上海交通大学内科学(内分泌)2010年考博真题考博试卷
16年各黉舍医学内分泌考博试题
简答 3 个每个 5 分
1 DIC 出血的特点和相关机制
2 心脏收缩障碍的机制
3 钙离子超载对缺血再灌注损伤的机制
病例分析题
2 个 每个 10 分
1 车祸盆骨骨折肝破裂相关
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16年各学校医学内分泌考博试题
协和内分泌回忆版名解6个，一个2分旁分泌，糖异生，骨质疏松症，adrenarche，垂体卒中单选20个，多选6个，一个2分简答一个5分骨质疏松症的机制生长激素治疗禁忌症2型糖尿病和LADA的鉴别诊断库欣综合征的代谢异常泌乳素瘤的治疗论述一个10分原发性甲旁亢的临床表现氧化应激在糖尿病中血管并发症发生中的机制库欣综合征定位诊断时疾病分类男性骨质疏松症的治疗2016年上海交通大学医学考博专业基础A真题1. 单选30个，每个1分，共30分。
2. 多选10个，每个2分，共20分。
（今年没有名解，选择题相对较简单，多选有几个把握不大）3. 简答：生理、生化各3个，每个5分，共30分。
生理：1）呆小症的原因级临床症状。
2）动脉压力感受器的传导途径及生理意义。
3）什么是牵张反射？分为哪两种类型？各自有何生理意义？生化：1）酮体的组成及生理意义。
2）什么是嘌呤核苷酸循环？3）什么是第二信使，及其作用特点？4. 问答：生理、生化各1个，每个10分，共20分。
1）糖尿病患者出现尿糖、多尿、多饮，试从生理学角度分析原因。
2）葡萄糖的分解代谢途径级生理作用。
英语作文：议论文，自己写题目，45分300个单词。
手机症候群（其中给了三小段news：手机症候群的定义；一个女性走路时看手机掉河里了；英语记忆不是太清楚了）首医内分泌试题回忆:30个选择都很简单，都是练习册上的原题大题四道，1.脑垂体激素有几种？2.尿崩症3.口服降糖药有几种，举例说明4.肢端肥大症的诊断依据。
3大题四道，脑垂体的激素有几种？尿崩症定义。
口服降糖药物有几种，举例。
肢端肥大症的诊断依据，30个选择都简单，都是练习册上的原题，考了好几道T3抑制试验的，还有激素的分类，反正感觉出的题没有什么实用性，提干中还有应用甲状腺素片的，要知道这个临床基本不用啦选择里有几个关于T3抑制实验的，还有关于硫脲类言药物的主要不良反应，甾体激素是哪个，下面给了几种要选，还有属于肽类激素的是哪个，关于嗜铬细胞瘤降压的，选择错误的一个，剩下的都非常简单首都医科大学的内分泌学考试一共30个选择题共60分，以糖尿病甲亢为主。
考博内科学真题
呼吸内科1、名词解释Ⅰ、Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭社区性肺炎PET/CTPACAP/HAPPTE/PEILD/IPF简答或问答题试述一位内科医生对痰性状的仔细观察对于疾病诊断的临床意义。
试述肺气肿的治疗原则及具体措施。
慢性阻塞性肺病按其临床表现特征可分为哪些类型？其主要病理变化有何不同？（10分）COPD肺动脉高压形成有哪些主要因素？如何确定是否有肺动脉高压？（15分）试述慢性肺源性心脏病急性加重期的并发症。
肺心病患者应用洋地黄的指征哮喘的分级及治疗前的临床表现临床上心源性哮喘与支气管哮喘应如何鉴别？PTE的临床表现肺癌的早期征象有哪些？（10分）早期肺癌的检查方法和诊断依据。
哪些情况应视为肺癌的可疑对象应进行排癌检查，以便早期诊断。
（20分）副癌综合症的临床表现有哪些？（15分）试述右侧胸腔大量积液的临床特征ARDS的治疗原则是什么？（10分）感染性休克（休克性肺炎）的治疗原则感染性休克的诊断及治疗原则呼吸衰竭的定义及分类慢性呼吸衰竭可归纳为哪两大类型？其病理生理有何不同？试述慢性呼吸衰竭的分类及各类型的主要病理生理基础，简述各类的处理原则。
（20分）列举呼吸衰竭时的临床表现及其基本治疗措施。
（15分）阻塞性呼吸暂停综合症的定义.急性呼吸窘迫综合征的定义及其诊断标准.肺炎的分类慢性阻塞性肺疾病要与哪些疾病相鉴别，试述其鉴别要点。
ARDS诊断定义有关ARDS方面的试述低氧血症和高碳酸血症的发生机制。
心血管内科1、名词解释高血压危象心室重构心房电重构胰岛素抵抗存活心肌二联律法则2、简答或问答题试述心血管系统疾病的常见症状与体征。
心力衰竭的诱因慢性心力衰竭的病因，心力衰竭的分级的治疗原则β-受体阻滞剂和ACEI治疗心力衰竭的要点试述近10年来慢性心功能不全的治疗进展。
慢性心衰近10年的治疗进展。
今后20年，心衰治疗的的重点应包括哪些内容？急性左心衰竭的病理、临床表现处理原则。
请列举治疗急性左心衰的具体措施，并说明各项措施的治疗一以及有关注意事项。
博士内科学试题及答案
博士内科学试题及答案考试时间：180分钟总分：100分第一部分：选择题（共80分）请将以下题目中最合适的答案填入答题卡上对应的编号处。
1. 下列哪种疾病最容易导致高血压？A. 糖尿病B. 高尿酸血症C. 肺炎D. 慢性肾脏病2. 人体内哪个器官负责产生胰岛素？A. 胰脏B. 肝脏C. 肾脏D. 心脏3. 白内障是由于眼睛中哪个部分出现混浊而引起的？A. 虹膜B. 角膜C. 晶状体D. 视网膜4. 慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）主要表现为下列哪个症状？A. 呼吸困难B. 头痛C. 肌肉疼痛D. 口干舌燥5. 糖尿病最常见的并发症是下列哪一项？A. 肾病B. 高血压C. 心脏病D. 癌症6. 下列哪种药物可用于治疗抑郁症？A. 维生素CB. 阿司匹林C. 抗生素D. 抗抑郁药物7. 食物中所含的哪种营养素对骨骼生长发育至关重要？A. 维生素AB. 维生素BC. 维生素CD. 维生素D8. 下列哪个指标可以用于评估人体肥胖程度？A. 体重B. 身高C. 体脂肪率D. 血压9. 人体最大的器官是哪个？A. 肺B. 肝脏C. 皮肤D. 心脏10. 心肌梗死是由于下列哪个原因引起的？A. 血栓形成B. 细菌感染C. 高血压D. 高血糖第二部分：问答题（共20分）请回答以下问题，尽量详细地给出正确答案。
1. 乙肝病毒感染后，人体为何会产生乙肝病毒表面抗原（HBsAg）？2. 红斑狼疮是一种自身免疫性疾病，它主要影响哪些器官？3. 血液中的白细胞主要有哪几种类型？它们分别起到什么作用？4. 请简要介绍一下支气管哮喘的常见症状和发病机制。
5. 心电图是一种常用的心脏疾病诊断方法，请简述它的原理和常见结果的分析。
第三部分：综合题（共分两题，每题各占10分）题目1：阐述高血压的危害和预防措施。
题目2：介绍糖尿病的发病机制及治疗方法。
请根据题目要求，逐一回答。
考试结束，祝你取得优异的成绩！。
上海交大生物化学历年考博试题
上海交大生物化学历年考博试题内部编号：（YUUT-TBBY-MMUT-URRUY-UOOY-DBUYI-0128）2010年上海交通大学医学博士入学试题一、名词解释（每题3分，共24分）RNA3.乙酰辅酶A羧化酶4.混合功能氧化酶5.不对称转录6.反应元件7.凝血酶原激活物8.活性维生素D3二、简答题（每题6分，共24分）1.何谓Anfisen定律，简述Anfisen定律。
2.体内胆固醇的转化。
3.简述PCR实验的原理。
4.简述经cAMP介导的生物学效应的机制。
三、问答题（每题13分，共52分）族维生素多为酶的辅助因子，请写出四种在糖代谢中作为酶的辅助因子的B族维生素，它们的活性形式及所参与的化学反应（用文字式表达）。
2.临床上肝昏迷的患者通常伴有血氨升高，试从蛋白质与氨基酸代谢的角度探讨降低肝昏迷患者其增高的血氨的措施和生化原理。
3.试述干扰素抗病毒的机制。
4.因肝功能障碍引起脂类代谢异常的患者其临床和生化检验指标上会出现哪些改变，请简述其中的生化机制。
2012年上海交通大学生物化学真题（绝对考场记录版绝非网络copy 附英文名词解释中文名称）希望版主加分一、名词解释1. 二硫键2. exon and intron (外显子和内含子)3. acetyl CoA carboxylase (乙酰辅酶A羧化酶)4. 氨基甲酰磷酸5. recombination repairing (重组修复)6. 1,25-(OH)2-D3?1,25二羟维生素D37. 分解代谢物激活蛋白9. 2,3-二磷酸甘油酸支路10.鹅脱氧胆酸和牛黄石胆酸二、简答题1. 蛋白质的别构作用？并举例？2. NADH+H+?和NADPH+H+去路？3. 原核生物转录终止途径？4. cAMP在细菌和鼠肝细胞中的作用及其机制？5. 甲状腺激素合成步骤？三、论述题1. 5-氟尿嘧啶和甲氨蝶呤抑制肿瘤的机制？2. 丙酮酸的去路及反应？3. mRNA在大肠杆菌和小鼠肝细胞中的异同点？4. 黄疸的定义及发生黄疸时血尿胆红素、尿胆原及粪胆原的变化？2011年上海交通大学内分泌考博一、名词解释（3×10）1.混合功能氧化酶2.谷氨酰胺4.不对称转录5.氨基酰-tRNA合成酶6.乳糖操纵子7.三聚体GTP-结合蛋白8.甲状腺球蛋白9.抗凝血酶Ⅲ10.生物转化二、问答题70分1.何谓酶的竞争性抑制作用，试举两个有关酶的竞争性抑制作用在医学上应用的例子并阐述其作用机制。
上海交通大学博士入学考试病理学试题(1998-2013)
