古典小说翻译
中国文学作品英译名词典
【《腐蚀》】Decay
【赋】fu;descriptive prose interspersed with verse; prose-poetry
【复仇悲剧】revenge tragedy
【《浮生六记》】Six Chapters of a Floating Life
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【干预生活】interventing in life
service examinations, knows for it rigidity of form and poverty of ideas ) 【白话诗】free verse written in vernacular 【白话文】writings in vernacular 【《白话文学史》】History of Vernacular Literature 【白描】simple, straightforward style of writing 【《白香词谱笺》】A Collection of Tunes of Ci Poems 【百花齐放，推陈出新】Let a hundred flowers blossom, weed through the old to bring forth
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【典型性】typicality
【典型性格】model personalities
【电影理论】film theory
【叠句】reiterative sentence
【叠韵】two or more characters with the same vowel formation
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中国文学作品英译名词典.doc
四大名著的英语翻译题
四大名著的英语翻译题六级翻译原文中国的四大名著(the Four Great Classical Novels)指创作于明清时期的四部最伟大、最有影响力的小说。
阅读四大名著，可以了解中国传统的社会、历史、地理、民俗和处世哲学。
大多数的中国人对这四部小说中的人物、情节和场景都很熟悉。
它们已经深深地影响了中国人的思想(mentality)、观念和价值观。
现在，四部小说都已被改编成电影或电视剧(TV series)，受到很多观众的喜爱。
四大名著都具有很高的艺术水平，是中华民族的宝贵遗产，在中国文学史上也是一大创举。
六级参考翻译:The Four Great Classical Novels of China refer to thefour greatest and most influential novels written inthe Ming and Qing Dynasties. Reading them canacquaint people with traditional Chinese society,history, geography, folk customs and philosophy oflife. Most Chinese are pretty familiar with the figures, plots and scenes in the four novels. Theyhave profoundly influenced the mentality, ideas and values of Chinese people. Nowadays, thefour novels have already been adapted into movies or TV series, favored by lots of audiences.Being high in artistic standard, the Four Great Classical Novels are precious heritages ofChinese nation and pioneering works in the history of Chinese literature.英语四六级翻译中国特色词汇：四大名著《三国演义》 Three Kingdoms《西游记》 Journey to the West; Pilgrimage to the West《水浒传》 Heroes of the Marshes; Tales of the Water Margin《红楼梦》 Dream of the Red Mansions【三国演义翻译原文】《三国演义》写于14世纪，是中国著名的历史小说。
四大名著的英语翻译题
中国古典长篇小说四大名著，简称四大名著（Four Great Classical Novels），是指《红楼梦》、《三国演义》、《水浒传》、《西游记》这四部巨著。
四大名著是中国文学史中的经典作品，是世界宝贵的文化遗产。
此四部巨著在中国文学史上的地位是难分高低的，都有着极高的文学水平和艺术成就，细致的刻画和所蕴含的深刻思想都为历代读者所称道，其中的故事、场景、人物已经深深地影响了中国人的思想观念、价值取向。
可谓中国文学史上的四座伟大丰碑。
其常见英译名如下：《三国演义》----The Romance of the Three Kindoms《水浒传》----The Story by the Water Margin《红楼梦》----The Dream of the Red Chamber《西游记》----Journey to the West中国四大名著英文简介红楼梦 The Dream of the Red ChamberDream of the Red Chamber, also called The Story of the Stone, composed by Cao Xueqin, is one ofChina's Four Great Classical Novels. It was written sometime in the middle of the 18th century duringthe Qing Dynasty. Long considered a masterpiece of Chinese literature, the novel is generallyacknowledged to be the pinnacle of Chinese fiction. "Redology" is the field of study devoted exclusively tothis work.The title has also been translated as Red Chamber Dream and A Dream of Red Mansions. The novelcirculated in manuscript copies with various titles until