是人们没有改变他们耕种的方式，如果遇到什么自然灾害和战争，他们就没办法支持自己的生活。

然后还有一个原因提到什么银行破产什么的。

其中有说道为什么人们会发现大西洋和好望角的航道，原因是拜占庭帝国的decline什么的，要和我们东亚做贸易什么的（有题，虽然这个和主题不make sense)P7R1：已考R2：讲一个水流沉积的问题, 记得不太清楚意思就是说一开始专家不知道为什么在很深的海沟里 (well, the article said is in the deepth of the sea) 会有营养物质, 本来大家认为ocean basin才有的. 后面有一个人做了一个实验, 在实验室里还原了这个实验, 发现那个东西是后水流的速度, 海洋平面的深度成正比. 然后这个实验一开始很少人证实, 然后后面是一个地震发现突然证实了这个问题. 这里考了一个词, 不记得词是什么了, 但是选项是consider, 当然你可以不相信我, 但是我认为应该是没错. 这里我记得有几个地方要认真读，一个是，这种沉积问题是不Mix 水的, 因为它在水的下面go through, (考) 然后它不会cross the continental shelf, 是在top 开始, 中间加速, 然后在bottom of the slope slows down(考）剩下的不记得了R3：简单的一题, 是讲一种猴子, (又或者不是猴子, 记不太清)是种族居住的, 科学家研究他们的一个性质, 就是他们为什么会stand to guard（好像是这个词). 意思就是会保护自己的member 科学家一开始认为这个东西是会随着基因传播, kin selection, 显然是错的, 因为上过生物的都知道这个是不可能, ns不会因为gene的好坏而定向选择果然, 第2段就开始讲这个Hypothesis不成立 ( 这里有个选项说这段的作用, 简单, 就是为了引出hypothesis是Insufficient) 原因是科学家又发现, 这种动物on duty的时间是不一样的, 比如有的短, 有的长, 证明了结论一是不成立的. 然后新的假设又发现, 其实on duty的动物安全点, 因为他们可以优先发现predator coming. 中间涉及到一些migration的问题，但是不太重要, 因为没有题目考这个R4：非常模糊印象大概是说grassland的问题, 说在暖的地方和冷的地方怎么怎么样. 然后Lightning和人类都是引起火源的sources(考) 因为夏天一完有很多草或者植物都枯死了, 所以火其实可以 new growth of plants (考)P8R1：马六甲海峡(Strait of Malacca)（有地图）的优势：有张地图展示一下位置，看到新加坡一看就知道是马六甲海峡，方便全文理解。

开头马六甲形成海峡的不错的港口效益，讲挺受船舶运输公司欢迎，主要原因在于马六甲海峡管理上的优势。

第一点说马六甲相对其它港口很安全，因为当地的统治者的底下一个联盟组织起来保护来往的船只（有题问为什么安全，大家注意看第一段）；第二点说马六甲当地为客商提供很好的基础设施，给提供仓库，提到一个M海流。

（有题问为什么要提这个海流，原因就是客商的船顺海流漂过来，到达的时间不大同，所以仓库的作用很方便）。

其次提到当地人提供的服务（有题问提供什么服务），主要是解决纠纷，帮忙引导到另一个B的头儿去管理，还有强掉服务不是白给，在当地往来塞点小东西很常见；第三点说了马六甲对一些贸易的作用。

之一就是一个M国家的香料在这里和印度的衣服等交换（有题问拿什么和香料交换）。

最后总结说和其他国家的港口比较起来马六甲比较受欢迎。

R2：讲Amazon亚马逊河流及分支：亚马逊世界第一大河，很多数字证明它的大。

比如水量比其之后的八大河加总的都大；在出海口的航行距离比从哪儿到哪都远；有个人在古时候航海的时候在离大陆很远的地方测到淡水，于是断定附近有条大河（有题问他问什么这么远测到了淡水，原因是亚马逊水量很大，在这么远的地方淡水把海水覆盖了）（还有词义题问conclude这个淡水是什么意思，我答案应该是decide，我查了conclude有道理有决定的意思，但是当时我选的是agree）。