2013年上海交大考博病理学试题一、名词解释（12x2.5）1、pathological calcification（英文）2、肺褐色硬化3、感染性肉芽肿4、SLE5、种植性转移6、infective endocarditis7、Barrett 食管8、Hodgkins lypmhoma9、粉刺癌10、非胰岛性依赖性糖尿病11、Alzheimer disease12、骨肉瘤二、填空题（0.5x20）1.人体病理学常用的病理学诊断方法包括活检（）（）2.常见于肝细胞的变性包括水变性（）（）3.DIC的病理特点是（）血管内形成的（）4.Burkitt淋巴瘤是淋巴滤泡生发中心来源的（）肿瘤，发病与（）感染有关5.慢性子宫颈炎的临床病理类型包括宫颈糜烂、（）（）6.毒性甲状腺肿镜下病理特点是：1淋巴滤泡增生呈高柱状 2滤泡内胶质（） 3 间质血管充血，（）增生7.神经胶质瘤中神经上皮细胞肿瘤主要包括（）（）室管膜瘤、髓母细胞瘤。
8.急性细菌性痢疾的病变特点为发生于（）的（）炎9.阿米巴病的肠道肉眼病变特点为形成（），病变部位镜下可找到阿米巴（）10.血吸虫干线性肝硬化，镜下门管区可见大量（）周围（）增生。
三、简答题1.简述干细胞的概念，主要类型及其在再生修复中的主要作用。
2.简述急性炎症局部的基本改变及其发生的主要机制3.简述肺气肿的原因、病变特点及其引起肺源性心脏病的主要机制4.简述肾病综合征的主要临床表现及其内在联系，列出通常引起肾病综合征的肾病。
四、论述题1.论述适应主要类型的概念、分类和临床意义。
2.论述肿瘤血管新生及其发生机制和对肿瘤生长的影响，如何通过抗血管生成，抑制肿瘤生长或靶向治疗。
3.论述心肌梗死的概念、原因、类型、后期的病例特点，列举合并症4.论述乙型病毒肝炎、门脉性肝硬化、肝细胞性肝癌的病变特点，这三种疾病的发生发展机制5.男性患者，21岁，发热盗汗、咳嗽、咳痰一年余。
影像学检查示5CM的结节状病灶，边缘模糊不清，中央有空洞形成。
上海交大考博数学试卷
20年1． 射击一个目标直到射中，记下其次数为n k k k k 321,,，求命中率的极大似然估计。
，求命中率的极大似然估计。
2． 优效估计量求解，()l r 求l 的优效估计量，并求()l l +1的一致最小方差无偏估计。
的一致最小方差无偏估计。
3． 2c 法假设检验。
法假设检验。
4． Bayes 估计（和书上例题类似）。
5． b ˆ是b 的罪优线形无偏估计的证明。
的罪优线形无偏估计的证明。
6．()()22121åå+==-+-=nn i ini iu xx xT ，以此构造s 的a -1的置信上限。
的置信上限。
7． 均值分布()ïîïíì<<=其它01,q qx u x f ，T 为其极大似然估计，为其极大似然估计，（1）CT 为q 的无偏估计，求C ；（2）类似书上的一道例题（最小二乘法那章的）。
注：书指的是颜钰芬编的《数理统计》。
2004年以前指定参考书。
年以前指定参考书。
2003年1． 总体()2,~su N X ，()()22121åå+==-+-=nn i i ni i u x x x T ，①.求2sT服从的分布；②.u 已知时构造se 的置信水平为a -1的区间。
的区间。
2．()()îíì<³=--qq q x x e x f x，样本为n x x x 21,，求①.q 的极大似然估计；②.求证q 的MLE 是q 的一致估计；③.()1,0~u q ，当损失函数为()()2ˆˆ,q q q q -=L 时，求q 的贝叶斯估计。
斯估计。
3．()2,~su N X ，u 已知道，已知道，样本为样本为nx x x 21,，①.求常数C ，使得å=-=ni i u x C T 1是s 的无偏估计；②.求s 的无偏估计C-R 下界；③.问T 是否为s 的优效估计。
2010年全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案
2010年全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案2010年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，在标准答题卡上，将准考证号相应的位置涂好。
2.试卷一（paper one）和试卷二（paper two）答案都做在标准答题卡上，书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷一答题答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时必须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
Paper OnePart I Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversions between twospeakers. At the end of eachconversion, you will hear a questionabout what is said. The question willbe read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer and markthe letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA BCDNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1.A. She’s looking for a gift.B. She needs a new purse.C. She’s going to give a birthday party.D. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2.A. She hears noises in her ears day andnight.B. She has been overworking for a longtime.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, istroubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble dayand night.3.A. He’ll go to see Mr. White at 10:30tomorrow.B. He’d like to make an earlierappointment.C. He’d like to cancel the appointment.D. He’d like to see another dentist.4.A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C.8:40 D. 8:455.A. In a hotel. B.At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D.In the department store.6.A. To resign right away.B.To work one more day as chairman.C.T o think twice before he make the decision.D.T o receive further training upon hisresignation.7.A. She didn’t do anything in particular.B.She send a wounded person to the ER.C.S he had to work in the ER.D.S he went skiing.8.A. A customs officer. B.The man’s mother.C. A school headmaster.D.An immigration officer.9.A. It feels as if the room is going around.B.It feels like a kind of unsteadiness.C.I t feels as if she is falling down.D.I t feels as if she is going around.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B.John himself should be blamed.C.J ohn has a dog that barks a lot.D.J ohn is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult.B.The chemistry homework is fun.C.T he math homework is difficult.D.T he math homework is fun.12. A. His backache. B.His broken leg.C. His skin problem.D.His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox andmeasles.B.Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C.W hooping cough, smallpox and Germanmeasles.D.W hooping cough, chickenpox and Germanmeasles.14. A. Saturday morning. B.Saturday night.C. Saturday afternoon.D.Next weekend.15. A. He’s lost his notebook.B.His handwriting is messy.C.H e’ll miss class latter this week.D.H e cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversion and two passages, after each of which, youwill hear five questions. After eachquestion, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer and markthe letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B.He has just undergone an operation.C.H e has just recovered from an illness.D.H e will be discharged from the hospital thisafternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B.He had his gallbladder inflamed.C.H e was suffering from influenza.D.H e had developed a big kidney tone.18. A. A lot better. B.Terribly awful.C. Couldn’t be better.D.Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B.To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C.T o stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D.T o move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B.From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.D.From 7 pm to 9 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleepdeprivation.B.The link between weight gain and sleepdeprivation.C.T he link between weight loss and physicalexercise.D.T he link between weight gain and physicalexercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B.More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080.D.More than 60,008.23. A. Sever-hour sleepers gained moreweight over time than 5-hour ones.B.Five-hour sleepers gained more weight overtime than 7-hour ones.C.S hort-sleepers were 15% more likely tobecome obese.D.S hort-sleepers consumed fewer caloriesthan long sleepers.24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B.Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C.L ower metabolic rate resulting from lesssleep.D.H igher metabolic rate resulting from lesssleep.25. A. Exercise every day. B.Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D.Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B.She asks too many questions.C.S he is always considerate of my feelings.D.S he is the meanest mother in theneighborhood.27. A. A university instructor.B. A teaching assistant.C. A phD student.D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no.B.They usually say yes.C.T hey usually wait and see.D.T hey usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident.B.Their brains grow too fast.C.T hey are psychologically dependent.D.T heir brains are still immature in someareas.30. A. Be easy on your teen.B.Try to be mean to your teen.C.S ay no to your teen when necessary.D.D on’t care about your teen’s feelings.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statementsare incomplete, beneath each ofwhich are four words or phrasesmarked A, B, C and D. Choosethe word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement andmark the letter of your choiceon the ANSWER SHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by thepolice.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. streetlightD. torchlight33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don’t have definite proof.A. suspendB. superveneC. superviseD. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurablecancer of the throat is in terrible pain,which can no longer besatisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported byfrom foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisementsD. accounts37. More legislation is needed to protectthe property rights of thepatent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligentD.intelligible38. Officials are supposed tothemselves to the welfare and healthof the general public.A. adaptB. confineC.commit D. assess39. You should stop yourcondition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown hisremarkably keen into humannature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following sentences has a wordor phrase underlined, beneathwhich are four words or phrase.Choose the word or phrasewhich can best keep the meaningof the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlinedpart. Then mark the letter ofyour choice on the ANSWERSHEET.41.The