its print publication, in 1791. Gao E, who preparedthe first and second printed editions with his partner Cheng Weiyuan in 1791–2, added 40 additionalchapters to complete the novel.Red Chamber is believed to be semi-autobiographical, mirroring the rise and decline of author CaoXueqin's own family and, by extension, of the Qing Dynasty. As the author details in the first chapter, it isintended to be a memorial to the damsels he knew in his youth: friends, relatives and servants. The novel isremarkable not only for its huge cast of characters and psychological scope, but also for its precise anddetailed observation of the life and social structures typical of 18th-century Chinese society.Also called "The story of the Stone (Shitouji 石头记)", this novel written by Cao Xueqin 曹雪芹(d. 1763) is said to be the greatest masterpiece of Chinese fiction. A wide branched scholarship does not consent about the main theme of this novel, should it be a novel of sentiment, of Daoist-Buddhist enlightenment, of social observation, of the decay of an aristocratic familiy, or even a veiled attack on Manchu rule. The frame of the novel is the contest of a Buddhist and a Daoist priest who make be born a young noble boy called Jia Baoyu 贾宝玉and his girl cousin Lin Daiyu 林黛玉.With a loving detail describing the life of the two cousins in a huge noble mansion, between gardens and palaces, the red thread is the triangular love between Baoyu, Daiyu and a second girl cousin called Xue Baochai 薛宝钗that is of more plumper character than the ever sick Daiyu. Switching between their life, the divine world and dreams, Baoyu becomes deranged after the disappearance of a stone (the origin of the second title) he had in his mouth when he was born. Not knowing, his love Daiyu died, he is tricked to marrying Baochai. Becoming aware of being tricked, Baoyu leaves the world of the "red dust" and becomes a monk. With hundreds of persons and their stories, paralleling the life and feelings of servants to the life of the main persons, the story is very complex and full of symbolisms, but very interesting and convincing for its encyclopedic character, depicting the life of a noble familiy in the 18th century Q ing China.三国演义Romance of The Three KingdomsRomance of the Three Kingdoms is a 14th-century historical novel attributed to Luo Guanzhong. It is setin the turbulent years towards the end of the Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period in Chinesehistory, starting in 169 AD and ending with the reunification of the land in 280.The story – part historical, part legend, and part mythical – romanticises and dramatises the lives of feudallords and their retainers, who tried to replace the dwindling Han dynasty or restore it. While the novelfollows hundreds of characters, the focus is mainly on the three power blocs that emerged from theremnants of the Han dynasty, and would eventually form the three states of Cao Wei, Shu Han, and EasternWu. The novel deals with the plots, personal and military