chemical was found to be detrimentalto human health.A. toxicB. immuneC.sensitive D. allergic42.It will be a devastating blow for thepatient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43.He kept telling us about his operation inthe most graphic detail.A. verifiableB. explicitC. preciseD. ambiguous44.The difficult case tested the ingenuity ofeven the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitmentC. honestyD. talent45.He left immediately on the pretext that hehad to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. talent46.The nurse was filled with remorse of notbelieving her .A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47.The doctor tried to find a tactful way oftelling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48.Whether a person likes a routine office jobor not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49.The doctor ruled out Friday’s surgery forthe patient’s unexpected complications.A. confirmedB. facilitatedC. postponedD. cancelled50.It is not easy to remain tranquil whenevents suddenly change your life.A. cautiousB. motionlessC. calmD. alertPart III Cloze(10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For eachblank, there are four choice markedA, B, C and D listed on the right side.Choose the best answer and markthe letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at 15% less than their normalweight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or the disease can lead young women to 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only 61 pounds.A person with anorexia first develops joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron in the blood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman’s breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, something causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may becomedependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 .If it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A. specifically B. purposelyC. particularlyD. passionately52. A. from B. ofC. atD. in53. A. kill B. starveC. abuseD. worsen54. A. When B. WhileC. AsD. Since55. A. lost B. derivedC. generatedD. synthesized56. A. what B. whyC. howD. which57. A. good B. highC. lowerD. poor58. A. represent B. makeC. presentD. exert59. A. medication B. illusionC. motionD. action60. A. habit B. behaviorC. disorderD. patternPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by fivequestions. For each question thereare four possible answers marked A,B, C and D. Choose the best answerand mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobilephone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and to start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit.The Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don’t fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have some sort of biological effect on the brain.John Tattersall, a researcher on the health effects of radiation at the Defense Evaluation and Research Agency’s site at Porton Down,agrees that it might be wise to limit phone use by children. “If you have a developing nervous system, it’s known to be more susceptible to environmental insults,”he says,“So if phones did prove to be hazardous——which they haven’t yet ——it would be sensible.”In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain, “What we’ve found is an effect, but we don’t know if it’s hazardous,” he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children’s exposure would be greater. “There’s a lot less tissue in the way, and the skill is thinner, so children’s heads are considerably closer,” he says.Stewart’s report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the InternationalCommission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. “The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary,” says Michael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. “But we accept that it’s difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body.”61. Just because it has not been confirmed yetwhether mobile phone emissions can harmhuman tissue, according to thegovernment report, does not meanthat .A. the government should prohibitchildren from using cell-phonesB. we should put down the phone for thesake of safetyC. the industry can have a right topromote phone useD. children are safe using cell-phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrainmobile phone use by children in termsof .A. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell-phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible healtheffects63. On the issue in question,Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in thewayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that theUK .A. is going to turn deaf ears to the voiceof Stesart’s planB. finds it difficult to cut the currentsafety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards onsafety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit onthe mobile phones’ energy emissions65．Which of the following can bi the best candidate for the title of the passage?A . Brain WaveB. For Adults OnlyC. Catch Them YoungD. The Answer in the AirPassage TwoAdvances in cosmetic dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and more openly today than ever in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.Evidence of the smile’s ascent may be seen infamous paintings in museums and galleries throughout the world. The vast majority of prosperous bigwigs(要人),voluptuous nudes, or middle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator(馆长)of Yale University’s Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples(酒窝)of Leonardo’s Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the”Smiley Face”logo perfected(though not invented)in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey R.Ball.In some non-Western cultures, Trumblenotes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to bi openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples, to the fierce smirk(假笑)of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public.”Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the true smile ,”and therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, boby piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow’sbeauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These comer-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one’s favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except”Have a nice day？”66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A . people would not have been as happy as they are todayB. the rate of facial birth defect would not have declinedC . there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems thatwhether there is a smile or not in theportraits or pictures is decidedby .A. one’s internal sense of the external worldB . one’s identity or social positionC . one’s times of existenceD . All of the above68. Trumble’s study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB . the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB . further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70 . At the end of the passage, the author implicates .A. a fortune to come with cosmetic advancesB . an identical smile for everybobyC . future changes in life styleD . the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the lamp of penicillin made by the Allies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from bacterial infection of his many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffield, a noted historian ofmicrobiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Theo Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler’s desk. Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recent translation of Morrell’s own diary. “I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillin jumped out at me,” he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got the drug.At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies. German and Czechoslovakian teams had tried without much success to make it,Wainwright says, but the small quantities that were available were weak and impure. “It’s g enerally accepted that it was no good,”says Wainwright.He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infections if he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. “My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy(危险的) position as Hitler’s doctor, would only have used pure stuff.”And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell get it?Wainwright’s investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children.