battles, intrigues, and struggles of these states toachieve dominance for almost 100 years.Romance of the Three Kingdoms is acclaimed as one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chineseliterature; it has a total of 800,000 words and nearly a thousand dramatic characters (mostly historical) in120 chapters. The novel is among the most beloved works of literature in East Asia, and its literaryinfluence in the region has been compared to that of the works of Shakespeare on English literature. It isarguably the most widely read historical novel in late imperial and modern China.Romance of The Three Kingdoms is one of the great chinese classics and is compiled into a semi-fictional literary masterpiece during the Ming Dynasty by Luo Guanzhong. The novel comprises around 70+% fact and 20+% fiction. Some issues such as Guan Yu's weapon weighing around 40+ kilograms, the capabilties of Lu Bu, Liu Bei's horses as well as the existence of the Hill of the Fallen Phoenix and some others are probably fictional.That period in history can be said as the golden age of chivalry and although it happened more than 1700 years ago, characters such as Liu Bei, Cao Cao, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Zhuge Liang have become household names among the chinese. Tales of their exploits, courage, adventures and many more are told in the novel "Romance of The Three Kingdoms".It is one of the most turbulent periods in China's history taking place toward the end of the Han Dynast y where corruption is rampant in the imperial court due to eunuches holding power. Coupled with natural disasters such as floods, plague and locust swarms devouring the crops grown by the peasants, hunger and disatisfaction among the peasants soon escalated rapidly until a major rebellion known as the "Yellow Scarves Rebellion" led by Zhang Jiao broke out. (It was dubbed "Yellow Scarves" because the rebels tied a yellow scarf on their head). Initially just a small band of rebels, dueto widespread hunger and ill-sentiment among the populace, swarms of common folks joined in the rebellion across many parts of the country.三国演义人物介绍刘备Liu Bei (161–223 AD), styled Xuándé (玄徳), was a general, warlord, and later the founding emperor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms era of China. Although having a later start than his rivals, also lacking both the material resources and social status they commanded, Liu Bei overcame his many defeats to carve out his own realm, that at its peak spanned modern day Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan, part of Hubei, and part of Gansu.Culturally, due to the tremendously popular novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong, Liu Bei is widely known as the ideal benevolent, humane ruler who cared for his people and picked good advisors. His character was to advocate the Confucian set of moral values, such as loyalty and compassion.张飞Zhang Fei (?-221 AD) was a military general of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms era of China.Zhang Fei was shown to have been a masterful general rather than simply a warrior. He treated hissuperiors with respect, but had little respect for his underlings. He was often warned by Liu Bei that hishabit of over-punishing his own soldiers by lashing and killing would eventually bring himself disaster.Zhang Fei married Xiahou Yuan's daughter, who was captured by Zhang Fei's troops as she was outgathering firewood. They had a total of two daughters, and the older daughter became the empressof Shu Han after marrying Liu Shan, with Zhuge Liang as the matchmaker. After Zhang Fei's eldestdaughter had passed away due to natural causes, Zhuge Liang once again played the role ofmatchmaker, and Liu Shan married Zhang Fei's younger daughter, who thus succeeded her oldersister to become the empress of Shu Han.Zhang Fei is best portrayed through his description and actions depicted in Records of Three Kingdomsbiography by Chen Shou. Some claim that Zhang Fei was also an excellent painter.Zhang Fei was killed by his own men Zhang Da and Fan Jiang, while preparing his troops to attack therival Eastern Wu to avenge the death of Guan Yu. Zhang Da and Fan Jiang went on to defect to Wu.水浒传Outlaws of the Marsh / Water MarginWater Margin is a Chinese novel attributed to Shi Nai'an. Considered one of the Four Great ClassicalNovels ofChinese literature, the novel is written in vernacular Chinese rather than Classical Chinese.The story, set in the Song dynasty, tells of how a group of 108 outlaws gather at Mount Liang (orLiangshan Marsh) to form a sizable army before they are eventually granted amnesty by the governmentand sent on campaigns to resist foreign invaders and suppress rebel forces. It has introduced to readersmany of the best-known characters in Chinese literature, such as Wu Song, Lin Chong and Lu Zhishen.The novel "Outlaws of the Marsh" is somewhat like the Iliad and Odyssey... An ancient epic tale... no one remembers the period it was composed and immortalized.One knows this story is based on real facts and has inspired many storytellers.One knows the North Song Dynasty (XIIIth Century) lived its apogee and declined, a victim of corruption and decadence.One finds historical traces of these outlaws who challenged the imperial authority and died under the executioner's blade.At last, as anyone knows today that a man called Homer wrote the Iliad and Odyssey, no one doubts anymore that a man called Shi Nai-an wrote down during the XIVth century the novel Outlaws of the Marsh that reached us.Everyone recognizes that Jin Sheng-tan, during the XVIIth century, published what is now famous as the original version of a novel that obtained the interest and infatuation of successive generations.Water Margin or Outlaws of the Marsh ("All men are brothers" in Pearl Buck's translation, "Shui hu zhuan" in Chinese, "Au Bord de l'Eau" in French ) is an immortal novel because its tale is universal : it speaks of beings (outlaws but also notables, strong muscled heroes but also intellectual, anarchists but also philosophers...) who cannot bear injustice nor abuse nor arbitrariness...That is the reason they are immortal and their popularity has lasted for centuries .Discover the 108 heroes, the episodes , the paper-cuts representing them, the Beijing operas their fighting exploits inspired...