“I have proof the Allies were sending it tothese countries,”says Wainwright. “I’m saying this would have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler’s doctor and the higher echelons(阶层)of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.”“We can never be certain it saved Hitler’s life,” says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler’s henchmen(死党)，Reinhard Heydrich, died from blood poisoning after surviving a car-bomb assassination attempt. “Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicemia,”says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf Hitler .A. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an jinjection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infected73. As Wainwright reasons, H itler’s personal doctor .A. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third Reich .A. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain pure penicillin75.Whichof the following can be the best title for the passage?A.HowHitler Manage to Survive Assassination Attempts?B.Morrell Loyal to His German Primier?C.HitlerSaved by Allied Drugs?D.Penicillin Abused in German?Passage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn’t involve huffing and puffing as you burn off calories. Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the machine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing a few pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body’s effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on its own, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. “The smart thing is that we’ve put them in one machine.”And it’s not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition as children develop, while patients recover from injury, or during pregnancy. And since it uses radio waves rather than X-rays, Tapp’s device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that isn’t fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body’s volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and this is subtracted from their normal weight togive the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject’s volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body’s resistance. But this method doesn’t take body shape into account ——so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That’s because skinny legs—with a lower cross-sectional area——will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower——rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp’s method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designed .A. to picture the body’s hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is that .A. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78.Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential to spare?A. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C. A water tank.D. All of the above.79.In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scanner . A. quickens the pace of the patient’s rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80.For scanning, all the subject has to do is .A. take up a form of workout in the gymB. turn round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. sand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at universalities and colleges and。
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三、问答ER-stress 2.肥胖的判断指标和在代谢综合症中的低位。
攻 读 博 士 学 位 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 试 卷
医学考博真题试卷
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上海交通大学
2010 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（内分泌） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释（每题 5 分，共 30 分） 1.暴发性糖尿病 2.原发性骨质疏松 3.GWAS 4.Epigenetics 5.MIDD 6.代谢组学
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