人物Gai Ping Health gave special love make the world anyway, famous arena. Like charges to stick, chicken, and did not take wives, all hit others physique. Village Creek Village haunted legends, villagers digging a river in the town engraved art, ghost was rushed to the East seven. Classical hell, then alone will be engraved Creek Village in places away from the East side down. Thus so-called "Tota kings".晁盖平生仗义疏财，专爱结交天下好汉，闻名江湖。
四大名著翻译
《转载》四大名著的国外搞笑翻译一、《水浒传》英文版的题目有：《Outlaws of the Marsh》（沼泽里的歹徒），《All Men are Brothers——Blood of the Leopard》（四海之内皆兄弟——猎豹的血），《Water Margin》（水边）。
在法文中《水浒传》被译作《中国的勇士》或《沼泽地区的英雄们》，还有一个居然是《一百零五个男人和三个女人在山上的故事》；德文译名则有点牵强，如《强盗与士兵》。
另外还有一些节译本的名字更是耸人听闻，如德人节译潘金莲和武大郎的章节成书，书名叫《卖大饼的武大郎和不忠实妇人的故事》，节译的“智取生辰纲”则起名《强盗设置的圈套》。
二、《三国演义》早年有位美国人从《三国演义》中整理出关羽的故事，节译成书名为《战神》；后来美国汉学家摩斯·罗伯斯将其英文全译本起名为《Romance of the Three Kingdoms》（三个王国间的罗曼蒂克）；现在也有一些译本直接叫《Three Kingdoms》（三个王国）的。
三、《西游记》国外大多译作《Record of a Journey to the West 》（西方旅行的记录）、《Journey to the West》（西行之旅）、《Story of the Journey to the West》（西游故事）；另外还有人把孙悟空当作书名，如《Monkey》（猴子）、《The Monkey King》（猴王）等等。
四、《红楼梦》《红楼梦》原本就有另外一个名字《石头记》，所以外国人翻译时，也就难免翻译出二种名字来，如：《The Story of the Stone》（石头的故事）、《A Dream of Red Mansions》（红色大楼里的梦）、《A Dream of Red Chamber》（红色房间里的梦）。
此外，还有张冠李戴的翻译，如《The Cowherd and the Weaving Girl》（牛郎和织女），这与原著可就大相径庭了。
汉语四大古典小说名着选段英译
程永生 著
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第四章 汉语四大古典小说名著选段英译
“第一系统包括嘉靖本、周曰校本、夷白堂 本、夏震宇本等。在作者罗贯中的署名上，它 们都冠有‘后学’二字。每段都有一个单句的 ‘节目’。大多载有庸愚子（蒋大器）和修髯 子（张尚德）的序文。有的分为二十卷（每卷 十节），有的分为十二卷（每卷二十节）。早 期的嘉靖本、周曰校本的书名叫作《三国志通 俗演义》。
程永生 著
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第四章 汉语四大古典小说名著选段英译
“第三系统为李卓吾评本、锺伯敬评本、 李笠翁（渔）评本。它们开始把二百四十节本 改造为一百二十回本。李卓吾评本不分卷，刊 行于明末，包括吴观明本、宝翰楼本、绿荫堂 本、藜光楼植楠堂本等。钟伯敬评本分为二十 卷，刊行于明末。李笠翁评本分为二十四卷， 刊行于清初，包括芥子园本、两衡堂本、遗香 堂本等。李卓吾本和闽刊本有一定的血缘关系。 李卓吾评本、钟伯敬评本出现于毛评本之前。 李笠翁评本则出现于毛评本之后。
程永生 著
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第四章 汉语四大古典小说名著选段英译
“第四系统由多种的毛评本组成。全书共
分为六十卷，每卷两回。评者为毛纶、毛宗岗 （1632-1709）父子二人。他们对底本（一种 比较接近于罗贯中原本的版本）的许多地方进 行了增删与修饰。卷首的凡例十条详细地介绍 了他们的改动之处。他们还对全书和各回的文 字进行了细致的评点。毛评本刊行于康熙年间。 现知最早的刊本为醉耕堂本。其后的覆刻本以 及各种派生本甚多。毛评本成为清代以来最流 行的《三国志演义》版本。它的出现，扩大了 《三国志演义》的传播范围，使《三国志演义》 拥有了更多的读者。”
程永生 著
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第四章 汉语四大古典小说名著选段英译
研究四大古典小说名著的人很多，有中国人也有外 国人，有些人可以说研究了一辈子如研究《红楼梦》 的俞平伯、冯其庸、周汝昌等。他们研究的问题很多， 涉及的领域也十分辽阔，研究也非常富有深度。《红 楼梦》与《三国演义》的版本问题就有不少人研究过， 例如刘世德先生对《三国演义》版本的研究。关于 《三国演义》版本问题，刘世德先生在为北京燕山出 版社出版的《三国演义》所写的《前言》中认为， 《三国演义》的版本很多，细说起来颇费周章，“简 单地说来，分为四个系统。第一、第二系统是二百四 十节本。第三、第四系统则是一百二十回本。
智取生辰纲的原文及翻译
智取生辰纲的原文及翻译智取生辰纲的原文及翻译智取生辰纲”是古典小说《水浒传》中的故事情节。
杨志奉命押运生辰纲途径黄泥冈,被吴用、晁盖等人用计劫走。
以下是小编为大家整理的智取生辰纲的原文及翻译，欢迎阅读与收藏。
智取生辰纲原文此时正是五月半天气，虽是晴明得好，只是酷热难行。
杨志这一行人要取六月十五日生辰，只得在路途上趱行。
自离了这北京五七日，端的只是起五更，趁早凉便行，日中热时便歇。
五七日后，人家渐少，行客又稀，一站站都是山路。
杨志却要辰牌起身，申时便歇。
那十一个厢禁军，担子又重，无有一个稍轻；天气热了行不得，见着林子便要去歇息。
杨志赶着催促要行，如若停住，轻则痛骂，重则藤条便打，逼赶要行。
两个虞候虽只背些包裹行李，也气喘了行不上，杨志也嗔道：“你两个好不晓事！这干系须是俺的！你们不替洒家打这夫子，却在背后也慢慢地挨，这路上不是耍处！”那虞候道：“不是我两个要慢走，其实热了，行不动，因此落后。
前日只是趁早凉走，如今怎地正热里要行？正是好歹不均匀！”杨志道：“你这般说话，却似放屁！前日行的须是好地面；如今正是尴尬去处，若不日里赶过去，谁敢五更半夜走？”两个虞候口里不言，肚中寻思：“这厮不值得便骂人！”杨志提了朴（pō）刀，拿着藤条，自去赶那担子。
两个虞侯坐在柳阴树下等得老都管来；两个虞候告诉道：“杨家那厮强杀只是我相公门下一个提辖！直这般会做大老！”老都管道：“须是相公当面分付道，‘休要和他别拗’，因此我不做声。
这两日也看他不得。
权且耐他。
”两个虞候道：“相公也只是人情话儿，都管自做个主便了。
”老都管又道：“且耐他一耐。
” 当日行到申牌时分，寻得一个客店里歇了。
那十一个厢禁军雨汗通流，都叹气吹嘘，对老都管说道：“我们不幸做了军健，情知道被差出来。
这般火似热的天气，又挑着重担；这两日又不拣早凉行，动不动老大藤条打来，都是一般父母皮肉，我们直恁（nèn）地苦！”老都管道：“你们不要怨怅，巴到东京时，我自赏你。
unit 7 小说翻译
--换译Hale Waihona Puke （隐喻含义相同，方式和形象不 同）
“近日来宝玉弄来的外传野史，多半才子佳人， 都因小巧玩物上撮合，或有鸳鸯，或有凤凰” In the romances which Baoyu smuggled into her and of which she has nowadays an avid consumer it was always some trinct or small object of clothing or jewellery---a pair of lovebirds, a male and female phoenix. (杨译)
视角（point of view） 主题（theme） 基调（tone）
小说的语言特点
集各种文学体裁话语形式于一身
有散文诗歌般的典雅华美，也有口语体的粗 俗不堪
中国古典小说发展历程
植根于上古神话和口头民间传说 起源于街头巷尾村夫野老的闲谈（受到正统 文人的鄙视） 萌芽于秦汉史传文学生动的言行记述 发展于隋唐志怪传奇和宋元戏剧话本 蓬勃于明清章回小说
汤姆像个疯子一样，咆哮叫骂，捶胸薅发，顿
足震地，起誓呼天，要对所有一切参与其事的 人，都极尽报仇雪恨之能事。 （张若谷译）
“Well”said she to herself, “this is most strange!----After I had got him so well, to chuse to go into company, and leave Harriet ill behind!--Most strange indeed!” ---Emma “唉”艾玛心里嘀咕道，“真是太不可思议啦！ 我都给他想好了脱身的办法，他却偏要去凑热 闹，眼看卡利特生病也不管！真实太不可思议 啦！” ---孙致礼译
西游记里有用的英文翻译教学文稿
《西游记》里的高级英文词汇《西游记》是中国四大古典小说(Four Great Classical Novels/Four Masterworks)之一，通常翻译为Journey to the West，也翻译为The Journey to the West、Adventures of the Monkey God、Monkey：A Folk Novel of China、The Adventures of Monkey等。
在西方国家，有时候它就翻译为Monkey。
故事一共一百章(chapter)，围绕唐朝和尚( Buddhist monk )玄奘( Xuangzang )去印度朝圣( pilgrimage )获取佛学经典( Buddhistsutras/Buddhist scriptures )的神奇经历( mythologized legends )展开，当然这是一种对历史事件的虚构描述( fictionalized account )。
在取经路上，他们遇到了各种鬼怪( monsters/evils )和困难( calamity )，包括火焰山( flaming mountain )、蜘蛛精洞( lair of spider-spirits )、女儿国( kingdom ruled by women )等稀奇古怪的场面( scenario )。
他们必须经过八十一难(81 disasters)来取得真经。
观音( Guanyin )菩萨( Bodhisattva )按照佛( Buddha )的指示，将这个任务交给了唐僧( Tang-dynasty monk )和三个徒弟( disciple )以及唐僧的坐骑( mount )，一匹龙王太子( dragon prince )变的白马( white horse )。
他们帮助唐僧取经，来减轻( atonement )过去犯下的罪过( past sin )。
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--再现小说修辞 隐喻
--直译法 （喻体相同，意义对等）
‚look at him, Amelia, mr dear, driving into the parlour
window, such a bull in chinashop I never saw‛ – Vanity Fair ‚艾米利亚，亲爱的快看，他骑到人家客厅的窗子里去了， 我一辈子没见过这样儿，真是大公牛闯到瓷器店里去了‛ --杨必译
I. What is Fiction
• Fiction comes from the Latin word fingere, which means ‚the action of shaping, a feigning (捏造). • It is the telling of stories which are not entirely based upon facts. More specifically, fiction is an imaginative form of narrative.
• 5. Style • Style is not so much what is written, but how it is written and interpreted. • A fiction writer may manipulate diction, sentence structure, phrasing, dialogue, and other aspects of language to create style or mood.
古典小说翻译
Translation of Classical Fiction
• • • •
I. What is fiction? II. Elements of fiction III. Characteristics of fiction IV. Principles for Classical Fiction Translation
象征 Tess, her cheeks on fire, moved away furtively, as if hardly moving at all. 苔丝像被火烤一样满脸通红，好像根本无法移动一步， 就悄悄躲在一边。
---人名意义的保持 宝玉问黛玉表字，黛玉说无字。宝玉笑道：‚我送妹妹 一妙字，莫若‚颦颦‛二字极妙 ‛。 杨译： pin-pin
•
3. rhetorical devices
• E.g. ‚Mine is a long and sad tale!‛ said the Mouse, turning to Alice, and sighing. ‚It is a long tail, certainly,‛ said Alice, looking down with wonder at the Mouse’s tail, ‚But why do you call it sad?‛（Alice’s Adventure in Wonderland） 那老鼠对着爱丽丝叹了口气道：‚唉，我的历史说来可真是又 长又苦又委屈呀！‛ 爱丽丝听了，瞧着那老鼠的尾巴说，‚你这尾是曲呀！课时为 什么又叫它苦呢？‛ (赵元任译)
• 2. personal language • (personality, social status, education…)
• e.g. ‚Hello,Jim,have I been asleep? Why didn‘t you stir me up?‛ ‚Goodness gracious,is dat you,Huck?En you ain’dead-you ain‘drownded-you’s back agin?It‘s too goodfor true,honey,it is too good for true.Lemme look at you,chile,lemme feelo’you…‛
• 2. Plot
• Plot, is the rendering and ordering of the events and actions of a story. • On a macro level, plot has a beginning, a middle, and an ending.
--再现人物形象塑造 肖像描写、行动描写、心理描写的等值翻译（动态 对等） Tom raved like a mad man, beat his breast, tore his hair, stamped on the ground,and vowed the utmost vengeance on all who had been concerned. (Tom Jones) 汤姆像个疯子一样，咆哮叫骂，捶胸薅发，顿足震地， 起誓呼天，要对所有一切参与其事的人，都极尽报 仇雪恨之能事。 （张若谷译）
IV.Principles for Classical Fiction Translation
--再现人物语言个性 ‚女儿悲，嫁个男人是乌龟‛ ‚女儿愁，绣房钻出个大 马猴‛ （《红楼梦》第28回薛蟠所行酒令） ‚The girl’s sorrow: she married a queer‛ ‚the girl’s worry:a big gorilla springs out of her boudoir‛ (杨译) ‚the girl’s upset: she’s married to a marmoset‛ ‚the girl looks glum: his dad’s a baboon with a big red bum‛（霍译）
III. Characteristics of fiction
• 1.vividness • • Accurate use of words: • E.g. cry，sob，weep • The small locomotive engine, Number 4, came clanking, stumbling down from Selston with seven full wagons. (D· H· Lawrence: The Odour of Chrysanthemums) • 四号小火车的车头拖着七节装满货物的车厢， 从赛尔斯顿方向跌跌撞撞地开了过来，一路上 发出叮叮咣咣的声响。
II. Elements of fiction
• • • • • 1. character 人物形象 2. plot 故事情节 3. setting 故事场景 4. theme 故事主题 5. style
• 1. Character • A character is a participant in the story. • Characterization is one of the fundamental elemfrowner
人名的翻译：音译，意译，音译意译兼用，加注
---叙事策略的处理 --不同的叙事角度产生不同的审美效果 第一人称：身临其境 第二人称：邀请对话 第三人称：客观纪实 三种人称交错使用：立体真实，变化多样 ---叙事节奏使故事情节灵活多变
Thank You !
• Plot is often depicted as an arc（拱形） with a zig-zag （弯弯曲曲）line to represent the rise and fall of action.
• 3. Setting • Setting is the locale（场所） and time of a story.
• 4. Theme • Theme is a conceptual distillation（精髓）of the story. • It is the central idea or insight serving as a unifying element, creating cohesion and is an answer to the question, 'What did you learn from the piece of fiction?'